Revista General De Marina Marzo 2012

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Revista General De Marina Marzo 2012 REVISTA GENERAL DE MARINA FUNDADA EN 1877 MARZO 2012 REVISTA CARTA DEL DIRECTOR 235 gENERAL DE TEMAS GENERALES MARINA PARTE DE ACCIÓN SOBRE LA INCURSIÓN DOOLITTLE DESDE EL USS HORNET 237 Javier Yuste González, licenciado en Derecho OPERACIÓN ATRINA: LA ARMADA SOVIÉTICA A LA OFENSIVA Luis V. Pérez Gil, doctor en Derecho 249 LA gRAN VICTORIA NAVAL ESPAñOLA DE 1582 FRENTE A LA ISLA DE SAN MIgUEL EN LAS AzORES 253 FUNDADA EN 1877 Ernesto Iglesias Almeida, cronista oficial de la ciudad de Tui AñO 2012 MÁS ALLÁ DE LA gUERRA IRREgULAR 265 MARzO Guillem Colom Piella, doctor en Seguridad Interna- cional TOMO 262 LA ARMADA Y LA ORDEN DE SAN FERNANDO: LOS MARINOS LAUREADOS 275 Alfonso de Ceballos-Escalera y Gila, marqués de La Floresta. Universidade técnica de Lisboa TEMAS PROFESIONALES EL FUTURO DE LAS COMUNICACIONES POR SATÉLITE EN LA ARMADA 287 Capitán de navío Manuel Abalo Cores ¿SEgUIMOS FORMANDO LÍDERES? 295 Capitán de fragata Enrique Núñez de Prado Aparicio ALgUNAS CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE EL MAN- TENIMIENTO EN LA ARMADA 305 Alférez de navío (ing.) Miguel Blanco Galdo DISQUISICIONES SOBRE EL CONTRATO MENOR 313 Teniente coronel de Intendencia Manuel A. Pérez García INFORMACIONES DIVERSAS LA «REVISTA» HACE CIEN AñOS... EFEMÉRIDES VIEJA FOTO MARINOgRAMA HISTORIA DE LOS NUDOS Y EL ARTE DE ANUDAR LEXICOgRAFÍA MISCELÁNEA CINE CON LA MAR DE FONDO LA MAR EN LA FILATELIA PAñOL DE PINTURAS Nuestra portada: Última sin- NOTICIARIO - CULTURA NAVAL gladura del Marqués de GACETILLA - LIBROS Y REVISTAS la Ensenada. gracias por los servicios pres- tados. (Foto: J. garcía Delgado). " )#$ *).(.B2*24&4*0 *).(.B2*20@2*& "$" &4.7>2)*2&[email protected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email protected] &6*3)*5.67B'&030B262 " C.'5*5@&>87.(& "!&27*5* !*55&003 $! #=!# C5(-.9386*332D09&53)*&<>2 % %C8'0.(&(.32*6 *6>5*30.*57& * CARTA DEL DIRECTOR Estimados y respetados lectores: INALIzABA mi carta del último número dedicando un merecido recuerdo al petrolero de flota Marqués de la Ensenada, que causó baja en la Armada el pasado día 31 de ene- ro, del que reproduci- mos en la portada de este número el inicio de su última singladura. Como, aunque los horizontes están toma- dos y el cielo casi totalmente cubierto, nuestro buque insignia, la Armada, está gobernado con mano firme y previsora, la añoranza de aquel que finalizó su vida operativa se ha visto compensada por la incorporación de un nuevo buque a la Lista Oficial de Buques de la Armada, el BAM Relámpago (P-43); y la publicación, el 13 de enero, de los nombres que llevarán los cuatro submarinos de la clase S-80 que están siendo construidos en Cartagena por Navantia, cuya entrada en servicio se irá efectuando a partir del año 2015 de forma escalonada. Esto nos hace rememorar aquellos versos en los que el poeta nos decía: ... Y ahora los viejos barcos y sus hombres se han ido y han tomado la guardia nuevos barcos que llevan antiguos nombres evocadores, y ante esa mar severa e implacable que no da oportunidades sino a los que saben cómo surcarla con mano firme y valiente corazón. Efectivamente, la Armada, fiel a nuestra historia y tradición, ha recurrido a viejos nombres evocadores para la denominación de los nuevos buques. El tercer BAM será el noveno buque de la Armada que a lo largo de nuestra Historia naval lleve el nombre de Relámpago. Por su parte, los cuatro submarinos han sido denominados con tres nombres de célebres inventores españoles de submarinos: Isaac Peral, Narciso Monturiol y Cosme García, y con el del primer jefe del Arma Submarina española, Mateo García de los Reyes; nombres que ya llevaron también anteriores submarinos de la Armada, en algún caso hasta en tres ocasiones; los últimos, los Guppy de la serie 30 que fueron transferidos a España por los Estados Unidos. En este número de nuestra REVISTA se evocan tres hechos históricos que tuvieron como protagonistas hombres como a los que alude el poeta. El primero, dentro de la 2012] 235 CARTA DEL DIRECTOR cronología de la Segunda guerra Mundial, trae a nuestras páginas el Parte de Acción redactado por el vicealmirante Marc Andrew Mitscher, comandante del USS Hornet, en el que se detalla una audaz operación reseñada como la primera acción ofensiva por parte de los Estados Unidos en la guerra; documento que hoy puede ser consulta- do gracias a la Ley de Libertad de Información norteamericana. El segundo nos relata una de las operaciones de despliegue mejor preparadas y ejecutadas de la guerra Fría que, planificada por el almirante N. Chernavin, comandante en jefe de la Armada, llevaron a cabo en marzo de 1987 las fuerzas submarinas de la Unión Soviética. El tercero rememora la famosa batalla naval, frente a la isla de San Miguel en las islas Azores, en que las fuerzas españolas estuvieron al mando de don Álvaro de Bazán, Marqués de Santa Cruz, en 1582. En el artículo Mas allá de la guerra irregular, el autor nos introduce en el concep- to de «guerra híbrida», barajado y controvertido entre la comunidad de defensa inter- nacional y utilizado para definir las nuevas guerras del siglo XXI, el cual ha logrado hacerse un hueco entre la jerga especializada, porque no sólo muestra la enorme complejidad de los conflictos actuales y la cada vez más difícil delimitación de la frontera entre lo regular e irregular, sino también porque ilustra a las élites militares y políticas de los países de nuestro entorno sobre la necesidad de superar el paradigma militar de la guerra Fría. El futuro de las comunicaciones satélites en la Armada, algunas consideraciones sobre el contrato menor y el mantenimiento en la Armada y la forma en que la Escue- la Naval Militar continúa formando oficiales dotados de la capacidad de liderazgo necesaria para llevar a cabo las misiones que esta les encomiende en el futuro en el marco del nuevo modelo de carrera recién instaurado, mediante la puesta en marcha del Plan de Formación de Liderazgo, constituyen los temas profesionales de este número. El compromiso de la Armada con el fomento y la promoción de la cultura de segu- ridad y defensa, y en concreto con la Historia y Cultura naval y la protección del patrimonio, se pone una vez más de manifiesto en las páginas de nuestra REVISTA. Al igual que el arco íris es alivio de aguaceros, a principios de febrero un claro apareció en esos horizontes tomados que últimamente nos acompañan. En esta ocasión su repercusión va más allá del ámbito específico de la Armada, ya que afecta al patrimonio histórico de España. Tras casi cinco años de difíciles búsquedas docu- mentales y de una tenaz defensa por parte de nuestro gobierno, la justicia de los Esta- dos Unidos falló a favor de España en el contencioso que se había interpuesto contra la empresa estadounidense Odyssey por la apropiación del tesoro de la fragata de la Armada española Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes, hundida en 1804. Los argumentos aportados, tras arduas investigaciones efectuadas por personal del Órgano de Historia y Cultura Naval en documentos custodiados en los archivos históricos de la Armada, han sido determinantes para el éxito de la batalla legal. Este dictamen representa un precedente importante para la defensa del rico patrimonio subacuático de España. Antonio Manuel PÉREz FERNÁNDEz 236 [Marzo PARTE DE ACCIÓN SOBRE LA INCURSIÓN DOOLITTLE DESDE EL USS HORNET Javier YUSTE gONzÁLEz Licenciado en Derecho ENTRO de la cronología de la Segunda guerra Mundial, la audaz operación del teniente coronel Doolittle es reseñada como la primera reacción ofensi- va por parte de los Estados Unidos de América en su obligada entrada por la puerta grande en una contien- da cuyas llamas consumían el mundo entero. No obstante, ciertos historiadores ponen el razona- do reparo de que la primera reacción contra el enemi- go nipón la llevaron a cabo aviadores voluntarios americanos, los cuales ya volaban mucho antes del ataque a Pearl Harbor bajo el pabellón de la China nacionalista —formados en los escuadrones AVg 1 y AVg 2 (1), denomina- dos Adams & Eves y Panda Bears—. Dicha venganza se llevó a cabo en los cielos de Asia continental el 20 de diciembre de 1941. Aquellos pilotos fueron bautizados por la prensa de su país como los Flying Tigers una vez conocida su exitosa operación de aborto de un bombardeo sobre Kunming (2). Pero no vamos a entrar en discusiones a la hora de determinar esta etapa de la guerra. Por el contrario, mi intención es volver la mirada hacia Doolittle y sus hombres, hacia sus B-25 trincados sobre la cubierta del portaaviones USS Hornet. A una misión que podía considerarse suicida, descabellada... pero que acabó siendo un revulsivo moral para la sociedad civil y militar estadouniden- se.
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