Shichuo Li Editors Diagnosis and Treatment
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Xuefeng Wang · Shichuo Li Editors Refractory Status Epilepticus Diagnosis and Treatment 123 Refractory Status Epilepticus Xuefeng Wang • Shichuo Li Editors Refractory Status Epilepticus Diagnosis and Treatment Editors Xuefeng Wang Shichuo Li Department of Neurology Institute on Global Health (IGH) The First Affiliated Hospital of Peking University & UN Consultative Chongqing Medical University Committee on Life Science and Chongqing Human Health (CCLH) China Beijing China ISBN 978-981-10-5124-1 ISBN 978-981-10-5125-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-5125-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017951928 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 This work is subject to copyright. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Abbreviations 2-DG 2-deoxy-D-glucose 5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine AA Arachidonic acid AC Arm circumference ADF Acid detergent fiber ADK Adenosine kinase AE Autoimmune encephalitis AED Antiepileptic drug aEEG Amplitude integrated electroencephalogram AERRPS Acute encephalitis with refractory repetitive partial seizures AMC Arm muscle circumference AMPA α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid AMPAR α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor AMRF Action myoclonus-renal failure ANP Atrial natriuretic peptide AP Action potential ASIC Acid sensitive ion channel ASID After-SE ictal discharge ATL Anterior temporal lobectomy AWS Alcohol withdrawal syndrome BBB Blood-brain barrier BDNF Brain-derived neurotrophic factor BECTS Benign childhood epilepsy with central temporal spikes BHB Beta-hydroxybutyrate BiPED Bilateral independent periodic epileptiform discharge BMEI Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy BMI Body mass index BNP Brain natriuretic peptide BUN Blood urea nitrogen CAE Childhood absence epilepsy CASPR2 Contactin-associated protein-like 2 CBF Cerebral blood flow CBZ Carbamazepine C/D Concentration/dose cEEG Continuous electroencephalogram CHI Creatinine height index cIV-MDZ Continuous intravenous MDZ v vi Abbreviations CK Creatine kinase CMV Cytomegalovirus CNS Central nervous system CO2 Carbon dioxide CPK Creatine phosphokinase CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPS Complex partial seizures CPSE Complex partial SE CPTII Carnitine palmitoyltransferase type II CRE Creatinine CRMP5 Collapsing response mediator protein 5 CRS Cortical responsive stimulation CSE Convulsive status epilepticus CSF Cerebrospinal fluid CSWS Cerebral salt wasting syndrome CSWS Continuous spikes and waves during slow wave sleep CZi Caudal zona incerta CZP Clonazepam DBS Deep brain stimulation DDD Defined daily dose DESC Devastating epilepsy in school age children DHA Docosahexaenoic acid DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulation DNET Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor DRE Drug-resistant epilepsy DRPLA Dento-Rubro-Pallido-Luysian atrophy DS Dravet syndrome DT Delirium tremen DZ/DPH Combination diazepam and phenytoin DZP Diazepam EAA Excitatory amino acid EBV Epstein-Barr virus ECG Electrocardiography ECS Electroconvulsive shock ECT Electroconvulsive therapy EEG Electroencephalogram EFNS European Federation of Neurological Societies eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate EGTCS Epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures EIMFS Epilepsy in infancy with migrating focal seizures EMA Epilepsy with myoclonic absences EMAS Epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures EMG Electromyogram EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid EPC Epilepsia partialis continua EPSEP Ege Pediatric SE Protocol ER Endoplasmic reticulum ER Epilepsy resolve Abbreviations vii ESES Electrical status epilepticus in sleep FDA Food and Drug Administration FIRES Fever-induced refractory epileptic encephalopathy syndrome FLAIR Fluid attenuated inversion recovery GABA γ-aminobutyric acid GABAAR γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor GABAR γ-aminobutyric acid receptor GAD Glutamic acid decarboxylase GAD65 Glutamate decarboxylase 65kDa GAD-Ab Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody GalR1 Galanin receptor 1 GalR2 Galanin receptor 2 GCSE Generalized convulsive status epilepticus GED Generalized epileptiform discharge GHB γ-hydroxybutyrate GluR Glutamate receptor GPED Generalized periodic epileptiform discharge GRAW Generalized periodic discharges related to anesthetic withdrawal GTCS Generalized tonic-clonic seizures HDL High-density lipoprotein HE Hashimoto encephalopathy HE Hypertensive encephalopathy HFS High-frequency stimulation HIE Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy HIV Human immunodeficiency virus hMPV Human metapneumovirus hPVB19 Human parvovirus B19 HS Hypertonic saline HSE Herpes simplex encephalitis HSV Herpes simplex virus HVPT Hyperventilation provocation test HVS Hyperventilation syndrome IAP Intracisternal A-particle retrotransposon ICP Intracranial pressure ICU Intensive care unit IF Interferon IGE Idiopathic generalized epilepsy IL Interleukin ILAE International League Against Epilepsy IOP Intraocular pressure IPG Implantable pulse generator IVIG Intravenous immunoglobulin JAE Juvenile absence epilepsy JME Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy KA Kainic acid KD Ketogenic diet KE Ketamine LDL Low-density lipoprotein viii Abbreviations LEV Levetiracetam LGI1 Leucine-rich glioma inactivating factor-1 LGIT Low glycemic index treatment LGS Lennox-Gastaut syndrome LKS Landau-Kleffner syndrome LTP Long-term potentiation LZP Lorazepam MAD Modified Atkins diet MAE Myoclonic-atonic epilepsy MAP Mean arterial pressure MCT Medium chain triglyceride MDPB Mega-dose of phenobarbital MDZ Midazolam mEPSC Miniature excitatory postsynaptic current MERRF Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fiber MFS Mossy fiber sprouting MGSE Myoclonus-generalized status epilepticus mIPSC Miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current MN Metanephrine MNA Mini nutritional assessment MNA-SF The short form of the mini nutritional assessment MPSI Migrating partial seizures in infancy MRI Magnetic resonance imaging MUST Malnutrition universal screening tool NAC Nucleus accumbens NCL Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis NCS Neurocritical Care Society NCSE Nonconvulsive status epilepticus NGF Nerve growth factor NICU Neonatal intensive care unit NICU Neurology intensive care unit NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartic acid NMDAR N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor NMN Normetanephrine NORSE New-onset refractory status epilepticus NPE Neurogenic pulmonary edema NPSLE Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus NPY Neuropeptide Y NREM Non-rapid eye movement NRS Nutritional risk screening NSE Neuron-specific enolase OXC Oxcarbazepine PAWSS Prediction of alcohol withdrawal severity scale PB Phenobarbital PCS Prolonged convulsive seizure PE Plasma exchange PEBT Partial exchange of blood therapy PED Periodic epileptiform discharge Abbreviations ix PERSE Refractory status epilepticus in patients with pre-existing epilepsy PGES Postictal generalized electroencephalography suppression PG-SGA Patient-generated subjective global assessment pHyp Posterior hypothalamus PIKK Phosphatidylinositol kinase-related kinase PKC Protein kinase C PLED Periodic lateral epileptiform discharge PME Progressive myoclonic epilepsy PNES Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures PRIS Propofol infusion syndrome PRL Prolactin PSE Pseudostatus epilepticus PSE Psychiatric side effect PTZ Pentylenetetrazole PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acid RAAS Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system RAS Renin angiotensin system RCT Randomized controlled trial RE Refractory epilepsy RGCSE Refractory generalized convulsive status epilepticus rhEPO Recombinant human erythropoietin RNS Responsive neurostimulator system ROS Reactive oxygen species RPE Reversible posterior encephalopathy RSE Refractory status epilepticus SAGE Serial analysis of gene expression SBP Systolic blood pressure SE Status epilepticus SEP Somatosensory evoked potential SIADH Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus SMEI Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy SNR Substantia nigra pars reticulata SOD Superoxide dismutase SREAT Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoim- mune thyroiditis SRSE Super-refractory status epilepticus SRS Spontaneous recurrent seizure SSRI Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor SSTR Somatostatin receptor STESS Status Epilepticus Severity Score STN Subthalamic nucleus SUDEP Sudden unexpected