ARCHIFACT S
Bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand
1986/1
March 1986 Archifacts 1986/1 Supplement
ARCHIFACT S
Bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand
Summary of Contents : new series 1-24 February 1977 — December 1982 ii
ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ASSOCIATION OF NEW ZEALAND INC.
P.O. BOX 11-553 MANNERS STREET WELLINGTON, N.Z.
Archifacts is the official bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand Incorporated. It continues the bulletin of the same title, previously published by the Archives Committee of the New Zealand Library Association, 9 issues of which appeared between April 1974 and October 1976. The successor "new series" contained 24 issues (nos. 4 s 5, 7 S 8 were combined) with consecutive pagination from February 1977 to December 1982. From March 1983, issues of the bulletin are numbered sequentially within the year of publication, with the pagination commencing afresh with each issue. Currently, Archifacts is published quarterly, at the end of March, June, September and December.
Copyright for articles Sc. in Archifacts rests with authors and the Association. Permission to reproduce should be sought, in writing, from the Editor. ARCHIFACTS
Summary of Contents: new series 1-24
1977-82
1 n.s, (February 1977) A new beginning Tom Wilsted The Nash estate Inaugural general meeting Second Council meeting New Zealand archives. X. The Howard Papers Richard Greenaway News notes The move to Kew; Australian archivists' conference; Cook Islands progress; The move to Vivian Street; Retirement of Tosha Kremic; Manawatu records survey; Canterbury archives seminar Book Reviews Keith Sinclair. Walter Nash (Richard S. Hill ) Accessions
2 n.s. (June 1977) Editorial : The visit of Dr Smith Philip Ross May S.R. Strachan Canberra Korero Peter Miller New Zealand archives. XI. The archive of Maori and Pacific music Mervyn McLean New Zealand's first films Clive Sowry A new deal for cartographic archives B.R. Patterson Analec ta Government archive service advocated for Britain; Ford Papers donated; Kissinger Papers to Library of Congress; AJCP Admiralty records handbook; Opening of new National Archives premises; National Archives' immigration seminar; Conservation seminar well attended; Otago and Wellington branches formed; Film and oral archives; Forthcoming events Book reviews Norton on archives ed. W. Mitchell (Pamela Hall) J.D. Atkinson. DSIR's first fifty years; Rosslyn J. Noonan. By design : a brief history of the Public Works Department... (Michael E. Hoare) Accessions
3 n.s. (September 1977) Editorial - Gnashing of teeth Whither archives? Some comments Judith Hornabrook New Zealand archives. XII. The ethnological manuscripts of Henry Ling Roth Jennifer Bound and Stuart Strachan The identification of photographs : a plea Ruth Ross Archives Act submission Analec ta U.S. Federal officials' papers; U.S. Supreme Court ruling on Nixon tapes and documents; Samoan Government archives recovered; Richard Prebble's Bill; Local authority archives legislation; Auckland archives seminar; Wanganui Museum archives status deferred; National Archives criminology seminar; Farming records campaign; Borrowing of Turnbull Library microfilms Book Reviews Erik OlSSen. John A. Lee (Richard Hill) A.G. Bagnall. Wairarapa (Brad Patterson) National Archives. A Cumulative list of holdings 1976 (Stuart Strachan) Accessions Co-operation or competition : Seminar programme
H $.5 n.s. (March 1978) The Betrayer - a 'lost' New Zealand photodrama Clive Sowry New Zealand archives. XIII. Maori resources in the Archive of Maori and Pacific music Mervyn McLean XIV. Archives of the New Brighton Borough Council Richard Greenaway and Gary Clover First conference History taped Analecta Annual General Meeting; Dr Smith's visit; The Nash saga; Australian Archives shuffle; U.S. Court cases; Local Government Amendment (No.3) Act; Library Conference archives seminar; Wanganui Regional Museum recognised; National Register of Archives and Manuscripts; Study leave for N.S.W. Diploma; New appointments; Collection letters of Charles Darwin; New branches formed Book Reviews Peter Balazs. Guid e to the archives of Hungary (Stuart Strachan) J.D. Raes i de. Sovereign chief (Ruth Ross) Ian Church. Little ships of Patea (Michael Hodder) Accessions
6 n.s. (June 1978) Nitrate film Clive Sowry New Zealand archives. XV. Bank of New Zealand Archives : sources for branch histories Robin Griffin Access to official information : a synopsis Stuart Strachan Three seminars - Seminar on local history Judith Hornabrook Conservation seminar Margaret Godfrey Records management seminar David Fairbairn Anal ecta Tom Wilsted departs; Turnbull Manuscripts Librarian appointed; Smith Report; Local Government archives schedule; Committee on Official Information; National Register of Archives and Manuscripts; Transfer of manuscripts; Heaphy map; National Archives appointments; BNZ archives Book Reviews British Standards Association. Recommendations for the storage and exhibition of archival documents (Jeavons Baillie) Ralph E. Ehrenberg (ed.). Pattern and process : research in historical geography (Ray Hargreaves) Peter Butler. Opiu m and gold John A. Lee. Ealy days in New Zealand (Jane Tucker) Accessions Conservation and preservation of cultural material symposium 1978
7 & 8 n.s. (September - December 1978) Perspectives on the Smith Report Introduction B.R. Patterson Conference opening Hon. D.A. Highet The historical perspective A.G. Bagnall The professional viewpoint S.R. Strachan; J.E. Traue; R. Griffin The records managers' viewpoint K. Tall; I. Matheson The administrators; viewpoint R.R. Cater; A.J. Smyth The users' viewpoint P.S. O'Conner; M.E. Hoare; C. Main; R.F. Grover General discussion 9 n.s, (March 1979) A solvent society New Zealand archives. XVI. Emigrant diaries in the Otago Early Settlers' Museum Scott Crawford Australian Archives Bill Michael Hodder Second annual conference and A.G.M. Council notes Rosemary Collier Analec ta International Archives Week; U.S. Presidential Papers legislation; Overseas meetings; Local Government archives schedule attacked; The Schedule examined; Anglican Provincial Archives Commission; Death of Will Dennis; 1979 Annual Conference; Canterbury Maori Archive; National Archives staff notes; Hocken Library appointment; National Register of Archives and Manuscripts Book Reviews Ashby J. Fristoe. The Samoan Archives (Peter Hempenstall) Ian Wards (ed.). Thirteen facets (F.L.W. Wood) G.T. Beil by. The Central story. The first hundred years of the Wellington Central Baptist Church (Warren Limbrick) Accessions
10 n.s. (June 1979) A trade in public archives? Brad Patterson The rationale for business archives : the case of the Union Steam Ship Company K.J. Angwin The B.C.N.Z. Sound Archives G. Newson Architectural archives M.D.W. Hodder ARANZ Labour Archives Committee Paul Harris ARANZ elections Council notes Anal ecta Local Authority archives schedule revision; U.K. Public Record Office enquiry; Kissinger Papers; Maori manuscript specialist appointed; J.M. Sherrard awards; Hocken gleanings; Repair papers Forthcoming events Book Reviews Michael Cook. Archives administration : a manual for intermediate and smaller organizations and local government (Peter Miller) A.T. YarWOOd. Samuel Marsden : the great survivor (J.M.R. Owens) Michael King. Te Puea. A biography (K.R. Howe) David A. Yallop. Beyond reasonable doubt? An inquiry into the Thomas Case (Michael Hoare) Accessions
11 n.s. (September 1979) Editorial : Some thoughts on Freedom of Information Paul Harris National Register of Archives and Manuscripts Michael Hoare Fraser Papers Brad Patterson Census preservation M.D.W. Hodder Council notes Analecta Archives training course; New French archives law; Richard Prebble tries again; Valuation rolls misused; Wellington Conservation Group; Waikato activity; Wellington Hospital archives; Canterbury College archives recovered; News from the South Book Reviews Ian Cumming and Alan Cumming. History of state education in New Zealand (R.D. Arnold) Wendy Lowenstein. weevils in the flour (Paul Harris) Darry McCarthy. The First Fleet of Auckland (J.R. Fagan) A.W. Reed. Two hundred years of New Zealand history 1769-1969 Accessions
12 n.s. (December 1979) Editorial: Why read the Wicks Report? The need to preserve architectural archives : a user's view Chris Cochran An architect's odyssey : locating the drawings of Frederick de Jersey Clere D.J. Beere Architectural archives seminar Some thoughts on records management in Australia and New Zealand Ian Matheson Dunedin Conference Annual General Meeting Book Reviews Charles A. Jones. Britain and the Dominions : a guide to business and related records in the United Kingdom concerning Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa (R.H. Griffin) Elsie Locke. The Gaoler (Beatrice Hale) Frances Porter. A Sense of history : a commemorative publication for John Cawte Beaglehole, O.M., about James Cook's landing sites in New Zealand (Hugh Price) G.J. Griffiths. How old is our house? (Patricia Adams) W.J. Gardner. Colonial gap and gown. Studies in the mid-Victorian universities of Australasia Hocken Library Victorian Reprints Accessions
13 n.s. (March 1980) Editorial: Growth and change Terms of reference : National Archives; reference service David Retter Ephemera : a case for longevity Jill M. Palmer Te Kooti's notebook An oral history contract Margaretha Gee Report on curators' training course Michael Hoare From idea to printed word Analec ta Appraisal of FBI field files challenged; National Archives open day' Architectural archives seminar; 1979 Conference proceedings; Frank Rogers - apostle to the north; Marlborough archivist appointed; ANZ Bank position; Turnbull Library Manuscripts appointment; National Archives appointments; Entertainment ephemera; Oral History Association of Australia; The Auckland-Waikato Historical Journal BOOK REVIEWS A. Charles Begg and Neil C. Begg. The world of John Boultbee (Sheila Natusch) Michael Parker. The S.I.S. : The New Zealand Security Intelligence Service (Graeme Dunstal1) Michael Barthorp. To face the daring Maoris (Bruce Cutler) Wise's New Zealand Guide Christopher Taylor. Roads and tracks of Britain. E.R. Chamberlain. Preservin g the past J.P. Hudson. Manuscripts indexing Footnotes Accessions 14 n.s, (June 1980) Editorial: W(h)ither the Smith Report Brad Patterson The Wellington Maritime Museum Jack Churchouse A metrical sermon by Miss i oner Engst Sheila Natusch Australians in the Waikato war M.D.W. Hodder Letter: Your Nash a'int nothin1 but trash George Theobald Annual Conference 1980 Council notes S.S.C. conservation course Book reviews T.W.H. Brooking. Massey, its early years Hugh Parton. The University of New Zealand (W.J. Gardner) Sheila M. Belshaw. Man of integrity : a biography of Sir Clifton Webb (Malcolm McKinnon) Valerie Smith. Saga in sepia N.A. Brocklebank. Oamaru (John Sullivan) Accessions
15 n.s. (September 1980) Editorial: It's your journal The Marlborough Historical Society archives B.L. McNamara Postal history in New Zealand R.M. Startup Housing the archives B.R. Patterson Questions in the House 4th Annual Conference and A.G.M. Canterbury Branch forming Book reviews W. David Mclntyre. The rise and fall on the Singapore naval base (I.C. McGibbon) Beryl Smedley. Homewood and its families (Richard Greenaway) H.A. Willis. Manhunt .- The story of Stanley Graham (Richard Hill) Margaret H. Alington. Unquiet earth : A history of the Bolton Street cemetery (Pat Adams) Edie Hedlin. Busines s archives : an introduction (Robin Griffin) Accessions
16 n.s, (December 1980) Editorial: Holding fast Robin Griffin A very special collection Clive Sowry The King and I : The Fowlds Papers Frank Rogers Nash correspondence Analecta First of Nash papers available; New Zealanders at International Archives Congress; International Records Management Federation; International Records retention report; New Marlborough Archives Association; Wellington cultural conservators; BNZ Archives conservation appointment; Turnbull appointments; National Archives appointments; National Archives change of address Book reviews National register of archives and manuscripts in New Zealand (Michael Hitchings) M.E. Hoare. Boys, urchins, men. A history of the Boys' Brigade in Australia and Papua New Guinea 1882-1976 John Barrett. Falling-in. Australians and 'Boy conscription' 1911-1915 (Laurie Barber) Henry Sewell. The journal of Henry Sewell 1853-7. Edited by W. David Mclntyre (Stuart Strachan) Accessions viii
17 n.s. (March 1981) The national newspaper collection : Guest editorial 408 : Council policy stated 410 The case of 'The Christchurch Star' Richard Greenaway 411 New Zealand papers in the Archives of the North German Mission Society Sheila Natusch 412 The Hickey Papers Cathy Marr 423 Freedom of Information and the State Bruce Symondson 426 Anal ec ta 1981 ARANZ A.G.M. and Conference; Photographic conservation seminar; Codrington papers expatriated; Leonardo Ms sale; Top U.S. National Archives appointments; AJCP project endangered; IXth International Archives Congress, London, 1980: Danks Committee reports; New Justice Department information policy; Australian archives conference; New Zealand Map Keepers' Circle; New Zealand Historical Association Conference 427 Book reviews Provincial perspectives : essays in honour of W.J. Gardner (Richard Greenaway) 430 August R. Suelflow. Religious archives. An introduction (Stuart Strachan) 432 Accessions 433
18 n.s. (June 1981) Editorial: A new Director for National Archives 440 Raymond Frank Grover : a short profile 441 The Danks Committee Report Kay Sanderson 443 Early nursery catalogues S. Challenger 447 Godfrey Thomas : Auditor General for the Province of New Munster T. Hoggard 452 Analec ta Wilson report; Emergency salvage after Thames and Paeroa floods; New Zealand Film Archive; Newspaper destruction controversy; Hocken Library situation; Canterbury progress; Auckland appraisal and processing seminar; Massey oral history seminar; J.M. Sherrard Awards; Photo- graphic conservation seminar; 1982 map seminar 459 Book reviews Non-book materials in libraries (Peter Miller) 464 Archivists and machine-readable records (Rosemary Collier) 466 R.M. Kesner. Automation, machine-readable records and archival administration -• an annotated bibliography (Rosemary Collier) 467 Accessions 468
19 n.s. (September 1981) Editorial: Archives and the 1981 election 472 Political parties' policies on archives 473 New Zealand sources in the Archives of the Hydrographie Department of the Royal Navy Jeremy Spencer 476 The Supplementary Report of the Danks Committee and the Official Information Bill Kay Sanderson 490 Australian Society of Archivists' conference, Melbourne, 22-26 May Michael Hoare 492 1981 Annual General Meeting 494 Photographic conservation seminar Wayne Nelson 495 Church occasions Catholic management of archives seminar Cheryl Campbell 496 Methodist Church archives Rosemary Collier 497 Anal ec ta U.S. microfilm preservation programme questioned; ix
Auckland University centenary; Alexander Turnbull Library - new hours of opening; Otago/Southland Branch activities; Map conservation workshops; New Director takes up post; Movements 498 Book reviews Noeline Hall. I have planted...a biography of Alfred Nesbit Brown (Ann Parsonson) 499 I.C. McGibbon. Blue water rationale (Neville Bennett) 500 Robert C. Lamb. From the banks of the Avon (Richard Greenaway) 501 Report of the Royal Commission to inquire into the circumstances of the convictions of Arthur Allan Thomas (Michael Hoare) 502 New Zealand national bibliography to the year 1960 : Volume 1. : To 1889 (Jane Tucker) 504 Frank Rogers. The Fowlds Papers; inventory, calendars and index (Jane Tucker) 504 Accessions 507 Postscripts The National Register of Archives and Manuscripts 509 Correspondence - Destruction of newspapers 510
20 n.s. (December 1981) Editorial: History and us Michael Hoare 512 Pacific regional seminar and conference Judith Hornabrook 514 The Babbage Collection in the Wanganui Regional Museum Garry Tee 515 The New Zealand War Medal Mark Stevens 522 Council notes 530 Anal ec ta English Church archive visited; Revival of Wellington branch; Film Archive Newsletter; Visit by distinguished records manager; History of Science conference 532 Book reviews Oxford history of New Zealand (S.R. Strachan) 534 R. Arnold. The farthest promised land (Margaret Retter) 535 J.A. Lee. The John A. Lee diaries, 1936-1940 (David Retter) 536 G.D.R. Bridson, V.C. Phillips, and A.P. Harvey. Natural history manuscript resources in the British Isles (Michael Hoare) 537 Accessions 538 Letter: British Hydrographie Department records 541 Editor's postscript 542
21 n.s, (March 1982) Editorial: A new dictionary of New Zealand biography Stuart Strachan 543 Church records in the Turnbull Library : three collections reviewed Patricia 011 iff 546 Another Henry Lawson in New Zealand Patricia McBride 554 Council notes 558 Conference 1982 559 Analecta Appointment Of Editor for National Register of Archives and Manuscripts; Archives of Dunedin local bodies displayed; Exhibitions of archives in Wellington; Bank of New Zealand centenary booklets; Churchill Trust fellowships for 1983; Seventh New Zealand Map Keepers' seminar; National Archives news; Revival of Waikato branch; A South Australian Archives Act?; Australian Joint Copying saved; Wilson report under fire; Wellington Cultural Conservators' bulk purchasing scheme 560 Letter: Babbage photograph 564 χ
Book reviews Religion in New Zealand society (eds B. ColleSS and P. Donovan); Centenary magazine : Society of the Sacred Heart, NewZealand 1880-1980 (ed. V.J. Young); P. Gallagher. The Marist Brothers in New Zealand, Fiji and Samoa, 1876-1976; E.R. Simmons. A brief history of the Catholic Church in New Zealand (Neil Vavey) 565 Michael Cook. Archives and the computer (Peter Miller) 567 Jim Henderson. The exiles of asbestos cottage (Graham French) 568 Michael King. The Collector : a biography of Andreas Reischek (Michael Hoare) 569 Information and orientation of the user (comp. E.G. Franz) (Cheryl Campbell) 571 Accessions 572
22 n.s. (June 1982) Editorial : Hard times 575 Leslie Hinge, photographer Wayne Nelson 577 Local government records : problems of control Frank Swift 582 The Auckland-Waikato Historical Society makes a contribution Winifred Macdonald 585 The National Collection of War Art now at National Archives A.A.St.CM. Murray-Oliver 588 Map transit and storage P.L. Barton 591 Council notes 597 Branch news 598 Obituary: R.C. Lamb 600 Analecta New Zealand Film Archive; Third Australasian Congress on Genealogy and Heraldry, 1983; Open Justice; Minister for the Arts supports National Archives; Australian archivists assemble; New Keeper of the Public Record Office, England; Iranian hostage's family papers donated; Hard pruning at NARS; Political tapes 600 Letter: Computer mapping 603 Book reviews Barry Brailsford. The tattooed land : the southern frontiers of the pa Maori (Michael Hoare) 604 Life in a young colony : selections from early New Zealand writing (ed. Cherry A. Hankin) (Graeme Siddle) 605 H.T. Hickerson. Archives and manuscripts : an introduction to automated access (Peter Miller) 606 Accessions 607
23 n.s. (September 1982) Photographic Conservation : Select proceedings of a seminar in Wellington, 28-30 August 1981 Foreword 611 The exhibition of photography (I) Luit Beiringa 612 (Π) John B. Turner 613 Critical perspectives of historical photography in New Zealand John B. Turner 614 Photographic processes and their introduction to New Zealand William Main 620 Photographic chemistry G.J. Dougherty 622 The stable photographic image, or processing for permanence Warwick Wilson 625 Resin-coated papers Mark Strange 629 Nitrate film Jonathan Dennis 632 The duplication of fragile film stock Mark Strange 634 XI
Archival storage material for photographs, or the age of impermanence Rosemary Collier 638 Public access to collections John Sullivan 642 Photographic cataloguing case studies Warwick Wilson 644 Cataloguing a collection John Sullivan 652 Copyright in photographs Donald Sweet 653 Today's photographs in tomorrow's archives J.E. Traue 654 Summary bibliography of photographic conservation Warwick Wilson 656 Resolutions passed at concluding session 658 SUPPLEMENT (between pp.634-635) Obituary: Ruth M. Ross Council notes Some impressions of the 1982 Dunedin conference Anal ecta Cartographic workshop, 1983; Photographic conservator available; John Harris Award; Cartographic Archivist appointed at National Archives; Conservation study grant; Local body archives seminar for Hawke's Bay; Indexing group formed; Hope Gibbons fire, 1952, re- called; Custody of Otago Provincial archives challenged; Mormom microfilming controversy in Auckland; National Librarian's views on newspaper microfilming; PARBICA meets in Rarotonga; ASA 4th Biennial Conference, Adelaide, May 1983 VI Letters vii
24 n.s. (December 1982) Editorial: A new Chief Archivist for Papua New Guinea 659 New Zealand in the 1880s : some unanswered questions Rollo Arnold 660 A church divided Mary Troup 669 Three perspectives on Mormon microfilming I. The church G. Milton Ramsey 672 II. The user Verna Mossong 673 III. The archivist Cheryl Campbell 674 Microfilming newspapers and the National Library P.G. Scott 679 Commission of Inquiry M.H.S. Stevens 680 Conservation reporting Robert Kerr-Hislop 686 Conference and A.G.M. 1983 691 Council notes 691 Branch news 692 Analecta 693 Book reviews Gordon Parry, A fence at the top (Wanda Hall ) 696 Tauranga, 1882-1982 (ed. A.C. Bellamy) (Evelyn Stokes) 697 Jill Hampson. Removal of a records centre and Its contents : a case study (Mark Stoddart) 697 Ann E. Pederson and Gail Farr Gasterline. Archives and manuscripts : public programs (Cheryl Campbell) 698 Accessions 700 BUSINESS ARCHIVES SUPPLEMENT (between pp.680-681) ARANZ and business archives Commitment to business archives : the case of the ANZ Bank Kevin Bourke Uses of historical research in business 111 A seminar on business archives? A questionnaire iv Xii
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ARANZ will celebrate its first decade in Wellington, 29-31 August. Further details are on the leaflet enclosed.
In addition to the conference, and preceding it, are: 1. Arrangement and description workshop (in conjunction with Victoria University of Wellington), 25 - 28 August 2. Records management seminar, 28 August
ARCHIVES ASSISTANCE FOR WAIKATO Advice and practical assistance in dealing with archives is now available from Cheryl Campbell, formerly of National Archives, who is now based in Hamilton as a consultant archivist/researcher/writer, Some assistance will be given for love [of archives], and, in instances where it is for money, the rates are negotiable. Miss Campbell is prepared to travel as appropriate, and may be contacted at m Fenwick Crescent, Hamilton, or telephone (071) 67662. CONTENTS
EDITORIAL: A divided profession?
THE NEW ZEALAND PRICE TRIBUNAL, 1939-75 Mark Stoddart WESTERN PACIFIC AND WESTERN PACIFIC HIGH COMMISSION ARCHIVES Frank Rogers
SOLDIERS' DEATHS IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR Nicola Frean RECONSTRUCTING THE ORIGINS OF N.Z. LANDS MANAGEMENT B.R. Patterson AÑALECTA
Auckland Branch news; Genealogists meet in Auckland; Public archives move to new home; New directions for NART; National Archives' staff news; Census papers to be saved; Security file may have leaked; Philippines' President a war hero?; Vocal archive; Burton Brothers' photographs to be preserved; New reference books; News from the Film Archive; IALGAL formed; Declaration of Independence stolen; Tito's archives deemed public; Access to hospital board records; Declassified U.S. archives tilt at Labour MPs; Paintings in the Alexander Turnbull Library
ARCHIFACTS FORUM
BOOK REVIEWS
Ruth Fry. It's different for daughters; a history of the curriculum for girls in New Zealand schools, 1900-1975 (Elsie Locke)
The police and the 1981 tour, ed. Malcolm McKinnon, Peter McPhee and Jock Phillips (Michael Meyrick)
David Mackay. In the wake of Cook: exploration, science and empire (Michael E. Hoare)
Brian Mackrell. Halley's comet over New Zealand (Michael E. Hoare)
Robert Muldoon. The New Zealand economy : a personal view (James Watson)
Merv Wellington. New Zealand education in crisis (Colin McGeorge)
ACCESSIONS
SUPPLEMENT (between pages 18-19)
Archifacts new series 1-24 (February 1977 - December 1982): Summary of contents Archifacts is the official bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand Incorporated. It continues the bulletin of the same title, previously published by the Archives Committee of the New Zealand Library Association, 9 issues of which appeared between April 1974 and October 1976. The successor "new series" contained 24 issues (nos. 4 S 5, 7 s 8 were combined) with consecutive pagination from February 1977 to December 1982. From March 1983, issues of the bulletin are numbered sequentially within the year of publication, with the pagination commencing afresh with each issue. Currently, Archifacts i s published quarterly, at the end of March, June, September and December.
Subscriptions to Archifacts are through membership of the Association at the current rates. (See inside back cover for details.) Copies of individual issues, however, will be available to non-members at NZ$6.00 per copy.
The membership year begins with the June issue and ends with the March issue.
Enquiries concerning the content of Archi facts ''including advertising), non-receipt of an issue (or receipt of an imperfect copy), and requests for back or single issues should be addressed to the Editor.
All members (and others) are welcome to submit articles, short notices, letters, etc. to the Editor. Copy deadline i s the 15th of the month preceding publication (i.e., 15 May for the June issue, etc.). Book reviews should be sent directly to the Reviews Editor; details of accessions directly to the Accessions Co-ordinator.
EDITOR: Michael Hodder, P.O. Box 28-011, Kelburn, Wellington
ASSOCIATE EDITORS: Cheryl Campbell 41 Fenwick Crescent, Hamilton.
Brad Patterson 20 Khyber Road, Seatoun, Wellington.
Mark Stevens c/- National Archives, P.O. Box 2220, Auckland.
REVIEWS EDITOR : Richard Greenaway 1 Snell Place, Dallington, Christchurch 6.
ACCESSIONS CO-ORDINATOR: Kay Sanderson, Manuscripts Section, Alexander Turnbull Library, P.O. Box 12-349, Wellington.
Copyright for articles Sc. in Archifacts rest s with authors and the Association. Permission to reproduce should be sought, in writing, from the Editor.
ISSN 0303-7940
Β 1986/1 é March 1986
ARCHIFACT S
Bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand
I
A DIVIDED PROFESSION'
The range of situations in which archivists in New Zealand are employed differs little from that to be found in other countries That is, 1 here is a (relatively) large government archives employing a (relatively) large number of archivists but a greater number of archivists who work in isolation from each other in institutions whose business is not primarily the management of archives
It has been a fundamental position for the Association to advocate the strengthening of National Archives - not only to ensure that the large mass of valuable government records were managed to the best possible standards and made accessible as widely as possible, but also to provide support and impetus for archives-keeping generally throughout the country Back in 1978, Wilfred Smith, then Dominion Archivist of Canada, wrote in his report Archives m New Zealand
The heart and centre of a national archives system must be a strong National Archives which has the necessary authority, resources and staff to perform the functions which have been assigned to it and the ability to provide leadership, guidance and assistance throughout the country, to establish and maintain standards, develop new techniques, and to have an impact on government, users and the general public in creating an awareness and appreciation of the value of archives as an important national resource
There can be little doubt that National Archives has become stronger and more effective in the past decade It has been reciprocally supportive of the Association in a way that the Australian Society of Archivists might envy On the other hand, Dr Smith's Canadian experience may have led him to envisage an ideal development which did not quite fit the New Zealand situation The Public Archives of Canada amounts to an amalgam of National Archives and the Manuscripts Section of the Alexander Turnbull Library So in New Zealand we have a division between public (or official) and private (non-official) archives-keeping And it should not be lightly presumed that an institution focussing on official records will see as an equal priority the better management of private archives Indeed, a quick reading of the Archives Act underlines what the primary business of National Archives is
Such division is not a bad thing After all, division may be seen as synonymous with specialisation, and it is a device well-known in military organisations The example or good fortune of one can act as a spur to the other Comparisons or competitive- ness can be healthy and invigorating But, and this is nub of the matter, those engaged in the business of private archives-keeping are dispersed and cannot readily relate their endeavours, their resources to those of the public archives-keepers - nor indeed, to other private archives-keepers The opportunity to exchange ideas, problems and so on, taken so much for granted in the setting of an archives institution, is precious to the lone archivist
ARANZ has provided a number of opportunities for this type of exchange during its first decade Usually these have taken the form of training seminars, some general and some specific For the first time, this year's conference will include a full two-day programme (parallel to the programme more oriented to using archives) on topics affecting all archivists - whether dealing with private or public archives - whether based in an archives institution or not - whether working in a group or alone It will be interesting - and important - to explore our diversity as archivists And in so doing, we shall see ourselves more clearly as a profession And we shall be better placed to handle the interface with related fields - the librarians, the conservators and the records managers 2
THE NEW ZEALAND PRICE TRIBUNAL, 1939-75
(A research paper submitted as part of the requirements for the University of New South Wales' Diploma m Information Management (Archives Administration), 1985)
The regulation of prices by governmental control has been a feature of economic policy in New Zealand for a considerable time Nationwide control of prices was resorted to during the First World War The administration of these price measures was in the hands of the Board of Trade set up under the provisions of the Cost of Living Act 1915, regulations being issued from time to time fixing maximum prices for various commodities The Board of Trade was "given power to inquire into various matters including the prices charged for various commodities" 1 The powers vested in the Board were, however, only of an inquiring type, the Board itself had no executive powers 2
The Board of Trade Act 1919 (a consolidation and amendment of pre-existing legis- lation) contained provisions for the establishment of the Department of Industries and Commerce and for a Board of Trade to consist of the Minister of Industries and Commerce (President) and not more than four other members By an amendment, in 1923, the Board was abolished, its functions being taken over by the Minister Authority was also taken under the Act "for the establishment of fixed minimum or maximum prices or rates for any classes of goods or services or otherwise for the regulation or control of such prices or rates" 3 The Act also included provisions aimed at prevention of profiteering The upsurge in prices following the First World War resulted in price controls on a variety of goods which were in short supply, being applied or continuing to apply A Prevention of Profiteering Act was passed in 1936 prohibiting the making of unreasonable increases in the prices charged for goods and services
In June 1939, a Price Investigation Tribunal4 was constituted from members of the existing Advisory Board under the Board of Trade Amendment Act 1923, and regulations were placed on increasing prices of goods and services without prior application to this Tribunal, prices were also to be fixed by the Tribunal for goods that had not previously been on the market
Pursuant to a Proclamation of Emergency under the Public Safety Conservation Act regulations were made on 1 September 1939 with the object of stabilising prices These regulations provided that prices of goods and services should not be raised above the prices ruling on 1 September 1939, except as might be specially authorised by the Minister of Industries and Commerce These regulations were Superseded by the Control of Prices Emergency Regulations of 29 December 1939 which constituted the Price Tribunal
The Control of Prices Emergency Regulations 1939 issued on 20 December 1939 was designed to curb inflation5 caused by wartime shortages of goods A Price Tribunal was constituted, under the Regulations, to consist of two or more members, one of the members to be appointed president 6
The functions of the Tribunal were defined by section 13 of the Regulations as (a) To investigate any complaints that may be made direct to the Tribunal or that may be referred to it by the Minister with respect to prices charged for any goods or services, (b) To issue price orders in accordance with these regulations, (c) To exercise any other powers or functions that may be conferred on it by these regulations or otherwise, (d) Generally to maintain a survey of the prices charged for goods or services, to institute proceedings for offences in relation to prices, and to take such other steps as in its opinion may be necessary to prevent profiteering or the exploita- tion of the public
The Control of Prices Regulations 1939 Amendment No 1 gave the Price Tribunal authority to appoint 'associate members' These were persons who, in the Minister's opinion, possessed expert knowledge of some branch of trade or industry Subsequent amendments to the Control of Prices Emergency Regulations 1939 included Amendment No 2 issued on 27 November 1941, Amendment No 3 issued 15 December 1942, Amendment No 4 issued 12 January 1944, and Amendment No 5 issued on 20 December 1944 7
The Control of Prices Act 1947 gave permanent legislative recognition to price control, consolidating and extending the powers and functions formerly exercised under 3
the Control of Prices Emergency Regulations (these war regulations were revoked) The Act was introduced to deal with price abuses (e g profiteering, blackmarketing, etc) and price rises which were viewed as likely to result from the situation in New Zealand at the end of the war where the amount of money in circulation was far in excess of goods being produced or imported from abroad 9 It was passed on 25 November 1947
The Act constituted a Price Tribunal "deemed to be the same Tribunal as the Price Tribunal constituted by the Control of Prices Emergency Regulations 1939" 10 The Tri- bunal was to consist of a president, one or more ordinary members and one or more associate members On 1 December 1947, members of the Price Tribunal were appointed His Honour, Judge William Hunter as President, Bertrand Stanislaus Connor as ordinary member and Leo Munro as associate member n Its functions were essentially those de- fined in the Control of Prices Emergency Regulations 1939 as were its powers to (l)make Price Orders fixing in such a manner as it thinks fit, the actual or the maximum or minimum price for any good sold in a specified market under specified conditions Prior to the Control of Prices Act 1947, Price Orders were made by regulation and notified in the New Zealand Gazette, where they are gazetted m full 12, (2) authorise selling prices which may have a general or special application
Outside the Price Orders' or 'Special Price Authorisations' made by the Tribunal or Director for the general stabilisation of prices at levels obtaining on 1 September 1939 continued in force Section 42 of the Control of Prices Act 1937 gave the Tribunal power to fix prices of new lines of goods "not made or sold before September 1939" 13
Following the passing of the Act, the Price Tribunal became a separate body from the Price Control Division 4 of the Department of Industries and Commerce and a Price Control Division was created as a separate Division of the Industries and Commerce Department with branch offices in Auckland, Dunedin and Christchurch Mr H L Wise was appointed Director of Price Control 15 The Price Control Division assisted the Tribunal carry out its administrative and enforcement duties The Tribunal, in accordance with powers given it by the Act, delegated from time to time certain powers to the Director
A policy of progressive decontrol was followed after 1948 and lists of goods freed from controlled price fixation (although subject to profiteering and other provisions) were published from time to time, but all goods and services not exempted in this manner remained subject to control The Control of Prices Amendment Act 1953 passed on 27 November 1953, resulted in a change in the system of control whereby goods and services not listed were deemed to be revoked (i e , not subject to price controls) This measure became effective on the gazetting of the Control of Prices (Positive List) Notice on 14 March 1955 This was subsequently replaced by a new Price List gazetted on 14 March 1957 ie> The Control of Prices Amendment Act 1953 also made provision for the delegation of pricing powers to the Secretary of Industries and Commerce subject to the right of appeal to the Price Tribunal
The Control of Prices Amendment Act 1956 (passed on 26 October 1956) transferred from the Price Tribunal to the Minister of Industries and Commerce the function of exempting goods and services from price control 17
Subsequent amendments to the Control of Prices Act 1947 included The Control of Prices Amendment Act 1958, The Control of Prices Amendment Act 1969, The Control of Prices Amendment Act 1970, and The Control of Prices Amendment Act 1971
The policy of decontrol followed from 1948 to 1970 meant less stress was placed on direct control and greater importance was attached to price surveillance over a wide range of goods and services having a significant bearing on the cost of living 18
By 1970, inflationary pressures resulted in Price Freeze Regulations of 17 November 1970 which froze prices at levels prevailing on 12 November 1970 The price freeze was followed on 15 February 1971 by a Price Justification Scheme, details of which were embodied in the price order (No 2154) issued by the Price Tribunal It set out a wide range of goods which were subject to the approval of the Price Tribunal before applying price increases
The Commerce Act 1975i9 constituted a Commerce Commission which took over the responsibility for price control The Commerce Commission replaced both the Price Tri- bunal and the Trade Practices and Prices Commission Part IV of the Commerce Act re- placed the provisions of the Control of Prices Act 1947 The Commerce Commission, like
5
the Pnce Tribunal before it, was responsible to the Department of Trade and Industries (prior to 1972 it was known as the Department of Industries and Commerce) Members of the Commerce Commission were appointed on 17 November 1975 The Commerce Act 1975 revoked the Control of Prices Act 1947 and the Control of Prices Act Amendments 21 * * *
REFERENCES
1 New Zealand Parliamentary Debates 1947, Vol 278, ρ 604
2 Ibid
3 New Zealand Official Year Book 1947-49, ρ 618
4 Ibid
5 Aims of the Tribunal "The consumer is protected from exploitation and the worker on the lower income receives his full share of the available goods and services", thereby providing protection from profiteering Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives 1944, H-44, ρ 31
6 Section 4(1) Control of Prices Emergency Regulations stated the persons appointed on 2 June 1939 as members of the Advisory Board constituted under the Board of Trade Amendment Act 1923 shall, while they continue in office as members of the Advisory Board, be deemed, without further appointment, to have been appointed as members of the Tribunal under these regulations
Section 4(2) The member of the said Advisory Board, being a Judge of the Court of Arbitration, shall be deemed to have been appointed the President of the Tribunal
Judge William John Hunter and Henry Leslie Wise were appointed members of the Advisory Board (New Zealand Gazette 1939, ρ 1655)
7 The other aspect of the Government's economic policies during the war were price stabilisation measures In 1940, the Economic Stabilisation Conference (which was government convened) put forward recommendations designed to stabilise prices, wages and costs In furtherance of these recommendations, the retail prices of 38 commodities comprising of more important foodstuffs, clothing, fuel and lighting, were stabilised as from 1 September 1941 and an Economic Stabilisation Committee was set up
In December 1942, as a result of deliberations of the Economic Stabilisation Committee, price stabilisation measures were-widely extended In the same month, the Economic Stabilisation Emergency Regulations were issued under which the Committee was reconstituted as the Economic Stabilisation Commission, and made for the stabilisation of weekly rentals and wage-rates An Economic Stabilisation Act was passed in 1948, however, by 1960, the functions of the Economic Stabilisation Commission were being discharged by the Minister in Charge of Stabilisation as there were no appointed members of the Commission
8 The measure " in essence provides that the Price Tribunal set up under the authority of war regulations shall continue but it shall be under statutory au- thority instead of under the authority of Orders in Council and regulations" (New Zealand Parliamentary Debates 1947, Vol 279, ρ 899 )
9 "In practically every country which took part in the late war it was necessary to have considerable price control because of the fact that so many millions of people- and in New Zealand the energies of tens of thousands of people were taken away from the production of ordinary commodities of life and were devoted to the production of war materials As a consequence there has arisen a shortage of the necessities of life and things are in short supply In the United States of America about eighteen months ago, they decided to remove price controls and as a result the cost of living bounded up they had a succession of industrial disputes because there were no price controls We do not want anything like that in New Zealand, 6
and while production does not increase to meet the increased wealth that is avail- able to the people of this country controls are necessary " (New Zealand Parlia- mentary Debates 1947, Vol 279, ρ 900 )
ίο Control of Prices Act 1947 (Part 1, Section 3(1))
11 New Zealand Gazette 1947, ρ 1864 Immediately prior to the Control of Prices Act 1947, members of the Price Tribunal, as constituted under the Control of Prices Emergency Regulations 1939, consisted of Mr Justice Hunter, and Mr H L Wise (full members) and two associate members, Mr Connor and Mr Munro (New Zealand Parliamentary Debates 1947, Vol 279, ρ 905 )
The 1959 Annual Report of the Industries and Commerce Department (AJHR H-59, ρ 27) indicates Judge Dalgleish was a former member of the Price Tribunal
According to the seal of the Tribunal as affixed to Price Order number 2325, the Price Tribunal consisted of
Κ Congreve, President, F F Simmons, Member, A G Beadle, Member, and Κ M Hercus, Member
(New Zealand Gazette 1975)
(To establish all members of the Price Tribunal from its inception in 1939 to its abolition in 1975 would entail reference to New Zealand Gazette, New Zealand's who's who (for biography), and the Public Service Classification List )
12 "A price order is prepared by the Tribunal after it has reached its own decision, when all the data is submitted to the Minister, who may accept the decision reached In such case, he will sign the price order or he may refer it back to the Tribunal for further information The price order is then gazetted, after which it must be exhibited by the retailers handling the goods mentioned in the price order " ('Price Tribunal Procedure, Functions of the Tribunal, Powers to Fix Prices and Investigate' by D Laurenson, APANZ.ACSNA (late investigating accountant, Price Tribunal), Th e New Zealand Economist and Taxpayer, July 26, 1948, ρ 87 )
13 A special approval (authorisation) is made by the Price Tribunal or the Director (Price Control Division) by delegation, after which they are scheduled and sub- mitted to the Minister for signature These approvals do not have to be exhibited (D Laurenson, op at )
Special approvals were introduced initially by the Control of Prices Emergency Regulations Amendment No 5 Price orders invariably covered a product sold Dominion-wide, or the product of an industry in which several manufacturers were making the same type of product In comparison, special approvals tended to be more specialised in their application
14 AJHR 1948, H-44, ρ 28
15 ibid , pp 28-29
16 Other Control of Prices (Positive List(s)) appeared m 1966 and 1971
17 The Government's aim was to avoid price control as much as possible and, instead, to encourage the freeing of commerce by the elimination of trade practices obstruc- tive of competition was reflected in the Trade Practices Act 1958 The Act estab- lished a Trade Practices and Prices Commission, the members of which were members of the Price Tribunal (AJHR 1959, H-44, ρ 26)
Price control legislation was complementary to that of trade practices to the extent that direct control depended to some degree on the degree to which competi- tion operated is Increasingly, after 1948, the Price Tribunal had delegated the power to perform its functions to the Secretary of Industries and Commerce who, in turn, delegated 7
the power to senior officers of the Prices Division (later the Trade Practices and Prices Division and subsequently the Distribution Division) of the department As a consequence, the Tribunal only exercised original pricing jurisdiction over a small selection of items In all other instances the Tribunal acted as an appel- late authority for the purpose of considering appeals against pricing decisions made by departmental officers acting under their delegated powers
19 The Commerce Act 1975 was passed on 10 October 1975
20 New Zealand Gazette 1975, ρ 2821
21 The Stabilisation of Prices Regulations 1974, which were under the Economic Stabili- sation Act, continued in effect
As with the Control of Prices Act 1947, certain prices controlled under the legis- lation did not come within the scope of the Commerce Act 1975 (see section 51, Control of Prices Act 1947)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
New Zealand statues Government Printer, Wellington 1947, 1953, 1956, 1969, 1970, 1971
Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives Miscellaneous Section (H) Government Printer, Wellington 1944 H-44, 1948 H-44, 1959 H-59
New Zealand Official Year Book Government Printer, Wellington 1947-49, 1949, I960, 1970, 1973, 1975, 1976
New Zealand Government Gazettes Government Printer, Wellington 1939, 1947, 1975
New Zealand Parliamentary Debates Government Printer, Wellington 1947
New Zealand statutory Regulations Government Printer, Wellington 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945
New Zealand Economist and Taxpayer, 26 July 1948 Financial Publications Ltd, Wellington
APPENDIX
RECORDS TO BE MAINTAINED BY THE PRICE TRIBUNAL
* (This appendix attempts to assess what records were created by the Tribunal, without reference to any existing records It is an example of the type of analysis necessary for documenting defunct offices from which no records appear to survive )
1 The Control of Prices Emergency Regulations 1939 clause 8 and the Control of Prices Act 1947, section 5, refer to Sittings of the Tribunal, consequently one would expect there to be minutes of the sittings and records of its decisions
2 The Control of Prices Emergency Regulations 1939 clause 17 and the Control of Prices Act 1947, section 15, indicates "The Tribunal may from time to time make orders" [price orders] The Tribunal would have to retain copies of Price Orders because any application for increases in prices had to be assessed according to prices stabilised on 1 September 1939 (or set by subsequent price orders or special approvals) They may also have retained copies of gazetted price orders and Price Lists
3 The Control of Prices Emergency Regulations, clause 10, and the Control of Prices Act 1947, section 13, required "any person engaged in the production, manufacture or sale of any goods to furnish in a specified form returns setting forth " In their event of "prosecution for an offence against this Act" the returns "shall in the absence of proof to the contrary be sufficient evidence against the defendant" The Tribunal therefore must have retained these returns in some form 8 9
4 The Control of Prices Emergency Regulations 1939, clause 14, and the Control of Prices Act, section 11, empowered the Tribunal to conduct inquiries and investi- gations and required any person summoned to appear before it "to produce to the Tribunal all or any books or documents in his possession or control relative to the inquiry" Furthermore, any person, firm or body corporate was required "to answer in writing any questions relative to the subject matter of the inquiry or investigation or to produce on inspection any books or documents in possession of of that person, firm or body corporate and to allow copies of or extracts from such books or documents to be made" In sum, the Tribunal must have maintained records pertaining to the inquiry (Note the Control of Prices Act 1947 defines books and documents )
5 The Control of Prices Act 1947, section 14, employed the Tribunal to inspect stocks, and take samples Presumably a record of the samples taken was maintained on record
6 Although nowhere specifically stated, one can assume that
(ι) Investigations often originated from complaints from the public, therefore the need for some form of correspondence files
(n) Because the Tribunal was responsible to the Minister of Industries and Commerce (later Trade and Industry) and because it delegated various powers to the Prices Division and Secretary of Industries and Commerce, there must have existed records of correspondence, policy statements and directions between these groups in order to co-ordinate their various activities
(m) Reference to the Price Tribunal appears in the Industries and Commerce annual report, therefore it is likely the Price Tribunal may have submitted an annual report to the Minister, in which case one would .presumably be retained on file * * *
NOTE
"As well as setting up the Price Tribunal, the then Minister of Industries and Commerce, the late Hon D G Sullivan, laid down for the Price Tribunal certain fundamental principles
(1) the replacement cost should not be permitted - in other words, a trader should not be allowed to increase his prices merely because it might cost him more to replace those articles if and when he sold existing stock,
(2) prices could be increased only to the extent of increased costs - that is, that the margin unit of profit was to be retained and was not to be increased on a percentage basis, as had been the common trading policy in the past,
(3) the accounts of the applicant for permission to increase prices should be investi- gated with a view to determining whether or not he was capable of bearing any portion of the increase " (New Zealand Parliamentary Debates 1947, Vol 278, ρ 604)
Mark Stoddart Wellington 10
WESTERN PACIFIC AND WESTERN PACIFIC HIGH COMMISSION ARCHIVES
The de-colomsation of Oceania has brought its problems to the governments of the successor states including that of their archives Those of the colonial governments are legally part of the archives of the imperial power yet obviously of greater in- terest to the successor states, m spite of their lack of resources to service them In the case of Great Britain, the matter was given greater importance by the compre- hensive and collective nature of the documents contained in the archives of the Western Pacific High Commission (1874-1978) The Commission was the administrative centre for the island groups, other than Fiji, in the region that were under British administra- tion The archives include papers and documents recording the history of the Solomons, Kiribati, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Pitcairn, as well as the records of the British Consul in Tonga
The archives of the Commission were housed in the Western Pacific Archives Building in Suva, Fiji, along with other territorial records that had been collected over the years by the archives staff and referred to also as Western Pacific Archives As the de-colonisation process continued (Fiji became an independent state in 1970), the High Commission was wound up, and since the lease on the WPA building was due to expire, the archives were boxed up, in 1978, and shipped to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London and later stored in the Public Record Office repository at Hayes inMiddlesex
Shortly after the shift, letters and articles of protest appeared in the pacific islands Monthly Dr Jim Boutilier (January 1984) called the move "little short of a tragedy' that "one of the largest organised assemblages of original source materials in existence relating " to British colonial policy in the South Pacific and to Pacific Islands history in general, should be shunted off to the United Kingdom to be "virtually forgotten in an official repository " This article drew a response from Mr M S Berthoud, British Consul-General in Sydney to the effect that the archives of the WPHC are British public records and that in any case the lease on the WPA building in Suva had been due to expire and that there was no other suitable building available there, nor were the individual successor governments in a position to take over the portions of WPA 'territorial records' that related to them (In fact, some WPA archives wer e sent to certain of the island governments, as is related below ) Mr Berthoud states in his letter to the Pacific islands Monthly in May 1984 that the WPHC archives were stored at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London and went on to say
since the crates were opened in September 1980, all queries, whether from governments or from private individuals, have been answered Where practicable, photocopies have been provided The records may soon be back in the Pacific, following a formal request for them from the Solomon Islands Government Initial, legal obstacles to making a gift of these records to the Solomon Islands have been overcome and the British Government is currently seeking the views of other governments in the Western Pacific region on this proposal "
In order to discover if any developments had taken place as well as to establish the present location of the WPHC archives and the authority to whom researchers should apply for information, I wrote to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office late last year and received the following reply from Patricia M Barnes, Library and Records Depart- ment
15 January 1986
Dear Mr Rogers
WESTERS PACIFIC ARCHIVES WPHC MATERIAL
Thank you for your letter of 12 December 1985 enquiring about the Western Pacific High Commission (WPHC) records They are at present housed for safe keeping m the Public Record Office (PRO) repository at Hayes m Middlesex, in a secure area to which members of the public are not admitted
The Lord Chancellor, the Minister responsible for public records, has given his approval m principle for the WPHC records to be presented to the Solomon Islands National Archives at Honiara However he stipulated that it should 11
be made clear to all concerned firstly that the WPHC records are to be presented because they are not required for permanent preservation in the Public Record Office, and that, secondly, they are not in any waythe returned property of the Government of the Solomon Islands or the other former territories of the Western Pacific High Commission This agreement in principle applies only to the WPHC records and not to the other terri- torial records which at one time formed part of the Western Pacific Archives (WPA) Some territorial archives were sent to Honiara, Tarawa, Funafuti, and Vila when the WPA archives closed down m November 1978, but no decision has yet been reached on the few territorial records dealing wtih the New Hebrides, Tonga and Pitcairn which are held at Hayes
I should add that there is little prospect however of the WPHC records being transferred to Honiara in the immediate future, because there are various problems to be sorted out at both ends Not the least of these is the lack of a trained archivist m the National Archives to take care of the records (some of them already m a poor state of preservation) and to regulate access to them by members of the public In our view it would be irresponsible to release them m these circumstances
It is not clear from this letter whether the services described by Mr Berthoud are still available through the Foreign and Commonwealth Library and Records Department Confusingly, the letter lists the capitals of the island states in one place and the old names of states in another with Vila (Vanuatu) in the first list and New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) in the second It .could mean that there are still some records for Vanuatu at Hayes, or perhaps it is an error
With the growing interest in South Pacific studies in New Zealand, the prospect of the WPHC archives going to Honiara in the Solomons is not particularly inviting although not quite as gloomy as the inconvenience of the present repository One could argue that Suva would be a more central location The dispersal of the WPA archives once so laboriously assembled may seem logical and legal, but is it practical7 This raises the same argument as over New Zealand's Provincial Council archives - should they not be returned from National Archives to the provincial centres in which they were generated (actually some have) Which comes first - legality or convenience7 I cannot see many people rushing off to Tarawa, Funafuti, Vila or Honiara any more than to Hayes At least Suva is already a centre for Pacific studies with the Fiji National Archives (4200 metres, about the same as National Archives, Auckland), and Oceania Marist Arc- hives as well as the resources of the University of the South Pacific
The solution from the user's point of view lies in microfilming and, fortunately, thanks to the one-time WPHC archivist Bruce Τ Burne and staff, this has been done in part Dr Boutilier records that they "undertook the massive project - with Australian and Islands aid - of microfilming all the WPHC files down to 1927" and he complains " the master negative microfilm copy of the WPHC records was remitted to the United Kingdom without the consent of the participants in the project"
Two former WPA archivists, Β Τ Burne and Ρ D Macdonald, also entered into the controversy which had been set off in 1978 by Sir Guy Powles in an article in which he urged island governments to take steps to retain the archives in the Pacific before it was too late, in which he stated, " no useful purpose is served by attempting to dis- credit the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, especially since, as far as can be ascer- tained, it never seems to have been asked to provide funds for a microfilming programme" Powles went on to say that the governments of the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) and of the Solomons had not made any attempt to acquire copies of the relevant microfilms, perhaps because they were unaware of the microfilming programme, and concluded that the obvious solution of the problem of access was to complete the microfilming programme I think all will agree that the initiative for that will have to come from this part of the world
In spite of Dr Boutilier's remarks quoted above, two copies of the WPHC microfilms are held in New Zealand, one by the Alexander Turnbull Library and one by the University of Auckland Library According to Angela Viskovic's guide to the letter's microtext collections, the inclusive dates are 1875 to 1925 The WPHC catalogue is included with the catalogue of microfilm of the Central Archives of Fiji which was published in 1970, before the demise of WPA as a repository, so that the location of the WPHC archives as 12
noted therein is no longer correctly stated Librarians holding this work are advised to make a correction
There is obviously a need for a more precise and authoritative account of the WPHC and WPA archives including the location of microfilm masters and copies in order to amplify the two pages of listings and helpful comments contained in Viskovic Perhaps it is just as well that New Zealand, in spite of being a sort of downtown for many islanders and a source of aid and remittances, is not, so far as I am aware, involved in the agitation for the return of the archives to the Pacific region, however desirable that would be from the point of view of the growing number of Pacific special- ists in New Zealand Sir Guy Powles, at that time (1978) on the staff of Monash Uni- versity, set out a strong appeal to stoo the transfer to Britain, but to no avail The best that has been done, with the aid of the Australian and some islands governments, was the copying programme, which cries out for completion The Solomons appears to be the most likely candidate for the reception of the archives since the National Archives building is, according to Dr Boutilier, "a structure intended as a worthy successor to the WPA in Suva", but it is apparent that the necessary funding and staffing is lacking It is not likely that the smaller states with their MIRAB economies are likely to afford to share in the financing of Solomon Islands National Archives on a scale to warrant the transfer So far as New Zealand is concerned, we contribute to the Aid in MIRAB, and we haven't even got a for-the-purpose National Archives building of our own, and our supply of trained archivists is stretched to the limit, so that we are in no position to help Or are we7
The contoversy appears to have been abortive although it has served to ventilate the problem - if you read the Pacific islands Monthly After all, something had been done before the controversy The Solomon Islands Government had erected a building designed to accommodate the WPHC archives but has not yet seen fit to grant the finance to provide the necessary services The United Kingdom Government was in no position to dictate to island governments, especially in the climate of devolution', as to what they should do with their archives, or to provide a repository in the South Pacific It is for the successor states to decide what they do about their archives, and what use they make of British and other government aid The logical thing was done - to provide for safe keeping in the United Kingdom until proper provision could be made for the handing over of the WPHC archives to one of the successor states under appropriate conditions, and at the same time to hand over the territorial archives to those states that wished to have them This is a case surely where the archival principle of provenance has been observed, however absurd or annoying the effects may be from the point of view of the potential users
Frank Rogers Auckland
REFERENCES
Powles, Guy C 'Islands Governments must act to keep Suva archives in the Pacific' Pacific Islands Monthly, vol 49, no 10, Sep 1978, ρ 77
Burne, Β Τ 'W Pacific Archives' PIM, vol 50, no 3, Mar 1979, ρ 6
Macdonald, P D 'W Pacific Archives' PIM, vol 50, no 6, Jun 1979, pp 5-6
Boutilier, J 'Little short of a tragedy' PIM, vol 55, no 1, Jan 1984, pp 43-45
Berthoud, M S 'Fate of the WPHC Archives' PIM, vol 55, no 5, May 1984, ρ 9
Central Archives of Fiji and the Western Pacific High. Commission Catalogue of Micro- film Archives senes (mimeo) Suva, Fiji 1970
Rogers, Frank Archives New Zealand A directory of archives and manuscript reposi- tories m New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Niue, Tokelau, Tonga, and Western Samoa Auckland Archives Press, 1985 13
SOLIDERS' DEATHS/IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Usually, research into members of the armed forces requires a second-hand search through the personal records held by Base Records, Ministry of Defence, and the payment of a substantial fee after the first search National Archives holds some supplementary records - the official printed embarkation rolls and casualty returns for instance A recent acquisition of National Archives however duplicates much of the information on the personal records for those soldiers who were fatal casualties of the war
This new material is a series of 92 volumes of active service casualty forms (known as Army Book 16), which consist of two forms for each fatality The forms are aranged in alphabetical order
The first form, Β 103, provides the following information
regiment or corps, and regimental number rank name date of enlistment term of service date of promotion to present rank/lance rank occupation record of service - providing for the date a report was received, a record of promotions, reductions, transfers, casualties, and so on, during active service (and giving the source of the information), the place of a casualty and the date, and other remarks, taken from other official documents
The second, form NZR 2, repeats some of this, and may also add details of marital status, date of birth, height, weight, hair, eyes, complexion, religion, inoculations, place of birth, and next-of-kin
Some of this information was already available at National Archives, but it was sparser and more difficult to access The alphabetical embarkation rolls of the NZEF did not give details of the movements of a soldier during his career, the casualty lists did not give the grave location, Internal Affairs' files on overseas war graves may be incomplete
There are three further points to note
1 The pages in the volumes are not always in strict alphabetical order There are also two sequences of the letters W - Ζ
2 The returns do not seem to include the names of NZEF soldiers who transferred and were killed while in the Royal Flying Corps It is possible that these missing returns were passed on to the Royal Air Force in 1919 by NZEF head- quarters
3 The two forms were kept in springback folders, and this poses problems for photocopying information At the moment, note-taking from the forms is the only alternative
The archives reference for these active service casualty records is AABK 519 There is no restriction on public access to them
Nicola Frean National Archives Wellington 14
CASUALTY FORM—ACTIV E SERVICE.
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LANDS MANAGEMENT In New Zealand, as in most other countries colonised in the cause of the great European settlement expansion movements of the nineteenth century, the distribution and effective utilisation of land has been central to the nation's evolution With land the most readily available local resource, and the prime colonial production factor, land ques- tions have inevitably loomed large in officially promoted developmental strategies and in general public consciousness Yet, whereas land occupancy and use practices tend to be customary in long settled countries, in the new territories a fresh start was required Prior to, and after, the arrival of the first settler echelons in New Zealand in 1840, several important needs existed firstly, a sufficient stock of land to accommodate the settlers had to be acquired, secondly, the land rights of individuals, generally pur- chasers, had to be established, and, thirdly, these rights had to be delineated in records and on the ground The responsibility for meeting these needs fell essentially to the Crown, initially to the Crown Colony administration and later to locally-elected legislatures To enable them to be met in a regulated fashion, it became necessary to provide appropriate machinery on the one hand, prescribed procedures, embodying colonial land law and regulations, on the other, institutions to ensure that those laws and regulations were observed It was in the context of the latter that the present Department of Lands and Survey eventually developed * * * Though, at first, the duties of overseeing the orderly distribution to settlers of what were euphemistically termed the 'waste lands' of New Zealand were entrusted to a range of ad hoc agencies and individuals, within 20 years of the commencement of settle- ment it had become plain that a central co-ordinating body, and one with a capacity to expand its land stewardship functions, would be required While it was not until 1877 that the first truly national Lands and Survey Departments were set up in New Zealand, and a further fifteen years elapsed before the separate departments were combined, there could be little dispute that, by 1900, the unified agency was New Zealand's pre-eminent lands settlement and management organ Moreover, in addition to its traditional land brokerage and survey roles, a range of new functions had been grafted on Agriculture, Forestry, Mines, Immigration and Tourism were all departments nurtured in the Lands and Survey orbit, while the department also engaged in sucn multifarious activities as independent road and bridge building, scenery preservation, pioneer botanical and wild- life studies, and other investigations of a more purely scientific character Given this inherent diversity, and the critical importance of the department in the moulding of twentieth century New Zealand, as a researcher with long-standing interest in such matters, I little hesitated when invited, in late 1978, to undertake the research and writing of a comprehensive official history of the department and its administrative forerunners Announcing the commissioning of the history, the then Minister of Lands described it as "one of the most involved and intricate historical research projects" to be launched in the country While at the time appreciative, I nevertheless remained a little blase' Equally, when a former academic colleague queried if I really knew what I was letting myself in for, suggesting that, if properly executed, the resulting work "could amount to a major re-interpretation of New Zealand history", I remained little daunted I must now record my enhanced respect for the acumen of both Whether or not the finished history will amount to a re-interpretation of New Zealand history, major or otherwise, must be left to others to judge, but of the involved and intricate nature of the research required, there can now be little question That such would be the case became painfully evident in establishing the first broad working guidelines It soon became clear, for instance, that the department could not be studied in a vacuum, that the charting of a changing establishment, together with lists of past Directors-General and Surveyors-General, sprinkled with a few choice anecdotes, would be insufficient No effective administrative organ is a static body, and hence the evolution of the depart- ment must be constantly viewed against the background of New Zealand's evolving political economy In other words, the growth and changing form of the department should be con- sidered a reflection of the requirements of the society which it served Further, if it be acknowledged appropriate that the department, and its forerunners, be viewed as mechanisms created for the fulfillment of a society's land management needs, it was surely equally appropriate to evaluate the effectiveness of the mechanisms in fulfilling those needs It was therefore resolved that the way in which the department, and its 16 forerunners, functioned, might most usefully be seen as a quasi Toynbee-an example of 'Challenge, Response and Result', challenge representing the origins of lands manage- ment policies, response their creation, and result the policy in action, with focus on the administering organ(s) providing the vital connective link Within this framework, research on the history effectively Commenced in early 1979 * * * Much of the first twelve months of research was devoted to extensive study of existing writings on New Zealand survey and land management matters Literally hundreds of books were perused, a wide range of journals searched for likely papers, and well over a hundred research theses examined Notes were extracted, card indexes compiled, and a range of insights secured Yet, while in itself worthwhile, the exercise raised more question marks than it provided answers Moreover, a major problems'was presented While land questions have commonly been considered to be at the heart of the country's economic, social and political evolution, and especially so in the nineteenth century, there has been a disquieting disinclination to base studies, either specialist or general, on sound research foundations Although New Zealand historians since Reeves have made bald pronouncements on the nature and shape of land occupance and utilisation, the principles involved and the results accruing, too often the pronouncements have been founded on myths and misconceptions That the initial facts are known has been pre- supposed The erroneous nature of this viewpoint was soon demonstrated, it becoming evident that most of the basic data upon which the history would be based still rested relatively untouched in the nation's archives and land offices, in more general reposi- tories both in New Zealand and overseas, and, in some cases, even in private hands There was little alternative but to draw breath and commence a systematic search for, and of, the extant primary materials, ι e , plan records, letters, files, other official documents, private papers, contemporary pamphlets and newspapers In the concentration on primary sources, there have been further ongoing research problems Given, on the one hand, the breadth of the topics to be covered, and, on the other, the almost complete absence of preliminary signposts, the road has necessarily been long and winding, with not a few wrong turnings and consequent deadends Relatively little administrative history has yet been written in New Zealand, while many formerly compact bodies of records have been long dispersed An example may illustrate what this means Who, for instance, administered land matters prior to the setting up of the General Crown Lands Office in 1858? A little preliminary research, indeed more than a little, revealed that there was no clear-cut answer For the greater part of the 1840s this seemed to be the prerogative of the Colonial Secretary Yet a short-lived Auckland- based Land Office had been set up in 1844 At the same time, a shadowy official, the Civil Secretary, appeared to assume certain land functions as the 1840s drew to a close Some deeper digging revealed that, in fact, for much of the 1840s, responsibility for lands administration had been delegated to the scattered agents of the New Zealand Company Further, in the mid-1850s the plot thickened with the entry into the fray of the various Provincial Governments To one simple question, several additional ones had been appended, and the search for answers had already involved the examination of many metres of documents, travel from Auckland to Dunedin, and extensive correspondence with archival repositories in Sydney and London While an outline of the answers finally discerned must be deferred until the history is published, their foundation has been closely akin to the piecing together of a series of overlapping jigsaw puzzles A little information from here, a little from there, and then a painstaking attempt to fit the pieces together and to distinguish the critical links between the various assemblages Unfortunately, and much to chagrin of the historian, whose reactions in such circumstances may frequently resemble the frustrations of the child jigsaw assembler, some of the pieces (items or bodies of historical data), many apparently vital, may have vanished without trace While Lands and Survey personnel over the years have proved relatively far-sighted in the preservation of their records, this being in striking con- trast to some other official agencies, there have nevertheless been minor attritional losses juxtaposed with major disasters The difficulties thereby posed may be instanced by experience in the course of preparing an interim paper on the Inspectorate of Surveys, an organisation set up in the mid-1860s It took several months to ascertain that the Inspectorate, though charged with regulatory triangulation surveys, was, in fact, an organ under the aegis of the Native Department, and even then the troubles had only begun The intelligence that almost all of the relevant papers for the period in 17 question had been destroyed in the Hope Gibbons fire of the early 1950s was a major blow Only the inwards correspondence registers of the Native Department had survived Yet from these it was possible to build up a working skeleton and, by discerning the corres- pondents, to work back into a wide range of other groups of records still extant Even then, many gaps remained It was, for example, only possible to determine the nature and size of the Inspectorate's staff by a combing of the nominal rolls of the Civil Establishment published annually in the Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives for each year of the Inspectorate's life The most illuminating find of that time, however, was the collection of personal papers of a former senior staff member Percy Smith spent eight years with the Inspectorate From his diaries an account of the day-to-day activities of at least one part of the agency emerged To get this information, however, some 50 diaries had to be read Such experiences are by no means uncommon, having been replicated many times over in the course of preparation of the official history The records of the General Crown Lands Office itself, the immediate ancestor of the 1876 Department of Lands, were also almost completely des- troyed in the Hope Gibbons fire, the surviving registers in the basement of the present head office of the Department of Lands and Survey being supplemented only by a few charred fragments salvaged by the National Archives In the resulting voice, the registers have provided the foundation for a further reconstruction exercise To offset these tales of disaster, however, it should be noted that the researcher engaged in such work is occasionally byoyed by the completely unexpected, by days when the seemingly irretrievably lost is found, or when the vital links at last became clear As a summary of the activities of the Inspectorate of Surveys, the paper previously noted is adequate, no more Just eight months after completion, it became possible to place flesh on the bare bones when fossicking through records in the Auckland District Office, six aged, leather bound books were happened upon Closer inspection revealed them to be the outward letters of the Chief Inspector of Surveys' While two volumes remained, and continue to remain, missing, that particular investigation was several steps nearer to a more satisfactory conclusion Twelve months later a most important map prepared by the Inspectorate was located, unidentified, in the Sir John Hall Papers in the Turnbull Library Later still, an equally crucial representation was discovered in the collection of Sydney's Mitchell Library While the initial paper still awaits re-working, the subsequently discovered material will enable a much more rounded account to be eventually provided From the foregoing it will be evident that the task of researching the department's history has more closely resembled that of a detective grubbing for clues than the stereotype of a gentleman scholar pondering a grand library exercise Already the searches have been prolonged beyond any early anticipation, stretching from early 1979 to the present, with the exception of a 20-month leave-of-absence Much of the searching in the capital has been centred on the National Archives There, the files of more than 30 official agencies (by estimate encompassing more than two hundred metres) have been studied, page by page examinations often proving necessary Smaller caches of official records have been examined in designated repositories in both the North and South Islands The extensive sifting of private papers in such research collections as those of the Turnbull and Hocken Libraries, and others in smaller institutions and private hands, has been augmented by a careful search of nineteenth century newspapers held by the General Assembly Library With the aid of occasional research assistants, a specialist index to some 28 separate titles has already been compiled In addition to sorties into the early records still held by head office, research visits of varying length have been made to several district offices The visits to district offices have been amongst the most personally rewarding aspects of the enterprise so far It is difficult to convey the exultation when turning up Chief Surveyor's letterbooks at Hokitika, administration files from the 1870s at Nelson, or unsuspected Heaphy corres- pondence in Auckland All constitute hitherto obscured threads in the national histori- cal tapestry That further important discoveries yet remain to be made is certain, and, at the same time, both daunting and tantalising At the time of writing (December 1985) a stage has been reached where the trans- formation of research findings into text has commenced Initially it was envisaged that the history would be presented in two matching volumes, the first spanning the years 19 from the commencement of European settlement till the formation of a single department in 1891 and the second carrying through from the latter date to the present day Lengthy reflection has suggested, however, that a three volume format might be more appropriate Under this revised schema, Volume One will focus on 'The beginnings of land management in New Zealand', encompassing the years 1840-76 Within this volume the results will be arranged both chronologically and thematically For example, the first volume will contain two main sections one, entitled 'Establishing ground rules', covering the Crown Colony years (1840-1853), the other, 'Dispersed decision-making', outlining developments in the period of Provincial Government (1853-76) These divisions have been suggested by the broad administrative arrangements pertaining Within each of the sections, chapters will highlight particular aspects of colonial lands administra- tion To illustrate included amongst the chapter topics for the section dealing with the Crown Colonv years are 'Providing an appropriate regulatory framework' (land policy and legislation), 'Under the Colonial Secretary's administrative umbrella' (fashioning the organs of administration), 'Securing the first settlement footholds' (lands ac- quisition), 'Etching lines in the landscape' (surveys by the Crown Colony Government), 'Accommodating small settlers, soldiers and squatters' (lands disposal and settlement), and so on Such broad themes, with any amendments and additions necessary, are followed through in the second section of Volume One It is intended that they will also provide the connecting filament with subsequent volumes Present planning is for Volume Two to span the years from 1876 to 1911 (the era of 'Lands for the people), with Volume Three carrying on the lands administration story to the 1980s Though much of the research material upon which the work will be based has already been collected, at least with respect to Volume One, it would nevertheless be unrealistic to anticipate a complete re- treat by the writer to a cloistered composing burrow in coming months It is axiomatic in the writing of history that the most glaring gaps only become obvious when pen is committed to paper Periodic re-emergences to seek out further data may therefore be expected With hindsight, even with the project as yet incomplete, might the compilation of the history have been approached in a different way7 This is a difficult question to answer There is a pressing need for authoritative background information relating to past and present procedures in lands management, land development, mapping, etc Further, there is a need, perhaps less pressing, to de-mythologise some accepted histori- cal canons That the self-imposed research brief has been wide-ranging is acknowledged - as is the fact that it has taken a long time Yet few shortcuts are possible if the exercise is to be worthwhile What, then, can be expected from the protracted period of gestation7 It perhaps is easier to state what the history will not be It will not be a public relations exercise pure and simple History and glossy public relations are not necessarily the same thing, as others have found to their cost In the course of research, two objectives have been in the forefront of the writer's thinking firstly, the provision of a reference work of value to the department in its day-to-day operations and to others with specialist interests, secondly, the writing of the work in such a style as to attract a wider general readership The compatability, or otherwise, of those objectives remains to be ascertained What I will be attempting, to the best of my ability, will be an honest 'warts and all' appraisal of the department and its role in New Zealand's development Β R Patterson Wellington 20 ANALECTA AUCKLAND BRANCH NEWS continues unabated Since the service was established about eighteen months ago, more On 8 March, this branch is to meet at the than twenty archives projects have-been com- Mt Eden Borough Council administration pleted for local government in the Auckland building, for a tour and exhibition of the area, ranging from establishment of archives Council's archives The guides will be procedures for on-going implementation, to Rachel Lilburn, the Local Authorities large scale evaluations of records and arc- Advisory Archivist, who has recently com- hives problems and options for councils pleted an archives project for the Council, and Karen Muller, a Council employee who has been given responsibility for day-to-day The Local Authorities Advisory Archivist management of the archives (Rachel Lilburn) is a staff member of National Archives, attached to the Auckland Regional Office, but working on secondment to the The annual meeting of the branch will be Northern Archives Trust on a contractual, held at St Mary's College, Ponsonby, at cost-recovery, basis 4 30 pm on 29 April Sister VeronicaDelaney will be the hostess The meeting will be followed by a visit to the Archives of the NATIONAL ARCHIVES STAFF NEWS Roman Catholic Diocese of Auckland, hosted by Father Simmons Mark Stevens, Regional Archivist in Auckland, has been appointed Senior Archivist (Reference) and will transfer from Auckland GENEALOGISTS MEET IN AUCKLAND THIS YEAR to Wellington in early May Cheryl Campbell The 1986 annual meeting and convention of is now working in Auckland, part-time, on a the New Zealand Society of Genealogists is contract to arrange and describe the archives scheduled for 14-16 March, at the Kingsgate of the Lands and Survey Department, and the Convention Centre in downtown Auckland An courts of justice, in the National Archives exhaustive and comprehensive programme is Regional Office planned, ranging from sessions on research technique, to using newspapers as a genealo- Mark and Ruth Stoddart have returned from a gical source The keynote lecture, on year's study leave at the University of New 'Auckland in the 1880s', will be delivered South Wales, where both successfully com- by Professor Russell Stone of Auckland pleted the postgraduate Diploma in Informa- University A total of well over 500 members tion Management (Archives Administration) of the Society are expected to register for Ken Scadden, cartographic archivist, has the convention just left to undertake the same course this year PUBLIC ARCHIVES MOVE TO NEW HOME Advertised vacancies which are expected to be Pressure of repository space at the Auckland filled shortly are Regional Archivist, Museum library, and the expansion of activity Auckland, Arrangement and Description by National Archives in the Auckland region, Archivist, Appraisal Archivist, Conservator, have resulted in the public archives pre- Conservation Technician viously housed in the Museum being trans- ferred to the regional office of National Archives Included in the move are archives CENSUS PAPERS TO BE SAVED of Hobson and Hokianga counties, Paeroa The Department of Statistics plans to pre- Warden's Court, and the Auckland Hospital serve the scheules completed by every New Board Zealander, for every second census, beginning with 1966 The paper records will be micro- filmed for permanent preservation, and filming NEW DIRECTIONS FOR Ν A R Τ the 1966 census has already been completed The new chairman of the Northern Archives The intention is to release the records for and Records Trust Board is Mr Ian Bullock, a general research, after 100 years, a restric- barrister and Mt Eden borough councillors tion broadly in line with international He replaces Jolyon Firth, the founder of the practice Trust and chairman for the past five years The Trust has recently branched out to launch This development was revealed at a press a consultancy service for business firms conference recently, by the Government Statis- requiring archival assistance or evaluation tician, Mr Steve Kuzmicich, who cited 'archi- Narelle Scollay has joined the Trust as val law' (presumably the Archives Act) as the Business Archivist, after completing the reason for the decision archives diploma in New South Wales in 1985 Trust involvement in local government archives Auckland star, 17 February 1986 21 SECURITY FILE MAY HAVE LEAKED considerable deterioration for many of the plates Alfred Burton systematically photo- Police have begun an investigation into how graphed aspects of New Zealand and the an extreme right-wing group in Dunedin may Pacific Islands, mainly during the 1870s, have obtained access to information from a and the collection constitutes a major top-secret file The group, which calls historical and ethnographic record of the itself the Senate, and which operates in times secrecy, has published a detailed file on a well known Dunedin peace and anti-tour The money now allocated will be used to activist Apparently, the information is in provide appropriate storage materials, and a the same form as dossiers held by the police controlled environment for the plates, and criminal intelligence section, which ex- to develop a computerised registration sys- changes information with the SIS The Prime tem which it is envisaged will set new Minister has refused a request,from the standards for public access to the collection Council for Civil Liberties, for a government inquiry into the affair Taranaki Daily News, 4 January 1986 New Zealand Times, 2 February 1986 NEW REFERENCE BOOKS PHILIPPINES PRESIDENT A WAR HERO OR NOT' The State Services Commission has published a revised edition of the Directory of official Records recently made public by the United information, which supercedes the 1983 States National Archives include reports com- original The Directory is produced pursuant piled shortly after the war, disputing to the Official Information Act 1983, (s 20), President Marcos's claims that he was a hero which directs the SSC to compile a publica- in the guerilla war against the Japanese, tion describing the structure and functions 1942-44 Marcos has twenty-seven campaign of government agencies subject to the Act, medals, and his authorised biography, pub- and outlining the categories of information lished in 1982, dwelt extensively on his war- they hold Initial impressions of the 1985 time career However, a US Army report from Directory are that, at least, the index, 1948 says that the guerilla group he claims unsatisfactory last time, has been greatly to have led, never existed, and that Marcos's improved One hopes the improvement will wartime claims were fraudulent apply to the entries for agencies, also New Zealand Herald, 25 January 1986 A fourth edition Of the Parliamentar y Recor d by V 0 Wilson, has also appeared, bringing VOCAL ARCHIVE its currency up to the Lange ministry and Under this title, the Listener has printed 1984 Unfortunately, records of the a letter from Jim Sullivan, of the Radio NZ Provincial Councils, and some other cate- Sound Archive, chiding a reviewer for using gories of information previously included, the word 'archives' to carry a derogatory are omitted Party affiliation of MPs are meaning Brett Riley had suggested that now included in the roll of members some broadcast items were 'relegated' to the archives as 'historical artefacts Jim Both volumes are available from Government preferred 'promoted', and pointed out that Bookshops, the Directory for $35 00, the archives, unlike museums, are not in the Parliamentary Record for $27 50 business of collecting artefacts Congratu- lations, Jim, on a timely protest ARANZ members should always be quick to correct NEWS FROM THE FILM ARCHIVE obvious misapprehensions about archives, that In 1983 it was discovered that the NZ High they encounter A pity the listene r wasn't Commission in London was holding a large flooded with letters collection of New Zealand films, not only prints but also negatives of material which New Zealand Listener, 8 February 1986 has been processed by laboratories in London All this film has now been returned to the New Zealand Film Archive, in a consignment BURTON BROTHERS PHOTOGRAPHS TO BE PRESERVED weighing over half a tonne There is more The Minister of Internal Affairs has announced than half a million feet of film - over 400 that $330,000 will be allocated over the next titles, in the accession, making it one of six years, for the conservation and preserva- the largest the Archive has ever received tion of the Burton Brothers' collection of glass-plate photographic negatives The The Film Archive is also accessioning ancil- collection has been housed in the Dominion lary archives to the films themselves The Museum since 1943, in grossly inadequate recent accession from Aardvark Films, for conditions, which together with continued example, included many props (such as Smith's use for the production of prints, has led to pistol from sleeping Dogs), scripts, artwork, 22 location reports, and stills Film scores DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE STOLEN have also been deposited Viewers of the television programme "Scarecrow and Mrs King" on 13 February were The Pacific Film Archive, at Berkeley, treated to the rare experience of seeing California, hosted a three-week season of archives used as part of the plot of this New Zealand films, presented last September popular prime-time drama None other than by the New Zealand Film Archive Included in the U S Declaration of Independence was 37 films presented were the short titles replaced with a forgery and stolen from the Films of the Tangata collected together as National Archives in Washington by an expert whenua, revealing aspects of Maori life, cul- document restorer whose half-sister was being ture and events since 1920 This collection held by terrorists was presented at the New Zealand film archive season by Witarina Harris, kaumatua for the Needless to say the plot was foiled at the Film Archive last minute - partly by the document restorer himself (who was, after all, a good guy), who In its submission to the Royal Commission on didn't make the switch, and partly by the Broadcasting, the Film Archive recommended standard team of heroes (No, the "Agency" that the New Zealand content of.Television people, not the archivists1) New Zealand's broadcasts be permanently pre- served, and accessible for research and study It also suggested that the New Zealand Film TITO'S ARCHIVES DEEMED PUBLIC Archive should be responsible for the pre- servation and access to all New Zealand-pro- The Yugoslav Parliament has legislated that duced television, in an operation complemen- all objects presented to the late Marshal tary to the work being carried out by the Tito "as a token of esteem" during his 35 TVNZ production and news libraries years as Yugoslav leader are deemed public property New Zealand Film Archive Newsletter #13, December 1985 Tito's archives, along with gifts he had received, hunting trophies, his art collec- tion and "other objects", are said by the IALGAL FORMED Yugoslav news agency, Tanjug, to be covered The International Association of Lesbian & Gay Archives and Libraries (IALGAL) has been The legislation counters a move by Tito's formed following the International lesbian widow (Jovanka Broz) to claim a vast array and gay history conference, Sex and the State of Tito's "personal effects", including a their laws, our lives, held in Toronto on country house, a vineyard and an orchard on 3-7 July 1985 The Lesbian & Gay Rights the Adriatic island of Vango, cars, boats, Resource Centre (P 0 Box 11-695, Wellington) coaches and horses, medals and decorations, has joined IALGAL paintings, and other objects "of inestimable cultural and historical value" Tito died A newsletter is being prepared for IALGAL in 1980, aged 87, and had a well-known love by the San Francisco Bay Area Gay and Lesbian of luxury Historical Society (SFBAGLHS, Box 2107, San Francisco, California 94126, USA) and an The Press (Christchurch), international directory is being prepared by 30 December 1985 Alan V Miller of the Canadian Gay Archives in Toronto, hosts of the 1985 conference (Canadian Gay Archives, Box 639, Station A, ACCESS TO HOSPITAL BOARD RECORDS Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5W 1G1) Some 76 The Nurses' Society has called for hospital lesbian and gay archives and libraries are boards to be placed on the list of organisa- now known to exist in at least fifteen tions covered by the Official Information Act countries In reply, a Justice Department senior legal adviser indicated that such a legislative The Canadian Lesbian and Gay History Network change was hoped for later this year (Such was also formed at the Toronto Conference, a change could give hospital board records, and has just published its first newsletter and those of the emerging area health boards, which describes the research interests of the status of public records ) members and an initial source list "for the exploration of lesbian/gay histories in Evening Post, 11 February 1986 English-speaking Canada" by Gary Kinsman The newsletter is available from Canadian Gay Archives with a membership subscription DECLASSIFIED U S ARCHIVES TILT AT LABOUR at C$10 00 MPs Recently declassified material in the United States National Archives contain reports from 23 the U S Embassy in Wellington during the Gallery has In a recent newspaper article, 1950s on several Labour politicians including the Chief Librarian (Jim Traue) indicated Warren Freer, Martyn Finlay and Bill Anderton the differences in managing the collection (Roger Douglas' grandfather) A naive view It is not on show much of it is not 'art' of communism and their leftist stance were but rather a descriptive record of a bygone a recurring theme in the critical reports era The Turnbull's way of sharing this sent to Washington material is to publish it Each year the Turnbull's Endowment Trust tries to publish Evening post, 20 February 1986 a series of prints taken from paintings and photographs PAINTINGS IN THE ALEXANDER TURNBULL LIBRARY Eyening ^ n Febnjary lg86 The Turnbull's collection of 40,000 drawings and paintings is more than the National Art ARCHIFACTS FORUM Dear Forum, What do I do? I am the librarian at Í The Council has passed on to me four boxes of material relating to our local history material gathered by several researchers towards a pamphlet on local (council and other) history Included are photographs (un- ordered) , newspaper cuttings, drafts of articles/chapters, notes from interviews with old people, borough council forms, posters, copies of district schemes and pamphlets Dear Reader, DON'T PANIC1 You are probably overworked already Record the fact that you have the material, and know where you have put it (See the Forum column in Archifacts, 1985/1, for details of an accessions register and location guide ) Decide whether to risk letting anyone use it before you are able to process it completely, and record your decision (The divine right of kings has not been replaced by a divine right of his- torians to use all documents immediately ) Check that it is in reasonably stable physi- cal condition (i e not damp, no active mould or insects, and preferably not in highly acidic wrappers) You can now leave it for weeks, months or even years if necessary To give precise instructions on more detailed processing would be foolish without first seeing the material involved and knowing a bit more about its context I shall therefore offer some options depending on particular questions which you can answer for yourself from your knowledge of the collection By the way, do you hold the rest of the Council's archives7 From your description of the boxes' contents, they seem to be part of the Council's records, compiled for the Council by "several researchers" and held by the Council before being passed on to you Therefore these items ought properly to be held by the institution responsible for all the archives of the Council For the rest of this column, I shall assume your library is that institution, but if it is not, the best thing you could do would be to pass the boxes and contents on to the right place (If the Council has made no such provision, you might use the opportunity to prompt it to appropriate action ) From your description it is difficult to tell whether there is any order at all to the material You mention different types of item (e g photographs, newspaper clippings, etc), are these already separated from each other, or are they all together in a mess7 If they seem to be all together in a mess, is the mess perhaps in at least vague chrono- logical order, or perhaps separated by geographical locality, or by some sort of reference numbers or alphabetical sequence7 It is unusual for there to be no order at all - after all, how did the person or people using the material find anything when they wanted it7 If the photographs, newspaper clippings, drafts of articles and chapters, interview notes, borough council forms, etc, are already separated from each other, this arrangement should be followed by you when you look at, list and box the material If there is a chrono- logical, geographical or other system of arrangement, you should keep it Similarly, if 24 the items collected by one researcher were kept separate from items collected by another researcher, you should continue to keep them separate If you can find no order at all, your safest course is to keep everything as you finditat least until you can list it carefully To do this, give every item a unique number (in pencil, in square brackets) as you take it out of the box You can list the items as they are, or you may choose to arrange the items into what seems the most sensi- ble order first and then list them in this order (but with the numbers you first gave them, as cross-references) This makes it possible to retrieve the original order (or, more accurately, disorder) should it prove necessary at any time to do so This may save you from disaster if, for instance, Mr Jones, now living in Timbuktu, was one of the researchers and knew that his notes and photographs were kept separate from those of Mr Brown, and offers to identify all the people and places in his photographs if you send him copies of those photographs (You can perhaps find one of his draft articles, and then use your original list - or cross-references to original numbers - to identify photo- graphs that you received in the same box but subsequently mixed in with photographs from other boxes ) Preserving the original order also happens to be part of "good archival practice" as expounded by theorists and experienced practitioners alike If you hold the Council's other archives, these items will be described as part of the whole collection You will need to decide whether to make them one or several "series" This will depend on several things, including the items' arrangement and, indeed, what you plan to call an "item" If the photographs are separate from the news- paper clippings, etc, etc, each category might well be a separate series If you have a single chronological sequence, however, it will constitute a single series If each researcher's records are separate, these might constitute the separate series If there is no discernible order and you have imposed one, you might call the whole lot a single series (as there were no clearly separate sequences within it) If time is short or the individual documents are not worth describing in detail, you may put several documents together into a single "item) e g , in a chronological arrangement, you may put all the documents before 1880 into one folder, all those 1880-1900 into another folder, and so on Each folder then constitutes an "item", which simplifies your listing task but decreases your control over users' care of individual documents In such an instance, the item may be described in the inventory as "Records and notes re Ν 's history, 1880-1900", but in your job file you will note that the item contained documents 1-12, 22-24, and 35-43 (the numbers you gave them as they came out of the box) If it proves practicable and in accordance with the origina! order to put the photographs into one folder, the newspaper clippings into another, and so on, each folder becoming one "item", you can thereby end up with a single series for the whole collection The items within each series will be listed in an inventory for researchers to use, in accordance with your standard practice in dealing with your archives holdings The inventory will per- haps include information such as a list of the old people interviewed (See Kay Sanderson's article in Archifacts, 1985/4, for more on this theme ) By now you will have realised that there are many facets to an answer to your question I have scarcely mentioned conservation considerations or appraisal Unless a high proportion of the collection consists of duplicate or trivial material, it is probably not worth spending a great deal of time deciding what to keep and what to des- troy, four boxes is not a great quantity in any case Most likely candidates for destruction would be the council forms and copies of district schemes and pamphlets, but you would need to check these against the master series in the Council's archives (yes, there should be master sets of such things, but it would be a mistake to take their existence for granted) The newspaper cuttings would be better photocopied onto standard-sized paper, but if they are loose, undated cuttings, the originals may offer more clues as to their origin (In such an instance, do not spend a great deal of time trying to work out what they are A serious researcher on the subject is likely to have a better idea than you of the approximate dates, or even to find the items in file copies of the newspapers, and a less dedicated researcher is unlikely to care very much ) This column does not have enough space for a more detailed reply, and there are iome points not covered at all There are four basic points I would make in conclusion Firstly, make sure someone else can understand what you have done in dealing with the collection A job file is one way to record your workings in a somewhat orderly manner As in document repair, your work should be reversible Secondly, do not pretend to knowledge you do not have If you are unsure about the dates of an item, or the 25 identify of an individual in a photograph, or the author of a draft article, indicate this in your inventory Thirdly, let other people know you hold the material You may perhaps use a nominal/subject catalogue, Archifacts accessions list, and a National Register of Archives and Manuscripts entry, as well as your more detailed inventory of the collection (Remember to give the Council some documentation so it too knows you hold its archives and can refer enquirers to you ) Finally, and balancing my third point above, do not let people use material they ought not to Check that copyright questions are covered adequately, and that (for instance) you keep the notes of the interview with elderly Mrs Black confidential until 1999 because that is what the inter- viewer promised when the interview occurred If you have a further, specific question relating to this collection (or another), or want more details on some aspect, do write again ***** Archifacts Forum is a place for discussion of technical matters m archives management questions and problems that arise, and people's responses to them If you have a question, or would like to offer some thoughts on what has been written above, write to Archifacts Forum , 41 Fenwick Crescent, Hamilton (Please sign your letter, but feel free to indicate whether or not you want your name published ) ANZ BANK — NEW ZEALAND'S FIRST In 1840 John Smith opened a branch of the Union Bank of Australia forerunner to ANZ Bank, at the New Zealand Company's settlement of Britannia ANZ Bank Archives has an unbroken senes of historical material beginning with John Smith s signature book Access for research can be arranged by contacting The Archivist ANZ Banking Group (New Zealand) Limited Ñ O Box 1492 WELLINGTO N Telephone 738-622 4 W A«nn BANK 26 BOOK REVIEWS Ruth Fry It's different for daughters a history of the curriculum for girls m New Zealand schools 1900-1975 Wellington New Zealand Council for Education Research, 1985 vm, 216p Historians, educationalists and general readers^can trust this book The research has been thorough, parameters are indicated, references, bibliography and Index have been carefully prepared Information is given from a clear but not too obtrusive perspective, and in a very readable style Mrs Fry has found that the curriculum itself has not been so very different for girls and boys The difference comes with the expectations of society and therefore of schools as to the roles that women should fill And the roles have been changing ever since the first women students entered our universities (the author backtracks suffici- ently into that period) Thus the emphases have been continually changing as to how long women should stay at school, what subjects they should take, the extent to which they should participate in physical education, and so on Battles have been fought One of the most interesting, involving people with expertise in medicine rather than education, is chronicled in the chapter 'To the infinite betterment of the race' Here Truby King and F C Batchelor campaign to keep women fit for maternity by rendering them academically unfit, while a sensible modern stand is taken by Emily Siedeberg and Agnes Bennett Likewise fascinating is the chapter 'Maori girls at school1 wherein it is shown how Maori girls were moulded for the kinds of lives the educational hierarchy considered they would have before them The only significant way in which the curriculum for girls and boys differed was in the introduction of Home Science for girls In her section 'Learn to keep house', the author writes positively about the Otago School of Home Science and its distinguished professors, Winifred Boyes-Smith, Gertrude Helen Rawson and Ann Gilchrist-Strong The school has had a profound influence in raising both the standards and status of home- keeping which should not be overlooked these days when domestic occupations (mostly un- paid) have suffered another period of denigration it's different for daughter makes me once again impressed with the contribution of the many dedicated and brilliant women teachers who followed this profession when few others were open to them In my opinion they were the main carriers of the ideas and ideals which inspired the women's franchise movement of the 1890s Like so many good histories, this one leaves me with a strong sense of unfinished business Much has happened since 1975, and many issues are still with us Mrs Fry has done her job well The next chapters are up to others Elsie Locke Christchurch The police and the 1981 tour, edited by Malcolm McKinnon, Peter McPhee and Jock Phillips Wellington University of Wellington, 1985 52p The police, agents of civil order, will usually represent the status quo Too often, however, policemen have been accredited with the attitudes and political persuasions of the status quo by those who have challenged its stance Most accounts of the Waihi strike, for example, imply that the police were a pervading and monolithic force opposed to the ideals of the strikers, and that they created an industrial martyr by batoning one to death Certainly the Commissioner of the day held strong views and was determined that the strike should fail ,1 yet, in 1913, most constables were of working class origin, and it was in that year that their attempts to form a police union were subverted They would have had more sympathy with the strikers, their families, and their cause than it is possible, now, to appreciate In events of this kind, the police have played a major, at times a dominant, role To ignore police attitudes is to risk unsubstantiated infer- ence of police motivation, and incomplete or faulty analysis In her 'Survey of police attitudes' to the 1981 Springbok tour, one of the two contributions in The police and 27 the 1981 tour, Louise Greig expands the historical parameters of a notable event in New Zealand's history to include a detailed study of what motivated one of its principal protagonists Police opinion on the tour was never uniformly reactionary, as has been implied by some writers It is interesting to see just how individual attitudes towards both demonstrators and the police leadership was moulded by events and pressures under which police members operated The survey itself, though employing proven techniques, has not been able to eliminate all inherent drawbacks Some police members resented the methods used by post-tour internal inquiry teams, and refused to complete surveys because their completion was recommended by the police hierarchy Others refused to collaborate with a university whose attitudes were perceived as 'pro-demonstrator' and thus 'anti-police' These problems were unavoidable But Ms Greig's methodology is flawed more seriously by the deliberate loading of the sample in favour of ranking police officers Unless their opinions are typical of the sample, and I am sure that they are not, this loading works only to create a statistical bias in favour of officers This bias may explain in part why so few replies were received from policewomen, only four of whom responded Ms Greig's explanation that this reflects the predominantly male composition of the police is inadequate, for, in a fully representative sample, six times as many responses could have been expected from women Ranking police officers comprise 4 6 percent of police strength, yet they produced 24 6 percent of responses It is significant that there were no women in this group Nevertheless, the survey has much of value and interest in it The discussion of the Hamilton game and its repercussions, of police attitudes towards the game of rugby (which many policemen play), to the tour, towards demonstrators, and towards their own leaders should dispel many myths There is valuable information on the ways in which police members reacted to what they saw as hostility directed at them Ms Greig's analysis is restrained, perhaps deliberately so, scrupulously objective, and, in my opinion, sound The article is important source material The police are more than just dramatic agents As a body they are a dimension justifying separate study In the second contribution to this work, Ά report on Molesworth Street1, Rachel Barrowman writes with purpose and verve in an attempt to determine what happened in Molesworth Street, and why She writes eloquently and with sympathy of the ideals and aspirations of COST on 29 July 1981, and of the reactions of its members to their battle with the police But the fact that she took part in the incident as a protestor has clearly blinded her to objectivity Although Ms Barrowman's research methods are sound, I struggle at times to under- stand her logic She describes in detail the events at Hamilton on 25 July, and then deduces, a prion, that these events explain those at Molesworth Street The link is tenuous, though less so than her implication that the Molesworth Street conflict occurred as the police extracted some sort of 'macho' satisfaction for the humiliation that they had suffered at Hamilton Nevertheless, there is sufficient information here to explain plausibly the events at Molesworth Street, with further analysis Police strategy at a demonstration or protest can loosely be termed 'reactive' or 'pre-emptive'2 Most police departments abandoned the use of 'reactive' strategies long before the end of the Vietnam War To allow protestors to break the law by occupying an embassy, for example, and then react and remove them inevitably provoked violent clashes between the parties Reaction may still be sufficient in a passive situation such as a street march where there is no conflict of interest, nothing to pre-empt Marches down Lambton Quay, Queen Street, and Fifth Avenue scarcely ever end in violence But whenever a demonstration is directed against a specific location, the police have no alternative but to act in a 'pre-emptive' manner Pre-emption assumes the deployment of staff in sufficient numbers to effect a purpose, and the arbitrary determination of a point beyond which protestors will not be allowed Tactical considerations demand that this point will be sufficiently in advance of the target to allow the police to re-group or deploy reserve units should;their front line be breached It is naive to expect otherwise Having made the decision to pre-empt the protest march on 29 July 1981 on the South African consulate, and block Molesworth Street just beyond Aitken Street, it is again naive to expect that an attempt to breach that line would be other than resisted forcibly This in itself could have explained the violence But there is another factor 28 Police tactics were flawed The diagram on page 24 shows police lines drawn in Moles- worth Street just beyond Aitken Street Any body of demonstrators approaching police lines could veer off Hill Street to avoid confrontation But the batoning occurred be- fore the marchers reached Hill Street For some reason the police line moved forward The front ranks of the protest had nowhere to go There was no escape route, and force from behind would have prevented the front ranks of demonstrators from retreating Whether the police line moved because of a lapse in discipline or poor tactics is irrelevant Because it moved, the clash was unavoidable No doubt many policemen did feel hostility and humiliation after the cancellation of the Hamilton game, but Ms Barrowman's argument that this explains Molesworth Street is simplistic and unconvincing A clash at Molesworth Street seems to have been inevit- able and, in the circumstances, would have occurred even had the Hamilton game been played Rather than see the incident as the attempt of a bunch of semi-trained police- men to obtain revenge for the loss of their 'macho' image, it might have been better for Ms Barrowman to look at the intransigence and naivety of demonstration organisers and the inadequate tactics of police commanders Michael Meyrick Auckland é R J Campbell, 'The role of the police during the Waihi strike some new evidence', in Political studies, 1974, XXVI, 2 2 cf Michael Meyrick, 'Police and protest', unpublished research essay, Auckland, 1984, ρ 69 ff David Mackay In the wake of Cook exploration, science and empire, 1780-1801 Wellington Victoria University Press, 1985 216p $39 95 This book has had a long voyage to port In 1969 David Mackay wrote an article in the New Zealand journal of history on the 'rediscovery' of the southern oceans by Britons in search of whale fisheries and convict bases The following year the author gained a Ph D at London University, his dissertation concerning 'Exploration and the economic development of empire, 1782-1798, with special reference to the activities of Sir Joseph Banks' The New Zealand journal of history carried an account, in 1974, of William Bligh's breadfruit voyages in 1974 A 1978 conference paper, Ά presiding genius of exploration Banks, Cook and empire, 1767-1808', was published in Jame s Cook and his times, and foreshadowed the main themes of this, Mackay's first major book The author's mastery of the complex, scattered and multifarious documentation of that patron, promoter, 'administrator and entrepreneur' of late 18th century science, that ubiquitous and influential 'dissemination point for scientific ideas', Sir Joseph Banks, F R S , has been well-known to Cook scholars for the last decade-and-a-half Nevertheless, he has been bold in attempting a wide contextual study of the 'Cooklegacy' The real focal point of the book is Banks, not Cook, who is called up essentially only as the 'model' master arranger of successful scientific 'empirical' voyages of discovery into remote parts from which, from the 1780s on, men might hope safely to return Banks became the 'custodian of the Cook model, the general repository of all the surviving and accumulated knowledge and experience which the great navigator had bequeathed to the world' Wielding an immense influence on the king from the centre of his 'botanical impenum', Kew Gardens, upon successive British governments, and colonial ones, too, Banks had the ear of the East India policy-makers, and for over 50 years was virtually unassailable as 'a one-man departure of scientific and industrial research, to be consulted on practically all matters relating to science, exploration and the colonies' He is an 18th century colossus who still awaits a definitive biographer Mackay takes us through the multi-faceted and sometimes ill-conceived attempts to capitalise on Cook's discoveries These included the blundering efforts of fur traders on the North Pacific coast of Canada, which culminated in the 'Nootka crisis' of 1790-91, the Vancouver voyage of 1791-95, and a government's reluctant involvement in a non- traditional sphere of influence where Russians (and then Americans) could do and did do so much better Bligh, one of Cook's more accomplished trainees, did, it is true, succeed with his transfer of breadfruit from Tahiti to the West Indies Banks master-minded 29 Mathew Flinders' expedition of 1801-03, and arranged industrial and botanical espionage in India so that high quality cotton seeds (and other plants) might pass through his hands to allow growers in the West Indies to produce fine raw cotton for hungry Lancashire mills and rising rapacious industrialists Mackay concedes that Banks was essentially a promoter of 'an unbridled mercantilism', wherein imperial self-sufficiency and British interests at home were paramount He supported the bankrupt, tottering and inefficient East India Company in its efforts to take plants native to China and South America, and establish them in India where their cultivation would benefit the home country Not all Banks' excursions into utilitarian acclimatisation were immediately successful Botanists in the field were sometimes exploited by locals, forgotten by governments, or simply unequal to impossible tasks Plants did not always acclimatise To restore his credibility and that of his many scattered proteges, Banks had often to plead for these field scientists and bail them out Despite Banks' persistent (and sometimes scientifically suspect) efforts 'to shuffle resources from one sector to another to make up deficits, or to promote effici- ency', his agents and government officials often let him down 'Those who were sailing in the wake of Cook were not comforming to a coherent government plan, but more commonly buttressing imperial structures, stopping gaps, or pursuing individual opportunities for profit'1 A familiar laissez-faire do-it-yourself colonial history' It was, in other words, expediency, not systematic planning which spawned the 'Second Empire' after the loss of the American colonies Mackey's long-overdue book convincingly refutes the theory of some imperial historians that the British Empire after 1763 was the result of 'coherent and logical policy' I find Mackay's argument that a conscious, systematic, empirical and utilitarian philosophy of science underpinned all this activity less convincing Science was what scientists did, not what the 'Baconian tradition' required or the Banksian master had instructed Some scientists went out disinterestedly to advance, qualitatively or quantatively, the bounds of knowledge Some sought reward, some fame, and a few were motivated by their own plain professionalism Banks was sometimes just the vehicle and paymaster, a necessary personage in an age of sycophantic patronage, but an imposing figure nevertheless This book is based upon widely scattered and often obscure archival sources Victoria University of Wellington graduates have contributed much to Cook studies John Beaglehole and Averil Lysaught have figured significantly in Mackay's research and development Since both honoured Banks so warmly they would find in this critical study of the Lincolnshire patron of science and empire much to ponder and admire The price, however good the text and production, is steep for so thin a book Michael Ε Hoare Wellington Brian Mackrell Halley's comet over new Zealand Auckland Reed Methuen, 1985 172p $19 95 As you read this it is likely that the New Zealand media, if not the general populace, will, after a 75 year lull, be in the grip of Halley's comet mania In March-April 1986 Halley's comet, a phenomenon (technically an 'apparition') recorded regularly and omi- nously by most civilizations for over two thousand years, will be 63 million kilometres from the earth, a long way in our terms, but a short distance when compared with such space measurements as 'light years' Halley itself is, admittedly, no light-weight The eminent scientist Ian Axford estimates the comet's nucleus 'to be about the size of Mt Cook' The vastly increased acceleration of the comet in the rush towards the sun brings it into contact with the 200-400 kilometre per second blast of solar winds within the heliosphere The frictional results are the comet 'coma', often several hundreds of thousands of kilometres across, and the 'tails' which can attain lengths of over 200 million kilometres Little wonder then that earlier societies (including the New Zealand of 1910) viewed Halley's 76-year cycle of return with dread and a sort of doomsday awe Brian Mackrell's book attempts several not easily compatible tasks It is firstly 30 a layman's primer on the history of cometry science and the theory, nature and life of comets The author looks at the argument that cometry science's highest purpose is to understand 'the first primitive life' of our universe He also turns to the suggestion that 'comets may have brought life-giving volatiles such as water and carbon compounds to the infant earth', and that, by studying comets, we may find that we are examining 'the atoms of which we ourselves are made' Elsewhere Mackrell examines the satellite research which takes place this year, which, hopefully, will see resolved some of the long-standing mysteries of Halley's comet World-wide taxpayers (who foot the colossal space research bills) and historians of science will be pleased with the news that 'the space agencies of American, Japan, Europe and the Soviet Union have worked closely together on their Halley missions, with an open exchange of scientific data and ideas so that each probe assists and comple- ments the work of the others' Edmond Halley, tracker and predictor of the comet named after him at the 1682 apparition, worked at the very centre of the seventeenth-century rise to pre-eminence of the mathematical and physical sciences Associate of Newton and editor of his Principia, he was, for all his brilliance, an outspoken and truculent fellow Incon- gruously (and provocatively as a civilian) he commanded a naval geophysical expedition to the North and South Atlantic in 1698-99, and led the intense European interest in southern astronomy This was to attract many eminent 'stargazers' to South Africa, Australia, and, belatedly, New Zealand In one chapter, Mackrell gives us a resume of Halley's career His sources may not be the most academically authoritative, but then this book is more 'popular' science than academic history For local historians and archivists the book's greatest merit lies in the five chapters devoted to the hitherto little-known records and work of the 'comet-catchers' or astronomers of 1910, who observed Halley's comet from New Zealand These observers included the 'remarkable' (a word Mackrell overworks) Reverend Dr David Kennedy and his co-workers at the Society of Mary Seminary at Meeanee, Hawke's Bay, John Grigg of Thames Joseph Ward of Wanganui, and Charles J Westland of Cheviot Published here for the first time are some excellent photographs of Halley's comet and other phenomena taken by these pioneers with their extremely primitive apparatus As Mackrell admits, the 'definitive history of New Zealand astronomy has yet to be written' This work, based upon extensive interviewing of over sixty New Zealanders who viewed the comet in 1910, upon the personal peprs and astronomical logs of several individual astronomers, and upon extensive newspaper and photograph research, points the way towards such a history The index is simple but workable The many quotations are, however, not referenced by footnotes or by any other method The researcher who follows will have to traverse much of the same ground again Notwithstanding these criticisms, Brian Mackrell has written a very useful little book to celebrate Halley's return From our standpoint, the decision of the International Halley Watch (IHW), 'an international network of scientists and experienced amateur observers', to deposit their multifarious data and records to form the Halley Archive is encouraging indeed It is 'expected to be [the] largest collection of information produced on a single comet' Some 'archive' indeed1 Michael Ε Hoare Wellington Robert Muldoon The New Zealand economy a personal view Auckland Endeavour Press, 1985 191p $24 95 Sir Robert's latest literary venture is substantially different to his earlier books These described political events and personalities This has a firm line of argument Despite the author's fond hope, it is unlikely to be used as a 'textbook' Nevertheless, it does contain refreshingly clear statements of traditional economic principles which can be set against the 'Rogernomics' of the leaders of the Labour Party, and the 'super- Rogernomics' of those who now dominate the National Party 31 The theme of the book is that government economic intervention has been a major force in New Zealand's development, and that, given the small size and vulnerability of our economy, such intervention must continue Understandably, the author concentrates on the last 25 years, a period in which he was either in power or reasonably close to it In terms of his thesis this is unfortunate, as the inter-war decades and even those of the late nineteenth century furnish many examples of government intervention to protect the interests of the ordinary New Zealander The first chapter covers the period up until 1945 in fewer than nine pages While Sir Robert gives some instances to support his argument and highlights some interesting aspects of the country's early development, it is far too short to do justice to its subject The chapter covering the years 1945-60 reveals a truly mellow Muldoon He shows sympathy for the first Labour Government in its attempts to cope with post-war problems The slogans, though not the personalities, of the National Opposition are treated with a degree of cynicism Perhaps the experience of running a country in economic crisis has modified the 'Young Turk's' perceptions Mellowness is also evident in the two chapters on the early 1960s Analyses of budgets and trade statistics are interspersed with general observations which cut across party lines At one point the author agrees in retrospect with a criticism levelled by Norman Kirk at a National Budget But this is fitting, 'Big Norm' and 'Little Rob' had much more in common than either would have admitted, though Kirk was more extreme in his rejection of the 'Treasury view' which his successors espouse In a later chapter, Muldoon briefly tells the sad story of the 1972-75 Labour Government, and in a moderate, almost sympathetic, tone At times, the master politician seems rather coy about the relationship between political considerations and economic decisions In dealing with the origins of the 'Growth strategy', for instance, the influence of the 'second oil shock' is stressed But what about the 'electoral shock' of 19787 To say it 'suggested that the restraint that was imposed generally during those years was not universally popular' is a remark- able understatement Borrowing for growth was a politically and personally satisfying alternative to continued deflation or 'borrow and hope' Reference to a 'conscious decision' to maintain living standards by overseas borrowing until the new strategy paid off (borrow and believe7) also needs to be more precisely dated and related to politics A more serious fault is the lack of a chapter bringing together the conclusions As it is, these tend to be scattered throughout the work The appendices have a poli- tical purpose, but are valuable because they bring together and summarise technical information in a very readable form Sir Robert writes books not only remarkably quickly but also remarkably well His prose is always clear, words carefully chosen, sentences and paragraphs linked There is much less humour than in his previous works, but apt illustrations generally keep the text flowing There are a number of proof-reading errors, but production and lay-out is otherwise very polished This book is an important contribution to the debate over New Zealand's economic development James Watson Christchurch Merv Wellington New Zealand education m crisis Auckland Endeavour Press, 1985 159p $19 95 Mr Wellington's book might well have been called 'My way', had not his former leader pre-empted that title John Graham's foreword says that it is 'not an apology or even a personal justification' There are certainly few apologies here, but Mr Wellington's purpose is to explain why he did what he did as Minister of Education, and to speak for himself, not through the media at which he takes so many incidental swipes l His style is crisp, direct, and, on occasion, quite eloquent The book is well organised into fifteen short chapters, each focusing on particular issues, sets of institutions, or battles over resources It gives, overall, a pretty comprehensive account, from the author's perspective, of his six years as a minister And it is very much Mr Wellington's perspective, his preferences and pre-occupations are made very clear, either incidentally or by design 32 Mr Wellington does not much like 'lobbyists', most leaders of state teachers' organisations, liberals, radicals, feminists, the Dominion , the Committee for the De- fence of Secular Education, the Johnson Committee and its report, and Treasury officials with 'excessively academic' views He approves of teachers who keep their heads down and soldier on, private schools and the teachers in them, organised sport in schools, school music, hard work in pursuit of 'excellence' in education, loyal and efficient public servants, and, mter alia, Dame Whina Cooper, Bishop Mackey, John Graham, and Sir Robert Muldoon Mr Wellington's world seems very black and white 'Radical', for example, is always an epithet, but his own suggestions that teacher training should be cut from three years to two is not, of course, 'radical' Again, those who came to him seeking more money for state schools and teachers are labelled 'imperialists' and 'resource grabbers', but the private schools which came cap m hand are spared such abuse Mr Wellington, indeed, notes happily that his meetings with private school organisations were 'totally devoid of the suspicion, rancour, and bitterness which the State-based unions invariably brought to the table', and he recounts with some satisfaction how he was able to persuade Cabinet to spend more on private and integrating schools For Mr Wellington, however, there is no inconsistency here, no paradox One of the striking features of the book is the general absence of perplexity About the only things the author professes to be puzzled over are the greed and ingratitude of some people His own vision of 'excellence' in education does not strike him as problematical, and is left unexamined What, then, would Mr Wellington want to see? There is a great deal of reference to traditions and the way things used to be, but that does not mean that he is the absolute reactionary his critics so often made him out to be He speaks enthusiastically of computers in secondary schools, transition to work programmes, the development of the technical institutes, and technological courses and research in the universities, and he can claim a good deal of credit for some of these Mr Wellington is eloquent in his strictures against those who would use the school system to advance their own political views He writes 'The battle for young minds continues Our formal education system has become the scene of warfare between rival ideologies' Elsewhere he comments 'There are some in prominent positions who are obsessed with education as a socialising tool and who seek to mould the curriculum accordingly' He does not mean to include himself here, but I think his book clearly puts him among such persons If ever a book were destined to get a mixed reaction this is it Mr Wellington's critics will see their darkest suspicions confirmed, his admirers will think all the better of him This is the first account by a New Zealand Minister of Education of his term in office It comes to us fresh), and is useful for that reason The general reader will find it a good, albeit very personal, account of this period of our educa- tional history Education-watchers will also find much of interest in it, plus some stuff to raise the eyebrows Mr Wellington's refusal to speak to an NZUSA representa- tive, and his announcement that the representative was a communist, were well-publicised at the time, but one is surprised to learn that the minister also discussed the matter with the head of the Security Intelligence Service The present Chairman of the University Grants Committee will probably not be happy to see in print that he was offered the job after others, named here, turned it down There are some minor errors For example, the President of the New Zealand Educa- tional Institute whom Mr Wellington praises is Lex Familton, not Rex Hamilton The most confusing mistake, however, is on page 75 This gives a table which Mr Wellington says is a reproduction of one from a press release on the Johnson Report But it isn't That table contained a mistake which has been quietly corrected here This table lists two different sets of figures as if they referred to the same thing and it has a sub- heading in the wrong place Otherwise the book is well-produced There are some clear, interesting photographs, and the only glaring misprint is slap on the back cover where the author becomes 'Weiington' Mr Wellington did not have an easy job How many of his difficulties were of his own making this book will help the reader judge I am glad he wrote it, and would wel- come one from a Labour minister to put beside it Col in McGeorge University of Canterbury ACCESSIONS ALEXANDER TURNBULL LIBRARY NATIONAL Council of Women Wellington Branch Further records, 1955-84 30cm BARLOW, Peter William, d 1889 Journal RESTRICTED of a voyage to New Zealand, 1883 92p Photocopy TARARUA Tramping Club Financial records, 1948-69 30cm BOURKE, Fr Gerard Correspondence be- tween former prisoner-of-war Fr Gerard TERRY, Lionel, 1874'-1952 Poems and and Captain Nabuharu Ito, mostly about sketches, ca 1906-40 1 folder religious matters, 1946-84 2v Photo- copies T0NKS, Hylton Gary, b 1940 More on Tonks, 1985 lv BUCKLAND, Kate (Webber) Reminiscences of her marriage to A C Buckland, a WALKER, W J Journal of proceedings on mining engineer, in 1903, and her subse- board H M S "Dido", 1855-56 lv quent life in isolated mining camps at Wet Jacket Arm, Dusky Sound, and Deep WESTERN Oceania Mission, Akaroa Regis- Stream, Central Otago, 1952 4 folders ter of baptisms, confirmations, marriages, and burials, 1840-44, and CHRISTIE, Agnes C Diary kept during Fr Seon's travelling notebook, 1858-59 voyage of the "Hermione" to Dunedin 2 items 1 folder Photocopy AUCKLAND 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