DOCSLIB.ORG

Inequalities in Oral Health in England

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Inequalities in Oral Health in England Inequalities in oral health in England 1 Inequalities in oral health in England Contents Foreword ...................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Purpose and scope of the document ....................................................................................... 6 2. The importance of addressing oral health inequalities ............................................................. 8 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Importance of good oral health ........................................................................................... 8 2.3 The financial cost of oral diseases ...................................................................................... 8 2.4 Oral health inequalities ....................................................................................................... 9 2.5 Causes of oral health inequalities ..................................................................................... 11 2.6 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 14 2.7 References ....................................................................................................................... 15 3. Oral health inequalities in England: what do epidemiological surveys and NHS data tell us? 16 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 16 3.2 Oral health inequalities by socioeconomic position .......................................................... 17 3.3 Oral health inequalities by geographical areas ................................................................. 25 3.4 Oral health inequalities by protected characteristics ......................................................... 39 3.5 Trends in oral health inequalities in children ..................................................................... 52 3.6 Limitations of epidemiological and NHS data ................................................................... 57 3.7 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 57 4. Oral health inequalities: what does the academic literature tell us? ....................................... 58 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 58 4.3 Oral health inequalities by protected characteristics ......................................................... 77 4.4. Oral health inequalities affecting vulnerable groups ........................................................ 91 4.5 Barriers to dental service utilisation ................................................................................ 103 4.6 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 109 4.7 References ..................................................................................................................... 112 5. Reducing oral health inequalities: what does the academic literature tell us? ...................... 128 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 128 5.2 Community-level interventions to reduce oral health inequalities ................................... 131 5.3 Service utilisation interventions to reduce oral health inequalities .................................. 140 5.4 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 144 2 Inequalities in oral health in England 5.5 References ..................................................................................................................... 144 6. Next steps ............................................................................................................................ 151 7. Glossary ............................................................................................................................... 152 8. Development of the report and acknowledgements ............................................................. 154 9. Appendices .......................................................................................................................... 156 Appendix 1. Legal duties and responsibilities of public bodies across the health sector to address inequalities .............................................................................................................. 156 Appendix 2. Definitions of types of oral health inequalities ................................................... 158 Appendix 3. Sources of epidemiological and NHS data ....................................................... 163 Appendix 4. Search strategy of the review on oral health inequalities .................................. 166 Appendix 5. Search strategy of the review on service utilisation barriers amongst people with protected characteristics ....................................................................................................... 172 Appendix 6. Search strategy of the review on service utilisation barriers amongst people with protected characteristics ....................................................................................................... 173 Appendix 7. Search strategy of the review on community-level interventions to reduce oral health inequalities ................................................................................................................. 174 Appendix 8. Search strategy of the review on dental service utilisation interventions to reduce oral health inequalities .......................................................................................................... 179 3 Inequalities in oral health in England Foreword Public Health England's mission is to protect and improve the nation's health and to address inequalities. A value shared by colleagues in public health is that they want to ‘make a difference’ and in particular, they want to ensure that everyone in the population has an equal and fair opportunity to be healthy. Where people live, their education, their employment, a suitable roof over their head, their friends, family and the networks they belong to all are important for health and wellbeing. Tackling the causes of inequalities is not easy. “Action on the social determinants of health requires action across multiple arenas and domains and that requires commitment and know-how from a range of workforces outside health.”1 Having a healthy mouth is not going to change everyone’s life chances, but oral health is very important as it affects what we can eat, how we communicate and socialise, and our self-confidence. Poor oral health can result in missing school or work and even in dropping out of employment. Achieving good oral health as part of good overall health and wellbeing is therefore a vital aspect of helping people live well. A good smile is a good start in life! The steps to improving oral health involve reducing the amount of sugar we consume, brushing our teeth and having access to the protective effects of fluoride. We also need equity of access to both preventive and treatment services for all. This will mean targeted support and bespoke solutions for some in society. There is an ethical and a legal duty for the public sector under the Equality Act 2010. Targeted support for tooth brushing in early years settings and water fluoridation have most benefit in those with the worst oral health. There are good examples in England of informed commissioning of services that understand the unique challenges of providing care for disadvantaged groups such as those experiencing homelessness. This report draws on the extensive literature on socio-economic inequalities in oral health and describes inequality seen by geography, and experienced by disadvantaged groups and those with protected characteristics. 1 Marmot et al, Health Equity in England: The Marmot Review 10 Years On (2020) 4 Inequalities in oral health in England Going back to our shared values, describing inequalities is not enough we want to make a difference. Findings from this report are already informing action to reduce inequalities in oral health involving the co-ordination and collaboration of multiple organisations. Public Health England intends to publish a companion piece to this report, setting out in more detail what action is needed to address research and epidemiological gaps. Our ambition is that children from all backgrounds should expect to grow up free from tooth decay as part of having the best start in life, and that all adults should have a healthy mouth as part of living well. “As long as poverty, injustice and gross inequality persist in our world, none of us can truly rest” Nelson Mandela Professor John Newton Dr Sandra White Director of Health Improvment National Lead for Dental Public Health 5 Inequalities in oral health in England 1. Purpose and scope of the document Although there is a considerable amount of literature describing inequalities in oral health, there is value in summarising this large body of evidence in one document to inform equality impact assessments and the commissioning of health improvement
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Heart Unit Leads The
    TALKING POINT November 2013 Heart unit leads the way with £250k research project Talking Injecting more Point is your into patient care magazine and it True champions OVER 100 flu champions have joined the is only trust’s flu fighter team this year to help as good increase the protection for staff, their patients and their families. as you The strive for 75% started with the flu champions vaccinating one another make it. and practicing their techniques with the occupational health nurses and flu nurse Ideas and stories or Lynn Kell. suggestions to make Senior nurse Angela Artley from acute Talking Point even EVERYONE at the trust is being urged medicine (pictured left) showed her better are always to join the fight against flu this winter. support for this year’s campaign as the welcome. first to be vaccinated in the trust. Please send your While frontline health workers will be given ideas to: priority in the staff vaccination programme, everyone at the trust – including volunteers and The editor - students –is encouraged to have the flu vaccine Lesley Connor to ensure they are protected before it’s too late. Sue’s an early bird now Public relations South Tees Hospitals Occupational health nurses and over 100 FLU champion for pathology - NHS Foundation Trust trained flu champions are working hard to transfusion practitioner, Sue Wardle The James Cook vaccinate over 5,000 frontline healthcare - trained again this year to vaccinate University Hospital workers and their support staff. staff in her department to increase their The Murray Building protection against the seasonal flu virus.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Reports for Jersey, Guernsey and Isle of Man
    Corporal punishment of children in the United Kingdom LAST UPDATED June 2020 Also available online at www.endcorporalpunishment.org Child population 13,715,000 (UNICEF, 2015) Summary of necessary legal reform to achieve full prohibition Corporal punishment is prohibited in all settings in Scotland and Wales. Prohibition is still to be achieved in the home, some alternative care settings, day care and penal institutions in England and Northern Ireland. Legal defences for the use of corporal punishment are found in section 58 of the Children Act 2004 in England and article 2 of the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Northern Ireland) Order 2006. These provisions must be explicitly repealed and prohibition enacted of all corporal punishment and other cruel or degrading forms of punishment, in the home and all other settings where adults have authority over children. Alternative care settings – Corporal punishment is prohibited by law in residential care institutions and in foster care arranged by local authorities and by voluntary organisations. Prohibition should now be enacted in relation to private foster care. Day care – Corporal punishment is prohibited by law in day care institutions and childminding in England, Wales and Scotland. Legislation should be adopted prohibiting corporal punishment in institutions and childminding in Northern Ireland. Schools – Corporal punishment is prohibited in all state and private schools, but it has yet to be enacted in relation to some unregistered independent settings providing part-time education. Penal institutions – While corporal punishment is regarded as unlawful, the use of force (in the guise of physical restraint) is lawful in maintaining order and discipline in secure training centres.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses The development of education in the North Ridings of Yorkshire 1902 - 1939 Jennings, E. How to cite: Jennings, E. (1965) The development of education in the North Ridings of Yorkshire 1902 - 1939, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9965/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Abstract of M. Ed. thesis submitted by B. Jennings entitled "The Development of Education in the North Riding of Yorkshire 1902 - 1939" The aim of this work is to describe the growth of the educational system in a local authority area. The education acts, regulations of the Board and the educational theories of the period are detailed together with their effect on the national system. Local conditions of geograpliy and industry are also described in so far as they affected education in the North Riding of Yorkshire and resulted in the creation of an educational system characteristic of the area.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil and Political Rights in Great Britain: Executive Summary
    Civil and political rights in Great Britain Executive summary March 2020 equalityhumanrights.com Civil and political rights in Great Britain This is an executive summary of the Equality and Human Rights Commission’s report to inform the UN Human Rights Committee’s forthcoming examination of the UK’s compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The report covers England and Wales for all issues and Scotland for issues that are reserved to the UK Parliament. In the report, we focus on relevant The report contains 12 sections, developments and evidence since the covering the issues that we recommend UK’s last review in 2015 by the UN as priorities for the UN Human Rights Human Rights Committee, which is the Committee. The summary below sets body that oversees implementation of out our key concerns. the ICCPR. We indicate where progress The full report includes a list of our has been made and highlight the main recommendations to the UK and Welsh concerns or challenges of implementing Governments. Please visit our website the ICCPR. to read the full report, with references, To recognise the diversity of lived and a standalone list of experiences, and the importance of our recommendations. equality and non-discrimination to the full realisation of all ICCPR rights, we have included information about the experience of those sharing particular protected characteristics, including an analysis of multiple disadvantage, where evidence allowed. 2 Civil and political rights in Great Britain The UK’s departure from the EU has given rise to significant constitutional uncertainty, posing potential risks for the protection of human rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Bridget Robinson HAMBLETON DISTRICT COUNCIL Civic Centre
    David Naylor-Gray Safeguarding Officer Safeguarding - Wind Energy Bridget Robinson Defence Infrastructure Organisation HAMBLETON DISTRICT COUNCIL Kingston Road Civic Centre Sutton Coldfield Stone Cross West Midlands Northallerton B75 7RL North Yorkshire DL6 2UU Telephone: 0121 3810 Facsimile: 0121 311 2218 E-mail: [email protected] Your Reference: 12/00503/FUL 10 July 2012 Our Reference: DIO/SUT/43/10/1/15879 Dear Mrs Robinson DIO Reference Number: 15879 Site Name: LINGFIELD FARM Site Address: Welbury, North Yorkshire DL6 2SH Planning Application Number: 12/00503/FUL Thank you for consulting the Ministry of Defence (MOD) about the above planning application dated 18 June 2012. I am writing to inform you that the MOD objects to the proposal. Our assessment has been carried out on the basis that there will be 1 turbine, 19.142 metres in height from ground level to blade tip and located at the grid reference below as stated in the planning application or provided by the developer: Turbine 100km Square letter Easting Northing 1 NZ 39703 01161 Air Traffic Control (ATC) Radar The turbine will be 15.7 km from, detectable by, and will cause unacceptable interference to the ATC radar at RAF Leeming Wind turbines have been shown to have detrimental effects on the performance of MOD ATC and Range Control radars. These effects include the desensitisation of radar in the vicinity of the turbines, and the creation of "false" aircraft returns which air traffic controllers must treat as real. The desensitisation of radar could result in aircraft not being detected by the radar and therefore not presented to air traffic controllers.
    [Show full text]
  • Shooting Up: Infections Among People Who Inject Drugs in the UK 2018
    Shooting Up: Infections among people who inject drugs in the UK, 2018 An update, December 2019 Shooting Up: An update, December 2019 About Public Health England Public Health England exists to protect and improve the nation’s health and wellbeing and reduce health inequalities. We do this through world-leading science, research, knowledge and intelligence, advocacy, partnerships and the delivery of specialist public health services. We are an executive agency of the Department of Health and Social Care, and a distinct delivery organisation with operational autonomy. We provide government, local government, the NHS, Parliament, industry and the public with evidence-based professional, scientific and delivery expertise and support. Public Health England Wellington House 133-155 Waterloo Road London SE1 8UG Tel: 020 7654 8000 www.gov.uk/phe Twitter: @PHE_uk Facebook: www.facebook.com/PublicHealthEngland Prepared by: Public Health England, Health Protection Scotland, Public Health Wales, and Public Health Agency Northern Ireland © Crown copyright 2019 You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0. To view this licence, visit OGL. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Published December 2019 PHE publications PHE supports the UN Gateway number: GW-954 Sustainable Development Goals 2 Shooting Up: An update, December 2019 Acknowledgements Prepared by:
    [Show full text]
  • E-Cigarette Marketing in the UK
    This report should be referred to as follows: Stead, M., Hitchman, S.C., Angus, K., Aleyan, S., Ford, A., MacKintosh, A.M., Purves, R., Mitchell, D., Hammond, D., Fong, G.T., Driezen, P., Reid, J., Craig, L., Chung-Hall J., Cummings, K.M., Thrasher, J.F., Cho Y.J., Cowell, C., Coker, T., Bullock, S., Froguel, A., Vohra, J., “E- cigarette marketing in the UK: evidence from adult and youth surveys and policy compliance studies.” Cancer Research UK. 2021. Study A: Martine Stead a, Kathryn Angus a, Allison Ford a, Anne Marie MacKintosh a, Richard Purves a, Danielle Mitchell a Study B: Sarah Aleyanb,c, David Hammond c, Geoffrey T. Fong c,d,e, Pete Driezen c,d, Jessica Reid c, Lorraine Craig d, Janet Chung-Hall d, K. Michael Cummings f, James F. Thrasher g, Yoo Jin Cho g, Sara C. Hitchman b CRUK authors: Catherine Cowell h, Tim Coker i, Sarah Bullock j, Alizee Froguel j, Jyotsna Vohra i a Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK b Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK c School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada d Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; e Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada f Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA g Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA h Policy & Implementation Research, Cancer Research UK i Cancer Policy Research Centre, Cancer Research UK j Policy Development, Cancer Research UK 2 Thank you to Dr Nathan Critchlow, Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, for expert advice on the development and analysis of advertising content analysis items, and Aileen Paton and Eilidh Sutherland at the Institute for administrative support.
    [Show full text]
  • Greenhill Farmhouse Welbury, Northallerton
    S3963 GREENHILL FARMHOUSE WELBURY, NORTHALLERTON A SUPERBLY SITUATED 4-BEDROOMED FORMER FARMHOUSE & FORGE OFFERED TOGETHER WITH GARAGE AND GARTH AND EXTENDING TO 0.302 HAS (0.746 ACRES) OR THEREABOUTS IN A QUIET ACCESSIBLE LOCATION • Desirable Picturesque Rural Location • Attached Former Forge • Well Situated for Good Local Centres • Tremendous Scope for Updating & Refurbishment • Recently UPVC Sealed Unit Double Glazed • Potential to Offer Good Annexed Accommodation • Recently Re-Wired Price: Offers in the Region of: £300,000 143 High Street, Northallerton, DL7 8PE Tel: 01609 771959 Fax: 01609 778500 www.northallertonestateagency.co.uk GREENHILL FARM, WELBURY SITUATION Leisure Facilities – There are swimming pools with gyms at Northallerton and Darlington and many additional leisure activities West Harlsey 2 ¼ miles Brompton 4 miles available in the surrounding area. Welbury 1 ½ miles Northallerton 6 miles Rountons 4 miles Stokesley 12 miles Hunting – The local hunt is the Hurworth and the property is within Deighton ½ mile Appleton Wiske 2 ¾ miles easy boxing distance o f the Bedale, West of Yore, Sinnington, Cleveland and Bedale. Greenhill Farmhouse is situated nicely set back from the minor road leading out of Deighton to Welbury and enjoys the benefit of a superb DESCRIPTION rural position together with panoramic views to the front over surrounding countryside and over to the Hambleton Hills. Greenhill Farm comprises a 4-bedroomed former farmhouse which appears to have annexed accommodation to one side during a former Greenhill Farm is situated just outside the hamlet of Deighton in a very occupation . It is brick built with clay pantile roof and has under its popular and highly desirable area of North Yorkshire within easy reach present ownership enjoyed the benefit of UPVC sealed unit double of thriving m arket towns and is situated in particularly pleasant open glazing and re-wiring.
    [Show full text]
  • New Build Homes, Flood Resilience and Environmental Justice – Current and Future Trends Under Climate Change Across England and Wales
    New build homes, flood resilience and environmental justice – current and future trends under climate change across England and Wales Viktor Rözer and Swenja Surminski November 2020 Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Working Paper No. 381 ISSN 2515-5709 (Online) Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Paper No. 353 ISSN 2515-5717 (Online) The Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy (CCCEP) was established by the University of Leeds and the London School of Economics and Political Science in 2008 to advance public and private action on climate change through innovative, rigorous research. The Centre is funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council. Its third phase started in October 2018 with seven projects: 1. Low-carbon, climate-resilient cities 2. Sustainable infrastructure finance 3. Low-carbon industrial strategies in challenging contexts 4. Integrating climate and development policies for ‘climate compatible development’ 5. Competitiveness in the low-carbon economy 6. Incentives for behaviour change 7. Climate information for adaptation More information about CCCEP is available at www.cccep.ac.uk The Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment was established by the London School of Economics and Political Science in 2008 to bring together international expertise on economics, finance, geography, the environment, international development and political economy to create a world-leading centre for policy-relevant research and training. The Institute is funded by the Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment and a number of other sources. It has 11 broad research areas: 1. Climate change adaptation and resilience 2.
    [Show full text]
  • (& Stanwick St. John & Caldwell) Ampleforth Appleton Wiske Ar
    Monumental Inscriptions. The Centre for Local Studies, at Darlington Library has an extensive collection of Monumental Inscriptions compiled by the Cleveland, South Durham and North Yorkshire Family History Society. Acklam (Middlesbrough) Ainderby Steeple Aislaby Aldborough (& Stanwick St. John & Caldwell) Ampleforth Appleton Wiske Arkendale Arkengarthdale Arkletown, Wesleyan Chapel & St. Mary, Langthwaite Arkengarthdale (Yrks) Askrigg Auckland Auckland, St Andrew Auckland, St Andrew Extension Auckland, St Andrew (fiche) Aucklandshire and Weardale (Hearth Tax 1666) Aycliffe (see also School Aycliffe & U429AYCb LHOS Stephenson Way) Aysgarth Bagby Bainbridge Bainbridge and Carperby Baldersby Barnard Castle (St Mary/Roman Catholic/Victoria Road) Barningham Barton Bedale Bellerby Billingham Bilsdale Bilsdale Midcable Birkby Bishop Middleham Bishopton Boltby Bolton on Swale Boosbeck Bowes Bransdale (& Carlton) Brignall 13/07/2015 Brompton (near Northallerton) Brompton Cemetery (near Northallerton) Brotton Burneston Carlbury Carlton Miniott Carton in Cleveland Castle Eden Castleton Catterick Cleasby Coatham Cockfield Cold Kirby Commondale Coniscliffe (Carlbury) Carlbury (see Coniscliffe) Cornforth Cotherstone Coverham Cowesby Cowton (See East Cowton/South Cowton) Croxdale, St Bartholomew Coxwold Crakehall Crathorne Croft on Tees Cundall Dalby Dalton in Topcliffe Danby Danby Wiske Darlington Deaf Hill Deighton Denton Dinsdale Dishforth Downholme Easby Easington East Cowton (See Cowton) East Harsley (East) Loftus East Rounton East Witton 13/07/2015
    [Show full text]
  • Osmotherley December 2017
    Conservation Area Character Appraisal and Management Plan Osmotherley December 2017 2 Contents Summary 3 Introduction 4 Location and context 7 The history of Osmotherley 8 The ancient street plan and open spaces 13 Archaeology 17 Vistas and views 18 The distinctive buildings of Osmotherley 22 The little details 33 Recommendations for future management 35 Conclusion 39 Bibliography 41 Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan for Osmotherley Conservation Area 3 Summary of Significance Osmotherley is an attractive village built on undulating ground and set around a street plan with medieval origins. The historic heart of the village is marked by the church with early medieval origins and the market cross with stone table. Although the church is located behind the buildings on West End, its tower is visible throughout the village and the roads centre on the market cross making it a terminus to views along North, West, and South End. The warm golden local sandstone has been used to construct buildings which are predominantly 18th and 19th century in appearance, but with a smattering of Edwardian shop windows. The green spaces of the village green and roadside verges soften the street fronted properties. River worn cobbles sit alongside grassy verges and stone flags to provide rich textures and historic character to the street surfaces. Narrow snickets create an exciting way to explore and frame views to distant hills or hidden courtyards. The roofing materials are mainly pantile in varying shades of terracotta and Welsh slate, but modern concrete pantiles have blended in over time. The mixture of pantile and slate, varied roof heights and stacks, create delightful patchworks of pitched roofs visible from a number of key locations on higher ground.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Equity in England : the Marmot Review 10 Years On
    HEALTH EQUITY IN ENGLAND: THE MARMOT REVIEW 10 YEARS ON HEALTH EQUITY IN ENGLAND: THE MARMOT REVIEW 10 YEARS ON HEALTH EQUITY IN ENGLAND: THE MARMOT REVIEW 10 YEARS ON 1 Note from the Chair AUTHORS Report writing team: Michael Marmot, Jessica Allen, Tammy Boyce, Peter Goldblatt, Joana Morrison. The Marmot Review team was led by Michael Marmot and Jessica Allen and consisted of Jessica Allen, Matilda Allen, Peter Goldblatt, Tammy Boyce, Antiopi Ntouva, Joana Morrison, Felicity Porritt. Peter Goldblatt, Tammy Boyce and Joana Morrison coordinated production and analysis of tables and charts. Team support: Luke Beswick, Darryl Bourke, Kit Codling, Patricia Hallam, Alice Munro. The work of the Review was informed and guided by the Advisory Group and the Health Foundation. Suggested citation: Michael Marmot, Jessica Allen, Tammy Boyce, Peter Goldblatt, Joana Morrison (2020) Health equity in England: The Marmot Review 10 years on. London: Institute of Health Equity HEALTH FOUNDATION The Health Foundation supported this work and provided insight and advice. IHE would like to thank in particular: Jennifer Dixon, Jo Bibby, Jenny Cockin, Tim Elwell Sutton, Grace Everest, David Finch Adam Tinson, Rita Ranmal. AUTHORS’ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are indebted to the Advisory Group that informed the review: Torsten Bell, David Buck, Sally Burlington, Jabeer Butt, Jo Casebourne, Adam Coutts, Naomi Eisenstadt, Joanne Roney, Frank Soodeen, Alice Wiseman. We are also grateful for advice and insight from the Collaboration for Health and Wellbeing. We are grateful for advice and input from Nicky Hawkins, Frameworks Institute; Angela Donkin, NFER; and Tom McBride, Early Intervention Foundation for comments on drafts.
    [Show full text]