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Botanic Metallomics of Mercury and Selenium: Current Understanding of Mercury‑Selenium Antagonism in Plant with the Traditional and Advanced Technology

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Botanic Metallomics of Mercury and Selenium: Current Understanding of Mercury‑Selenium Antagonism in Plant with the Traditional and Advanced Technology Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2019) 102:628–634 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-019-02628-8 FOCUSED REVIEW Botanic Metallomics of Mercury and Selenium: Current Understanding of Mercury‑Selenium Antagonism in Plant with the Traditional and Advanced Technology Xu Bai1 · Yunyun Li2 · Xujun Liang3 · Hong Li1 · Jiating Zhao1 · Yu‑Feng Li1 · Yuxi Gao1 Received: 14 March 2019 / Accepted: 26 April 2019 / Published online: 3 May 2019 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract The antagonistic efect between mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) is conclusively established in animals and human beings in the past decades. However, the underlying mechanisms of the interactions between Hg and Se in plants, as well as the metabolism of Hg–Se compounds in crops are still far from being understood. The botanic metallomics of Hg and Se mainly focuses on the translocation, transformation, and metabolism of Hg and Se in the environmental and botanic systems employing metallomics methods. An adequate understanding of the biological behavior of Hg and Se in plant is benefcial for sequestration of Hg and Se in soil–plant systems with high Hg and Se contamination. It can also provide a molecular mechanistic basis for Se supplementation in Se-defcient areas. Here, the key developments in current understanding of Hg and Se interactions in plants are reviewed. The metabolism and antagonism of Hg and Se in various plants, as well as the advanced analytical methods commonly used in this feld, are summarized and discussed. As suggested, plant Hg and Se uptake, metabolism, and antagonism can be taken into account for detoxifcation and remediation strategies for the reduction of Hg and Se in the food chain. Keywords Mercury · Selenium · Plant · Antagonism · Advanced analytical methods Given the potential health threat of mercury (Hg), as well much lower than the others (Gai et al. 2016), which in turn as the endorsement of Minamata Convention on Mercury impacts the distribution, accumulation, and bioavailability of in 2013 which went into efect in 2017, concern over Hg diferent Hg species. The main sources for human Hg expo- control has increased throughout the world in recent years. sure are Hg-containing food, such as fsh and crops (Storelli The toxicity of Hg, as well as migration, bioavailability, and Marcotrigiano 2000). In south China, it was reported and transformation, are closely correlated with its chemical that human exposure to Hg was largely through rice con- forms in the environment (Stein et al. 1996; Liu et al. 2018). sumption, especially in Hg-contaminated areas (Feng et al. As documented, DOM-Hg has the most migratory ability 2007). As a sulfur analogue, Selenium (Se) is well known of various Hg species in soil while the migration of HgS is as an essential micronutrient for animals and human beings (Arthur and Brown 2001). It is also a benefcial nutrient for * many plants including some higher plant taxa (Zhu et al. Jiating Zhao 2009), although Se being essential to plants is still a matter [email protected] of controversy. Like Hg, the main source of human Se intake 1 Key Laboratory for Biomedical Efects of Nanomaterials is via consumption of plant based foods, especially cere- and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), als (Hartikainen 2005). For most areas in China, soils are Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China of Se-defcient although high Se concentrations have been 2 College of Resources and Environment, Fujian reported in some areas, such as Enshi, Hubei Province (Yuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health et al. 2012). Because of the low levels of Se in most plant and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China foods, the average Se intake might be insufcient to meet the requirement of human health. Se supplementation on 3 School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, crops should be an efcient approach to improve Se content Guangzhou 510632, China in people’s daily diet. As previously reported, Carvalho et al. Vol:.(1234567890)1 3 Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2019) 102:628–634 629 (2003) carried out inorganic and organic Se supplementation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) on four agricultural crops and found that low Se supplement and the synchrotron radiation (SR) based techniques. Our (1.5 mg/kg Se in soil) promoted plant growth and Se accu- aim is to provide theoretical basis for the evaluation of food mulation in the edible parts. safety in areas contaminated with Hg and Se and the devel- Hg and Se having been continually released into the soil, opment of efective phytoremediation strategies to minimize sediment, and water via natural and anthropogenic pathways, the negative impact of Hg and Se. chemically converted into more toxic forms and can biomag- Atomic fuorescence spectrometry (AFS) has been widely nify through the food chain. This accumulation is closely used for analysis of Hg and Se in the environmental speci- linked to environmental quality and food safety (Horvat et al. mens. The AFS method has advantages of high sensitivity 2003). Hg and Se have specifc properties making them be and low detection limit (DL) ( < 0.1 μg L−1 for Hg and Se) quite correlated with each other. Investigations into how Hg (Cai 2000). For Hg quantifcation, the On-line total Hg and and Se interact in the environment, as well as understand- MeHg analyzers are usually applied for continuous monitor- ing their fate through the food chain, is meaningful to pro- ing of Hg or MeHg in the aqueous solutions. The total Hg tecting human health and minimizing their environmental after reduction in the liquid is blown of and brought into the impact. Studies of Hg and Se environmental metallomics optical element, then detected by UV with high sensitivity mainly focus on the biological and systematic understand- (DL < 0.1 μg L−1 Hg). It has been proven to be reliable and ing of the translocation, transformation, metabolism, and accurate in previous works (Gu et al. 2011; Luo et al. 2017). their roles in the environment. As we know, selenols are Compared with AFS, the Hg and MeHg analyzer, although even more reactive toward Hg than thiols, which leads to a designed based on the traditional theory of atomic analysis, prominent antagonistic efect between Se and Hg in organ- do not require amalgamation, have little interference and isms (Clarkson 1997). One of the earliest studies on Se–Hg a much lower DL. Inductively coupled plasma mass spec- antagonism was reported by Parizek and Ostadalova (1967) trometry (ICP-MS) is another classical method for metallic in laboratory rats from kidney intoxication by inorganic Hg. element detection with advantages of high sensitivity and Subsequent studies have confrmed Hg–Se antagonism as a accuracy. It can also be used for instantaneous analyses of widespread phenomenon in microbes, aquatic organisms, multiple elements and isotopes. For simultaneous detection birds and mammals (Dang and Wang 2011; Hofman and of various Hg or Se species, HPLC is always hyphenated Heinz et al. 1998). The total Hg and Se accumulation in with a spectrographic or mass-specifc detector for element these organisms have also been found to vary concurrently, quantifcation with an ideal resolution and high sensitivity commonly following an approximate 1:1 molar ratio in the (Yin et al. 2008). For plant specimens, with the application specifc tissues (Koeman et al. 1975). It is noteworthy that of HPLC-ICP-MS, inorganic Hg and organic Hg (mainly the safe range between Se essentiality and toxicity is quite MeHg species) in rice root and shoot were separated and narrow, thus the additive even synergistic efects of Hg and quantifed in 12 min with a relatively high resolution (Xu Se may occur in organisms (Palmisano et al. 1995). Many et al. 2016). McNear Jr et al. used capillary revered phase studies have confrmed Hg and Se antagonism in animals, LC-ICP-MS (capRPLC-ICP-MS) to investigate the meta- however, the interactions between Hg and Se in plant are bolic fate of Hg and Se in the rhizosphere of Alliumfstulo- rarely reported although antagonism in the natural (natural sum with advantages of element-specifc and high sensitiv- soil, water, etc.) and artifcial environment (cropland, crops, ity (McNear et al. 2012). Size exclusion chromatography etc.) are very common. For example, the co-existence of (SEC)-ultraviolet (UV)-ICP-MS (SEC-UV-ICP-MS) is also high Hg and Se (tiemannite) in Wanshan District (Guizhou, an ideal method for analyses of Hg and Se containing com- China) leads to limited Hg and Se accumulation in the local pounds in plant. With this method, Yathavakilla and Caruso plants (Zhang et al. 2012; Zhao et al. 2013b). As for the (2007) et al. analyzed Hg and Se containing compounds in Se-defcient felds, Se supplementation does not merely soybean root. The Hg–Se complexes in soybean root were increase Se content but also decrease Hg concentrations well separated with a high resolution. in crops. Plant food consumption, as a dominant pathway The advanced nuclear analytical methods, with advan- for human Hg and Se intake, is pivotal to our food safety. tages of high sensitivity, accuracy and precision, low However, the in vivo presence and metabolic pathways of matrix efects, and non-destructiveness, have been playing Hg and Se compounds under physiological conditions in important roles
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