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GENETIC RESISTANCE to ADZUKI BEAN BRUCHID (Callosobruchus Chinensis) in SOYBEAN

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GENETIC RESISTANCE to ADZUKI BEAN BRUCHID (Callosobruchus Chinensis) in SOYBEAN GENETIC RESISTANCE TO ADZUKI BEAN BRUCHID (Callosobruchus chinensis) IN SOYBEAN BY MERCY ULEMU MSISKA MSc. AGRONOMY (UNIVERSITY OF MALAWI) BSc. AGRICULTURE (UNIVERSITY OF MALAWI) REG. NUMBER: 2014/HD02/2696X A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DIRECTORATE OF RESEARCH AND GRADUATE TRAINING IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PLANT BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OF MAKERERE UNIVERSITY AUGUST, 2019 i DECLARATION ii DOCTORAL COMMITTEE Emeritus Prof. Patrick R. Rubaihayo Makerere University Dr. Thomas Lapaka Odong Makerere University Dr Annette Namayanja National Crops Resources Research Institute Prof. Denis Mpairwe Makerere University iii COPY RIGHT No part of this thesis may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form without the prior written permission of the author or Makerere University. iv DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my husband, Dr. Mavuto Denis Tembo and our children, Uchizi na Mtende Tembo, Ungweru Walumbike-Letitia Tembo and Urunji Denise Tembo for their unceasing prayers, love, support and patience during the entire period of my studies. To my father Maxwell Chibwatiko Msiska for always believing in me and protecting me. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisors, Prof. Phinehas Tukamuhabwa and Prof. Samuel Kyamanywa for their supervision, mentoring, guidance and encouragement. I am sincerely grateful to the other members of my doctoral committee, Prof. Patrick R. Rubaihayo, Dr. Annette Namayanja, Dr. Thomas L. Odong and the Head of Department of Agricultural Production, Dr. Dennis Mpairwe for their time, and guidance in shaping this work. I am greatly indebted to Intra ACP-CSAA Mobility Scheme for the doctoral scholarship, the Coordination Unit of the Scholarship at Makerere University Prof. Patrick Rubaihayo and Madam Ruthie Mutyaba deserve the honour. I am grateful for the partial doctoral research funding received from Carnegie Corporation of New York – Grant: RU/2016/INTA ACP/RG/013 through the Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture (RUFORUM). I am grateful to my employer the Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development (Malawi Government) for granting me a paid study leave. I hold in high esteem the Principal Secretary of the MOAIWD, Madam Erica Maganga; the Director of Crop Development Department, Dr Godfrey Ching’oma and the Manager for Agricultural Productivity Program for Southern Africa (APPSA), Dr Tenyson Mzengeza for facilitating my PhD finalization grant from APPSA. I hold in high esteem the management and staff of Soybean Breeding and Seed Systems Programme (Makerere University) especially, Mr George Yiga, Mr Paul Kabayi, Ms Mercy Namara, Mr Tonny Obua and Ms Naziwa (mama Nasimbwa) for their immense support during germplasm collection, screen house crossing work and laboratory evaluation of the crop. I acknowledge the technical advice and supervision of Ms Daisy Winfred Akech and all the technicians in the Biotechnology Laboratory (Kabanyolo) during the molecular work, Dr Ephraim Nuwamanya, Mr Enoch Mwembabazi in the Nutrition and Bioanalytical Laboratory (NACRRI) during the biochemical analysis. I am grateful to Prof. Paul Gibson, Prof. Albert Z. Chiteka and Mr Bruno Awio for the guidance and untiring support throughout the experiments, data management and thesis writing. I am thankful to all my colleagues in the Plant Breeding and Biotechnology programme for sharing and critiquing my work to improve the research and write-up. Finally, my heart felt gratitude goes to my husband, Dr Mavuto Denis Tembo, my children; Uchizi na Mtende Tembo, Ungweru Walumbike Tembo and Urunji Denise Tembo and to my father; Mr Maxwell Chibwatiko Msiska for the love, patience, prayers and emotional support. Above all to the Most High God, thus far He has brought me. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ...................................................................................................................... ii DOCTORAL COMMITTEE ................................................................................................... iii COPY RIGHT ........................................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................ vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ vii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... x LIST OF PLATES .................................................................................................................... xi PUBLICATIONS DECLARATION ...................................................................................... xii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................... 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Justification .............................................................................................................................. 9 1.4 Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 11 1.5 Hypotheses ............................................................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................... 12 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................. 12 2.1 Bruchids and their management ............................................................................................. 12 2.2 Sources of resistance to bruchids ........................................................................................... 14 2.3 Mechanism of resistance to storage insect pests .................................................................... 15 2.4 Basis of resistance to bruchids ............................................................................................... 17 2.5 Gene action and inheritance of resistance to bruchids ........................................................... 23 2.6 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 25 CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................... 27 RESISTANCE IN UGANDA SOYBEAN GERMPLASM TO ADZUKI BEAN BRUCHID . 27 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 27 3.2 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................... 28 3.3 Results .................................................................................................................................... 32 3.4 Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 44 3.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 48 CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................. 49 BIOCHEMICALS ASSOCIATED WITH ADZUKI BEAN BRUCHID RESISTANCE IN SOYBEAN ....................................................................................................................................... 49 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 49 4.2 Materials and methods ........................................................................................................... 51 vii 4.4 Results .................................................................................................................................... 58 4.5 Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 65 4.6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 70 CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................................... 71 GENETICS OF RESISTANCE TO ADZUKI BEAN BRUCHID IN SOYBEAN POPULATIONS ............................................................................................................................
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