The Securitisation of Climate Change a Discourse Analysis of the NATO and Its Member States

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Securitisation of Climate Change a Discourse Analysis of the NATO and Its Member States The securitisation of climate change A discourse analysis of the NATO and its member states Master Thesis Political Science | International Relations Name: Elze van Langen Student ID: 10786201 Supervisor: Dr. L. W. Fransen Second reader: Dr. F. Boussaid Date: 11 August 2016 Word count: 19.371 Abstract Although the representation of environmental concerns in the security agenda is increasingly recognised, the securitisation of climate change remains a topic of contestation. This thesis elaborates on the question how the visions of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and its member states correspond regarding the securitisation of climate change. This research draws on the analytical framework of Diez et al. (2016) and presents a comparative analysis of discourses on climate security. The discourses of the US, Germany and the Netherlands are analysed and complemented with the discourse of the NATO, which touches upon the lack of attention that has been given to climate security discourses within international organisations (IOs). This thesis argues that NATO generally constructs climate change as a territorial danger, which corresponds most with the discourse of the US. Although the leadership role of the US within NATO can be a plausible explanation for the similarity, it is argued that NATO’s vision may best be explained by its traditional identity of a military alliance. Despite expressions of fear for the militarisation of climate change, this thesis suggests that the short-term political implications of NATO’s vision are limited, since its mandate and policies concerning climate change are largely vague and undecided. Cover photo by Isaac Cordal The cement sculpture is created by street artist Isaac Cordal and belongs to a larger installation called ‘Follow the Leaders’. The artwork serves as a metaphor for power-mad businessmen who run our capitalist global order. However, after a picture went viral online, this sculpture was renamed by social media users as ‘Politicians talking about climate change’ (Cordal 2011; Sullivan 2014). 2 Preface Since several years, I am fascinated by the global issue of climate change. When I started to read more about this topic for my MA thesis project, I discovered an article by George Marshall (2014). In an attempt to explain the difficulties for our global society to find a collective response to climate change, Marshall found the answer in something we all share: our human brain. The exceptionally amorphous problem of climate change provides us with so many uncertainties that our human brain is incapable to fully address the issue. It touches upon our cognitive blind spots, fear of death and perception of threats. This made me realise that climate change is largely socially constructed, and that the way and to what extent it is perceived as a security threat can have great political implications. I decided to write my thesis about the securitisation of climate change, in which I analysed the discourse of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), an IO which traditionally is not involved with climate change. While I was still writing my thesis, I applied for an internship at the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Within two weeks I was hired as an intern at the ambassador for international organisations. Hence, I will continue to work with the NATO and many other interesting institutions. I am looking forward to the career that lies ahead of me, and I uphold the ambition to work with climate issues in the future. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor dr. Luc Fransen for his valuable guidance and advice, and dr. Farid Boussaid for taking the time to read my thesis as a second reader. I would also like to thank Ariane Berends for her support as a study advisor and involvement throughout the process. Subsequently, I would like to acknowledge the interview respondents, who provided me with new insights and information: Rob de Rave (HCSS), Louise van Schaik (Clingendael Institute), Michel van Winden (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and Wilbert van der Zeijden (PAX for Peace). Lastly, I would like to thank the people who are close to me and have been of great support throughout my study. 3 Table of contents List of tables and figures 6 Abbreviations 7 1. Introduction 8 1.1. Research topic 8 1.2. Researchstructure 9 2. Research design 10 2.1. Research question 10 2.2. Analytical framework: Analysing climate security discourses 11 2.3. Research design: Comparative design 11 2.4. Relevance 14 2.5. Outlook: the argument 14 3. Theoretical framework: The securitisation of climate change 16 3.1. The climate-security nexus 16 3.2. The theory of securitisation (Copenhagen School) 19 3.3. The influx of risk into the field of security 21 3.4. Differentiating securitisation: threat or risk? 24 3.5. Analytical framework of climate security discourses 25 3.6. Normative implications of securitising climate change 27 4. The United States and Germany: Territorial versus individual climate security 30 4.1. United States: Climate change as a territorial danger 30 4.1.1.The US and the NATO 30 4.1.2.The general climate debate 30 4.1.3.The securitisation of climate change 32 4.1.4.Political consequences 34 4.1.5.Conclusion 34 4.2. Germany: Climate change as an individual insecurity 35 4.2.1.Germany and the NATO 35 4.2.2.The general climate debate 35 4.2.3.The securitisation of climate change 37 4.2.4.Political consequences 38 4.2.5.Conclusion 39 4.3. Conclusion: Territorial versus individual climate security 39 5. The Netherlands: Climate change as a planetary insecurity 40 5.1. Introduction 40 5.2. The Netherlands and the NATO 41 5.3. The general climate debate 41 5.4. The securitisation of climate change 44 5.5. Political consequences 49 5.6. Conclusion 50 6. The NATO: Climate change and territorial defence 51 6.1. Introduction 51 6.2. A short history of the NATO 51 6.3. The securitisation of climate change 53 4 6.4. Political consequences 58 6.5. Conclusion 59 7. Conclusions 60 7.1. Research question: a comparative analysis 60 7.2. Normative implications 61 7.3. Limitations and recommendations for further research 62 References 63 Appendix I: Interviews 70 5 List of tables and figures Figure 1.1: Research structure 9 Figure 2.1: Hierarchical comparative design 13 Table 3.1: Important keywords distinguishing between the danger and risk dimension 26 Figure 3.1: The space of politics and security 26 Table 3.2: A typology of climate security discourses 27 6 Abbreviations CCMS Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society CCPI Climate Change Performance Index COP Conference of the Parties DOD US Department of Defence DPCR NATO Defence Planning Capability Review EC European Commission EU European Union GHG Greenhouse Gases IO International organisation IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change KNMI Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut LPF Lijst Pim Fortuyn NAS Dutch National Adaptation Strategy NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NCA US National Climate Assessment NGO Non-governmental organisation NMP Nationaal Milieubeleidsplan PA NATO Parliamentary Assembly PBL Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving RIVM Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu STC NATO Science and Technology Committee UN United Nations UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNSC United Nations Security Council US United States VROM Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer 7 1. Introduction 1.1. Research topic The changing climate has already started to reshape our world. Droughts, floods, rising sea levels and water scarcity have made climate change an issue of security policies. The climate- security nexus is part of the larger context of broadening the definition of security, a development that has taken place since the 1980s (Diez et al. 2016: ch.1, 1.1)1. The intensification of the environmental debate and the changing strategic environment has even brought the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) as an intergovernmental military alliance into the realm of environmental politics (Depledge & Feakin 2012: 80). The most recent Strategic Concept of 2010 revealed NATO’s concern about the future impact of climate change on areas of interest to the alliance (NATO 2010: 13). In the run-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris (COP21) in 2015, NATO’s Parliamentary Assembly (PA) urged the allied governments to support an ambitious legally-binding global agreement (NATO PA 2015). While all NATO member countries agree on the likely impacts of climate change on international security, every single state has a different opinion on how much and which impacts it might have, as well as to what extent climate change should be integrated in foreign and security policies (Vitel 2015: 6). There are many possibilities to frame climate change as a security issue. In other words, the way in which the securitisation of climate change develops, can have many different outcomes. The reason for this is because climate security discourses can be important for the legitimisation of certain policies or actions, which normally would not have been approved when there was no recognition of climate change at all (Diez et al. 2016: ch.1, 1.2). Hence, the recognition of climate change by a military alliance that traditionally does not focus on environmental issues and which conception of security lies within the traditional state-centric approach, is an interesting but controversial development. The way the NATO as an international organisation (IO) and its individual members construct climate change as a security issue, can have normative implications. It can give climate change more prominence within the political agenda, but it can also expand the military’s policy reach (idem: ch.1, 1.4). 1 References of Diez et al.
Recommended publications
  • Parliamentary Dimension Dutch EU Presidency
    Parliamentary dimension Dutch EU Presidency 1 January - 1 July 2016 Index parliamentary dimension dutch eu presidency Index Reflection During the first six months of 2016, it was the Netherlands' turn to assume the Presidency of Meeting of the 3 the Council of the European Union. Throughout this period the Dutch government was Chairpersons of COSAC responsible for efficiently guiding the Council negotiations. But the Dutch Presidency also had a 'parliamentary dimension' to it. This entailed that the Dutch House of Representatives and the Senate organised six conferences for fellow parliamentarians from EU member states. Stability, economic 5 coordination and governance The aim of these conferences was to encourage parliamentarians to work together towards a stronger parliamentary engagement in European decision-making. Particularly now that many important decisions are made at a European level, effective parliamentary scrutiny plays a Innovative & Inspiring 7 major role. And that is why it is essential that national parliaments and the European Parlia- ment join forces and work together. It was in this spirit that, during the six months of the Dutch Presidency, the House of Representatives and the Senate made it their goal to encourage cooperation between parliamentarians and so increase their joint effectiveness. Human trafficking in 8 the digital age This e-zine reflects on the parliamentary dimension of the Dutch EU Presidency and shows the highlights of the six interparliamentary conferences organised by the Dutch parliament on such themes as security and defence, economic and budgetary policy, energy and human trafficking. Energy, innovation and 11 circular economy It also features the special focuses that the Dutch parliament placed on the content and organisation of the meetings.
    [Show full text]
  • Unofficial Translation of the Letter from the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the Eritrean Diaspora Tax in Europe Report
    Unofficial translation of the letter from the Dutch ministry of Foreign Affairs on the Eritrean diaspora tax in Europe report The original Dutch letter can be found here: https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/kamerstukken/2017/09/18/kamerbrief-over-eritrese- diasporabelasting To: Chair of the second chamber of the Dutch Parliament Date: 18 September 2017 Subject: Eritrean diaspora tax in Europe Dear Chair, In a letter to your Chamber on 15 December 2016 (“Eritrea and the influence of Eritrea in the Netherlands”, kst 22831-125), the Cabinet stated that it would commission a study into the diaspora tax in several European countries. This study was requested by your Chamber as per the motion 119 of Parliament member Karabulut (Kst 22 813-119). The research has now been completed and the Cabinet hereby presents the research report, titled “The 2% Tax for Eritreans in the diaspora”.1 The DSP-research, background and methodology In 2016, several options were explored for investigating “the nature and extent of the diaspora taxation in the European context”, as was requested in the motion. Contact with the European External Action Service (EEAS) in Brussels and with the relevant EU member states showed that there was no political support, or a sense of priority, for a common European study into this subject from other member states. Following this, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs commissioned its own study in seven countries. This study was executed by the DSP-groep in Amsterdam in cooperation with European External Policy Advisors (EEPA) in Brussels and the Tilburg University. The DSP-groep has previously produced a qualitative study into the integration of Eritreans and issues in the Eritrean community in the Netherlands for the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment.
    [Show full text]
  • Partij Van De Arbeid Inhoud
    ~RTIJ VAN DE ARBEID BE LEl DSVERSLAG OVER DE PERIODE 2005 - 200] e PARTIJ VAN DE ARBEID INHOUD Voorwoord 5 Hoofdstuk 1 De PvdA als democratische ledenpartij 7 6o-JARIG BESTAAN 7 PARTIJBESTUUR 7 CONGRES 8 PRESIDIUM 31 POLITIEK FORUM 32 ADVIESRAAD VERENICINGSZAKEN 33 PARTIJCOMMISSIES J WERKGROEPEN 33 DOELGROEPEN 36 REGIONALE STEUNPUNTEN 36 OPLEIDINGEN 37 HRMJSCOUTING 38 ADVIESTEAM MEDIATIONJKOMMER EN KWEL 39 LEDENWERVING EN LEDENBEHOUD Hoofdstuk 2 De PvdA als volkspartij 42 VERKIEZINGEN VERTEGENWOORDIGENDE LICHAMEN 42 VRIJWILLIGERSBELEID 44 Hoofdstuk 3 De PvdA als ideeënpartij 47 Hoofdstuk 4 De PvdA internationaal 51 PES DELEGATIE 59 Hoofdstuk 5 Financiën In memoriam 65 Tweede Kamerfractie Eerste Kamerfractie 75 PvdA- Eu rodelegatie 77 Jonge Socialisten in de PvdA OVER OE PERIODE 2005 · 2007 3 VooRwooRD Voor u ligt het beleidsverslag van de Partij van de Arbeid over de periode 1 oktober 2005 tot en met 6 oktober 2007. Dit beleidsverslag is een verantwoording van het gevoerde beleid van het partijbestuur. Twee gebeurtenissen waren van grote invloed op de partij zoals die thans (medio april 2008) functio­ neert. Ten eerste de vervroegde Tweede Kamerverkiezingen van november 2006, weliswaar met het zetelver­ lies, maar toch met als resultaat dat de PvdA op 22 februari 2007 zijn rol als oppositiepartij verwissel­ de voor die van regeringspartij. Per genoemde datum vormt de PvdA samen met het CDA en de Christen Unie het kabinet-Balkenende IV. Ten tweede de tussentijdse partijbestuurswisseling. Het in december 2005 gekozen partijbestuur trad in april 2007 vervroegd af. Op voorwerk van een interim-bestuur koos het PvdA-congres op 6 oktober 2007 een nieuw partijbestuur.
    [Show full text]
  • BERT KOENDERS Assemblee Speakers Is the Official Booking Agent of Bert Koenders
    BERT KOENDERS Assemblee Speakers is the official booking agent of Bert Koenders. Contact Bert Koenders as keynote speaker at your event directly through Assemblee Speakers! Categorie Politics, Economy & Finance Type Expert | Thought leader, Politician Inzetbaarheid Keynote speaker, Debate Talen EN, NL Afkomstig van The Netherlands Biografie Career From 17 October 2014 until 26th October 2017, Mr Koenders has been Minister of Foreign Affairs. In the first half of 2016 the Netherlands held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union. From August 2011 to October 2014, Mr Koenders was Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations; from May 2013 he was head of the Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA). From August 2011 to July 2013, he was the Secretary-General’s Special Representative and head of the UN Operation in Côte d'Ivoire. Between 2010 and 2011 Mr Koenders worked in South Korea as a negotiator on economics and development for the Organisation for Economic 1 / 2 Co-operation and Development’s Busan Partnership agreement. From February 2007 to February 2010 Mr Koenders was Minister for Development Cooperation. He was also Visiting Professor of Conflict Management at Johns Hopkins University (SAIS) in Bologna from 2000 to 2002. From November 1997 to February 2007 Mr Koenders was a member of the House of Representatives for the Labour Party (PvdA) serving as spokesperson on foreign affairs, human rights, trade, corporate social responsibility and international financial institutions. Prior to this, he was employed at the European Commission in the field of European foreign policy and, from 1993 to 1994, by the United Nations in Mozambique, Mexico and South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • European Parliament
    EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT ««« « « « « 1999 « « 2004 ««« Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs PE/V/PV/03-06 MINUTES of the meeting of 22 April 2003, 11.00 am - 12.30 pm - 3.00 pm - 6.30 pm and 23 April 2003, 9.00 am - 12.30 pm BRUSSELS The meeting opened at 11.04 am on Tuesday 22 April 2003, with Christa Randzio-Plath, chairwoman, in the chair. 1. Adoption of draft agenda PE 323.153 The agenda was adopted. 2. Chairman's announcements The chair spoke about a letter addressed to President Cox, regarding the short deadlines given to the Committee to express its opinion on the 2003 BEPGs. Mention was made of the improved website of the ECON committee. Finally, she highlighted the confirmation hearing for the new member of the executive board of the ECB, on 29 April 2003. 3. Any other business There was no other business. 4. Appointment of rapporteurs and draftspersons - decisions on procedure Decisions of the Coordinators' meeting of 9/04/2003 in Strasbourg The decisions taken at the Coordinators' meeting of 09/04/2003 in Strasbourg were approved. 5. Approval of minutes PE 323.145 The minutes of the meetings in Brussels of 17 and 18 March 2003 were approved. 6. Prospectus to be published for securities (revision of Directives 80/390/EEC and 89/298/EEC) PV\495541EN.doc PE 323.176 Or. en EN EN ***II T07408 - ( COD010117 - A5-0072/02 ) ( COD010117 - C5-0143/03 ) Rapporteur: Christopher HUHNE Note was taken of the NEW COMMON POSITION RECEIVED. 7. The Broad Guidelines of the Economic Policies of the Member States and the Community for 2003 - Preparation of the decision on the Broad Economic Guidelines - Exchange of views with M.
    [Show full text]
  • Ambassade De France Aux Pays-Bas
    Ambassade de France aux Pays-Bas PRESSE NEERLANDAISE DU VENDREDI 10 JUIN 2016 Trouw: [Massacres de décembre 1982 au Surinam] Le procès contre Bouterse se poursuit. De Volkskrant: Les missions militaires menacées par manque de moyens. AD Haagsche Courant: VVD: envoyez des militaires en Libye. De Telegraaf: Chaos autour du lancement de l’Euro 2016. Het Financieele Dagblad: L’assureur antillais liquidé. NRC Handelsblad: [Affaire des produits dérivés] Les banques vont à l’encontre de l’avis du ministre en rejetant les arrangements avec les PME. * * * Missions militaires : L’AD indique en Une que le VVD souhaite envoyer des militaires néerlandais en Libye, tandis que son partenaire de coalition PvdA est plutôt favorable à un prolongement de la mission néerlandaise au Mali. Selon le VVD, les Pays-Bas pourraient jouer un rôle dans la lutte contre le terrorisme et l’endiguement du flux des réfugiés en Libye, « une idée qui s’aligne sur la position du dirigeant VVD Halbe Zijlstra qui souhaite renforcer la frontière sud de l’Europe ». Le député PvdA, Michiel Servaes, ne voit pas partir les troupes néerlandaises vers la Libye : « Nous sommes d’accord pour soutenirle gouvernement d’union nationale mais pas avec des troupes au sol ». Le Volkskrant publie en Une un article sur le manque de personnel et de matériel qui force le ministère de la Défense à réduire le déploiement de l’armée néerlandaise à l’étranger. (AD p1,p6, VK p1) http://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/materieelgebrek-brengt-buitenlandse-missies-in- gevaar~a4317342/ http://www.ad.nl/buitenland/vvd-zend-nederlandse-militairen-naar-libie~a37719e8/ Air France – KLM : Sous le titre « la politique entre dans la querelle Air France », le Financieele Dagblad affirme, en Une, que « l’agitation au sein de la compagnie Air France- KLM a évolué vers une affaire gouvernementale ».
    [Show full text]
  • The Hague Symposium on the Worldwatch Institute Report: State of the World 2005: Redefining Global Security the Peace Palace, the Hague - 28 February 2005
    The Hague Symposium on the Worldwatch Institute report: State of the World 2005: Redefining Global Security The Peace Palace, The Hague - 28 February 2005 Participants HE Mr Abdulmalik A. AL-ERYANI Mr Sjoerd DE GIJZEL Ambassador Research Assistant Embassy of the Republic of Yemen Institute for Environmental The Netherlands Security The Netherlands Mr Abolfazl AZIZIPANAH Head of Commercial Department Mr Vincent DE-PAUL MENYAH Embassy of I.R. Iran Student The Netherlands Institute for Social Studies The Netherlands Ms Joanna BARRETT Communications and Programme Mr Dr Wybe DOUMA Assistant Senior Researcher Coalition for the International T.M.C. Asser Institute Criminal Court The Netherlands The Netherlands Mr Christopher FLAVIN Mr Henk BIERSTEKER President Former Foreign Affairs Editor Worldwatch Institute Trouw / Ikon United States The Netherlands Mr Bert FOKKEMA Mrs Nel BIERSTEKER Issue Manager The Netherlands Shell The Netherlands Mr Frans BOUWEN The Hague Process on Refugees Prof Dr Georg FRERKS and Migration Professor of Conflict Studies The Netherlands Centre for Conflict Studies Utrecht University Mr Serge BRONKHORST The Netherlands Legal advisor Bronkhorst International Law Mr Camilo GARCIA Services (BILS) First Secretary The Netherlands Embassy of Cuba Netherlands HE Mr B. DANI Ambassador Mr Chris GEERLING Embassy of Algeria Chairman The Netherlands Working Group Ecology & Development HE Mr Alfonso DASTIS The Netherlands Ambassador of Spain Embassy of Spain The Netherlands Dr Annemarie GOEDMAKERS Mr Ronald A. KINGHAM President Programme Director FRES - Institute for Environmental Foundation Rural Energy Services Security The Netherlands The Netherlands Mr Rens GROENEVELD Mr Milan KOLLAR Director Charge d'Affaires a.i. Ben & Jerry's Benelux Embassy of the Slovak Republic The Netherlands The Netherlands HE Mr Jousef T.
    [Show full text]
  • Invitation Rsvp
    INVITATION RSVP: http://bit.ly/2er0Ljg The LGBTI Core Group at the United Nations invites you to attend a Ministerial-level meeting on: Ending Violence and Discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bi, Trans and Intersex (LGBTI) Persons WEDNESDAY, 20 SEPTEMBER 2017, 4:305:45PM TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL CHAMBER, CONFERENCE BUILDING UNITED NATIONS HEADQUARTERS, NEW YORK The meeting will discuss measures to tackle violent abuse and unfair treatment of LGBTI people around the world, and highlight the urgent need for dialogue within and among countries. Featuring remarks by: Joseph Muscat, Prime Minister of Malta Gabriela Michetti, Vice-President of Argentina Ana Helena Chacon Echeverria, Vice-President of Costa Rica Didier Reynders, Deputy Prime Minister of Belgium Bert Koenders, Minister of Foreign Aairs of the Netherlands Børge Brende, Minister of Foreign Aairs of Norway Lord Ahmad of Wimbledon, Minister of State for Foreign Aairs and Development of the United Kingdom Frans Timmermans, Vice-President of the European Commission Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Ana Maria Menéndez, Senior Adviser on Policy to the UN Secretary-General The United Nations LGBTI Core Group is an informal cross regional group of United Nations Member States established in 2008. The group is co-chaired by Argentina and The Netherlands, and includes Australia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, El Salvador, France, Germany, Israel, Japan, Montenegro, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States of America, Uruguay, the European Union and Albania (as an observer), as well as the Oce of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, and the non-governmental organizations Human Rights Watch and Outright Action International.
    [Show full text]
  • Jaarverslag 2010
    Jaarverslag 2010 Colofon: Nederlandse Vrouwen Raad Benoordenhoutseweg 23 2596 BA Den Haag T: 070 3469304 F: 070 3459346 E: [email protected] www.nederlandsevrouwenraad.nl Foto omslag: Aanbieding manifest Vrouwenpodium Gerdi Verbeet, voorzitter Tweede Kamer (zie pagina 26) 2 Inhoudsopgave pag. 1. Inleiding 5 2. Kennisinfrastructuur emancipatie: de kerntaken van de koepel 9 3. Informatievoorziening en communicatie 11 4. Netwerkfunctie 15 5. Het voeden van beleidsprocessen en de politiek 21 6. Internationale vertegenwoordiging 29 7. (Kraamkamer van) Projecten 35 7.a. Ontwikkeling projecten 35 7.b. Uitvoering projecten 41 8. De Nederlandse Vrouwen Raad 49 9. Samenvatting van de Jaarrekening 2010 53 Bijlagen: Bijlage 1 Ledenbestand 55 Bijlage 2 Samenstelling NVR-organisatie en mutaties 59 Bijlage 3 Vertegenwoordigingen 62 3 4 1. Inleiding 2010 was het eerste jaar waarin de Nederlandse Vrouwen Raad deel uitmaakt van de Kennis Infrastructuur Emancipatie van het Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap. Op grond hiervan ontvangt de NVR structureel subsidie. Hierdoor gesteund heeft de NVR in 2010 haar werk en werkwijze krachtig voortgezet. De belangrijke netwerkfunctie van de NVR is extra ondersteund door een eenmalige subsidie, eveneens van het Ministerie van OC&W, voor de ontwikkeling van een eigentijds relatiebeheer- en kennissysteem. In 2010 zijn in de ontwikkeling van dit systeem, mede dankzij de inzet van de lidorganisaties in de levering van informatie, flinke vorderingen gemaakt. Tijdens de Algemene Vergadering van de NVR in november werd (de werking van) het systeem gepresenteerd en enthousiast ontvangen. In 2011 zullen lidorganisaties het systeem zelf kunnen raadplegen en bewerken. De projecten die de NVR, samen met lidorganisaties, ontwikkelt en uitvoert zijn idealiter langlopend en/of hebben een opzet die opgeschaald kan worden, bijvoorbeeld van provinciaal naar landelijk niveau, of „herhaald‟ kan worden, bijvoorbeeld in andere regio‟s of om nog meer vrouwen te bereiken.
    [Show full text]
  • 090330 Ministry of General Affairs Mr. J.P. Balkenende G-20 Summit
    Mr. J.P. Balkenende Prime Minister Ministry of General Affairs P.O. Box 20001 2500 EA The Hague The Netherlands Date: Amsterdam, 27 March 2009 Re: G-20 summit April 2 nd , London Contact: Wiert Wiertsema, tel. 020-530 66 00, e-mail: [email protected] . Dear Mr. Balkenende, On the 25 th of March Both ENDS organised an international expert meeting and a public debate in The Hague to discuss the scope for a so-called ‘Green New Deal’ in the light of the unfolding global financial and economic crisis. From the rich discussions at these meetings a number of concerns and policy recommendations emerged which we like to share with you in this letter. 1. While the financial crisis caused an immediate threat to the international financial system and the global economy, various other crises – e.g., the energy crisis, the climate crisis, the food crisis, and the water crisis –have similarly grave consequences. Though these consequences are not yet always apparent, many scientists foresee huge financial costs by the time that the consequences of these crises have spread around the globe. For that reason the participants of the The Hague meetings urge all governments present at the G- 20 summit – including the Dutch and EU governments – to give equal priority to solutions for not just the financial crisis, but for all the other urgent crises mentioned. 2. Around the world, governments appear to have no other choice but to bail out financial institutions and other companies at an unprecedented scale. To many people this translates as a ‘socialisation’ of massive losses due to private sector institutions taking irresponsible risks.
    [Show full text]
  • Europe's Evolving Deterrence Discourse
    EUROPE’S EVOLVING DETERRENCE DISCOURSE EDITED BY AMELIA MORGAN AND ANNA PÉCZELI Center for Global Security Research Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory February 2021 EUROPE’S EVOLVING DETERRENCE DISCOURSE EDITED BY AMELIA MORGAN AND ANNA PÉCZELI Center for Global Security Research Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory King's College London Science Applications International Corporation February 2021 EUROPE’S EVOLVING DETERRENCE DISCOURSE | 1 This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in part under Contract W-7405-Eng-48 and in part under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. The views and opinions of the author expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. ISBN-978-1-952565-09-0 LCCN-2020922986 LLNL-TR-815694 TPG-60099 2 | AMELIA MORGAN AND ANNA PÉCZELI Contents About the Contributors 2 Preface Brad Roberts 7 Introduction Amelia Morgan and Heather Williams 8 The (Incomplete) Return of Deterrence Michael Rühle 13 The German Debate: The Bundestag and Nuclear Deterrence Pia Fuhrhop 27 The Dutch Debate: Activism vs. Pragmatism Michal Onderco 39 French Perspectives on Disarmament and Deterrence Emmanuelle Maitre 51 Nuclear Deterrence and Arms Control: A NATO Perspective Jessica Cox and Joseph Dobbs 66 Defining the Needed Balance of Deterrence and Arms Control in Europe Anna Péczeli 74 Restoring the Balancing Act: Disarmament and Deterrence in the New Era Łukasz Kulesa 93 Rethinking the Impact of Emerging Technologies on Strategic Stability Andrea Gilli and Mauro Gilli 105 Artificial Intelligence and Deterrence: A View from Europe Laura Siddi 121 A Practitioner’s Perspective: Modern Deterrence and the U.S.–U.K.
    [Show full text]
  • Bencham Brochure 2016
    Be Connected! BenCham Shanghai BenCham Shanghai The Benelux Chamber of Commerce (BenCham) is a business community that creates opportunities to maximize benefits for organizations and professionals to succeed and lead in China. BenCham: What can we do for you? Connect Get connected to relevant people and Connect organizations to create opportunities for you to succeed and lead in China. Community Community Be part of a tight-knit community to exchange knowledge and experiences with peers in all fields of industries. Content Content Join content driven events on a variety of topics, which enable you to stay current on trends and changes. Connect Weekly Meet & Greet Match Making Visiting delegations Peer2Peer Mentoring Connect Matchmaking We facilitate matchmaking between professionals who are in similar industries or who are facing comparable challenges. We also actively focus on cooperation opportunities, connecting our members to potential business partners. Access to our membership database BenCham offers you immediate access to our members nationwide. Meet & Greet We link and refer members to our existing members, to meet peers and professionals in a fun, productive social environment. Members have become the experts of today, and can inspire the new members of the BenCham community. Connect – Visiting delegations A glance of the delegations in 2015: • Prime Minister Rutte accompanied by Mrs. Mansveld Minister for Environment • King Philippe & Queen Mathilde accompanied by the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Minister-Presidents of the Regions and a delegation of 100 CEOs and Presidents of the main universities. • Majesty Willem Alexander, King of the Netherlands accompanied by Minister of Foreign Affairs Bert Koenders, Minister for Agriculture Sharon Dijksma and five economic missions, existing of 140 companies and around 240 people.
    [Show full text]