DOCSLIB.ORG

The Concept of Bodhicitta in Sant Ideva's Bodhicaryava Tara

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Concept of Bodhicitta in Sant Ideva's Bodhicaryava Tara The concept of bodhicitta in Sant ideva's Bodhicaryava tara Francis Brassard Faculty of Religious Studies McGill University Mon treal, Canada. August 1996 A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Craduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of the Ph.D. @ Francis Brassard 1996 National Library Bibliothèque nationale l*l of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington OttawaON KlAOiû4 OttawaON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Ywr fi& Votre m/emcs Our Ne Notre reiérence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of îhis thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propiété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts kom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenirise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author7s ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Canada Table of contents Acknow ledgmen ts .................................................................................................................................................................. iv Abstract ............... ..................................................................................................................................................................... v Abbreviat ions.............. ... ................................................................................................................................................. VI 1ntroduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter one Bodhicitta and t the spiritual path of the bodhisattva ........ .... ................... 6 1. Methodological consideratiori .......................................................................................................... 6 2. Santideva's Bodhicaryavata ....~~~~.~~~.~~~~~~~~~.~~~.~~~~~.~~~~~.~.......... ..................................................... 11 i . The text ................................................................................................................................................ 12 .. - 11. Sant ideva ............................................................................................................................................ 17 ... 11 i . Prajnakararnat-- i ............................................................................................................................. 20 3. Review of literature.................................................................................................................................. 20 i . Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki............................................................................................................. 21 ii. Sangharakshita ....................................... .. ..................................................................................... 27 Chapter two: Bodhicitta as desire for enlightenment ............................................................................ 33 1. The importance and implications of the idea of motivation ................. ........... 34 2. Crit icisrn of Mhicitta as factor of motivation ................................................................... 41 i . Citta .......................................................................................................................................................... 41 ii. Citta-utpada ................................................................................................................................ 47 - iii. The two types of bodhicitta ......... .. ................. 1 ..- iv . The ethical aspect of bodhicitta ................................................................................. 39 3. Conclusion........................................................................................................................................................... 64 Chapter three Bodhicitta as object of concentration .......................................................................... 66 1. Arguments in favor of bodhicitta as object of concentrat ion ............................... 68 i . Derivat ives of the verbal root dgrah and ddhr............................................. 69 ii. The practice of meditation ............................................................................................. 73 iii. l mplications related to the idea of bodhicitta as object of concentration........................................................................................................................................ 78 2. Criticism of bodhicitta as abject of concentration .......................................................... 79 Chapter four: Bodhicitta and cult [vation of awarenes...................................................................... 87 1. The nature of religious language .............................. .. ........................................................... 89 i . The f unctional aspect of religious language............ ... ................................... 90 ii . The rnetaphysical aspect of rel igious language ............................................... 94 i i i . The et h ical aspect of re ligious language............. .. ...................................... 98 2. The cultivation of awareness............................................................................................................. 108 i . Examples of the cultivation of awareness ........... .. ............................................ 112 ii. The feeling of detachment.................................................................................................. 115 iii. The breaking up of distinctions.................................................................................... 119 iv . The unforeseeable nature of the experience of transforrnat ion .................................. ..................................................... 120 3 . The pract ice of devot ion ....................................................................................................................... 122 - i . saddha/s'raddha .......................................................................................................................... 124 4 . Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 28 Chapter f ive: The aspect of renunciat ion ....................................................................................................... 130 i . The kl& and the cuit ivat ion of awareness................................................. 136 .. - - 11. &tipmmita ............................................................................................................................... 138 ... iii. The workings of the mind .................................................................................................. 141 Chapter six: The aspect of conversion .............................................................................................................. 148 - i . vrryaparamita .................. .. .......................................................................................................... 136 Chapter seven: The aspect of contemplation ............................................................................................. 168 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................................................... 182 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................................... 186 Acknow ledgments 1 am gratefui to my supervisor, Professor Richard Hayes from the facu ty of Religious studies of McGill University. for his guidance in the present thesis. Professor Hayes, by suggesting seven years ago to investigate the concept of upaya lskillfui means). prompted an intellectual punuit whose partial accomplishment has been the writing of this thesis. 1 am also grateful to Professor Lambert Schmithausen from the I nstitüt für Kultur und Geschichte Indiens und Tibets of Hamburg University who introduced me to the philosophy of Santideva and helped me in rny reading of the Sanskrit version of the Bodhicarygva tara. 1 thank the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the Deutscher akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) for providing f inanaal assistance during my Ph.D. studies. Finally, special thanks to Benoit Bernard for having helped me to use my computer more efficient ly and last, but not least. to rny wife Rina and my parents who never failed to provide support and encouragement. Abstract This thesis is a contribution to the study of the interpretation of the concept of bodhicitta. This concept is a technical
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Dōgen Zenji´S 'Gakudō Yōjin-Shū' from a Theravada Perspective
    The Dōgen Zenji´s ‘Gakudō Yōjin-shū’ from a Theravada Perspective Ricardo Sasaki Introduction Zen principles and concepts are often taken as mystical statements or poetical observations left for its adepts to use his/her “intuitions” and experience in order to understand them. Zen itself is presented as a teaching beyond scriptures, mysterious, transmitted from heart to heart, and impermeable to logic and reason. “A special transmission outside the teachings, that does not rely on words and letters,” is a well known statement attributed to its mythical founder, Bodhidharma. To know Zen one has to experience it directly, it is said. As Steven Heine and Dale S. Wright said, “The image of Zen as rejecting all forms of ordinary language is reinforced by a wide variety of legendary anecdotes about Zen masters who teach in bizarre nonlinguistic ways, such as silence, “shouting and hitting,” or other unusual behaviors. And when the masters do resort to language, they almost never use ordinary referential discourse. Instead they are thought to “point directly” to Zen awakening by paradoxical speech, nonsequiturs, or single words seemingly out of context. Moreover, a few Zen texts recount sacrilegious acts against the sacred canon itself, outrageous acts in which the Buddhist sutras are burned or ripped to shreds.” 1 Western people from a whole generation eager to free themselves from the religion of their families have searched for a spiritual path in which, they hoped, action could be done without having to be explained by logic. Many have founded in Zen a teaching where they could act and think freely as Zen was supposed to be beyond logic and do not be present in the texts - a path fundamentally based on experience, intuition, and immediate feeling.
    [Show full text]
  • Zen and the Art of Storytelling Heesoon Bai & Avraham Cohen
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Simon Fraser University Institutional Repository Zen and the Art of Storytelling Heesoon Bai & Avraham Cohen Studies in Philosophy and Education An International Journal ISSN 0039-3746 Stud Philos Educ DOI 10.1007/s11217-014-9413-8 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science +Business Media Dordrecht. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Stud Philos Educ DOI 10.1007/s11217-014-9413-8 Zen and the Art of Storytelling Heesoon Bai · Avraham Cohen © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 Abstract This paper explores the contribution of Zen storytelling to moral education. First, an understanding of Zen practice, what it is and how it is achieved, is established. Second, the connection between Zen practice and ethics is shown in terms of the former’s ability to cultivate moral emotions and actions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief Introduction to Buddhism and the Sakya Tradition
    A brief introduction to Buddhism and the Sakya tradition © 2016 Copyright © 2016 Chödung Karmo Translation Group www.chodungkarmo.org International Buddhist Academy Tinchuli–Boudha P.O. Box 23034 Kathmandu, Nepal www.internationalbuddhistacademy.org Contents Preface 5 1. Why Buddhism? 7 2. Buddhism 101 9 2.1. The basics of Buddhism 9 2.2. The Buddha, the Awakened One 12 2.3. His teaching: the Four Noble Truths 14 3. Tibetan Buddhism: compassion and skillful means 21 4. The Sakya tradition 25 4.1. A brief history 25 4.2. The teachings of the Sakya school 28 5. Appendices 35 5.1. A brief overview of different paths to awakening 35 5.2. Two short texts on Mahayana Mind Training 39 5.3. A mini-glossary of important terms 43 5.4. Some reference books 46 5 Preface This booklet is the first of what we hope will become a small series of introductory volumes on Buddhism in thought and practice. This volume was prepared by Christian Bernert, a member of the Chödung Karmo Translation Group, and is meant for interested newcomers with little or no background knowledge about Buddhism. It provides important information on the life of Buddha Shakyamuni, the founder of our tradition, and his teachings, and introduces the reader to the world of Tibetan Buddhism and the Sakya tradition in particular. It also includes the translation of two short yet profound texts on mind training characteristic of this school. We thank everyone for their contributions towards this publication, in particular Lama Rinchen Gyaltsen, Ven. Ngawang Tenzin, and Julia Stenzel for their comments and suggestions, Steven Rhodes for the editing, Cristina Vanza for the cover design, and the Khenchen Appey Foundation for its generous support.
    [Show full text]
  • Dzogchen Lineage Prayer
    Dzogchen Lineage Transmission of Khenpo Sherab Sangpo The guru is the Buddha, the guru is the Dharma, The guru is the Sangha. The guru is the one who grants all accomplishment. The guru is the glorious Vajradhāra. bodhicittasangha.org 1 of 8 All of the written and oral instructions of the tantras teach countless steps to accomplish the glorious guru who grants all siddhis. Begin by generating the wish to free all beings as infinite as space from the causes and the conditions of suffering and to lead them to omniscience and to complete enlightenment. With this intention visualize in front of you your glorious root guru seated on a lion’s throne of lotus, sun, and moon stacked upon one another. Your precious root guru, the all-encompassing treasury of compassion, is in essence all of the buddhas of the three times and the source of all blessings and of all accomplishments who is inseparable from Longchenpa, the All-knowing Dharma King. Above your root guru’s head are the gurus of the Dzogchen Lineage appearing one above the other. Around them visualize a great gathering of all the gurus whose face you have seen, whose voice you have heard, or through whom you have a connection to the Dharma. Take Refuge Namo I and all infinite beings respectfully take refuge In the Gurus, the Iṣṭadevatās, and the Dākinīs, And in the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Noble Sangha, Whose vast gathering fills space. Generate Bodhicitta I and all infinite beings Have always been primordial buddhas. Knowing this, I generate supreme bodhicitta.
    [Show full text]
  • Pure Mind, Pure Land a Brief Study of Modern Chinese Pure Land Thought and Movements
    Pure Mind, Pure Land A Brief Study of Modern Chinese Pure Land Thought and Movements Wei, Tao Master of Arts Faculty ofReligious Studies McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada July 26, 2007 In Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Faculty ofReligious Studies of Mc Gill University ©Tao Wei Copyright 2007 All rights reserved. Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Bran ch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-51412-2 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-51412-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • BCA Ch. 1, Verse 9, Text Section 222-224 Once This Bodhicitta Has
    Dharma Path BCA 1-9 Commentary.doc BCA Ch. 1, Verse 9, Text Section 222‐224 Once this bodhicitta has taken birth, in that very instant, Even those who were captured in the prison of samsaara will be called ʺsons of the sugatasʺ and will be revered by all the world, including gods and men. BCA 1‐9, Text sections 222‐224 This stanza shows how bodhicitta brings about a change in the individual. The very moment bodhicitta is born in your mind, you become a bodhisattva, a child of the sugatas. It does not matter if you have a male or female body, if you are old or young, or whether you come from a good or bad family. Family refers here to the four great castes: the royal caste, the brahmin caste, the minister caste, and the menial caste. The Bodhisattva‐caryavatara was written in the 8th century at the Buddhist university of Nalanda by the Indian master and monk Santideva. The audience at Nalanda consisted exclusively of male scholars and monks. Male lay people were allowed to study at the university. Female visitors were only allowed to speak to monks and students in the monastery corridor, after which they would have to leave. Nuns were also not allowed into the monastery. Thus, the language of the Bodhisattvacaryavatara particularly addresses a male audience. This situation was exascerbated in Tibet, since the lineage of the bhikuni vows was never brought into the country. This meant that Buddhist scholasticism in Tibet took place exclusively among male scholars and monks, and the Tibetan commentaries on the Bodhisattva‐caryavatara were, therefore, clearly written for a male audience.
    [Show full text]
  • The Excellence of Bodhicitta
    1: THE EXCELLENCE OF BODHICITTA NOTE ON PART ONE: CHAPTERS ONE, TWO, AND THREE ....................................................................... 2 EXPLANATION OF CHAPTER TITLE........................................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER STRUCTURE .......................................................................................................................... 2 I. THE SUPPORTS FOR BODHICITTA ........................................................................................................ 2 I.A. The supporting basis of the body .......................................................................................................... 2 I.B. The supporting basis of the mind .......................................................................................................... 2 II. THE BENEFITS OF GENERATING BODHICITTA ....................................................................................... 3 II.A. THE GENERAL BENEFITS OF GENERATING BODHICITTA ..................................................................... 3 II.A.1. The strength of bodhicitta ................................................................................................................. 3 II.A.2. Your name and status change ........................................................................................................... 4 II.A.3. Examples .........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sakya Thinkers on the Madhyamaka View of Freedom from Proliferations Yaroslav Komarovski University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected]
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Classics and Religious Studies Department 2016 “If Apprehending Occurs, It is not the View” — Sakya Thinkers on the Madhyamaka View of Freedom from Proliferations Yaroslav Komarovski University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub Part of the East Asian Languages and Societies Commons, History of Philosophy Commons, Other Classics Commons, Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons, Philosophy of Mind Commons, and the South and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies Commons Komarovski, Yaroslav, "“If Apprehending Occurs, It is not the View” — Sakya Thinkers on the Madhyamaka View of Freedom from Proliferations" (2016). Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department. 130. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub/130 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Classics and Religious Studies at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. ㅌ 불교학 리 뷰 Critical Review Critical 불교학 for Review Buddhist for Studies Buddhist 리 뷰 Studies 20 2016 |투고논문| ① Reframing Bhavivekaˉ : Jundo Nagashima ② Madhyamaka Schools in Early Tibet : Kevin Vose ③ The Meaning of rigs shes in the Geluk Tradition : Jongbok
    [Show full text]
  • Four Sichuan Buddhist Steles and the Beginnings of Pure Land Imagery in China Author(S): Dorothy C
    Four Sichuan Buddhist Steles and the Beginnings of Pure Land Imagery in China Author(s): Dorothy C. Wong Source: Archives of Asian Art, Vol. 51 (1998/1999), pp. 56-79 Published by: University of Hawai'i Press for the Asia Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20111283 . Accessed: 22/11/2013 13:42 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. University of Hawai'i Press and Asia Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Archives of Asian Art. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.143.172.192 on Fri, 22 Nov 2013 13:42:46 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Four Sichuan Buddhist Steles and the Beginnings of Pure Land Imagery in China Dorothy C.Wong University of Virginia 1 he Northern and Southern Dynasties (386?589) iswell thriving economic and cultural center since Han times, a recognized as period of significant developments in but compared with Nanjing and Luoyang, capital cities Chinese art history. Idioms and artistic conventions estab where ritual art in the service of a state ideology remained lished in Han-dynasty (202 BCE?220 CE) art continued, an imperative, Sichuan always allowed artists a much while the acceptance of Buddhism and Buddhist art forms greater degree of freedom.
    [Show full text]
  • The Concept of a " Creator God" in Tantric Buddhism
    THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BUDDHIST STUDIES EDITOR-IN-CHIEF A.K. Narain University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA EDITORS L.M.Joshi Ernst Steinkellner Punjabi University University of Vienna PatiaUi, India Wien, Austria Alexander W. Macdonald Jikido Takasaki Universitede Paris X University of Tokyo Nanterre, France Tokyo,Japan Hardwell Smith Robert Thurman Carleton College Amherst College Northjield, Minnesota, USA Amherst, Massachusetts, USA ASSISTANT EDITOR Roger Jackson University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Volume 8 1985 Number I CONTENTS I. ARTICLES J. Nagarjuna's Arguments Against Motion, by Kamaleswar Bhattacharya 7 2. Dharani and Pratibhdna: Memory and Eloquence of the Bodhisattvas, by J ens Braarvig 17 3. The Concept of a "Creator God" in Tantric Buddhism, by Eva K. Dargyay 31 4. Direct Perception (Pratyakja) in dGe-iugs-pa Interpre­ tations of Sautrantika,^/lnw^C. Klein 49 5. A Text-Historical Note on Hevajratantra II: v: 1-2, by lj>onard W.J. van der Kuijp 83 6. Simultaneous Relation (Sahabhu-hetu): A Study in Bud­ dhist Theory of Causation, by Kenneth K. Tanaka 91 II. BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTICES Reviews: 1. The Books o/Kiu- Te or the Tibetan Buddhist Tantras: A Pre­ liminary Analysis, by David Reigle Dzog Chen and Zen, by Namkhai Norbu (Roger Jackson) 113 2. Nagarjuniana. Studies in the Writings and Philosophy of Ndgdrjuna, by Chr. Lindtner (Fernando Tola and Carmen Dragonetti) 115 3. Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Bud­ dhism, by Steven Collins (Vijitha Rajapakse) 117 4. Self and Non-Self in Early Buddhism, by Joaquin Perez- Remon (VijithaRajapkse) 122 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Pure Mind, Pure Land a Brief Study of Modern Chinese Pure Land Thought and Movements
    Pure Mind, Pure Land A Brief Study of Modern Chinese Pure Land Thought and Movements Wei, Tao Master of Arts Faculty ofReligious Studies McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada July 26, 2007 In Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Faculty ofReligious Studies of Mc Gill University ©Tao Wei Copyright 2007 All rights reserved. Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Bran ch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-51412-2 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-51412-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Skilful Means: a Concept in Mahayana Buddhism, Second Edition
    SMA01C 2 11/21/03, 10:48 AM SKILFUL MEANS ‘Skilful means’ is the key principle of the great tradition of Mahayana Buddhism. First set out extensively in the Lotus Sutra, it originates in the Buddha’s compassionate project for helping others to transcend the cease- less round of birth and death. His strategies or interventions are ‘skilful means’—devices which lead into enlightenment and nirvana. Michael Pye’s clear and engaging introductory guide presents the meaning of skilful means in the formative writings, traces its antecedents in the legends of early Buddhism and explores links both with the Theravada tradition and later Japanese Buddhism. First published in 1978, the book remains the best explanation of this dynamic philosophy, which is essential for any com- plete understanding of Buddhism. Michael Pye is Professor of the Study of Religions at Marburg Univer- sity, and author of Emerging from Meditation (1990), The Buddha (1981) and the Macmillan Dictionary of Religion (1993). He is a former President of the International Association for the History of Religions (1995–2000), and has taught at the Universities of Lancaster and Leeds. SMA01C 1 11/21/03, 10:48 AM SMA01C 2 11/21/03, 10:48 AM SKILFUL MEANS A Concept in Mahayana Buddhism Second Edition MICHAEL PYE SMA01C 3 11/21/03, 10:48 AM First published in 1978 by Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. The Old Piano Factory, 43 Gloucester Crescent, London NW1 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” This edition published 2003 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London, EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 © 2003 Routledge All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]