MUMBAI, INDIA DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PROFILE Last Update October 2005 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................1 Demographic, economic, social and cultural characteristics........................1 Governance style ..........................................................................................1 National hazardscape ...................................................................................2 National disaster management structure and relevant legislation................4 National land use management system and relevant legislation .................5 Integration of disaster risk management in development programs.............7 Significance of the city to the nation .............................................................8 Geographical setting of the City....................................................................8 2 INTER-CITY LINKAGES ..................................................................................9 Internal division of the City............................................................................9 Governance/management style....................................................................9 Relevant legislation/regulations ..................................................................11 3 LAND USE MANAGEMENT ...........................................................................11 Relevant legislation.....................................................................................11 Responsible agents and their relationship..................................................11 Effectiveness of current arrangements .......................................................12 4 VULNERABILITY ISSUES ..............................................................................13 At-risk groups ..............................................................................................14 At-risk locations...........................................................................................16 City policies on vulnerability alleviation.......................................................17 5 DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS ..........................................18 Functional arrangements ............................................................................18 Risk Assessment.........................................................................................20 Risk Communication ...................................................................................21 6 DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT VISION.........................................................22 7 ISSUES ......................................................................................................22 ANNEX 1: NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY’S ACTIVITIES ...............25 ANNEX 2: FEATURES OF THE DRAFT NATIONAL POLICY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT26 8 REFERENCES.............................................................................................28 3CD City Profiles Series - Current Working Document- Mumbai-India Mumbai, India 1 Introduction Demographic, economic, social and cultural characteristics Mumbai (known as Bombay until 1996) is located on the west coast of India facing the Arabian Sea and is the capital of the state of Maharashtra. It is India’s financial capital. India itself is a South Asian country bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan. It has a land area of 2,973,190 sq km on which live 1,065,070,607 people (July 2004 est.), making India the second most populous country in the world after its neighbor China. 1 With a $3.319 trillion GDPppp (2004 est.) , the Indian economy is the fourth largest in the world, and is the world's second-fastest growing economy with an average growth rate of 6% since 1990. It encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of support services. However, the country has a continuing public-sector budget deficit of an approximate 60% of GDP. Governance style The Republic of India is a democratic republic with a bicameral parliament. It is a union of states within a federal structure. It has 28 states (subdivided into districts), 6 Union Territories and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. States have their own elected government; while Union Territories are governed by an administrator appointed by the union government. Page 1 3CD City Profiles Series - Current Working Document- Mumbai-India The head of state is the President which is mainly a ceremonial position. The President and Vice-President are elected indirectly through an electoral college for 5 year terms. The Prime Minister holds the executive power and is designated by the political party or coalition commanding a parliamentary majority. The Prime Minister nominates subordinate ministers to be appointed by the president. National hazardscape Damage due to Natur al Disaster s in India India has been traditionally People Houses and Propert y Year affected buildings damage/loss vulnerable to various hazard types. (Million) damaged (Million Rs) Floods, droughts, cyclones, 1985 59.56 2449878 400.6 earthquakes and landslides have 1986 55.00 2049277 307.4 1987 48.34 2919380 205.7 been recurrent phenomena. About 1988 10.15 242533 406.3 60% of the landmass is prone to 1989 3.01 782340 204.1 earthquakes of various intensities; 1990 3.17 1019930 107.1 1991 34.27 1190109 109 13.45% (40+ million hectares) is 1992 19.09 570969 200.5 prone to floods; about 8% of the total 1993 26.24 1529916 508 area is prone to cyclones and 68% of 1994 23.53 1051223 108.3 the area is susceptible to drought. 1995 54.35 2088355 407.3 1996 54.99 2376693 504.3 "In the decade 1990-2000, an 1997 44.38 1103549 n.a. average of about 4344 people lost 1998 52.17 1563405 7.2 their lives and about 30 million 1999 50.17 3104064 10209.7 2000 59.43 2736355 8000 people were affected by disasters 2001 78.82 846878 120000 every year. The loss in terms of Data : Annual Reports, NDM Division, Ministry of Agriculture private, community and public assets has been astronomical".2 “Floods and high winds account for 60 % of all disasters in India […] Losses in the Orissa Cyclone in 1999, and later, the Gujarat Earthquake in 2001 amounted to several thousand crore of Rupees, while the total expenditure on relief and reconstruction in Gujarat has been estimated at Rs 11,500 crore. Similarly, the country has suffered four major earthquakes in the last fifty years along with a series of moderate intensity earthquakes that have occurred at regular intervals. Since 1988, six earthquakes have struck different parts of the One crore is 10 million. Page 2 3CD City Profiles Series - Current Working Document- Mumbai-India country. These caused considerable human and property losses. […] In the recent earthquake in Gujarat, more than 14,000 lives were lost, ten lakh houses were damaged and the asset loss has been indicated to be worth 15,000 crore.”3 The Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC) of India states that the vulnerability to natural hazards in terms of area affected is as follows: 54% to earthquakes, 28% to drought, 5% to floods, and 8% to cyclones. According to IIPA, about one million homes are damaged annually with human, economic, social and other losses (BMPTC, 2003).4 Regarding earthquakes, the country has been divided into five earthquake zones (Zone V having the largest probability of a high consequence event.) The BMTPC estimates earthquake vulnerability in terms of land area affected as follows: 12% is liable to severe earthquakes (intensity MSK IX or more) 18% is liable to MSK VIII (similar to the earthquakes in Latur/Uttarkashi) 25% is liable to MSK Vii (similar to the Jabalpur earthquake). The east coast of the Indian subcontinent experiences more cyclones than the west coast (262 cyclones in the east compared with 33 cyclones between 1891 and 1990. Nineteen cyclones had more than 10,000 fatalities each. The floods in the Indo-Gengetic-Brahmaputra plains render a few hundred lives lost and millions homeless every year. BMTPC’s tool for disaster management, the Vulnerability Atlas of India is under revision; the use of hazard maps to earthquakes, cyclones, and floods at the local/district level is actively being pursued by the Government of India in the projects with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS or also known as Habitat). The Atlas covers issues like physical vulnerability assessments of different building types (using seismic and cyclone intensities), disaster damage scenarios, technical guidelines for hazard resistant construction of buildings, One lakh is a 100 thousand. Page 3 3CD City Profiles Series - Current Working Document- Mumbai-India upgrading of hazard resistant construction of existing housing stock by retrofitting, and techno-legal regime to be adopted. National disaster management structure and relevant legislation5 Relief in the wake of natural calamities has been traditionally the principal focus of disaster management actions, and has been treated primarily as a responsibility of the States. The Central Government can, however, associate itself with relief measures although its response is determined by factors such as (i) the gravity of the disaster in question, (ii) the scale of the relief operation necessary, and (iii) the requirements of Central assistance for augmenting the financial resources at the