DOCSLIB.ORG

Mesoamerican Origin of the Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Is Revealed by Sequence Data

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mesoamerican Origin of the Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Is Revealed by Sequence Data Mesoamerican origin of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is revealed by sequence data Elena Bitocchia, Laura Nannia, Elisa Belluccia, Monica Rossia, Alessandro Giardinia, Pierluigi Spagnoletti Zeulib, Giuseppina Logozzob, Jens Stougaardc, Phillip McCleand, Giovanna Attenee, and Roberto Papaa,f,1 aDipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; bDipartimento di Biologia Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; cCentre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; dDepartment of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105; eDipartimento di Scienze Agronomiche e Genetica Vegetale Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; and fCereal Research Centre, Agricultural Research Council (CRA-CER), S.S. 16, Km 675, 71122 Foggia, Italy Edited* by Jeffrey L. Bennetzen, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, and approved December 16, 2011 (received for review June 3, 2011) Knowledge about the origins and evolution of crop species rep- scenario of P. vulgaris (20, 21), although a recent study has sug- resents an important prerequisite for efficient conservation and use gested a single domestication event at the origin of the indica and of existing plant materials. This study was designed to solve the japonica subgroups (22). While only these two major gene pools ongoing debate on the origins of the common bean by investigating are recognized in the domesticated population, the geographical the nucleotide diversity at five gene loci of a large sample that structure of the wild form of the common bean is more complex, represents the entire geographical distribution of the wild forms of with an additional third gene pool that is localized between Peru this species. Our data clearly indicate a Mesoamerican origin of the and Ecuador (23) and characterized by a specific storage seed common bean. They also strongly support the occurrence of a protein, phaseolin type I (24). Moreover, wild populations from bottleneck during the formation of the Andean gene pool that Colombia are often seen as intermediates, and a marked geo- predates the domestication, which was suggested by recent studies graphical structure is observed in wild beans from Mesoamerica based on multilocus molecular markers. Furthermore, a remarkable (12). The population from northern Peru and Ecuador is usually result was the genetic structure that was seen for the Mesoamerican considered the ancestral population from which P. vulgaris origi- accessions, with the identification of four different genetic groups nated (the northern Peru–Ecuador hypothesis) (11, 24, 25). In- that have different relationships with the sets of wild accessions deed, the work by Kami et al. (24) analyzed a portion of the gene from the Andes and northern Peru–Ecuador. This finding implies that codes for the storage seed protein phaseolin, including pha- that both of the gene pools from South America originated through seolin type (type I) from northern Peru–Ecuador accessions that different migration events from the Mesoamerican populations that was not present in the other gene pools, which indicates that type I were characteristic of central Mexico. phaseolin is ancestral to the other phaseolin sequences of P. vul- garis (24). Thus, the work by Kami et al. (24) suggested that, crop evolution | Phaseoleae | population structure | mutation rate starting from the core area of the western slopes of the Andes in northern Peru and Ecuador, the wild bean was dispersed north he common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the main grain (Colombia, Central America, and Mexico) and south (southern Tlegume for direct human consumption, and it represents Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina), which resulted in the Mesoamer- a rich source of protein, vitamins, minerals, and fiber, especially ican and Andean gene pools, respectively. for the poorer populations of Africa and Latin America (1). The Mesoamerican origin of the common bean is an alterna- Investigations into the origins and evolution of this species would tive and older hypothesis. This hypothesis is supported by the be expected to highlight the structure and organization of its observations that the closest relatives of wild P. vulgaris in the genetic diversity and the role of the evolutionary forces that have Phaseolus genus are distributed throughout Mesoamerica (26– been shaping this diversity. Such knowledge is a crucial pre- 29). Additionally, the higher diversity found in the Mesoamer- requisite for efficient conservation and use of the existing ican compared with the Andean gene pool (phaseolin types, germplasm for the development of new improved plant varieties. allozyme alleles, and molecular markers) (8–10, 30, 31) supports The current distribution of the wild common bean encompasses a Mesoamerican origin. a large geographical area: from northern Mexico to northwestern Recently, the work by Rossi et al. (13) compared amplified Argentina (2). In general, two major ecogeographical gene pools fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) data based on an anal- are recognized: Mesoamerica and the Andes. These two gene ysis of wild and domesticated P. vulgaris accessions with the data pools are characterized by partial reproductive isolation (3, 4), from the work by Kwak and Gepts (14) based on simple se- and they are seen in both wild and domesticated materials. They quence repeats (SSRs) obtained on a similar sample. This have been recognized in several studies based on morphology (5– analysis suggested that, before domestication, there was a severe 7), agronomic traits (7), seed proteins (8), allozymes (9), and bottleneck in the Andean populations, and they reproposed the different types of molecular markers (10–15), which have given Mesoamerican origin of the common bean. the overall indication of the occurrence of at least two in- dependent domestication events in the two different hemispheres. The existence of these two geographically distinct and isolated Author contributions: E. Bitocchi and R.P. designed research; E. Bitocchi, L.N., E. Bellucci, evolutionary lineages that predate the domestication of the M.R., A.G., P.S.Z., G.L., and J.S., P.M., G.A., and R.P. performed research; E. Bitocchi, L.N., common bean represents a unique scenario among crops. This E. Bellucci, G.A., and R.P. analyzed data; and E. Bitocchi and R.P. wrote the paper. scenario differs from the occurrence over a smaller geographical The authors declare no conflict of interest. range of multiple domestications that have been proposed for *This Direct Submission article had a prearranged editor. other species, such as barley (16) and wheat (17), and indeed, Data deposition: The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the Gen- within the Mesoamerican gene pool of the common bean itself Bank database (accession nos. JN796475-JN796922). (18, but see 13, 19). In these cases, the lack of isolation between 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]. the populations prevented independent evolution of different See Author Summary on page 5148 (volume 109, number 14). lineages in both the wild and domesticated forms. Rice is the only This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. crop that may show a scenario that is to some extent similar to the 1073/pnas.1108973109/-/DCSupplemental. E788–E796 | PNAS | Published online March 5, 2012 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1108973109 Downloaded by guest on September 28, 2021 The main aim of the present study was to investigate the evolu- 34-aa sequence has 85% identity with histidinol dehydrogenase of PNAS PLUS tionary history of P. vulgaris to solve the issue regarding the origin Arabidopsis thaliana. This enzyme catalyses the last two steps in of this species. We have investigated the nucleotide diversity for the L-histidine biosynthesis pathway, which is conserved in bac- five different genes from a wide sample of wild P. vulgaris that teria, archaea, fungi, and plants. For Leg100, a coding region of is representative of its geographical distribution. Our findings 45 bp was identified at the 3′ extremity of the sequence, and its identify the origin of P. vulgaris as Mesoamerican, and they also deduced 15-aa sequence showed 100% identity with biotin syn- reveal the level and structure of the genetic diversity that char- thase of A. thaliana, an enzyme that is involved in the biotin acterizes the wild accessions of this species. Our data are relevant biosynthetic process. Three exons were found in Leg133 of 75, 72, for crop improvement and in particular, maximization of the and 90 bp. The corresponding 79-aa sequence showed 84% efficient use of wild genetic diversity for breeding programs. identity with dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide-protein glyco- transferase of A. thaliana, an enzyme that is involved in aspara- Results gine-linked protein glycosylation. Two exons (88 and 56 bp) were Nucleotide Variation in the Wild Common Bean. We sequenced five identified in Leg223, with an identity of 71% of the translated loci of a large collection that included wild common bean acces- protein fragment with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor sions from Mesoamerican (n = 49) and Andean (n = 47) gene SUI1 family protein of A. thaliana. This protein seems to have an pools and genotypes from northern Peru–Ecuador (n = 6) that are important role in accurate initiator codon recognition during characterized by the ancestral type I phaseolin (Table S1). These translation initiation. The structure of PvSHP1 was characterized gene pools represent a cross-section of the entire geographical in the work by Nanni et al. (19) (Fig. S1 and Table S2), and the distribution of the wild form of P. vulgaris. The sequenced region fragment sequenced in this study included three coding regions of for each gene is located within the transcriptional unit and 12, 42, and 42 bp. This sequence was identified as homologous to encompasses between 500 and 900 bp, which includes both introns Arabidopsis SHP1 (SHATTERPROOF 1), a gene that is involved and exons.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Microstructural Differences Among Adzuki Bean (Vigna Angularis) Cultivars
    Food Structure Volume 11 Number 2 Article 9 1992 Microstructural Differences Among Adzuki Bean (Vigna Angularis) Cultivars Anup Engquist Barry G. Swanson Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/foodmicrostructure Part of the Food Science Commons Recommended Citation Engquist, Anup and Swanson, Barry G. (1992) "Microstructural Differences Among Adzuki Bean (Vigna Angularis) Cultivars," Food Structure: Vol. 11 : No. 2 , Article 9. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/foodmicrostructure/vol11/iss2/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western Dairy Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Food Structure by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FOOD STRUCTURE, Vol. II (1992), pp. 171-179 1046-705X/92$3.00+ .00 Scanning Microscopy International , Chicago (AMF O'Hare), IL 60666 USA MICROSTRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES AMONG ADZUKI BEAN (Vigna angularis) CULTIVARS An up Engquist and Barry G. Swanson Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6376 Abstract Introduction Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to Adzuki beans are one of the oldest cultivated beans study mi crostructural differences among five adzuki bean in the Orient, often used for human food, prepared as a cultivars: Erimo, Express, Hatsune, Takara and VBSC. bean paste used in soups and confections (Tjahjadi and Seed coat surfaces showed different patterns of cracks , Breene, 1984). The starch content of adzuki beans is pits and deposits . Cross-sections of the seed coats re­ about 50 %, while the protein content ranges between vealed well organized layers of elongated palisade cell s 20%-25% (Tjahjadi and Breene, 1984) .
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetables, Fruits, Whole Grains, and Beans
    Vegetables, Fruits, Whole Grains, and Beans Session 2 Assessment Background Information Tips Goals Vegetables, Fruit, Assessment of Whole Grains, Current Eating Habits and Beans On an average DAY, how many servings of these Could be Needs to foods do you eat or drink? Desirable improved be improved 1. Greens and non-starchy vegetables like collard, 4+ 2-3 0-1 mustard, or turnip greens, salads made with dark- green leafy lettuces, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, carrots, okra, zucchini, squash, turnips, onions, cabbage, spinach, mushrooms, bell peppers, or tomatoes (including tomato sauce) 2. Fresh, canned (in own juice or light syrup), or 3+ 1-2 0 frozen fruit or 100% fruit juice (½ cup of juice equals a serving) 3a. Bread, rolls, wraps, or tortillas made all or mostly Never Some Most of with white flour of the time the time 3b. Bread, rolls, wraps, or tortillas made all or mostly Most Some Never with whole wheat flour of the time of the time In an average WEEK, how many servings of these foods do you eat? 4. Starchy vegetables like acorn squash, butternut 4-7 2-3 0-1 squash, beets, green peas, sweet potatoes, or yams (do not include white potatoes) 5. White potatoes, including French fries and 1 or less 2-3 4+ potato chips 6. Beans or peas like pinto beans, kidney beans, 3+ 1-2 0 black beans, lentils, butter or lima beans, or black-eyed peas Continued on next page Vegetables, Fruit, Whole Grains, and Beans 19 Vegetables, Fruit, Whole Grains, Assessment of and Beans Current Eating Habits In an average WEEK, how often or how many servings of these foods do you eat? 7a.
    [Show full text]
  • What Are Soybeans?
    candy, cakes, cheeses, peanut butter, animal feeds, candles, paint, body lotions, biodiesel, furniture soybeans USES: What are soybeans? Soybeans are small round seeds, each with a tiny hilum (small brown spot). They are made up of three basic parts. Each soybean has a seed coat (outside cover that protects the seed), VOCABULARY cotyledon (the first leaf or pair of leaves within the embryo that stores food), and the embryo (part of a seed that develops into Cultivar: a variety of plant that has been created or a new plant, including the stem, leaves and roots). Soybeans, selected intentionally and maintained through cultivation. like most legumes, perform nitrogen fixation. Modern soybean Embryo: part of a seed that develops into a new plant, cultivars generally reach a height of around 1 m (3.3 ft), and including the stem, leaves and roots. take 80–120 days from sowing to harvesting. Exports: products or items that the U.S. sells and sends to other countries. Exports include raw products like whole soybeans or processed products like soybean oil or Leaflets soybean meal. Fertilizer: any substance used to fertilize the soil, especially a commercial or chemical manure. Hilum: the scar on a seed marking the point of attachment to its seed vessel (the brown spot). Leaflets: sub-part of leaf blade. All but the first node of soybean plants produce leaves with three leaflets. Legume: plants that perform nitrogen fixation and whose fruit is a seed pod. Beans, peas, clover and alfalfa are all legumes. Nitrogen Fixation: the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen Leaf into a nitrogen compound by certain bacteria, such as Stem rhizobium in the root nodules of legumes.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Mineral Composition and Protein Content of Faba Beans (Vicia Faba L.) with Contrasting Tannin Contents
    agronomy Article Seed Mineral Composition and Protein Content of Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.) with Contrasting Tannin Contents Hamid Khazaei * and Albert Vandenberg Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-306-966-5859 Received: 17 March 2020; Accepted: 28 March 2020; Published: 3 April 2020 Abstract: Two-thirds of the world’s population are at risk of deficiency in one or more essential mineral elements. The high concentrations of essential mineral elements in pulse seeds are fundamentally important to human and animal nutrition. In this study, seeds of 25 genotypes of faba bean (12 low-tannin and 13 normal-tannin genotypes) were evaluated for mineral nutrients and protein content in three locations in Western Canada during 2016–2017. Seed mineral concentrations were examined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the protein content was determined by Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Location and year (site-year) effects were significant for all studied minerals, with less effect for calcium (Ca) and protein content. Genotype by environment interactions were found to be small for magnesium (Mg), cobalt (Co), Ca, zinc (Zn), and protein content. Higher seed concentrations of Ca, manganese (Mn), Mg, and cadmium (Cd) were observed for low-tannin genotypes compared to tannin-containing genotypes. The protein content was 1.9% higher in low-tannin compared to tannin-containing genotypes. The high estimated heritability for concentrations of seed Mg, Ca, Mn, potassium (K), sulphur (S), and protein content in this species suggests that genetic improvement is possible for mineral elements.
    [Show full text]
  • C10 Beano2.Gen-Wis
    LEGUMINOSAE PART DEUX Papilionoideae, Genista to Wisteria Revised May the 4th 2015 BEAN FAMILY 2 Pediomelum PAPILIONACEAE cont. Genista Petalostemum Glycine Pisum Glycyrrhiza Psoralea Hylodesmum Psoralidium Lathyrus Robinia Lespedeza Securigera Lotus Strophostyles Lupinus Tephrosia Medicago Thermopsis Melilotus Trifolium Onobrychis Vicia Orbexilum Wisteria Oxytropis Copyrighted Draft GENISTA Linnaeus DYER’S GREENWEED Fabaceae Genista Genis'ta (jen-IS-ta or gen-IS-ta) from a Latin name, the Plantagenet kings & queens of England took their name, planta genesta, from story of William the Conqueror, as setting sail for England, plucked a plant holding tenaciously to a rock on the shore, stuck it in his helmet as symbol to hold fast in risky undertaking; from Latin genista (genesta) -ae f, the plant broom. Alternately from Celtic gen, or French genet, a small shrub (w73). A genus of 80-90 spp of small trees, shrubs, & herbs native of Eurasia. Genista tinctoria Linnaeus 1753 DYER’S GREENWEED, aka DYER’S BROOM, WOADWAXEN, WOODWAXEN, (tinctorius -a -um tinctor'ius (tink-TORE-ee-us or tink-TO-ree-us) New Latin, of or pertaining to dyes or able to dye, used in dyes or in dyeing, from Latin tingo, tingere, tinxi, tinctus, to wet, to soak in color; to dye, & -orius, capability, functionality, or resulting action, as in tincture; alternately Latin tinctōrius used by Pliny, from tinctōrem, dyer; at times, referring to a plant that exudes some kind of stain when broken.) An escaped shrub introduced from Europe. Shrubby, from long, woody roots. The whole plant dyes yellow, & when mixed with Woad, green. Blooms August. Now, where did I put that woad? Sow at 18-22ºC (64-71ºF) for 2-4 wks, move to -4 to +4ºC (34-39ºF) for 4-6 wks, move to 5-12ºC (41- 53ºF) for germination (tchn).
    [Show full text]
  • Effect Supplementation of Mung Bean Sprouts
    UASC Life Sciences 2016 The UGM Annual Scientific Conference Life Sciences 2016 Volume 2019 Conference Paper Effect Supplementation of Mung Bean Sprouts (Phaseolus radiatus L.) and Vitamin E in Rats Fed High Fat Diet Novidiyanto1, Muhammad Asrullah2, Lily Arsanti Lestari3, Siti Helmyati3, and Arta Farmawati4 1Department of Nutrition, Polytechnic of Health Pangkalpinang, Jl. Bukit Intan, Pangkalpinang, 33148, Indonesia 2School of Public Health Graduate Programme, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia 3Department of Health Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia 4Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia Abstract The high fat diet consumed in daily will increase total cholesterol and oxidative stress Corresponding Author: levels, a risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Mung bean sprouts as a functional food Novidiyanto and vitamin E is an antioxidant component which acts to inhibit lipid peroxidation [email protected] process. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of supplementation of Received: 10 November 2018 mung bean sprouts and vitamin E on total cholesterol and MDA plasma level in rats Accepted: 6 January 2019 fed high-fat diet. Male rats Sprague Dawley (n = 24) were randomly divided into four Published: 10 March 2019 groups (6 in each group). The groups were fed on a normal diet (Group I), high fat diet (HFD) (Group II), HFD supplemented with 1 mL ⋅ g BW−1mung bean sprout (Group III), Publishing services provided by and HFD supplemented with 23 IU Vitamin E (Group IV). After 28 d, total cholesterol Knowledge E and MDA plasma level study were performed.
    [Show full text]
  • Phaseolus Vulgaris (Beans)
    1 Phaseolus vulgaris (Beans) Phaseolus vulgaris (Beans) dry beans are Brazil, Mexico, China, and the USA. Annual production of green beans is around 4.5 P Gepts million tonnes, with the largest production around Copyright ß 2001 Academic Press the Mediterranean and in the USA. doi: 10.1006/rwgn.2001.1749 Common bean was used to derive important prin- ciples in genetics. Mendel used beans to confirm his Gepts, P results derived in peas. Johannsen used beans to illus- Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University trate the quantitative nature of the inheritance of cer- of California, Davis, CA 95616-8515, USA tain traits such as seed weight. Sax established the basic methodology to identify quantitative trait loci (for seed weight) via co-segregation with Mendelian mar- Beans usually refers to food legumes of the genus kers (seed color and color pattern). The cultivars of Phaseolus, family Leguminosae, subfamily Papilio- common bean stem from at least two different domes- noideae, tribe Phaseoleae, subtribe Phaseolinae. The tications, in the southern Andes and Mesoamerica. In genus Phaseolus contains some 50 wild-growing spe- turn, their respective wild progenitors in these two cies distributed only in the Americas (Asian Phaseolus regions have a common ancestor in Ecuador and have been reclassified as Vigna). These species repre- northern Peru. This knowledge of the evolution of sent a wide range of life histories (annual to perennial), common bean, combined with recent advances in the growth habits (bush to climbing), reproductive sys- study of the phylogeny of the genus, constitute one of tems, and adaptations (from cool to warm and dry the main current attractions of beans as genetic organ- to wet).
    [Show full text]
  • Lima Bean (Phaseolus Lunatus L.) – a Health Perspective
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 02, FEBRUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 Lima Bean (Phaseolus Lunatus L.) – A Health Perspective Lourembam Chanu Bonita, G. A. Shantibala Devi and Ch. Brajakishor Singh Abstract: Lima beans are underutilized crops with a good nutritional profile. They are very good sources of proteins, minerals, dietary fibres and the essential amino acid lysine which is lacking in cereals. They are also good sources of bioactive compounds. Some of these compounds can adversely affect the health of the consumers, and are known as antinutritional compounds. Compounds like phytates, saponins, and phenols reduce the bioavailability of minerals. Cyanogenic glycosides which can be hydrolyzed into the highly toxic hydrogen cyanide are also known to be present in lima beans. Its content is highly variable among the different varieties. Another reason which makes lima beans unpopular to consumers is the presence of flatulence causing oligosaccharides. Different methods have been proposed to remove the content of these undesirable components. For most of them, soaking and cooking are enough to reduce their content to a desirable level. Bioactive compounds, including those which have been traditionally designated as antinutritional factors, can also affect the health in a beneficial way. Many compounds present in lima beans such as phenolic compounds are known to be antioxidants. The health promoting effects of lima beans and its constituents reported in literature so far include hypoglycemic, anti-HIV, anticancer, antihypertensive, bile acid binding, gastroprotective, protection from cardiovascular diseases and antimicrobial properties. These nutraceutical properties of lima beans are discussed in this review. Index Terms: Lima bean, nutritional, antinutritional, health, bioactive, anti-HIV, anticancer —————————— —————————— 1.
    [Show full text]
  • And Chick Pea (Cicer Arietinum L.) with Azospirillum Brasilense Strain Cd
    Symbiosis, 21 (1996) 41-48 41 Balaban, Philadelphia/Rehovot Field Inoculation of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Chick Pea (Cicer arietinum L.) with Azospirillum brasilense Strain Cd SAUL BURDMAN, SHLOMO SARIC, JAIME KIGEL and YAACOV OKON* Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Tel. +972-8-9481216, Fax. +972-8-466794 Received January 7, 1996; Accepted March 27, 1996 Abstract Field inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense strain Cd increased nodule dry weight (90%), plant-growth parameters and seed yield (99%) of naturally nodulated Cicer arieiinum L. (chick pea). In Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean), inoculation with Rhizobium etli TAL182 and R. tropici CIAT899 increased seed yield (13%), and combined inoculation with Rhizobium and Azospirillum resulted in a further increase (23%), while plants inoculated with Azospirillum alone did not differ in yield from uninoculated controls, despite a relative increase in shoot dry weight. Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris L., Cicer arietinum L., Azospirillum, Rhizobium, nodulation 1. Introduction Data accumulated throughout the world over the past 20 years indicate that free-living rhizobacteria of the genus Azospirillum are capable of increasing the yield of important crops grown in various soils and climatic regions (Okon and Labandera-Gonzales, 1994). The plant growth-promoting effects of Azospirillum inoculation are attributed mainly to improved root development *rhe author to whom correspondence should be sent. 0334-5114/96/$05.50 ©1996 Balaban j 42 S. BURDMAN ET AL. and to the subsequent increase in the rate of water and mineral uptake. There is some evidence that the excretion of phytohormones by the bacteria may be responsible for the observed positive effects on root morphology and activity (Fallik et al., 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • List Item Final Assessment Report on Phaseolus Vulgaris L., Fructus Sine
    12 November 2013 EMA/HMPC/317317/2012 Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) Assessment report on Phaseolus vulgaris L., fructus sine semine Based on Article 16d(1), Article 16f and Article 16h of Directive 2001/83/EC as amended (traditional use) Final Herbal substance(s) (binomial scientific name of Phaseolus vulgaris L., fructus sine semine the plant, including plant part) Herbal preparation(s) Comminuted herbal substance Pharmaceutical form(s) Comminuted herbal substance as herbal tea for oral use Rapporteur G. Laekeman Assessor(s) B. Bulckaert, P. Vanparys Peer-reviewer B. Kroes 7 Westferry Circus ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 4HB ● United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0)20 7418 8400 Facsimile +44 (0)20 752 7051 E -mail [email protected] Website www.ema.europa.eu An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2014. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Table of contents Table of contents ................................................................................................................... 2 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Description of the herbal substance(s), herbal preparation(s) or combinations thereof .. 3 1.2. Information about products on the market in the Member States ............................... 5 1.3. Search and assessment methodology ..................................................................... 6 2. Historical data on medicinal use .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Seed Coat of Phaseolus Vulgaris Interferes with the Development Of
    Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ISSN: 0001-3765 [email protected] Academia Brasileira de Ciências Brasil Silva, Luciana B.; Sales, Maurício P.; Oliveira, Antônia E. A.; Machado, Olga L. T.; Fernandes, Kátia V. S.; Xavier-Filho, José The seed coat of Phaseolus vulgaris interferes with the development of the cowpea weevil [Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)] Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 76, núm. 1, março, 2004, pp. 57-65 Academia Brasileira de Ciências Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32776106 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2004) 76(1): 57-65 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) ISSN 0001-3765 www.scielo.br/aabc The seed coat of Phaseolus vulgaris interferes with the development of the cowpea weevil [Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)] LUCIANA B. SILVA1, MAURÍCIO P. SALES2, ANTÔNIA E.A. OLIVEIRA1, OLGA L.T. MACHADO1, KÁTIA V.S. FERNANDES1 and JOSÉ XAVIER-FILHO1 1Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28015-620 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil 2Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brasil Manuscript received on August 21, 2003; accepted for publication on October 1, 2003; contributed by José Xavier-Filho* ABSTRACT We have confirmed here that the seeds of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) do not support develop- ment of the bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), a pest of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] seeds.
    [Show full text]
  • Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata) Plant Guide
    Plant Guide prevention and weed suppression. Allelopathic COWPEA compounds in the plant may help to suppress weeds (Clark, 2007). It has also been used successfully as Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. groundcover in orchards and intercropped with cash crops Plant Symbol = VIUN such as cotton. Contributed by: USDA NRCS Cape May Plant Materials Wildlife: Cowpea is eaten by deer as forage, and is Center, Cape May, NJ commonly used in food plots for deer. A variety of birds, including wild turkey, eat the seeds and the plant can be used by quail as cover. Some varieties of cowpea are used specifically for wildlife purposes (Ball et al., 2007). Ethnobotany: Cowpea has been a staple crop and important protein source for many cultures since the Roman Empire. It was the most commonly cultivated bean used for human consumption in the Old World (Allen and Allen, 1981). Roman writers such as Pliny referred to it as phaseolus. Thomas Jefferson is credited with first using the name cowpea. Today the crop is still widely popular, and good harvests are critical to ensure adequate levels of protein in the diets of populations in India and East Asia (Allen and Allen, 1981). Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). (Photo by Christopher Sheahan, USDA- NRCS, Cape May Plant Materials Center) Status Cowpea is an introduced species in the United States. It is Alternate Names native to tropical and subtropical regions. It can grow Alternate Common Names: blackeyed pea, field pea, both wild and cultivated. Please consult the PLANTS southern pea, crowder pea, caupi, catjang, yardlong bean Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e.g., threatened or Alternate Scientific Names: endangered species, state noxious status, and wetland Vigna sinensis (L.) Savi, indicator values).
    [Show full text]