Red Army Health Services in Jiangxi and on the Long March, 1927–1936

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Red Army Health Services in Jiangxi and on the Long March, 1927–1936 CHAPTER THREE RED ARMY HEALTH SERVICES IN JIANGXI AND ON THE LONG MARCH, 1927–1936 The way to consolidate these bases is, first, to construct adequate defenses, second, to store sufficient grain and, third, to set up comparatively good Red Army hospitals. The Party in the border area must strive to perform these three tasks effectively. —Mao Zedong, October 19281 This chapter examines the Red Army healthcare practices that took shape in Jiangxi in the largest of the early Chinese Communist base areas, and during the Long March. Although the Jiangxi base area was tiny compared with the areas for which the Nationalist government’s National Health Administration was responsible, its problems were comparable to those of the much larger NHA areas. They included epidemic diseases, malnutri- tion, lack of hygiene and sanitation, reliance on gods for relief from dis- ease, lack of biomedically trained individuals, and policies often adverse to the welfare of soldiers and ordinary people. There were some stark differences however. Red Army command- ers and healthcare leaders were forced by their small numbers and precarious circumstances to learn the importance of preserving lives. Five campaigns with Nationalist armies put a premium on treating and returning soldiers to the front, which worked until the fifth Nationalist encirclement campaign overwhelmed the Communists. The Red Army mobilized Chinese medicine physicians and pharmacists and enlisted individuals trained in Christian medical schools and mission hospitals, and others who had received medical training in Moscow, to develop highly mobile medical and preventive health delivery systems. It also managed to organize workshops to supply medical and herbal products, and created training programs for physicians and health care aides. Under the guidance of Dr. He Cheng (贺诚) Jiangxi base area leaders even spon- sored an ambitious public health drive in 1933–1934. Unfortunately many 1 The original text is: 巩固此根据地的方法: 第一,修筑完备的工事; 第二,储备 充足的粮食; 第三,建设较好的红军医院. 把这三件事切实做好,是边界党应该 努力的. From “Why is it that Red Political Power can Exist in China,” Collected Works, volume 1, (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965), 70. 74 chapter three Map 3.1: Jiangxi Province, Southeast China The mountainous and malaria-ridden province of Jiangxi was the main arena in which the early Chinese Communist revolutionaries learned how to survive and attract support. They trained military medical aides to help minimize casualties while improving civilian hygiene to maximize healthcare. Their main base area was in southeast Jiangxi Province around Ruijin. Chiang Kaishek’s huge Fifth Encirclement Campaign put an end to the Jiangxi Soviet causing the start of the Long March in October 1934. (Source: J.R. and A.S. Watt.) of these achievements were lost when the Red Army was forced to escape Jiangxi and undertake the 12 to 24 month Long March starting in Octo- ber 1934. Thus this chapter will examine the innovations in healthcare undertaken by Red Army leaders in Jiangxi and the problems that they encountered. Creating Healthcare under the Stress of Civil War, 1927–1930 The civil war between China’s Nationalist and Communist forces began with the white terror launched by Chiang Kaishek (蒋介石) in Shanghai .
Recommended publications
  • The Chinese Civil War (1927–37 and 1946–49)
    13 CIVIL WAR CASE STUDY 2: THE CHINESE CIVIL WAR (1927–37 AND 1946–49) As you read this chapter you need to focus on the following essay questions: • Analyze the causes of the Chinese Civil War. • To what extent was the communist victory in China due to the use of guerrilla warfare? • In what ways was the Chinese Civil War a revolutionary war? For the first half of the 20th century, China faced political chaos. Following a revolution in 1911, which overthrew the Manchu dynasty, the new Republic failed to take hold and China continued to be exploited by foreign powers, lacking any strong central government. The Chinese Civil War was an attempt by two ideologically opposed forces – the nationalists and the communists – to see who would ultimately be able to restore order and regain central control over China. The struggle between these two forces, which officially started in 1927, was interrupted by the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war in 1937, but started again in 1946 once the war with Japan was over. The results of this war were to have a major effect not just on China itself, but also on the international stage. Mao Zedong, the communist Timeline of events – 1911–27 victor of the Chinese Civil War. 1911 Double Tenth Revolution and establishment of the Chinese Republic 1912 Dr Sun Yixian becomes Provisional President of the Republic. Guomindang (GMD) formed and wins majority in parliament. Sun resigns and Yuan Shikai declared provisional president 1915 Japan’s Twenty-One Demands. Yuan attempts to become Emperor 1916 Yuan dies/warlord era begins 1917 Sun attempts to set up republic in Guangzhou.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank-Financed Jiangxi Poyang Lake Basin and Ecological
    E4011 V4 rev World Bank-financed Jiangxi Poyang Lake Basin and Ecological Economic Zone Small Town Development Demonstration Public Disclosure Authorized Project Environmental Codes of Practice For Public Disclosure Authorized Bridge and Culvert Public Disclosure Authorized Institute of Poyang Lake Eco-economics, Jiangxi University of Finance and Public Disclosure Authorized Economics Beijing Huaqing Lishui Environmental Technology Co., Ltd. Environmental Engineering Technology Development Center, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences September 2012 Jiangxi Environmental Codes of Practice for Bridge and Culvert Table of Contents 1 PREFACE .................................................................................................................. 1 2 MAIN CONTENTS OF THE PROJECT ............................................................... 1 3 KEY POINTS OF DESIGN ..................................................................................... 6 4 ENVIRONMENTAL CODES OF PRACTICE IN CONSTRUCTION PERIOD ........................................................................................................................................ 6 4.1 CONSTRUCTION SITE MANAGEMENT ..................................................................... 7 4.2 MANAGEMENT ON THE QUALITY OF SURFACE WATER ENVIRONMENT ................ 10 4.3 RISK PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES ..................................................... 11 4.4 ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES OF DANGEROUS WASTES AND FLAMMABLE & EXPLOSIVE ARTICLES ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No: ICR00004880 Public Disclosure Authorized IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION AND RESULTS REPORT IBRD 82340-CN ON A LOAN FROM THE INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Public Disclosure Authorized IN THE AMOUNT OF US$150 MILLION TO THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR THE CN-JIANGXI POYANG LAKE BASIN AND ECOLOGICAL ECONOMIC ZONE SMALL TOWN Public Disclosure Authorized DEVELOPMENT PROJECT June 27, 2020 Water Global Practice East Asia and Pacific Region Public Disclosure Authorized This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective December 31, 2019) Currency Unit = Renminbi (RMB) RMB 6.96 = US$1 US$0.14 = RMB 1 FISCAL YEAR July 1 – June 30 Regional Vice President: Victoria Kwakwa Country Director: Martin Raiser Regional Director: Benoit Bosquet Practice Manager: Sudipto Sarkar Task Team Leader(s): Xiaokai Li, Qi Tian ICR Main Contributor: Si Gou, Qi Tian ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CPF Country Partnership Framework CPS Country Partnership Strategy DRC Development and Reform Commission EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan ERR Economic Rate of Return FYP Five-Year Plan GoC Government of China ICR Implementation Completion and Results Report M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MIS Management Information System MTR Midterm Review O&M Operation and Maintenance PAD Project Appraisal Document PDO Project Development Objective PLEEZ Poyang Lake Ecological and Economic Zone PLG Project Leading Group PMO Project Management Office PPMO Provincial Project Management Office RF Results Framework RP Resettlement Plan SDG Sustainable Development Goal ToC Theory of Change VOC Vehicle Operating Cost TABLE OF CONTENTS DATA SHEET ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Strikes and Rural Unrest During the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1936): a Geographic Approach
    sustainability Article Strikes and Rural Unrest during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1936): A Geographic Approach Javier Puche 1,* and Carmen González Martínez 2 1 Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Ciudad Escolar s/n, 44003 Teruel, Spain 2 Faculty of Letters, University of Murcia, Campus de la Merced, 30071 Murcia, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-978-645-337 Received: 27 October 2018; Accepted: 17 December 2018; Published: 21 December 2018 Abstract: This article analyses the evolution and geographic distribution of the rural unrest that prevailed during the years of the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1936), a period characterised by political instability and social conflict. The number of provincial strikes recorded in the forestry and agricultural industries and complied by the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare constitute the primary source of the study. Based on this information, maps of the regional and provincial distribution of the agricultural unrest have been created for the republican period. The results reveal that, contrary to the traditional belief which confines the rural unrest of this period to the geographic areas of the latifundios (large estates), Spanish agriculture, in all its diversity, was hit by collective disputes. Although the areas of the latifundios were most affected by the agricultural reform of 1932, the data show that the extension of the unrest in the Spanish countryside was also the result of the refusal of the landowners to accept and apply the new republican collective bargaining agreement. The number of strikes increased during the period 1931–1933, fell between 1934 and 1935, and increased again during the months of the Popular Front (February to July 1936).
    [Show full text]
  • “Little Tibet” with “Little Mecca”: Religion, Ethnicity and Social Change on the Sino-Tibetan Borderland (China)
    “LITTLE TIBET” WITH “LITTLE MECCA”: RELIGION, ETHNICITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE ON THE SINO-TIBETAN BORDERLAND (CHINA) A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Yinong Zhang August 2009 © 2009 Yinong Zhang “LITTLE TIBET” WITH “LITTLE MECCA”: RELIGION, ETHNICITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE ON THE SINO-TIBETAN BORDERLAND (CHINA) Yinong Zhang, Ph. D. Cornell University 2009 This dissertation examines the complexity of religious and ethnic diversity in the context of contemporary China. Based on my two years of ethnographic fieldwork in Taktsang Lhamo (Ch: Langmusi) of southern Gansu province, I investigate the ethnic and religious revival since the Chinese political relaxation in the 1980s in two local communities: one is the salient Tibetan Buddhist revival represented by the rebuilding of the local monastery, the revitalization of religious and folk ceremonies, and the rising attention from the tourists; the other is the almost invisible Islamic revival among the Chinese Muslims (Hui) who have inhabited in this Tibetan land for centuries. Distinctive when compared to their Tibetan counterpart, the most noticeable phenomenon in the local Hui revival is a revitalization of Hui entrepreneurship, which is represented by the dominant Hui restaurants, shops, hotels, and bus lines. As I show in my dissertation both the Tibetan monastic ceremonies and Hui entrepreneurship are the intrinsic part of local ethnoreligious revival. Moreover these seemingly unrelated phenomena are in fact closely related and reflect the modern Chinese nation-building as well as the influences from an increasingly globalized and government directed Chinese market.
    [Show full text]
  • Jiangxi's Red Tourist Dreams
    12 jiangxispecial TUESDAY, JUNE 28, 2011 CHINA DAILY Huangyangjie historical site, a 1,343-meter-tall hill near Jinggang Mountain, in Jiangxi province. PHOTOS PROVIDED BY JIANGXI TOURISM BUREAU Jiangxi’s red tourist dreams By HU MEIDONG To begin with, the provincial 22 percent rise from 2008, with AND CHEN XIN government set aside 10 mil- tourism revenues amounting lion yuan ($1.55million) annu- to about 32 billion yuan. is China still has many army ally for cleaning up the environ- accounted for more than 40 bases from the 28 years of revo- ment around scenic spots and percent of the province’s overall lutionary struggle, scattered improving service facilities. tourism turnover. across the country, mostly in Jiangxi has put more than 600 At the same time, the indus- Visitors at the Museum of the Revolution on mountainous areas, and the million yuan into infrastructure try has employed 180,000 Jinggang Mountain. government now wants to turn at 18 major red scenic spots and people and indirectly provided these quiet places into more exploring tourism resources in a jobs for 900,000 others. popular “red scenic spots”. more thorough way. So, red tourism has helped pull Tourism expo: The buzzword these days is It now has one 5A-level spot many local people out of poverty “Red tourism”, meaning visit- (the highest in China) at Jing- and given them better lives. ing places that are, in one way gang Mountain, and five 4A One example is 57-year-old revolutionary or another, related to China’s sites, including the Nanchang Wu Jianzhong, a farmer in Communist revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • E1263 Vol. 1 Revised
    Public Disclosure Authorized The People’s Republic of China World Bank Loan Jiangxi No. 3 Highway Project (Ruijin to Ganzhou Expressway) Environmental Impact Assessment Report Public Disclosure Authorized (Fifth version) Public Disclosure Authorized Entrusted by: Communications Design Institute of Jiangxi Province, P.R.China Compiled by: Research Institute of Highway, the Ministry Public Disclosure Authorized of Communications Jan. 2006 Compiled by : Ministry of Communications Highway Research Institute Director : Yao Zhenzhong Chief engineer : Zhang Fangyuan Head of environmental : Ye Huihai office Head engineer of : Wei Xianwei environmental office Responsible person of the : Dong Bochang project Responsible person of : topic Topic Responsible person of topic Dong Bochang Whole report Zhao Qin Alternative line comparison Dong Bochang Environmental management Acoustic environment and ambient air Wang Fang Water and ecological environment, landscaping and Zhu Yufeng water conservation Social environment, risk analysis, and public Piao Zhongxuan participation Monitoring unit of current Jiangxi Provincial Ganzhou Prefecture : environment Environmental Monitoring Station World Bank Loan Jiangxi Project No. 3 Environmental Assessment Forewords Forewords Xiamen-Chengdu Expressway is the 16th horizontal highway in the national key highway network of 7918" under planning, which starts from Xiamen City of Fujian Province, after passing through Jiangxi Province, Hunan Province, Guangxi Province, Guizhou Province, ends at Chengdu City of Sichuan
    [Show full text]
  • 1934-1935 Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University
    '"'"JLJ'^:_-'i .j' *-*i7i in T.' "-. \ f .'/" ; Bulletin of Yale University New Haven 15 October 1935 Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased during the Year BULLETIN OF YALE UNIVERSITY if Entered as second-class matter, August 30,1906, at the'post ^ office at New Haven, Conn,, under the Act of Congress ofJ July 16, 1894, Acceptance for mailing at the special rate of postage pro- vided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authonzed August 12, 1918. The BULLETIN, which is issued semimonthly, includes: 1. The University Catalogue. _ - - 2. The Reports of the President and Treasurer. s_ 3. The Catalogues of the several Schools. 4. The Alumni Directory and the Quinquennial Catalogue. 5. The Obituary Record. ; \ Bulletin of Yale University OBITUARY RECORD OF GRADUATES DECEASED DURING THE YEAR ENDING JULY i, 1935 INCLUDING THE RECORD OF A FEW WHO DIED PREVIOUSLY, HITHERTO UNREPORTED NUMBER 94 Thirty-second Series • Number Three New Haven • 15 October 1935 YALE UNIVERSITY OBITUARY RECORD* YALE COLLEGE Augustus Field Beard, B.A. 1857, Born May 11, 1833, in Norwalk, Conn. Died December 22,1934, in Norwalk, Conn. Father, Algernon Edwin Beard; a hat manufacturer and banker in South Norwalk; representative in State Legislature; son of Dr. Daniel Beard and Betsy (Field) Beard, of Oakham, Mass., and Stratford, Conn. Mother, Mary Esther (Mallory) Beard; daughter of Lewis and Ann (Seymour) Mallory, of Norwalk. Yale relatives include. James Beard (honorary M.A. 1754) (great-grandfather); and Dr. George M. Beard, *6i (cousin). Wilhston Academy. Entered with Class of 1856, joined Class of 1857 following year; on Spoon Committee; member Linoma, Sigma Delta, Kappa Sigma Theta, Alpha Delta Phi, and Scroll and Key.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Focus Boosts Tourism, Agriculture
    CHINA DAILY chinadaily.COM.CN Friday, September 8, 2017 | PAGE S1-4 | SUPPLEMENT BasicBasic facts facts of Jiangxi EconomicEconomic structure structure ExportedExported products, products, 2016 2016 BasicBasic facts facts of Jiangxiof Jiangxi EconomicEconomic structure structure ExportedExported products, products, 2016 2016 Green developmentGreen development ImportImport and export and exportvolume volume PerPer capita capitaPer disposablecapita disposable disposable income income income of ofurban urban of residentsurban residents residents (yuan) (yuan) (yuan) Green development Import and export volume Per capita disposable income of urban residents (yuan) ElectromechanicalElectromechanicalElectromechanical products products products 41.45%41.45%41.45% Green development Import and(Unit: export $ billion)(Unit: volume $ billion) ExportsExportsImportsImports 20,085 20,085 PrimaryPrimaryPrimary industry: industry: industry: SecondarySecondarySecondary Primary PrimaryPrimary industry: industry: industry: Secondary SecondarySecondary Electromechanical products (Unit: $ billion) Exports Imports 2012 2012 20,085 (Unit: $ billion) 2012 45.9245.9245.92 166,900166,900166,900 53.153.153.1 11.8%11.8% industry:industry: 53.6% 53.6%10.4% 10.4% industry:industry: 49.2% 49.2% 14.92% 63.163.1 22 22 1,5351,5 35 60 60 35 Exports Imports 33.12 33.122012 20,085 45.92 166,900 53.1 11.8%11.8% industry:industry: 53.6% 53.6% 10.4%10.4% industry:industry: 49.2% 49.2% High-techHigh-techHigh-tech products products products 14.92%14.92%14.92% 63.1 22 1,535 60
    [Show full text]
  • Pacific Theater of the Cold War 1949 — China Chair: Luyi Peng JHUMUNC 2018
    Quadrumvirate: Pacific Theater of the Cold War 1949 — China Chair: Luyi Peng JHUMUNC 2018 Quadrumvirate: Pacific Theater of the Cold War- China Topic A: Defeating the Nationalists and Consolidating a New Communist Government Topic B: Establishing China’s Place as a Regional Power Committee Overview four tools listed in order to promptly implement solutions. It is extremely important to remember It is June 1949, and the withdrawal of the that each and every delegate represents a Japanese after World War II has left the fate of character, or historical individual, rather than a China in the balance. The Chinese Communist specific country. Every directive, communiqué, Party under Mao Zedong has evolved from press release, and portfolio request must disorganized guerrilla militias into an organized accurately reflect the viewpoints of the character. fighting force capable of turning the tide against Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist Party. The Communist Party must now make the final push Quadrumvirate to gain control of a unified China and defeat the Organization rival Nationalists once and for all. However, even as the end is in sight for a decades-long civil war, China, Japan, South Korea, and USSR will new powers are rising in the region under an even be functioning as a group of four committees, with more precarious conflict: the Cold War. Will interconnected crisis elements, in which all China become one of these new powers, and will debate in the individual committee rooms will it do so with the help of potential Communist impact the other three committees. While there allies in the USSR? Or, as Korea threatens to split are specific concerns that affect each room in half permanently and the Japanese begin to individually and with which delegates must rebuild with the help of the Americans, will the concern themselves, just as important is the new China crack under the pressure of facing too international politicking and debate behind the many rivals at once? Only you, the delegates, will closed doors of the other three committee rooms.
    [Show full text]
  • (Cuiiununioated. to the Council. ) C.O23.19V.4. Geneva,Docemu Er 5
    LEAGTJE OF NATIONS (Cuiiununioated. to the Council. ) C.o23.19v.4. Geneva,Docemu er 5£h,1934 NUMERICAL LIST OF DOCUMENTS DISTRIBUTED TO THE COUNCIL. Nu_.ll (November 1934) Par t I 01" f 1 cl8.1_ ; nv mb or S U B J E C T C.610(e),M.236(e).1933.XI 9 Estimated world requirements of dangerous drugs in 1934.- vth Supplenent to the statement of Supervisory Body. C.322(y).M.146(y).1934.VII Supply of arms and war material to Bolivia and Paraguay.- Further reply from Poland. C.462.M.198.1934.XI & Estirnated worlô_ requirpmonts of dan^orous_Jlrugs ir: 1935.- Statement by the Supervisory Body. C.4o3.M.199.1934.II.A @@ Austria.- 12th Quarterly report of the Repre­ sentative of the League in Austria.(3rd Quarter of 1934). C.465.M.200.1934.XI Q Illicit^transaeti ms_and seizures of drugs r'6T~o~r'ted' 'to e_ _Se c re tar is t bo twee if July 1 , ard September 30,1934.- Summary by the Secre­ tariat. C.467,M.201.1934.II.A 00 Hvjv?ary_.- 12th Quarterly report of the Repre­ sentative of the Financial Committee in Hun­ gary (3rd Quarter of 1934). C.472.M.204.1934.V EltlGs of procedure of the A ssembly.- Revised edition ^November 1934). @ Confidential document . English text only - 2 - C.473.M. 205.1934.II.A , Ail o cati nn of expenses of the League. - Report the Committee oil Allocation ot Expenses. C.477,M,207.1934,XI @ Names of tho more important individuals arid fi rm's~ reTf or r d _to in the sumiuarios of seizures an d ~ TÏT i ci t t r aff i c of' drugs.- Index.
    [Show full text]
  • Levi Strauss & Co. Factory List
    Levi Strauss & Co. Factory List Published : November 2019 Total Number of LS&Co. Parent Company Name Employees Country Factory name Alternative Name Address City State Product Type (TOE) Initiatives (Licensee factories are (Workers, Staff, (WWB) blank) Contract Staff) Argentina Accecuer SA Juan Zanella 4656 Caseros Accessories <1000 Capital Argentina Best Sox S.A. Charlone 1446 Federal Apparel <1000 Argentina Estex Argentina S.R.L. Superi, 3530 Caba Apparel <1000 Argentina Gitti SRL Italia 4043 Mar del Plata Apparel <1000 Argentina Manufactura Arrecifes S.A. Ruta Nacional 8, Kilometro 178 Arrecifes Apparel <1000 Argentina Procesadora Serviconf SRL Gobernardor Ramon Castro 4765 Vicente Lopez Apparel <1000 Capital Argentina Spring S.R.L. Darwin, 173 Federal Apparel <1000 Asamblea (101) #536, Villa Lynch Argentina TEXINTER S.A. Texinter S.A. B1672AIB, Buenos Aires Buenos Aires <1000 Argentina Underwear M&S, S.R.L Levalle 449 Avellaneda Apparel <1000 Argentina Vira Offis S.A. Virasoro, 3570 Rosario Apparel <1000 Plot # 246-249, Shiddirgonj, Bangladesh Ananta Apparels Ltd. Nazmul Hoque Narayangonj-1431 Narayangonj Apparel 1000-5000 WWB Ananta KASHPARA, NOYABARI, Bangladesh Ananta Denim Technology Ltd. Mr. Zakaria Habib Tanzil KANCHPUR Narayanganj Apparel 1000-5000 WWB Ananta Ayesha Clothing Company Ltd (Ayesha Bangobandhu Road, Tongabari, Clothing Company Ltd,Hamza Trims Ltd, Gazirchat Alia Madrasha, Ashulia, Bangladesh Hamza Clothing Ltd) Ayesha Clothing Company Ltd( Dhaka Dhaka Apparel 1000-5000 Jamgora, Post Office : Gazirchat Ayesha Clothing Company Ltd (Ayesha Ayesha Clothing Company Ltd(Unit-1)d Alia Madrasha, P.S : Savar, Bangladesh Washing Ltd.) (Ayesha Washing Ltd) Dhaka Dhaka Apparel 1000-5000 Khejur Bagan, Bara Ashulia, Bangladesh Cosmopolitan Industries PVT Ltd CIPL Savar Dhaka Apparel 1000-5000 WWB Epic Designers Ltd 1612, South Salna, Salna Bazar, Bangladesh Cutting Edge Industries Ltd.
    [Show full text]