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Hackere / Crackere UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Institutt for informatikk Hackere / Crackere Masteroppgave (60 studiepoeng) Ørjan Nordvik 1. februar 2006 Sammendrag Denne masteroppgaven går kort sagt ut på å finne ut hva som karakteriserer hackere og crackere. Det er viktig å klargjøre så tidlig som mulig i oppgaven hvordan jeg tolker disse to termene. I kapittel tre vil jeg gå grundig igjennom dette, men først vil jeg her kort oppsummere hvordan jeg kommer til å bruke begrepene hacker og cracker. Hackere er dataeksperter som holder seg på den riktige siden av loven, mens crackere er de som bryter loven. For å kunne diskutere de sentrale begrepene har jeg gjort en litteraturstudie som resulterte i kapittel tre, samt en empirisk undersøkelse ved å intervjue dataeksperter, hackere og crackere. Det er den empiriske undersøkelsen som består av en rekke kvalitative intervjuer, og data fra sekundærlitteraturen som danner datagrunnlaget i denne oppgaven. Hackere og crackere er etter min mening ikke homogene grupper som lett lar seg beskrive med få setninger. Det finnes et utall av motiver som ligger bak deres handlinger enten de er hacker eller cracker. Måten de arbeider på avhenger ofte av hvilket ferdighetsnivå de har. Det klassiske bilde av hackere som kvisete, coladrikkende fjortisser med tykke briller er en myte. Hackere og crackere finnes i alle samfunnslag og er like gjerne 30 som 15 år. Forord Denne masteroppgaven inngår som en del av mastergraden min ved Institutt for Informatikk, Universitetet i Oslo våren 2006. Området for forskningen er innen Informasjonssystemer oppgaven fokuserer på karakteristikker av hackere og crackere. Oppgaven er av «lang» type og gir 60 studiepoeng. Jeg vil veldig gjerne rette en stor takk til veilederen min Gisle Hannemyr for konstruktiv og god veiledning. En stor takk går også til alle jeg har intervjuet og ellers alle andre som har bidratt med hjelp til denne oppgaven. Oslo, 1. februar 2006 Ørjan Nordvik Innhold 1. INTRODUKSJON ......................................................................................................1 1.1 Problemstilling ......................................................................................................................................2 1.2 Motivasjon og bakgrunn......................................................................................................................3 1.3 Avgrensing..............................................................................................................................................3 1.4 Organisering av oppgaven...................................................................................................................4 2. INFORMANTENE......................................................................................................7 2.1 Presentasjon av informantene.............................................................................................................8 2.1.1 Utvalg A ........................................................................................................................................8 2.1.2 Utvalg B .......................................................................................................................................11 2.2 Sekundærlitteratur..............................................................................................................................12 3. TEORIGJENNOMGANG .......................................................................................15 3.1 Hackerbegrepet....................................................................................................................................15 3.1.1 Hvordan defineres hackere og crackere..................................................................................16 3.1.2 Forvirringen rundt hackerbegrepet .........................................................................................19 3.1.3 Hacker – Cracker ........................................................................................................................21 3.1.4 Min bruk av termene .................................................................................................................23 3.1.5 Hackergenerasjonene.................................................................................................................24 3.1.6 De opprinnelige hackerne .........................................................................................................26 3.1.7 Richard Stallmann / Free software..........................................................................................28 3.1.8 Hackeretikken.............................................................................................................................32 3.2 Hacker- og crackervarianter...............................................................................................................34 3.2.1 White hat hacker.........................................................................................................................35 3.2.2 Hacktivist.....................................................................................................................................35 3.2.3 Black hat hacker..........................................................................................................................37 3.2.4 Cyberpunk...................................................................................................................................38 3.2.5 Phreaker.......................................................................................................................................39 3.2.6 Scriptkiddie ................................................................................................................................ 40 3.2.7 Social engineer ........................................................................................................................... 41 3.2.8 Sammenhengen mellom variantene........................................................................................ 41 3.3 Metoder for hacker- og crackerangrep............................................................................................44 3.3.1 Exploits........................................................................................................................................ 44 3.3.2 IRC og botnet.............................................................................................................................. 46 3.3.3 DoS/DDoS.................................................................................................................................. 47 3.3.4 Social engineering...................................................................................................................... 50 3.3.5 Virus ............................................................................................................................................ 52 3.3.6 Spyware / Adware.................................................................................................................... 53 3.3.7 Spam............................................................................................................................................ 54 3.4 Dagens situasjon................................................................................................................................. 55 3.4.1 Mørketallsundersøkelsen .........................................................................................................55 3.4.2 Åndsverksloven......................................................................................................................... 63 3.4.3 Trender........................................................................................................................................ 68 3.4.4 Cracking teknikker .................................................................................................................... 69 4. FORSKNINGSMETODE........................................................................................73 4.1 Introduksjon ........................................................................................................................................ 73 4.2 Kvantitativ vs. kvalitativ metode..................................................................................................... 74 4.3 Metoder for datainnsamling og analyse......................................................................................... 75 4.3.1 Grounded theory ....................................................................................................................... 77 4.3.2 Prosessen i grounded theory.................................................................................................... 79 4.3.3 Dybdeintervjuer......................................................................................................................... 82 4.3.4 Nettsamtaler (chat).................................................................................................................... 84 4.3.5 E-post samtaler .......................................................................................................................... 86 4.3.6 Diskusjonsgrupper .................................................................................................................... 86 4.3.7 Litteraturstudie .......................................................................................................................... 87 4.4 Hjelpemidler.......................................................................................................................................
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