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Mobilizing Crop Biodiversity University of Vermont ScholarWorks @ UVM College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Faculty Publications College of Agriculture and Life Sciences 10-5-2020 Mobilizing Crop Biodiversity Susan McCouch Cornell University Zahra Katy Navabi Global Institute for Food Security Michael Abberton International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan Noelle L. Anglin Centro Internacional de la Papa, Peru Rosa Lia Barbieri Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/calsfac Part of the Agriculture Commons, Community Health Commons, Human Ecology Commons, Nature and Society Relations Commons, Place and Environment Commons, and the Sustainability Commons Recommended Citation McCouch S, Navabi ZK, Abberton M, Anglin NL, Barbieri RL, Baum M, Bett K, Booker H, Brown GL, Bryan GJ, Cattivelli L. Mobilizing Crop Biodiversity. Molecular Plant. 2020 Oct 5;13(10):1341-4. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at ScholarWorks @ UVM. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UVM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Susan McCouch, Zahra Katy Navabi, Michael Abberton, Noelle L. Anglin, Rosa Lia Barbieri, Michael Baum, Kirstin Bett, Helen Booker, Gerald L. Brown, Glenn J. Bryan, Luigi Cattivelli, David Charest, Kellye Eversole, Marcelo Freitas, Kioumars Ghamkhar, Dario Grattipaglia, Robert Henry, Maria Cleria Valadares Inglis, Tofazzal Islam, Zakaria Kehel, Paul J. Kersey, Graham J. King, Stephen Kresovich, Emily Marden, Sean Mayes, Marie Noelle Ndjiondjiop, Henry T. Nguyen, Samuel Rezende Paiva, Roberto Papa, Peter W.B. Phillips, and Awais Rasheed This article is available at ScholarWorks @ UVM: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/calsfac/93 Molecular Plant ll Comment Mobilizing Crop Biodiversity Over the past 70 years, the world has witnessed extraordinary One reason for the limited use of genebank holdings is the paucity growth in crop productivity, enabled by a suite of technological of information about them, which increases the time, expense, advances, including higher yielding crop varieties, improved and risk associated with mining genebank diversity. To address farm management, synthetic agrochemicals, and agricultural this deficiency, we support the development of digital catalogs mechanization. While this ‘‘Green Revolution’’ intensified crop that provide essential information about the genetic composition, production, and is credited with reducing famine and malnutri- phenotypic diversity, and phylogenetic relationships of genebank tion, its benefits were accompanied by several undesirable collat- holdings, along with traditional passport data, images of whole eral effects (Pingali, 2012). These include a narrowing of plant morphology, growth habit, physiological data showing agricultural biodiversity, stemming from increased monoculture response to biotic/abiotic stress, nutrient profiles, and other infor- and greater reliance on a smaller number of crops and crop mation where available. Some genebanks have already begun varieties for the majority of our calories. This reduction in building catalogs of their collections to improve the efficiency of diversity has created vulnerabilities to pest and disease genebank management, as well as to permit users to pre- epidemics, climate variation, and ultimately to human health screen for traits of interest, thereby facilitating variety develop- (Harlan, 1972). ment (Konig€ et al., 2020). Another challenge to widespread use of genebank materials is The value of crop diversity has long been recognized (Vavilov, the nature of genetic variation itself. Exotic germplasm often con- 1992). A global system of genebanks (e.g., www.genebanks. tains valuable cryptic variation, which is revealed only after org/genebanks/) was established in the 1970s to conserve the crosses have been made with cultivated and elite breeding lines abundant genetic variation found in traditional ‘‘landrace’’ (Tanksley and McCouch, 1997). For example, wild populations varieties of crops and in crop wild relatives (Harlan, 1972). frequently carry alleles that increase seed, fruit, and tuber size While preserving crop variation is a critical first step, the time or disease resistance when introduced into cultivars, but these has come to make use of this variation to breed more resilient are often masked by genes with opposing effects. Also, some crops. The DivSeek International Network (https://divseekintl. traits that look promising in wild or landrace populations may org/) is a scientific, not-for-profit organization that aims to accel- not be expressed in adapted genetic backgrounds due to erate such efforts. quantitative inheritance. CROP DIVERSITY: VALUE, BARRIERS TO In addition, strategies are needed to overcome crossing barriers USE, AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES and to ameliorate the impacts of genetic material that is inadver- tently introduced into cultivars along with traits/alleles of interest There are >1750 national and international genebanks worldwide. (i.e., linkage drag). Even when crosses are successful, specific They house 7 million crop germplasm accessions (http://www. chromosomal segments may fail to introgress if they underlie fao.org/3/i1500e/i1500e00.htm), including samples of diverse hybrid incompatibilities or experience reduced recombination, natural populations, with many more managed in situ. These ac- further exacerbating linkage drag (Canady et al., 2006). Finally, cessions arguably represent one of humanity’s greatest trea- traits and alleles introgressed from wild germplasm may exhibit sures, as they contain genetic variation that can be harnessed incomplete penetrance or unexpected epistatic interactions, to create better-tasting, higher-yielding, disease/pest-resistant, forfeiting expected gains from introgressions (Lippman et al., and climate-resilient cultivars that require fewer agricultural in- 2007). puts (Figure 1). Sorting through the myriad combinations of alleles generated in 3 Unfortunately, most genebank accessions are poorly character- wild elite crosses requires a systematic approach if it is to be ized, and a small proportion have been utilized in breeding. Yet productive. The use of structured populations, appropriate when a serious effort has been made to search genebanks for experimental designs, and effective use of reference varieties in traits of interest, the effort has been highly rewarded. Examples combination with cost-effective genotyping, high throughput include the discovery of a unique rice landrace used to breed phenotyping, automated data capture, and appropriate analyses submergence-tolerant varieties currently grown on tens of mil- make it possible to link genotype with phenotype, identify valu- lions of acres (Mackill et al., 2012) and durable resistance to able haplotypes, drive recombination, and make predictions late blight, a devastating disease of potato, derived from a wild about offspring phenotypes. Techniques that enhance recombi- relative (Bernal-Galeano et al., 2020). Given the high value of nation and mitigate crossability barriers offer additional means the genetic diversity found in crop wild relatives and traditional landraces, why are these genetic resources not more widely Published by the Molecular Plant Shanghai Editorial Office in association with used in breeding programs? Cell Press, an imprint of Elsevier Inc., on behalf of CSPB and IPPE, CAS. Molecular Plant 13, 1341–1344, October 5 2020 ª The Author 2020. 1341 Molecular Plant Comment Figure 1. Sunflower Pre-bred Line Contain- ing Introgressions from Wild Helianthus an- nuus Performing Well in Drought Stress Trial in Uganda. Pre-bred lines developed by Greg Baute and Lo- ren Rieseberg at the University of British Columbia. Drought stress trial performed by Walter Anyanga, National Semi-Arid Resources Research Institute, Uganda. Photo Credit: Walter Anyanga. how such resources and associated infor- mation are collected, stored, regenerated, shared, studied, and used, potentially creating additional obstacles to research and the utilization of crop diversity (McCouch et al., 2013; Marden, 2018). The International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources in Food and Agriculture facilitates multi-lateral access to plant ge- netic resources under mutually agreed- upon terms. It currently covers 64 crops, but ambiguity regarding benefit-sharing re- for accessing diversity from divergent wild relatives while quirements limits the use of genebank holdings by many plant reducing linkage drag (Fernandes et al., 2018). breeders, researchers, and farmers (Sherman and Henry, 2020). There also are concerns that the benefit-sharing provisions of To address these challenges, we encourage communities of re- the Treaty somehow conflict with the long-accepted practice of searchers to undertake systematic pre-breeding efforts to providing open access to genetic sequence data (Marden, generate recombinant populations of introgressed lines in adapt- 2018). In our view, open sharing of information about plant ed cultivated backgrounds, evaluate them in diverse environ- genetic resources represents one essential form of benefit ments, and share the lines and associated information with sharing, and provides a critical foundation for capacity building breeders, farmers, researchers, and policy makers. The long strategies
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