DOCSLIB.ORG

Sweden Facing Climate Change

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sweden Facing Climate Change 5 Support and instruments for reduced vulnerability 5.1 Mapping of floods, landslides and erosion There are areas in Sweden which, because of their location and topography and the nature of the soil represent risk areas for landslides and flooding. Natural disasters of this kind entail high costs for society as well as risks to human life, but can be prevented to a reasonable degree. The Swedish Parliament (Riksdag) in 1986 passed a government bill on preventive measures against landslides and other natural disasters (1985/86:150). The Swedish Rescue Services Agency was given responsibility for general stability mapping and for sharing out government grants between preven- tive measures in developed areas. Since 1998 the Swedish Rescue Services Agency has also carried out general flood mapping along parts of the larger Swedish watercourses in accordance with tasks identified for it in the Agency's appropriation directions. 5.1.1 Existing flood and stability mapping and inventory of shore erosion Surveying areas at risk of floods, landslides and erosion entails work in several stages − general mapping, detailed mapping, where necessary in-depth mapping of stability and preventive measures. The general mapping carried out by the Swedish Rescue Services Agency identifies areas that do not have satisfactory safety and where detailed investigations should be carried out. The detailed investigations may show that conditions are satisfactory or provide the basis for continued investigation or planning of preventive measures and applications for government grants. Detailed investi- 529 Support and instruments for reduced vulnerability SOU 2007:60 gations at present are the responsibility of the municipality or property owner. Flood mapping The purpose of general flood mapping is to broadly identify areas at risk of flooding along watercourses. The maps provide support in the operational planning and action plans of the rescue services and serve as a basis for the municipality’s overall planning. They are used in the county administrative board’s review of the munici- palities’ public planning. Around 10 per cent of Swedish water- courses have been prioritised by the Swedish Rescue Services Agency for general mapping, which is equivalent to 10 000 kilo- metres. To date around 8000 kilometres have been mapped in 56 watercourses in 154 municipalities, see Figure 5.1. 530 SOU 2007:60 Support and instruments for reduced vulnerability Figure 5.1 Watercourses with general mapping (2007) Source: Swedish Rescue Services Agency, 2007. Swedish Rescue Services Agency general flood mapping Mapped Mapping in progress Phase 1 to be mapped Phase 2 to be mapped Phase 3 to be mapped The mapping is done for the estimated 100-year flow and design flow. The 100-year flow is estimated on the basis of statistical analysis of observed water discharge series and occurs with a risk of 1 in 100 for each year during a 100-year period. The probability of the flow occurring during a 100-year period is 63 per cent. The design flow is calculated on the basis of the guidelines of the 531 Support and instruments for reduced vulnerability SOU 2007:60 Design Flood Committee for the dimensional design of risk cate- gory I dams, when the most unfavourable conditions are combined, see section 4.2.2. The watercourse is described using dam and bridge drawings, the characteristics of the watercourse and the surrounding topo- graphy. The water level is calculated in two sections across the watercourse using a hydraulic model and is interpolated forward along the watercourse. The area of flooding is calculated with the aid of the digital elevation database of the National Land Survey of Sweden. GIS (geographical information system) is used for mapping. More detailed calculations of water levels and a more accurate description of topography are required in the detailed planning of building development. The elevation database of the National Land Survey of Sweden is based on elevation data every 50 metres and a mean error in elevation of 2.5 metres. The deviation may be positive or negative. The database is intended for overall planning. More detailed elevation data are required for more accurate calcula- tions and mapping. The mapping is passed by the Swedish Rescue Services Agency to the affected municipalities and county administrative boards in report and digital form. The digital map layers can be linked to other suitable maps which show flood risks for instance for building construction and roads. The map layers can also be linked to various coordinate registers which indicate risk areas for land- slides, environmentally hazardous activity etc. The municipalities are advised by the Swedish Rescue Services Agency if necessary to draw up an action plan stating which areas should be the subject of detailed investigation and any preventive measures. Stability mapping In support of the work of municipalities and county administrative boards on risk management, the Swedish Rescue Service Agency has been responsible since 1987 for carrying out general mapping of the stability conditions of the ground in areas with building development on clay and silt slopes. The aim is to identify areas which by the general mapping method cannot be regarded as stable and to provide a basis on which to decide where detailed investi- gations should be carried out. Stability mapping was performed in 532 SOU 2007:60 Support and instruments for reduced vulnerability 151 municipalities in 2006. Three municipalities had already been mapped with respect to ravines and slopes in moraine and coarse sedimentary deposits. Completed stability mapping is handed over to affected municipalities and county administrative boards in both map format and in digital form as map layers. General stability mapping is carried out in two stages – a preli- minary study and a main study. The preliminary study is performed very broadly in consultation with the municipality with the aim of defining areas to be dealt with in the main study. The main study is carried out in two stages and is an ongoing nationwide activity which is gradually being performed one municipality at a time. The first stage entails distinguishing special areas with and without the necessary conditions for landslides on the basis of soil type, topo- graphy, proximity to watercourses and places where groundwater emerges. The second stage involves distinguishing areas on the basis of field studies and calculations that cannot be classified as satisfactorily stable or where the stability conditions cannot be clarified. A detailed geotechnical investigation should be carried out for these areas. The main study does not provide precise answers on the risk of landslides. Prior to the adoption of detailed development plans and building permits there is a need for at least a detailed geotechnical investigation to establish the stability of the ground. Figure 5.2 shows which municipalities have been the subject of stability mapping and what stages of mapping have been carried out. 533 Support and instruments for reduced vulnerability SOU 2007:60 Figure 5.2 Total number of municipalities subject to stability mapping in preliminary study/main study (2007). Some form of preli- minary study/main study has been carried out in the munici- palities shown in colour Source: Swedish Rescue Services Agency, 2007b. Inventory of shore erosion The Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI) is conducting an inven- tory of the extent of shore erosion in Swedish in collaboration with affected municipalities. The purpose of the inventory is to obtain an overview of where shore erosion occurs along the country’s coasts and on the shores and banks of lakes and watercourses. The inventory to date has been carried out for all coastal stretches including adjoining large and small islands and the larger lakes. Watercourses will be the subject of a subsequent inventory. The inventory may form the basis for a first overall assessment of the extent of shore erosion. Supplementary studies are needed to determine risk areas, the need for reinforcement measures and as a basis for physical planning. Known erosion conditions and the factors predisposing to erosion are reported for each municipality. Known erosion areas 534 SOU 2007:60 Support and instruments for reduced vulnerability are based on data from the municipalities with a description of geological conditions, erosion status and the extent and type of any protection against erosion. In addition to this, the inventory includes a survey of factors predisposing to shore erosion on the basis of geological conditions. The inventory is being gradually published on the SGI website. 5.1.2 Use of mapping in the municipal planning process Under the commission of inquiry we have arranged for a survey of ways in which municipalities take account of floods and landslides in the municipal planning process, how they deal with the Swedish Rescue Services Agency’s general mapping and to what extent they do their own mapping. The questionnaire has been sent to all municipalities, in other words both to those which have been mapped by the Swedish Rescue Services Agency and those which have not. The questionnaire was returned by 136 municipalities. More than half the respondents have suffered damage as a result of flooding, almost half as a consequence of landslips/landslides and around a quarter as a result of both. The results are briefly described below; see also Annex B15. Flooding Of the 136 respondents, around 80 per cent have taken account of flooding risks in their planning, particularly in detailed deve- lopment plans but also in the comprehensive land-use plan. More than half have not done any mapping of their own. The reason for this has been adequate knowledge of local conditions and circum- stances, no development taking place in areas at risk, lack of resources, inadequate data etc. Fifty-eight municipalities state there is general flood mapping from the Swedish Rescue Services Agency, which should be regarded as a low number as the SRSA had mapped watercourses affecting 154 municipalities in 2006.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Decreasing Incidence of Both Major Histologic Subtypes Of
    British Journal of Cancer (2000) 83(3), 391–396 © 2000 Cancer Research Campaign doi: 10.1054/ bjoc.2000.1205, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Decreasing incidence of both major histologic subtypes of gastric adenocarcinoma Ð a population-based study in Sweden AM Ekström1, L-E Hansson1,2, LB Signorello1,3, A Lindgren4, R Bergström1,5 and O Nyrén1 1Department of Medical Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; 2Department of Surgery, Mora Hospital, S-792 85 Mora, Sweden; 3Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; 4Department of Pathology, Falu Hospital, S-791 82 Falun, Sweden; 5Department of Statistics, Uppsala University, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden Summary While the overall incidence of gastric cancer has fallen, presumably to a large extent in parallel with Helicobacter pylori infection, the occurrence of the diffuse histologic type is thought to have remained more stable, questioning the aetiologic role of H. pylori. We have analysed the incidence of the intestinal and diffuse types separately, while considering subsite (cardia/non-cardia). With an extensive prospective effort we identified all incident cases of gastric adenocarcinoma (n = 1337) in a well-defined Swedish population (1.3 million) 1989–1994. Tumours were uniformly classified histologically and topographically. Subgroup-specific incidence rates were computed and modelled using multivariate logistic regression. Site-specific trends were clearly discrepant. The overall incidence of adenocarcinoma distal to the gastric cardia declined by 9% (95% confidence interval 6–12%) per year, while cardia cancer remained stable. Thus, the feared rise in cardia cancer could not be confirmed despite clear site-specific trend discrepancies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Beginning of Transnational Adoption in Denmark and Norway During the 1960’S
    genealogy Article A Great Desire for Children: The Beginning of Transnational Adoption in Denmark and Norway during the 1960’s Kasper Emil Rosbjørn Eriksen Department of History and Civilization, European University Institute, 50139 Florence, Italy; [email protected] Received: 24 August 2020; Accepted: 15 October 2020; Published: 22 October 2020 Abstract: This article examines the beginning of transnational adoption in Denmark and Norway to illuminate the role of private actors and associations in Scandinavian welfare systems. Utilizing case studies of two prominent private adoption actors, Tytte Botfeldt and Torbjørn Jelstad, the article analyzes how these Nordic welfare states responded to the emergence of transnational adoption in comparison with both each other, neighboring Sweden, and the United States. This study shows that private actors and associations strongly influenced the nascent international adoption systems in these countries, by effectively promoting transnational adoption as a progressive and humanitarian form of global parenthood; while simultaneously emphasizing the responsibility of the welfare state to accommodate and alleviate childless couples’ human rights and need for children. A need that was strong enough that couples were willing to transcend legal, national, and racial borders. Ultimately, Danish and Norwegian authorities not only had to show leniency towards flagrant violations of adoption and child placement rules, but also change these so that families could fulfill their great need for children by legally adopting them from abroad. Keywords: transnational adoption; Nordic welfare state; family; race; cold war; humanitarianism; illegal adoptions 1. Introduction Much of the historical research on transnational adoption is heavily focused on America, frequently situating transnational adoption into the broader context of domestic and transracial adoptions in North America or into the history of U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Astrid Lindgren
    Agnes-Margrethe Bjorvand Astrid Lindgren This book about Astrid Lindgren is an inspired illustrated biography that provides children with knowledge about the person, author, editor and dedicated contributor to the community that was Astrid Lindgren. Through stories, quotes, facts and magical Cappelen Damm 2015 illustrations, we become familiar with Astrid Lindgren – one of the world's greatest 112 pages children's authors. Original title: Astrid Lindgren ISBN: 9788202441654 The book follows a classic chronological development from Astrid's happy childhood in Vimmerby to her old age in Stockholm. Within each of these epochs, the book NORLA Selection explores important, exciting and humorous episodes in Astrid's life and work. We hear Published in German 2018/2019 about her love of nature, her lifelong joy of playing and climbing trees, reading and writing, and fighting for children’s and animal rights. But we also hear about her life's FOREIGN RIGHTS many dark moments – her life as a young and impoverished single mother, her longing Cappelen Damm Agency for love, and – as she so often expressed it – the experience of “how difficult it can be to NO-0055 Oslo be human”. Tel: +47 21 61 65 00 [email protected] www.cappelendammagency.no This biography is a unique starting point for inspiring new generations to read Astrid Lindgren’s books. RIGHTS SOLD TO China Illustrated by Lisa Aisato. Denmark Switzerland (World German rights) Winner of the award Sørlandets litteraturpris 2016 (non-fiction). Sweden Agnes-Margrethe Bjorvand Agnes-Margrethe Bjorvand (b. 1969) is a lecturer at the University of Agder, where she teaches literature and the dissemination of literature as part of preschool teacher training as well as in further education courses for teachers and school librarians.
    [Show full text]
  • Sweden, Norway & Denmark Information
    Sweden, Norway & Denmark Information Sweden, Norway and Denmark are highlighted by charming, pristine cities, spectacular fjords, and a smorgasbord of cultural traditions. From Viking lore to pop culture icons and unmatched hospitality, these Nordic lands are sure to enthrall and delight. And with surroundings as serene as this, you’ll come to understand how they became host to the world’s most revered peace prize. History As merchant seamen, well known for their far-reaching trade, the Nordic Vikings dominated Europe in the eighth and ninth centuries. Many historians credit the Vikings with the first European discovery of the Americas, with the exploits of Leif Ericsson around 1000. In 1397, Queen Margaret of Denmark united Sweden (which included Finland), Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Greenland and other territories into the Kalmar Union. Tension within the countries gradually led to open conflict and the union split in the early sixteenth century. A long-lived rivalry ensued with Norway and Denmark on one side and Sweden and Finland on the other. During the seventeenth century, Sweden-Finland emerged as a great power. Its contributions during the Thirty Years’ War under Gustavus Adolphus determined the political, as well as religious, balance of power in Europe. At its zenith in 1658, Sweden ruled several provinces of Denmark, as well as parts of present-day Germany, Russia, Estonia and Latvia. In 1813, Sweden joined the allies against Napoleon, which resulted in the acquisiton of Norway from Denmark (an ally of Napoleon). The merger lasted until 1905, when Norway peaceably gained its independence. Sweden has not participated in any war in almost two centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Fodder Productivity and Quality in Two Coastal Seashore Meadows in Eastern Uusimaa, Finland
    Fodder Productivity and Quality in Two Coastal Seashore Meadows in Eastern Uusimaa, Finland Graduate Thesis In partial fulfilment of the requirements for Master of Science Degree Department of Applied Biology University of Helsinki By Traci Birge October 2004 HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion Faculty Laitos Institution Department Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Department of Applied Biology Tekijä Författare Author Traci Lynn Birge Työn nimi Arbetets titel Title Fodder Productivity and Quality in Two Coastal Seashore Meadows in Eastern Uusimaa, Finland Oppiaine Läroämne Subject Agroecology (as specialisation in Crop Husbandry) Aika Datum Month and year Sivumäärä Sidoantal Number of pages 88p + appendices October 2004 Tiivistelmä Referat Abstract Productivity and quality of two grazed coastal seashore meadows in Eastern Uusimaa were examined between May and July, 2002. A total of 18 1m2 sample sites divided into four separate cutting regimes were cut by hand to simulate grazing in the meadow. cutting regimes of various intensities were used to simulate the short term effects of different grazing pressures on the quality and productivity of the vascular plant forage in the meadows. Samples were dried, weighed and analysed for digestibility and composition. Digestibility analysis was carried out using in vitro digestibility analysis. A CNS- 1000 Elemental Analyzer was used to measure carbon, nitrogen and sulphur content of selected samples. The results showed that cumulative above ground phytomass productivity (AGPP) was dependent upon both biotope and cutting regime in the large (40 ha) Bosgård meadow, and that interaction betweeen these two factors was significant. The results of the smaller (<2 ha) Majvik meadow were highly variable between replicates.
    [Show full text]
  • Swedish American Genealogy and Local History: Selected Titles at the Library of Congress
    SWEDISH AMERICAN GENEALOGY AND LOCAL HISTORY: SELECTED TITLES AT THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Compiled and Annotated by Lee V. Douglas CONTENTS I.. Introduction . 1 II. General Works on Scandinavian Emigration . 3 III. Memoirs, Registers of Names, Passenger Lists, . 5 Essays on Sweden and Swedish America IV. Handbooks on Methodology of Swedish and . 23 Swedish-American Genealogical Research V. Local Histories in the United Sates California . 28 Idaho . 29 Illinois . 30 Iowa . 32 Kansas . 32 Maine . 34 Minnesota . 35 New Jersey . 38 New York . 39 South Dakota . 40 Texas . 40 Wisconsin . 41 VI. Personal Names . 42 I. INTRODUCTION Swedish American studies, including local history and genealogy, are among the best documented immigrant studies in the United States. This is the result of the Swedish genius for documenting almost every aspect of life from birth to death. They have, in fact, created and retained documents that Americans would never think of looking for, such as certificates of change of employment, of change of address, military records relating whether a soldier's horse was properly equipped, and more common events such as marriage, emigration, and death. When immigrants arrived in the United States and found that they were not bound to the single state religion into which they had been born, the Swedish church split into many denominations that emphasized one or another aspect of religion and culture. Some required children to study the mother tongue in Saturday classes, others did not. Some, more liberal than European Swedish Lutheranism, permitted freedom of religion in the new country and even allowed sects to flourish that had been banned in Sweden.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Structure in Finland and Sweden: Aspects of Population History and Gene Mapping
    GENETIC STRUCTURE IN FINLAND AND SWEDEN: ASPECTS OF POPULATION HISTORY AND GENE MAPPING Elina Salmela Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, Research Programs Unit, Molecular Medicine, and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM University of Helsinki Academic dissertation To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Helsinki, for public examination in Auditorium XII, Main Building, Fabianinkatu 33, Helsinki, on October 5th 2012, at 12 noon Helsinki 2012 Supervisors Professor Juha Kere Department of Medical Genetics University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics Helsinki, Finland Department of Biosciences and Nutrition Karolinska Institutet Huddinge, Sweden Docent Päivi Lahermo Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland Reviewers Professor Jaakko Ignatius Department of Clinical Genetics Turku University Hospital Turku, Finland Professor Marjo-Riitta Järvelin School of Public Health Imperial College London London, UK Opponent Docent Mattias Jakobsson Department of Evolutionary Biology Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden ISBN 978-952-10-8190-3 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-10-8191-0 (PDF) http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/ Layout: Jere Kasanen Cover: Ancestries by Admixture. Modified from Figure 14. Unigrafia, Helsinki 2012 To my family Houkat ja viisahat uurteet otsillaan että mihin ja miksi ja mistä, mikä johti? Aika ei paljasta arvoituksiaan, meidän mukanaan niitä vain käytävä on kohti. Pauli Hanhiniemi: Äärelä (2006) In Hehkumo: Muistoja tulevaisuudesta Fools and wise people wonder with furrowed brows: what, where does it lead to, why, and where from? Time does not tell us its mysteries – all we can do is wander with it to meet them. Translated by Sara Norja CONTENTS LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS 9 ABBREVIATIONS 10 ABSTRACT 11 TIIVISTELMÄ 14 INTRODUCTION 17 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 19 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Haploinsufficiency of the NF1 Gene Is Associated with Protection Against
    Genotype- phenotype correlations Original research J Med Genet: first published as 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107062 on 22 June 2020. Downloaded from Haploinsufficiency of the NF1 gene is associated with protection against diabetes Roope A Kallionpää,1 Sirkku Peltonen,2,3 Jussi Leppävirta,4,5 Minna Pöyhönen,4,5 Kari Auranen,6 Hannu Järveläinen,1,7 Juha Peltonen 1 ► Additional material is ABSTRact Familial aggregation and twin studies clearly published online only. To view Background The hereditary predisposition to diabetes indicate a genetic component in diabetes risk.2 4–6 please visit the journal online (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1136/ is only partially explained by genes identified so far. However, the genetic risk for especially T2D is highly jmedgenet- 2020- 107062). Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a rare monogenic complex with relatively limited contributions from dominant syndrome caused by aberrations of the NF1 individual genes. Genome- wide association studies 1 Institute of Biomedicine, gene. Here, we used a cohort of 1410 patients with NF1 (GWAS) and sequencing have identified numerous University of Turku, Turku, variants associated with T2D.7–11 These are mostly Finland to study the association of the NF1 gene with type 1 2Department of Dermatology (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). common variants with small or modest effects or and Venereology, University of Methods A total of 1410 patients were confirmed to low frequency variants with larger effects.9 12 Vari- Turku, Turku, Finland 3 fulfil the National Institutes of Health diagnostic criteria ants protective against T2D have been described Department of Dermatology, for NF1 by individually reviewing their medical records.
    [Show full text]
  • Full Issue Vol. 36 No. 4
    Swedish American Genealogist Volume 36 Number 4 Article 1 12-1-2016 Full Issue Vol. 36 No. 4 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/swensonsag Part of the Genealogy Commons, and the Scandinavian Studies Commons Recommended Citation (2016) "Full Issue Vol. 36 No. 4," Swedish American Genealogist: Vol. 36 : No. 4 , Article 1. Available at: https://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/swensonsag/vol36/iss4/1 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Swenson Swedish Immigration Research Center at Augustana Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Swedish American Genealogist by an authorized editor of Augustana Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. (ISSN 0275-9314) A journal devoted to Swedish American biography, genealogy, and personal history Volume XXXVI December 2016 No. 4 CONTENTS The Search for Selma Lagerlöf’s American Nephew ........... 1 By Ann Wick The French Huguenot Connection ........................................ 4 Copyright © 2016 (ISSN 0275-9314) By Russel Chalberg Swedish American Genealogist Handwriting example #49 ................................................... 6 Publisher: Swenson News: Swedish-American Newspapers II ............ 7 Swenson Swedish Immigration Research Center By Lisa Huntsha Augustana College, Rock Island, IL 61201-2296 Telephone: 309-794-7204. Fax: 309-794-7443 In Memoriam: H. Arnold Barton .......................................... 8 E-mail: [email protected] By Dag Blanck and Harald Runblom Web address: http://www.augustana.edu/swenson/ This happened in Sweden in the 1800s ................................. 9 Editor: Elisabeth Thorsell By Elisabeth Thorsell Hästskovägen 45, SE-177 39 Järfälla, Sweden E-mail: [email protected] Confessions of a Genealogy DNA Test Addict .....................10 By Lee Arnold Editorial Committee: Ulf Beijbom, Växjö, Sweden Bits & Pieces ......................................................................13 Dag Blanck, Stockholm, Sweden Ronald J.
    [Show full text]
  • Orchestrating Regional Innovation Ecosystems • Espoo Innovation Garden
    Orchestrating Regional Innovation Ecosystems • Espoo Innovation Garden Editors Pia Lappalainen & Markku Markkula & Hank Kune Orchestrating Regional Innovation Ecosystems Espoo Innovation Garden Orchestrating Regional Innovation Ecosystems • Espoo Innovation Garden Editors Pia Lappalainen & Markku Markkula & Hank Kune Orchestrating Regional Innovation Ecosystems – Espoo Innovation Garden This book was created as a part of the EKA C (Forerunner Area Helsinki Region) project, financed by the European Regional Development Fund, Laurea University of Applied Sciences, Aalto University, City of Espoo, and Helsinki-Uusimaa region. Editors Pia Lappalainen, Aalto University Markku Markkula, Aalto University Hank Kune, Educore BV Publishers Aalto University in cooperation with Laurea University of Applied Sciences and Built Environment Innovations RYM Ltd Graphic design Juha Pitkänen, Taivaankaari Oy., Finland Illustrations Jari Kiviranta, Aalto University and Juha Pitkänen The research findings described in most of these articles are part of the Energizing Urban Ecosystems research programme in 2012–2016. The programme is organized by RYM Ltd (see rym.fi). This book has been partly financed by the European Regional Development Fund. Printed book ISBN 978-952-60-3701-1 Electronic book ISBN 978-952-60-3702-8 Printed in Finland Otavan Kirjapaino Oy 2015 Contents Pia Lappalainen Editorial ....................................................................................................................................................7 Jukka Mäkelä,
    [Show full text]
  • Norway's One Hundred Years of Independence Struggle
    ௐ 1 ഇ! ࢱ 271-94! 2021 ѐ/ߋ؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 17 Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 271-94 Spring 2021 挪威的百年獨立努力 ߉ϒዡ ර̂ጯϔ୉ְચၱ൴णጯրି଱ڌ ၡ ࢋ ።ΫࡦഀĂତ඾ᑭෛӵд̜౪۞ރԧࣇА૟ԧࣇА૟ᖎಏаᜪॗ ග༄׏Ă൒ރтңҋ఍ĂГֽ҂၅тң̜౪౷ឰॗރᄃ༄׏̝ม۞ॗ ፾ϲĄ۞ރдೡࢗॗޢĂ౵ڡ̶۞ڱछӀৈ࠻઼ٺଣտ̰ొ၆҃ ă̜౪ă༄׏ă፾ϲރᙯᔣෟĈॗ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 272 壹、前言 дჯִॡ΃Ğ793-1066ğĂࣧώҌ͌ѣ 20 ࣎̈ͳ઼Ğpetty kingdomğĂރॗ ጀݣٛႬĞHarald Fairhair, 872-930ğ௚˘Ҙొă̈́ܛזጼ̙̏Ăۡفѩك ͵˟ͳ઼ĞKingdom of Norway, 872-1397ğĄдȈރϲॗޙঔг૲Ăڻݑొ ϤޢౝˢѺѐ̰ጼĞ1130-1240ğĂ౵ރĂॗܒฯă࠹้̢ۋѩكࡔ̚Ăிͳ ݣ૵α͵ĞHaakon IV of Norway, 1217-53ğ౼΍˘௚͇˭Ąҋଂ̚͵ࡔฟؕĂ ӵд̜౪ᄃ༄׏̝มĂᄃ༄׏ăͽ̜̈́౪۬ᜇ̙୻Ă̶̶ЪЪ1ĂٺϤރॗ ᄃ༄׏В͹Ğjointޘˬд።Ϋഅགྷރ౪ă̈́༄׏Ąॗ̜ٺڇҊޢА ˞זmonarchyğĂ݈׌Ѩ2Ğ1319-43, 1449-50ğߏࠎ˞၆ԩВТᇲˠ̜౪Ă ᑓྃҋ̎д 1809ֽރௐˬѨĞ1814-1905ğ݋ߏ༄׏࿀૓Ăݓᗞྫྷ̜౪ૻ৶ॗ ѐεΝ܆ᜋ̝൭Ą ڇᄃ̜౪ඕЪĂԛё˯ჯ޺ͳ઼ă၁ኳ˯Ҋރд 1397-1814 ѐมĂॗ ѐ 1 ͡ 14 ͟జ࢝ᘪࢎ 1814 ٺĞ1803-15ğརୀĂۋ౪Ą̜౪дो৔૬ጼ̜ טˠ١඗జ኱Ăރග༄׏ĄॗރĺૄႬ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Kiel, 1814ğ౷ឰॗ ο௲ᗓ̜౪፾ϲĂ୊ᄃ༄ކĻĞEidsvoll Constitution, 1814ğăڱጳރࢎĺॗ ,Ăᗕ͞௣տд 8 ͡ 14 ͟ᘪࢎઃጼĺం೻׶ࡗĻĞConvention of Mossۋ׏णฟጼ ,Тຍ࣒ጳତৼ༄׏ͳΙႬȈˬ͵ĞCharles XIII of Swedenރ1814ğĂॗ ᓑЪͳ઼ķĞUnited Kingdoms ofރ1809-18ğࠎВ͹Ă˵ಶߏĶ༄׏׶ॗ ķރSweden and Norway, Twin Kingdoms, 1814-1905ğĂᖎჍĶ༄׏ॗ Ҷ̶ᗓĂѺ̳ؖԸ፾ކᛉົͯࢬރѐĂॗ 1905 זۡ˘ĞSweden-NorwayğĄ ၁ĄְצϲĂ༄׏జ࢝ତ ,д 1397 ѐྫྷ̜౪ă̈́༄׏ඕЪࠎĶΙႬ੺ᓑ༖3ķĞKalmar Unionރॗ 1 ֍ჯૄѺࡊĞ2019ĈॗރӖ͹ЕܑğĄ д 1319 ѐĂݣ૵̣͵ĞHaakon V of Norway, 1299-1319ğѪ˸൑๠Ăࣣజଯࠎ༄׏઼ͳ੺ 2 ॾӅ೻α͵ĞMagnus IV of Sweden, 1319-64ğ۞γगତҜࠎ੺ॾӅ೻˛͵ĞMagnus VII of ͳĞHaakon VI of Norway, 1343-80ğă˵ߏ༄׏઼઼ރNorway, 1319-43ğćݣ૵̱͵ߊߏॗ ,ߊߏ༄׏઼ͳΙႬˣ͵ĞCharles VIII of SwedenڗͳĞ1362-64ğĄТᇹгĂΙႬ•ҹӅপ 1448-57ă1464-65ă1467-70ğă˫ߏॗރ઼ͳΙႬ˘͵ĞCharles I of Norway, 1449-50ğĄ ᘲཏफĞFaroe IslandsğăᔁᇇᜋཏफĞShetlandğă̈́๸ҹκڱΒӣДफăॾ౗ᜋăރॗ
    [Show full text]
  • Illinois Index Compiled by Kathryn L
    Name index to books on Swedes in Illinois Index compiled by Kathryn L. Saul, Augustana College, Class of 2004. Swenson Center student workers Susanne Elf, Andreas Henninger, Kerstin O'Connor, and Christina Peterson Book Title Author Region Date Published Code # Swedish Element in Nelson, O.M. IL Rockford 1940 101 Rockford, The Swedish Settlements in Iowa and Western Nelson, O.M. IL & IA 1938 102 Illinois Swedish Blue Book, Swedish-American IL Chicago 1927 103 The Publishing Co. Svenskarne i Illinois Johnson, Eric & C.F. (the Swedes in IL 1880 104 Peterson Illinois) History of the Swedes Olson, Ernst W; of Illinois, Pts 2&3 Engberg, Martin J., IL 1908 107 Biographical Sketches editors How to Read the Index Below is an index of names that Swenson Center staff compiled from the above books. The Reference number begins with the book code, followed by the page number. Request the book or photocopies you need through your home library’s interlibrary loan department. Tips on Name and Place Spellings Spellings are shown as they are in the books, even if they have changed over the years. The spellings of Swedish place names in these books were sometimes old spellings, phonetic, or even erroneous. Remember to look for Carlson starting with both “C” and “K.” “V” & “W” are also interchangeable, as are sometimes “S” and “Z.” Some parish names beginning with “V” used to start with a silent “H,” so you might find Vetlanda under Hvetlanda or even Hwetlanda. Swedish vowels å, ä, and ö fall at the end of the alphabet, but our database does not sort them that way, so look for your Åbergs with “A” instead of after “Z.” How to Search Use CTRL+F to search for specific text (Mac users use Apple+F).
    [Show full text]