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Ščitaste Stenice (Pentatomidae) Kot Škodljivci Gojenih Rastlin in Načini Njihovega Zatiranja

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Ščitaste Stenice (Pentatomidae) Kot Škodljivci Gojenih Rastlin in Načini Njihovega Zatiranja COBISS koda 1.02 Agrovoc descriptors: pentatomidae,pest insects,pest resistance,crops,hosts,ecology,damage,crop losses,pest control Agris category code: H10 Ščitaste stenice (Pentatomidae) kot škodljivci gojenih rastlin in načini njihovega zatiranja Tanja BOHINC1, Stanislav TRDAN2 Delo je prispelo 23. novembra 2010; sprejeto 29. decembra 2010. Received November 23, 2010; accepted December 29, 2010. IZVLEČEK ABSTRACT Šestdeset odstotkov vseh znanih vrst stenic (Heteroptera) STINK BUGS (Pentatomidae) AS CROP PESTS AND spada med fitofage. Gospodarsko pomembnejše vrste spadajo METHODS OF THEIR CONTROL v skupini Cimicomorpha in Pentatomomorpha, predstavnikom slednje pa pripisujemo zaradi škodljivosti na gojenih rastlinah Sixty percent of all known true bugs (Heteroptera) are vse večji pomen. Druţina Pentatomidae je po številčnosti na phytophagous. Economically the most important species tretjem mestu, v Sloveniji in bliţnjih drţavah pa je belong to Cimicomorpha and Pentatomomorpha groups. The gospodarsko najbolj škodljiva pisana stenica (Eurydema representatives of the latter are specially important, since they ventrale Kolenati). Njen pomen je vse večji tudi zato, ker za are harmful on cultivated plants. The Pentatomidae family is njeno zatiranje na kriţnicah, kjer se pojavlja najbolj številno, the 3rd largest from the Heteroptera (sub)order, and its the nimamo registriranega nobenega insekticida, poleg tega most harmful representative in Slovenia and in neighbouring škodljivec nima znanega učinkovitega naravnega sovraţnika. countries is Eurydema ventrale. It is specially important Kljub temu pa je mogoče z uporabo nekaterih okoljsko because of the lack of insecticides registered against this pest sprejemljivih načinov zatiranja stenic zmanjšati njihovo in Brassica crops, where it occur most numerously. Beside številčnost pod prag gospodarske škodljivosti. Pri tem je zelo this the species does not have any efficient natural enemy. pomembna izbira gostiteljskih rastlin, tako z namenom Notwithstanding it is possible to reduce the number of E. izkoriščanja njihove naravne odpornosti na napad škodljivca, ventrale below the economic threshold with the use of some kot tudi ustrezne izbire drugih načinov njihovega zatiranja environmentally acceptable control measures. In this context (vmesni posevki, privabilni posevki idr.). the choice of suitable host plants is very important, especially with the aim of use their natural resistance as well as for the Ključne besede: ščitaste stenice, Pentatomidae, sistematika, purposes of other environmentally acceptable control morfologija, bionomija, škodljivost, measures (intercropping, trap crops etc.). zatiranje Key words: stink bugs, Pentatomidae, systematics, morphology, bionomics, damage, control 1 SISTEMATIKA, RAZŠIRJENOST IN ŠKODLJIVOST STENIC Stenice uvrščajo nekateri v red Heteroptera (Milevoj, 2000). Podred Heteroptera vsebuje osem niţjih skupin: 2007), drugi, in njihovemu zgledu sledimo tudi v Enicocephalomorpha, Dipsocoromorpha, Leptopodo- pričujočem delu, pa v podred z enakim imenom (Panizzi morpha, Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha, Cimicomorpha, in Schaefer, 2000). Glede na slednjo klasifikacijo Pentatomomorpha in Aradomorpha. Gospodarsko uvrščamo stenice med polkrilce (red Hemiptera), kamor pomembne stenice se sistematsko najpogosteje uvrščajo spada tudi podred Homoptera (Schaefer in Panizzi, v skupini Cimicomorpha in Pentatomomorpha. Na 1 univ. dipl. inţ. agr., Zgornja Lipnica 9a, SI-4246 Kamna Gorica, e-mail: [email protected] 1 izr. prof., dr. agr. znan., Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za agronomijo, Katedra za fitomedicino, kmetijsko tehniko, poljedelstvo, pašništvo in travništvo, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1111 Ljubljana Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 97 - 1, marec 2011 str. 63 - 72 Tanja BOHINC, Stanislav TRDAN splošno gledano se predstavniki podreda Heteroptera od Eurygaster. Te lahko s sesanjem na ţitnih zrnih in tistih iz podreda Homoptera ločijo tudi po velikosti. steblih precej zmanjšajo pridelek. Gospodarsko Stenice so večje, kar pripomore k njihovi večji pomembne so tudi vrste iz rodu Lygus. Te povzročajo mobilnosti, obenem pa so zato manj privlačne za škodo na predstavnikih različnih druţin gojenih rastlin, nekatere manjše plenilce. V primerjavi s podredom tudi na nekaterih kriţnicah, kjer se prehranjujejo na Homoptera pri stenicah hitreje narašča tudi številčnost cvetnih brstih, cvetovih in drugih organih (Schwartz in populacij (Schaefer in Panizzi , 2000). Footlit, 1992; Schuh in Slater, 1995; Demirel, 2009). Poškodbe povzročajo ţe na sejančkih (Lamb, 1989; Fitofagne stenice predstavljajo 60 odstotkov vseh Butts in Lamb, 1990; Demirel, 2009). znanih vrst stenic (Schaefer in Panizzi, 2000). Od doslej ugotovljenih 36096 vrst stenic, je v Sloveniji znanih 734 Pridelovalci zelenjave na območju juţne in srednje vrst, kolikor jih obsega zbirka Prirodoslovnega muzeja Evrope pa so se v zadnjih letih zagotovo ţe seznanili s Slovenije (Heteroptera of Slovenia, 2008). Mnoge stenicami iz rodu Eurydema. Za zatiranje kapusovih fitofagne vrste, ki so škodljive na gojenih rastlinah, stenic pa pri nas ni registriranih insekticidov postajajo gospodarsko vse bolj pomembne. Teţave (Registrirana…, 2007), zato je potrebno iskati druge, nastanejo takrat, ko se nekatere vrste preveč namnoţijo zlasti okoljsko sprejemljive oziroma alternativne načine in jih je potrebno zatirati. Med vrste, ki jih je potrebno zatiranja teh škodljivcev. zatirati spadajo na primer ţitne stenice iz rodu 2 TELESNA ZGRADBA IN RAZVOJNI KROG ŠČITASTIH STENIC Stenice imajo dva para kril. Zadnja krila so mehkejša, in jih prilepi na gostiteljsko rastlino (Maceljski in sod., opnasta in z vzdolţno gubo zloţena pod sprednja 2004). Jajčeca odlagajo na spodnjo, redkeje na zgornjo, (Gogala, 2003). Franjo Janeţič (1951) opisuje image stran listov. Samica izleţe v presledkih do 7 jajčnih pisane stenice (Eurydema ventrale Kolenati) kot osebke legel. Jajčeca so sodčkasto cilindrične oblike. Pokrov z rdečim stranskim robom prednjih kril (slika 2). jajčec je bel, brez lise. Pri kapusovi stenici so jajčeca Trebušna stran je rdeča, brez risbe v sredi ali pa s črno visoka 0,8 mm. V začetku so rumenkaste barve, pozneje liso. Mnoge naj bi imele rdečkasto ali rumenkasto pozelenijo. Pisana stenica odlaga 1 mm visoka jajčeca lisasto osnovno barvo. Kapusova stenica (Eurydema zelenkaste barve s temno liso na pokrovu (Janeţič, oleracea [L.]) ima rob prednjih kril le v začetku rumen, 1951). rdeč ali belkast (slika 3). Osnovna barva zgornje strani je rdečkasta ali rumenkasta, vendar jo močno izrinjajo Pravkar izlegle ličinke so zelo majhne, takoj po zelenkasto bleščeče lise, ki se med seboj spajajo. izleganju se zberejo v skupino in se ne prehranjujejo. Po Trebušna stran je črna ali pa je po sredi vrsta prvi levitvi začnejo osebki zapuščati skupino in se podolgovatih črnih lis in na vsaki strani po ena vrsta prehranjevati. Z nadaljnjimi levitvami ličinke rastejo in črnih okroglastih lis. Kapusova stenica je manjša od postajajo bolj podobne odraslim ţivalim (slika 1). pisane stenice. Trajanje stadija ličink ponavadi traja nekaj tednov. Septembra se odrasle stenice odpravijo na prezimovanje Na glavi je par tipalk, ki so praviloma iz 4-5 členov. (Maceljski in sod., 2004). Poleg sestavljenih oči ima veliko vrst še dvoje pikčastih očesc (ocellae). Za stenice je značilno, da imajo ustne Mnenja o številu rodov kapusovih stenic so različna. dele izoblikovane v kljunec. Kljunec je opremljen s Nekateri strokovnjaki trdijo, da so bivoltilne ţuţelke, čutili, ki omogočajo iskanje hrane in mest za sesanje drugi pa, da so univoltilne. Maceljski in sod. (2004) na (Gogala, 2003). primer navajajo, da imajo kapusove stenice dva rodova na leto, Vrabl (1992) pa je mnenja, da ima stenica Za podred Heteroptera je značilna nepopolna Eurydema oleracea (L.) le en rod na leto. Tanasijević in preobrazba, kar pomeni, da njihov razvoj poteka od Ilić (1969) navajata, da ima stenica Eurydema ventrale jajčeca prek ličinke do odrasle ţivali (Schaefer in dva rodova na leto. Prvi rod lahko opazimo v drugi Panizzi, 2000). Za ščitaste stenice je značilno, da samica polovici junija, drugi rod pa se pojavlja sredi avgusta. izleţe jajčeca v jajčna legla po 10 jajčec ali več skupaj Nato se stenice pripravljajo na prezimovanje. 64 Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 97 - 1, marec 2011 Ščitaste stenice (Pentatomidae) kot škodljivci gojenih rastlin in načini njihovega zatiranja Slika 1: Ličinka pisane stenice (Eurydema ventrale Kolenati) med sesanjem na listu krmne ogrščice (foto: T. Bohinc). Po številčnosti je druţina Pentatomidae na tretjem Eurydema dominula (Scopoli), Eurydema fieberi mestu; takoj za druţinama Reduviidae in Miridae. Schummel, Eurydema ornatum (L.), Eurydema Druţina travniških stenic (Miridae) velja po številčnosti pulchrum (Westwood), Eurydema rugosa za največjo. Med ščitastimi stenicami so znane tako (Motschulsky), pisana stenica (Eurydema ventrale fitofagne stenice kot tudi plenilke (Schaefer in Panizzi, Kolenati), kapusova stenica (Eurydema oleracea [L.]) in 2000). Druţina ščitastih stenic vsebuje 8 poddruţin: še kakšno (Pentatomidae in the…, 1997). Med Asopinae, Cyrtocorinae, Discocephalinae, Edessinae, gostiteljskimi rastlinami najpogosteje omenjajo rastline Pentatominae, Phyllocephalinae, Podopinae in iz druţine kriţnic, kot so zelje (Brassica oleracea var. Serbaninae (Schaefer in Panizzi, 2000). capitata), cvetača (Brassica oleracea [L.] var. botrytis L. cauliflora), ohrovt (Brassica oleracea [L.] var. Za predstavnike iz druţine Pentatomidae je značilno sabauda [L.]), bela
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