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Diplomarbeit Diplomarbeit Titel der Diplomarbeit Die künstlerischen Beziehungen zwischen der Wiener Secession und Brüssel um 1900: Fernand Khnopff in Wien und sein Einfluss auf Gustav Klimt Verfasserin Johanna Seidelmann angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. Phil.) Wien, April 2011 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 315 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Kunstgeschichte Betreuer: Dr. Werner Kitlitschka INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. Einleitung .............................................................................................................. 3 2. Der Symbolismus und seine Rezeption in Brüssel und Wien .......................... 6 3. Fernand Khnopff ................................................................................................... 9 3. 1. Biografischer Überblick ............................................................................................... 9 3. 2. Künstlerische Entwicklung und Stilmittel .................................................................. 13 4. Fernand Khnopff in Wien ....................................................................................17 4. 1. Teilnahme an Ausstellungen der Secession ............................................................... 17 4. 1. 1. Erste und zweite Secessions-Ausstellung: 1898 .................................................. 17 4. 1. 2. Fünfte, siebente und achte Secessions-Ausstellung 1899/1900 ........................... 20 4. 1. 3. 39. Ausstellung: 1911/1912 ................................................................................. 22 4. 2. Ver Sacrum: 1898 und 1900 ....................................................................................... 25 4. 3. Ausgestellte und abgebildete Werke .......................................................................... 28 4. 3. 1. Menschenleere Landschaftsdarstellungen ............................................................ 28 4. 3. 2. Landschaften mit menschlichen Figuren .............................................................. 30 4. 3. 3. Brügge-Themen: Sehnsucht nach der Vergangenheit .......................................... 31 4. 3. 4. Spiritualistische Rituale und religiöse Themen .................................................... 32 4. 3. 5. Memling und Botticelli ........................................................................................ 35 4. 3. 6. Die letzte Stunde .................................................................................................. 35 4. 3. 7. Englisches Ideal .................................................................................................... 38 4. 3. 8. Starres Antlitz: Medusa und Maske ..................................................................... 40 4. 3. 9. Sinnlichkeit: Die Lippen ...................................................................................... 43 4. 3. 10. Der Androgyn: Die Sphinx ................................................................................ 46 4. 3. 11. Tugendhafte Frauengestalten ............................................................................. 51 4. 3. 12. Poesie und Musik ............................................................................................... 54 4. 3. 13. Zeichnungen: Illustrationen und Exlibris ........................................................... 55 4. 3. 14. Verschollene und unbekannte Werke ................................................................. 59 4. 4. Aufträge in Wien: 1899 .............................................................................................. 60 4. 5. Josef Engelhart, Josef Hoffmann und Josef Maria Olbrich ....................................... 62 5. Gustav Klimt ........................................................................................................71 5. 1. Biografischer Überblick ............................................................................................. 71 5. 2. Künstlerische Entwicklung und Stilmittel .................................................................. 75 6. Vergleichende Analyse .......................................................................................81 1 6. 1. Die Künstlerpersönlicheiten Khnopff und Klimt ....................................................... 81 6. 2. Landschaftsdarstellungen ........................................................................................... 86 6. 2. 1. Der Garten ............................................................................................................ 86 6. 2. 2. Der Teich .............................................................................................................. 89 6. 2. 3. Der Wald .............................................................................................................. 92 6. 3. Figurale Darstellungen ............................................................................................... 96 6. 3. 1. Frühe allegorische Darstellungen ......................................................................... 96 6. 3. 2. Mythologische und göttliche Wesen .................................................................. 106 6. 3. 3. Porträtdarstellungen ........................................................................................... 109 6. 3. 4. Die femme fatale: Die Hexe .............................................................................. 111 7. Gustav Klimt in Brüssel ....................................................................................120 7. 1. Die Wiener Werkstätte und das Palais Stoclet in Brüssel ........................................ 120 7. 2. Fernand Khnopffs Beiträge ...................................................................................... 126 7. 2. 1. Entwürfe für Wanddekore .................................................................................. 126 7. 2. 2. Die Klausnerin .................................................................................................... 127 7. 3. Gustav Klimt: Der Stoclet-Fries ............................................................................... 130 8. Conclusio ...........................................................................................................135 9. Literaturverzeichnis ..........................................................................................139 10. Abbildungsverzeichnis ...................................................................................146 11. Abbildungen .....................................................................................................154 2 1. Einleitung Im ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert setzten sich verschiedene Kunstströmungen wie der Impressionismus, der Neoimpressionismus und der Symbolismus in ganz unterschiedlicher Weise mit dem Phänomen der Industriellen Revolution und den neuen Errungenschaften in Technologie und Wissenschaft auseinander und sollten schließlich wesentlich zur Entwicklung des Jugendstils beitragen. In dieser Zeit wurden auch Stimmen laut, die sich für eine zeitgemäße Veränderung der vorherrschenden Konventionen und Traditionen einsetzten. Dieser Wunsch nach einer Erneuerung des Lebens in allen Bereichen machte auch vor Wien nicht Halt, wo im Jahre 1897 von einer Gruppe junger Künstler die Secession gegründet wurde. Die eigene Hauszeitschrift Ver Sacrum (Heiliger Frühling) diente der Stützung und der Verbreitung ihrer Ideen und Ziele, die darin lagen, „der Kunst ihre Freiheit“ wieder zu geben und einen Kontakt zwischen der Wiener Kunstszene und den neuesten avantgardistischen Tendenzen des Auslands herzustellen. In dieser frühen Phase des Suchens nach einem eigenen, unverwechselbaren Stil, sollten sich von Anfang an insbesondere die Belgier als entscheidende Impulsgeber erweisen. Durch ihre geographische Nähe zu Frankreich und England waren sie sehr bald mit den modernsten künstlerischen Strömungen in Kontakt gekommen und fungierten somit als bedeutende Vermittler derselben. So erstaunt es wenig, dass man sich in Wien sehr bald um ihre Beteiligung an den Ausstellungen der Secession bemühte. Von Beginn an waren neben einigen englischen und französischen Künstlern vor allem die Belgier Fernand Khnopff, Leon Fréderic, Eugène Laermans, Charles Van der Stappen, Constantin Meunier und schließlich Henry Van de Velde vertreten. Bald darauf lieferten auch ihre Landsleute Isidore und Hélène de Rudder, Félicien Rops, Théo van Rysselberghe und George Minne wertvolle Beiträge auf den Wiener Ausstellungen.1 Mit der Zeit aber begnügte man sich nicht mehr mit der Vermittlung aus zweiter Hand und lud die Engländer persönlich ein, die besonders durch ihre Errungenschaften im Kunsthandwerk schließlich wesentlich zur Gründung der Wiener Werkstätte im Jahre 1903 beitragen sollten. Van de Veldes „Synthese der Kunst“, der Wunsch, das alltägliche Leben im Sinne des Gesamtkunstwerks künstlerisch zu durchdringen, sollte schließlich im Palais Stoclet in Brüssel seinen Höhepunkt finden. 1 Kat. Ausst. Gebäude der Gartenbaugesellschaft 1898 und Eisler 1920, S. 11. 3 Zwischen den Kunstzentren Wien und Brüssel fand also von Anfang an ein reger Austausch statt. Die Vielzahl künstlerischer Beziehungen und gegenseitiger Beeinflussungen soll in dieser Arbeit stellvertretend anhand zweier Künstlerpersönlichkeiten, nämlich am Beispiel des Belgiers Fernand Khnopff und des Wieners Gustav Klimt behandelt werden. Die Bedeutung der Beziehungen Khnopffs zur Wiener Secession, die ihm zur internationalen Bekanntheit verhalfen, wurde in der Literatur schon vielfach betont.2 Der Einfluss,
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