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Nature and Science An International Journal Nature and Science ISSN 1545-0740 Volume 6 - Number 4 (Cumulated No. 21), October 1, 2008 Marsland Press, Michigan, The United States http://www.sciencepub.org [email protected] Nature and Science, 2008, Volume 6, Number 4 ISSN 1545-0740 Nature and Science The Nature and Science is an international journal with a purpose to enhance our natural and scientific knowledge dissemination in the world under the free publication principle. Any valuable papers that describe natural phenomena and existence or any reports that convey scientific research and pursuit are welcome, including both natural and social sciences. Papers submitted could be reviews, objective descriptions, research reports, opinions/debates, news, letters, and other types of writings that are nature and science related. The Authors are responsible to the contents of their articles. Editor-in-Chief: Hongbao Ma Associate Editors-in-Chief: Shen Cherng, Qiang Fu, Deng-Nan Horng, Yongsheng Ma Editors: George Chen, Jingjing Z Edmondson, Han Dai, Mark Hansen, Mary Herbert, Wayne Jiang, Xuemei Liang, Mark Lindley, Margaret Ma, Mike Ma, Da Ouyang, Xiaofeng Ren, Shufang Shi, Tracy X Qiao, Pankaj Sah, Alice Teng, George Warren, Qing Xia, Yonggang Xie, Shulai Xu, Lijian Yang, Yan Young, Tina Zhang, Ruanbao Zhou, Yi Zhu Web Design: Jenny Young Introductions to Authors 1. General Information Reference Examples: (1) Goals: As an international journal published both in print and on Journal Article: Hacker J, Hentschel U, Dobrindt U. internet, Nature and Science is dedicated to the dissemination of Prokaryotic chromosomes and disease. Science fundamental knowledge in all areas of nature and science. The main 2003;301(34):790-3. purpose of Nature and Science is to enhance our knowledge spreading Book: Berkowitz BA, Katzung BG. Basic and clinical in the world under the free publication principle. It publishes full- evaluation of new drugs. In: Katzung BG, ed. Basic and clinical length papers (original contributions), reviews, rapid communications, pharmacology. Appleton & Lance Publisher. Norwalk, and any debates and opinions in all the fields of nature and science. Connecticut, USA. 1995:60-9. (2) What to Do: Nature and Science provides a place for discussion (10) Submission Address: [email protected], Marsland of scientific news, research, theory, philosophy, profession and Company, P.O. Box 21126, Lansing, Michigan 48909, The United technology - that will drive scientific progress. Research reports and States, 517-349-2362. regular manuscripts that contain new and significant information of (11) Reviewers: Authors are encouraged to suggest 2-8 competent general interest are welcome. reviewers with their name and email. (3) Who: All people are welcome to submit manuscripts in any fields of nature and science. 2. Manuscript Preparation (4) Distributions: Web version of the journal is freely opened to the Each manuscript is suggested to include the following components but world, without any payment or registration. The journal will be authors can do their own ways: distributed to the selected libraries and institutions for free. For the (1) Title page: including the complete article title; each author’s full subscription of other readers please contact with: name; institution(s) with which each author is affiliated, with city, [email protected] or [email protected] or state/province, zip code, and country; and the name, complete mailing [email protected]. address, telephone number, facsimile number (if available), and e-mail (5) Advertisements: The price will be calculated as US$400/page, i.e. address for all correspondence. US$200/a half page, US$100/a quarter page, etc. Any size of the (2) Abstract: including Background, Materials and Methods, Results, advertisement is welcome. and Discussions. (3) Keywords. 2. Manuscripts Submission (4) Introduction. (1) Submission Methods: Electronic submission through email is (5) Materials and Methods. encouraged and hard copies plus an IBM formatted computer diskette (6) Results. would also be accepted. (7) Discussions. (2) Software: The Microsoft Word file will be preferred. (8) References. (3) Font: Normal, Times New Roman, 10 pt, single space. (9) Acknowledgments. (5) Manuscript: Don’t use “Footnote” or “Header and Footer”. (6) Cover Page: Put detail information of authors and a short title in Journal Address: the cover page. Marsland Press (7) Title: Use Title Case in the title and subtitles, e.g. “Debt and P.O. Box 21126 Agency Costs”. Lansing, Michigan 48909 (8) Figures and Tables: Use full word of figure and table, e.g. The United States “Figure 1. Annul Income of Different Groups”, Table 1. Annual Telephone: (517) 349-2362 Increase of Investment”. Email: [email protected], (9) References: Cite references by “last name, year”, e.g. “(Smith, [email protected] 2003)”. References should include all the authors’ last names and Websites: http://www.sciencepub.org initials, title, journal, year, volume, issue, and pages etc. © 2008 Marsland Press; Edmondson Intercultural Enterprises Marsland Company, P.O. Box 21126, East Lansing, Michigan 48909, The United States, (517) 349-2362 http://www.sciencepub.org i [email protected] Nature and Science ISSN: 1545-0740 Volume 6 - Number 4 (Cumulated No. 21), October 1, 2008 Cover Page, Introduction, Contents, Call for Papers, All in one file Contents 1. Macroinvertebrates As Indicators Of The Water Quality Of An Urbanized Stream, Kaduna Nigeria Emere M.C. and Nasiru C.E 1-7 2. Determination of capacity building by life stage for the farmers in Bangladesh M. Kamruzzaman and Hiroyuki Takeya 8-15 3. Water and pollution agents in the 21st century Olabisi Orebiyi and Awonusi Awomeso 16-24 4. Physico-chemical analysis of ground water of selected area of Ghazipur city-A case study Sandeep K.Pandey, Shweta Tiwari 25-28 5. Why Could Paul Dirac Not Derive The Correct Conclusions From His “Large Number Hypothesis” ? Dongsheng Zhang 29-34 6. Asmari Reservoir modeling of the of Shadegan Oil Field Using RMS Software Faramarz Shabani 35 7. Biometrical Studies On Genetic Diversity Of Some Upland Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Accessions. T. Vange 36-41 8. Survival threat to the Flora of Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, India: An Assessment based on Regeneration Status C. Sudhakar Reddy and Prachi Ugle 42-54 9. Biodesulfurization of Kerosene by Desulfobacterium indolicum Aribike D S, A A Susu, S C U Nwachukwu & S A Kareem 55-63 10. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Hongbao Ma, Yan Yang, Shen Cherng 64-69 Marsland Press, P.O. Box 21126, Lansing, Michigan 48909, The United States (347) 321-7172 http://www.sciencepub.org i [email protected] Nature and Science, 2008;6(4), ISSN 1545-0740, http://www.sciencepub.org, [email protected] Macroinvertebrates As Indicators Of The Water Quality Of An Urbanized Stream, Kaduna Nigeria 1 Emere M.C. and 2 Nasiru C.E 1. Department of Biological Sciences, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria 2. Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ek[poma, Edo state, Nigeria [email protected] ABSTRACT: A survey was conducted from March to September, 2005 on a fourth order perennial Northern Nigerian stream to evaluate the water quality using the macrobenthic invertebrate community of the bankroot biotope. Physico-chemical variables were determined using standard methods, A total of 1304 macroinvertebrates were recovered. Twenty-seven taxa were recorded. The higher number of taxa (23) was recorded at station 2. The abundance of individuals was highest at station 3. The presence of low densities of pollution tolerant macroinvertebrate groups, the deteriorating water quality and the physco-chemical conditions of the water during the dry season months was a reflection of organic pollution stress caused by decomposing domestic refuse and inorganic fertilizer washed into the stream by irrigation. [Nature and Science. 2008;6(4):1-7]. ISSN: 1545-0740. KEYWORDS: Macroinvertebrates, water quality, urbanized stream, Kaduna. INTRODUCTION Most major cities contain a number of waterways such as bays, harbors and rivers together with a small network of small streams. In Nigeria most of these streams have been subjected to an increasing pollution load from contaminated urban run-off water originating from industrial, agricultural, residential, commercial and recreational areas and institutions such as schools and hospitals (Adakole and Annune, 2003). Ogbogu and Hassan (1996) pointed out the effects of contaminants usually flushed into streams especially in areas of high human activities. Macroinvertebrate organisms form an integral part of an aquatic environment and are of ecological and economic importance as they maintain various levels of interaction between the community and the environment (Anderson and Sedel, 1979). According to Marques et. al. (2003) knowledge of the structure of the benthic macroinvertebrate community provides precise and local information on recent events, which can be seen in their structuring. The use of invertebrates and fish as bioindicators of water quality has been advocated by several researchers (Victor and Ogbeibu, 1985; Ofojekwu et. al., 1996; Edokpayi and Osimen, 2001; Adakole and Annune, 2003). The Barnawa stream is the main drainage system of most parts of Barnawa, an urban settlement in Kaduna metropolis. Although it is not a major river for fisheries activities because of its size it is the major effluent receiving stream in Barnawa as many gutters are linked to it. It is also used
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