INDEX

f refers to photo; n to notes

A Abused Abbey Theatre (Dublin), 77 children, 285 Aberrant behavior, 67n100, 103, 221 daughters, 27, 235, 238 Abortion, 102, 104–106, 117n141 mother, 151, 285 Abortionist, 102 power by Pelops, 340 Abu Ghraib, 29, 272, 275–277, 297 sisters, 235 Abuse. See also physical abuse; physical wife, 2, 132 and sexual abuse women, 6, 126, 128, 175, 199 domestic, 129, 174–176, 189, Abusive boyfriend, 236 194–195, 212n107 Abusive husband, 143, 203, 329–330 driven aggression, 205 Action films, 52 driven violence, 201 Action Opposing Violence against dysfunctionality and, 132 Women Campaign, 145 familial, 145 Actor injury, 20. See also fight family history of, 201 choreography fuels rage, 195 Acts intergenerational transmission of, of dominance, sublimated sexual, 132, 196 276 male-initiated, 23 of resistance, 92 power, 104 of retaliation, 190 revenging her father’s, 192 of stabbing, 116n109 sexual, 200 of violence, 230 signs of, 235 Addict, drug, 155, 205 spousal, 145, 197 Addicted to drugs, 205. See also drug(s)

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 365 N. Taylor Porter, Violent Women in Contemporary Theatres, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-57006-8 366 INDEX

Addiction(s) African-American (cont.) substance, 281 women boxers, 243 to violence, 58 women of color are viewed as more to violent TV, 54 savage, 128 “Adrenaline Junkies,” 282 young girls of color, demonization Adult(s) of, 220 children who view violent media young women, violent socialization resort to aggressive behavior as of, 284 young adults, 54 Agamemnon, 74, 201 subjectivity, 85 Agent Orange, 280 victimizing children, 236 Aggression violent shows and violent choices as denial of women’s, 56 adults, 53 emotional experience triggers, 55 women’s aggressive behavior as a “life-force,” 56 equaled men’s, 50 male and female aggression research, young women victimized by, 48–51 262n88 perpetrators rewarded for, 54 Adulterous affair and murder, 198 pop culture celebrates, 53–54 Adultery, 102, 142 verbal vs. physical, 53 African-American viewed as masculine, 50 average annual income, 178 violence vs., 56 communities, 202–203 women’s ethical use of, 56–59 female delinquency, 224 Aggressive behavior. See also girls’ physical and sexual behavior(s); violence by females victimization, 225 and women Hester, 103–104, 107, 108f3.2 of boys and girls, 54 history of forced migration, 97 of children exposed to violent TV, 54 homeless, 97 man’s fantasy of his own physical homicide rates, Whites vs. power, 356–357 African-Americans, 207n9 of men and women playing a video poverty and racial oppression, 222 game, 55 public constructions of (blackness), testosterone, role of, 42 107 women’s vs. men’s, 50 racial designation of, 107 of young adults, 54 state-sanctioned violence against, 97 Alabama Shakespeare Festival, 204 violence as survival strategy in Alcohol, 93, 114n76, 126 contemporary plays, 202 familial violence and, 2, 53 violence in the fight against racism, for pain and loneliness, 188 204 women’s violent behavior and, 126, violent girls of color “gone wild,” 204–205 220 Alcoholic stepfather, 285 women, violence of young, 224 Alcoholics, 205 INDEX 367

Alden, Dawn “Sam,” 21–22, 351 Archetypal “monstrous” woman, 74 Babes With Blades, 324–329, 334, Archetype(s), 101 348 of the psychotic/possessed woman choreography, 325 who kills her child, 88–89 fight choreographer, 324 that fulfills our need for security and fight director, 21–22, 324–329, freedom to flourish, 361 334, 348 Arianda, Nina, 306–307, 310 stage combat, 324–326 Aristotelian drama, 190 Allegorical paradigm, 96 Aristotelian resolution, 135 Alpha woman, 202, 330. See also Army, US, 274, 276, 279, 285–286, Omega woman 292 Alpha-male bravado, 58 Arrested development, 46 Als, Hilton, 297, 310 Artistic Altar-like place, ceremonial, 102 creation of men, 206 Althusser, Louis, 97 endeavor, 301 Amazons, 52 expression, 300 American Dream, 159, 236 freedom, 87 American Psychiatric Association license, 137 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of preferences, 14 Mental Disorders (DSM), 301, standpoint, 230 315n122 Assimilation, 45, 279, 356 American Psychological Association Athenian City Dionysus festival, 59–60 (APA), 54 Attachment relations, 15 American Society of Fight Directors, 24 Attack vocabulary, 25 American Theatre, 11, 32n34 Auden, W.H., 360 Amnesty International, 273 Audience (audiences) Anderson, Patrick, 26 as a collective, 14 Andrews, Laura, 203 counter-cultural education of, 2 Angel in the House, myth of the, 219 expectations, 11, 17 “The Angel in the House” (song), 173 passivity, 16 “The Angel in the House,” 173, 206 preconceptions, question, 30 The Angelina Project (Canino), 1, 28, reception, 14–18 36, 179, 192–202, 210n76, 210n80 surveys, 15 Anger management, 176 theatricality distance from brutality, Anglosphere countries, 6–7, 31n14, 189 64n49, 145, 166n115, 199 August: Osage County (Letts), 28, 125, APA. See American Psychological 128, 150, 154–160 Association Aplin, Julia, 251–252, 255, 258n2, 265n171 B Apotheosis of ecstasy, 89 The Baachae (Euripides), 27, 73–74, 93 Archetypal images, 73 Babbage, Frances, 93 368 INDEX

Babe(s), 6, 18, 29, 31, 52–53, 246, BDSM (bondage, 277, 299, 302, 324, 328, 361 discipline/dominance, submission/ Babes With Blades. See also violence by sadomasochism) (cont.) females and women aggression, normalizing unhealthy An Affair of Honor, 328–329 forms of, 303 Alden, Dawn “Sam,” 324–329, 334, community, 299, 303, 310 348 dominatrixes, 298–311 Choose Your Own Adventure, 323 dungeons, 301–302 fetishization and fragmentation of masocast website, 299, the female form, 327 315n114–115 The Gulag Mouse, 30, 329–334 Mistress Crimson, 299–300, The Last Daughter of Oedipus, 30, 302–303, 315n115 339–341 OB/GYN exams, 301 LGBTQ-friendly scripts and Risk Aware Consensual Kink company, 347 (RACK), 300 Los Desaparecidos (“The Vanished”), S/M community, 300–301 30, 341–348 therapeutic element of, 305, Macbeth, all-female, 30, 334–338, 315n111, 320 337f8.1, 338f8.2 Venus in Fur (Ives), 30, 272, mission statement, 323–324 304–311 plays produced, 328 Venus in Furs (von Sacher-Masoch), stage combat, 329 304 stereotype violent women and Becker, Xena, 335–337 gender norms, 324 Behavior(s). See also aggressive The Viola Project, 348 behavior; children website, 347 aberrant, 67n100, 103, 221 women in violent relationships, 30, abnormal, 95 323 cannibalism, 105 women stage combatants controlling, 176–177, 184, 205 showcased, 7 criminal, 9 women’s complex relationship to cultural ideologies influence, 42 violence, 324 disruptive or law-expanding, 45 “Babykiller,” 102. See also infanticide dysfunctional, 161 Bankowsky, Katya, 357 gendered, 41 Barnidge, Mary Shen, 94 girls’ violence, rising trend of, Barrett, Leigh, 334, 346, 348, 350n40 51–56, 65n65 Baumeister, Roy, 301 law-expanding, 45 BDSM (bondage, of macaque monkeys, 15 discipline/dominance, submission/ male and female aggression research, sadomasochism), 299–304. See also 49–51 American Psychiatric Association masculine and feminine, 227 INDEX 369

Behavior(s) (cont.) Björkqvist, Kaj, 55, 64n46 sex and gender of violence, 46–49 Black Spectrum Theatre Company, testosterone and aggressive, 42, 203, 212n112 62n8 The Blue Man Group, 16 transgressive, 76 Bobbitt, Lorena, 158 unconscious, 89 Bohle, Ruppert, 131f4.1, 136f4.2 women perpetrators vs. victims, 6 Bonacasa, Angela, 24, 35n100 women’s ethical use of violence, Bonnie and Clyde, 20 56–59 Booher, Anna, 85 Beloved (Morrison), 101 Boundaries Benedict, Helen around violent impulses, 287 The Lonely Soldier Monologues, of comprehension, 141 29–30, 271–272, 283–292 of gender roles and empower Benevolent guidance women, 92 and protection, 87 for her abusive boyfriend, 236 Benevolent human impulses, 107 to keep our world safe, 95 Bennett, Susan legitimize combat between two Theatre Audiences: A Theory of competing individuals, 271 Production Reception, 14 of masculinity in their assumption of Berlin, Normand, 243, 263n114 power, 311 Betrayal(s), 12, 75 of normalcy by voicing thoughts Greek patriarchal fears of, 88 aloud in public, 144 husband’s, 173 respecting, 182 Jason’s, 79 Bourbon at the Border (Cleage), 204 of one’s comrade, 335 Boxers Philomele’s, 81 female, 44, 244–248, 254, 258n2 Procne’s, 88 male, 245, 265n173 sexual, 74 Boys (boy’s) sibling’s, 360 “boys will be boys,” 288, 311n6 Tereus’s, 81 datable, 42 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why double standards for girls and boys, Violence Has Declined (Pinker), 3–4, 164n61, 220 39, 62n1, 71, 223 gender, erroneous constructions of Bickersteth, Neema, 219, 252–254, their, 43 256–257, 253f6.2 male and female aggression research, Big Love (Mee), 311 49–51 Bindel, Julie, 138 media violence and, 54 Biological determinism, 41 physical aggression, 49 Biological differences of the sexes, 42 reject everything feminine and Biological essentialism, 43 become aggressive, 46 Biracial identity, 198, 203 sex accounts for less disparity Birth control, 132 between boys and girls, 48 370 INDEX

Breath, Boom (Corthron), 29, 222, 225, Butler, Judith (cont.) 235–237, 242 Undoing Gender, 7, 31n16, 44 Brecht, feminist adaptations of, 10 violence without corruption, 58 Brechtian Butt-kicking babes, 53 devices, 11 “Butt-Kicking Babes” (Spicuzza), 361 tactics, 189 Buttocks, shot in the, 183, 185, way, 108 186f5.1 way, non, 109 Brecht’s desire to reject emotional involvement, 16 C Brevoort, Deborah Cake, Jonathan, 79 The Women of Lockerbie, 148–149 Cambridge school critics, 59 Brooklyn Academy of Music, 77 Canino, Frank Brooks Atkinson Theatre, 77 The Angelina Project, 1, 28, 179, Brown, Janet, 14, 33n52 192–202, 205, 210n76, 210n80 Brown, Tara, 247 Cannavale, Bobby, 104 Brutality Cannibalism, 86, 105 abhorrent on personal and even Capital punishment, 199 state-sanctioned levels, 57 Capitalism, 3, 97 theatricality and audience’s distance Carmen (Bizet), 254 from, 189 Carr, Déarbhail, 145 of girls, 226 Carano, Gina, 357–358 of Melinda and Laurie, 230, 232 Case, Sue-Ellen, 81, 86 of perpetrators’ actions, 12 Cattrall, Kim, 180, 182 physical brutality trumps public Celtic battling practices, 52 speech, 238 “Center City Wrestles with Teen of SS women, 47 Violence and Its Image” (Davies), 1 Brutalization, 98 Chalker, Kristyn, 196f5.2 Buckner, Jocelyn L., 97 Chambers, Samuel, 144 Burkwit, Margaret, 227, 231f6.1 Chatterton, Anna, 248, 250, 258n2 Burlesque of burlesque, 184 Chesney-Lind, Meda, 32n24 Burnett, Anne Pippin, 75–76 The Female Offender: Girls, Women, Butler, Judith, 12, 43–45 and Crime (Chesney-Lind and biological essentialism, 43 Pasko), 220 ethical violence, 58–59 Fighting for Girls: New Perspectives Frames of War, 312n22 on Gender and Violence Gender Trouble, 44, 265n169 (Chesney-Lind and Jones), 224 “more livable life,” 7, 45 Child homicide, 145 normalization, loosen, 45 “Child Homicide” (Yarwood), 165n85 responsibility for one’s aggression, Childhood 59 aggression, 225 sex/gender distinction collapsed, 44 damaged, 205 INDEX 371

Childhood (cont.) Chu, Louis, 22 memories, 240 Churchill, Caryl, 7 skirmishes, 346 A Mouthful of Birds (Churchill and trauma in early, 302 Lan), 27, 73, 89–94, 200 Children. See also infanticide Citadel, the, 273 aggressive behavior of, 54 Citron, Paula, 254 battered and sexually assaulted Clarke, D.A., 57–59, 66n95 women take out their rage on, 58 Class status, 198 lovers’ conflict and children as pawns Cleage, Pearl in the struggle, 77 Bourbon at the Border, 204 maltreatment, victims of, 162n12 Flyin’ West, 28, 179, 202–204 Medea kills her children, 73–78 Coates, Macah, 290f7.1 mother’s retaliatory murder of, 74 Code of behavior, social, 234 mothers who kill their children, 27, Code of ethics, 105 74–78, 95, 128, 138 Cognitive assessment, 21 sex-related differences in aggression, Cognitive research, 15 48 Cognitive scripts, violent, 54–55 violent behavior and violent Coish, Adam, 253f6.2 entertainment, 54 Colleran, Jeanne, 17 women and self-preservation and Colon, Athena, 290f7.1 preservation of others, 6 Combat, gratuitous, 347 women inflict harm on, 4–5 Combat choreographers, 19, 23 women with mental illness and, 27, Combat choreography, 23, 307, 309, 47 325, 346 Chin, Michael, 22 Comic books, 52–53 Choate, Teresa, 154, 160 Comic genre, 28, 179, 182–183 Choreography Common couple violence, 176, 208n22 Alden, Dawn “Sam,” 325 Confession, 98–99, 129–130, of boxers, 256 133, 201 combat, 23, 307, 309, 325, 346 Connell, R.W., 6 of Dionysus, 94 Consciousness, breach in “normal,” 93. fight, 22, 24–25, 252 See also insanity of fighters, 252 Controlling behavior, 176–177, 184, “The Hammer Story,” 257 205 in The Lonely Soldier Monologues, Cook, Amy, 21 292 Cooke, Miriam, 272 in Los Desaparecidos (The Vanished), Cooper, Neil, 146 344 Corporeal implications of bodily in A Mouthful of Birds, 200 damage, 12 theatrical fight, 252 Corthron, Kia in Venus in Fur, 307, 309 Breath, Boom, 29, 222, 225, “violence design,” 22 235–237, 242 372 INDEX

Coward, Nöel Daughter(s) Private Lives, 22, 28, 173, 179–183 abortion, 105 Coyle, Jane, 145 Agamemnon sacrificed daughter to Crime victimization information, 175 appease the gods, 74 Criminal become violent when abused and/or anthropology, 4 they witness domestic violence, behavior, 9, 137, 234 27 justice system, 88, 133, 219–220, born and driven to violence, 224, 231, 242, 303 149–161 Criminalization of girls’ coping family conflict and sexual violation, strategies, 220 234 Criminologists, 47 father abuses, 195 Cromer, Bruce, 24 maternal filicide, 27 Cross-gender casting, 24 maternal revenge for her daughter, Crossroads Theatre production, 203 146, 284 Cruel Sacrifice (Jones), 228–229, 234 mother and daughter assault their Cultural alcoholic husband and father, 2 beliefs, 42 mother chastised her daughter for essentialism, 41 public shame, 133 expectations, 18, 58, 140, 244 mothers who kill their children and Cultural feminism, 275 daughters, 128 Cultural feminists, 56, 302 rebellious and sexually curious, 191 Cultural hegemony, 99 sexually assaulted, 192 Cultural ideologies, 42, 133, 205 threatens and physically attacks her Cultural imaginations, 3, 61, 73, 127 mother, 150 Cultural judgment, 149, 201 violence, enacting, 28 Cultural literacies, 14 who are abused and/or witness Cultural norms, 4, 7, 9, 22, 27, 73, domestic violence often become 226, 258 violent, 27 Cultural script for femininity, 46 who resort to violence, 149–161 Cultural scripts, traditional, 18 women murder their husbands for Cultural stereotypes, 28, 159 damage inflicted on their Current Controversies on Family daughters, 201 Violence (Loeseke, Gelles, and Davies, Dave, 1 Cavanaugh), 178 Davies, Howard, 180–183 Davis, Angela, 276 Death penalty, 137–139, 145–146 D Death sentence, 89 D’Amico, Francine, 273 Defense vocabulary, 25 D’Aubigny Maupin, Mademoiselle, 22 Def, Mos, 105 Dancy, Hugh, 307–308 Democratization of violence, 53 Daniel, Michal, 100f3.1, 108f3.2 Demonic messages, 91 INDEX 373

Demonization Drama of criminals, 59 Aristotelian, 190 of the Other, 17 Greek, 201 of women, 2 Greek myths and, 127 of young girls of color, 220 realistic, 16 Denton, Dylan, 77 Drama, contemporary, 14, 18, 146 Destruction, exhilaration of, 93, 200 Drama, kitchen sink, 195 Destructive impulses, 89, 144 Dramaturgical Diamond, Elin, 80, 93 approach, multi-faceted, 135 Dionysus, 59–60, 76, 85, 89–90, 94, BDSMers, 300–301 114n54, 309, 355 device, unusual and powerful, 238 Discrimination, 43, 45, 66n95 device to reveal character’s Divorce and family shame, 197 interiority, 144 Divorce court, 176 reference to documentary theatre, Documentary theatre, 13, 129–130, 145 135–136, 145, 150, 163n52 references to Medea, 95 Doersch, David “Pops,” 23 strategies, divergent, 179 Dobbs, Lem strategy, ingenious, 225 Haywire, 355, 357–358 Dramaturgy Dolan, Jill Benedict vs. Lauro, 284 The Feminist Spectator as Critic, 10, disjunctive, 90 12 experimental, 10, 140 The Feminist Spectator in Action, forcible, 277 33n46 forms, 15 Domestic abuse, 129, 174–176, 189, inventive and appropriate, 186 194–195 nonlinear, 200 Domestic violence, 6, 27–28, 153–154, Norman’s, 241 160–161, 165n86, 174–179, representation and, 22 182–183, 192, 200 reveals her struggle for agency, 242 abused women and, 6 unconventional, 13 Domestic violence agency Drug(s) surveys, 175 addict, 155, 205 Dominance, feelings of, 41 addiction, 205 Dominance, male gendered and dealer, 235, 237 valorized, 50 dealing, 157 Dominance, myths about, 159 dealing culture, 237 Dominance, of the matriarch, 156 herself with Percocet, 295 Dominance, struggles for, 42 vandalism, and resisting arrest, 153 Dominance, traditional male, 75 DSM manual, 301 Dominance and revenge, 134 Dunagan, Deanna, 156 Douglas, Gabby, 246 Duncan, Christine, 251, 255–257 374 INDEX

Duncan, Lindsay, 180–182 Evan, Raima, 25, 92 Dysfunctional Evil, irredeemable, 96 abuse and, 132 Exorcism, 201, 344 behaviors, 161 Eye-for-an-eye justice, 88 family, 155, 238 mother, 238 F Fairytales, graphic, 53 E Familial violence, 81, 93 Eat a Bowl of Tea (Chu), 22 Family (family’s) Eating disorder, 130, 238 dysfunctional, 155, 238 Economic universe, 103 of origin violence, 27, 75, 128, 145 Egalitarian relationships, 57 reputation, 197 Ehrenreich, Barbara, 276 violence, 127–128, 166n115, Eldercide, 92 175–176, 210–11n85, 235 Elliot, Robert, 131 Father (father’s) Elshtain, Jean Bethke, 5, 272, 275, 282 abuse through neglect, 141–142 The Emancipated Spectator (Rancière), affair, 196 17, 19–20 Arlie was sexually and physically Embodied emotions, 16 abused by her, 238 Embodied simulation, 15–16, 34n74, Arlie’s father extorted sex from her, 110, 230 239 Emery, Lisa, 185, 186f5.1 cultural education absorbed from, Empathy, 15, 18, 190, 329 86 Empathy, critical, 18 daughter, father molested his, 197 England, Lynndie, 29–30, 272, 276, destructive legacy left to their sons, 292–293, 297 88 English Infanticide Act, 134–135 domestic disputes, 127 Enlightenment, 87, 146 enemies, defeating her father’s, 81 Equality law, 44 evil monster who beat his kids to Ericson, Nika, 335 death, 144 Ethic footsteps, signs of following in his of care, 178, 334 father’s, 85 of honor, 198 hypocritical, 97 of retaliation, 237 legacy, leave their sons, 88 of vengeance, 30 male rivalry and killing their sons, Ethnicity, 5, 66n95, 159, 178, 295, 127 329, 361 Melinda, incestuous relationship Euripides with, 234 The Baachae, 27, 73–74, 89, 93 Melinda’s sisters were sexually Medea, 27, 73–81, 88, 95 abused by, 235 INDEX 375

Father (father’s) (cont.) Female(s) (cont.) mother, father beat her, 141 characters who fight with past and mother killed her father, 199 present lovers, 28 mother tried to drown her children deviance, fear of, 4 to escape from, 128 exposure to violent media, 54–55, mother’s impulse to revenge her 161n4 father’s abuse, 192 fighters’ techniques, 24 murder/suicide, 190 historical construction of, 45 patriarchal pronouncements, 98 identity, 4 phallic representation of his juvenile offenders, psychopathology manhood, 86 of, 225, 260n30 physically abused his wife and medics in the Vietnam War, 29, 272, sexually molested his daughter, 2 280–283 Queen Boudica revenges the rape of perpetrators, 81, 205–206 her daughters, 284–285 psyche, 47 Raffaella, father molested, 197 superheroes, 52–53 refusal to obey her father, 75 superheroes in comic books, 51–52 slave-owner, inheritance from his victims of sexism and racism, 220 father, 202 violence, overpersonalized and stepfather, Susan was sexually vindictive, 5 molested by her, 130 who violates cultural norms for stepfather was an alcoholic and violence, 7, 9 abused all of the children, 285 youths with social and emotional stepfather’s sexual assaults, 133–134 problems, 222 who commits murder, 138 Female aggression, 46, 48 Feingold, Michael, 100 research on, 49–51 Feitz, Lindsey, 273 violence, rising trend of girls’, 51–56 Female(s) violence, women’s ethical use of, action heroines in films/videogames, 56–59 24, 52, 323, 356, 358, 360 The Female Offender (Lombroso), 4 aggressive behavior of, 55 The Female Offender: Girls, Women, and avatar, 55 Crime (Chesney-Lind and barbarians, 29 Pasko), 220, 259n7 basketball players, 50 Female protagonists behavior, racialized and class-based American plays with strong, 184 parameters for, 222 control episodic narrative about bonding, 184 sexual abuse, 9 boxers, 44, 244–248, 254, 258n2 crimes of, 80 boxing, 28 intimate partner abuse, responses to, characters as evil villains, 52 28 characters who are violent within the resistant vs. mythical female bonding home, 27 of, 184 376 INDEX

Female protagonists (cont.) The Feminist Spectator as Critic stereotype of, 88 (Dolan), 10, 12 violent, 46 The Feminist Spectator in Action Female-initiated domestic violence, 28, (Dolan), 33n46 154, 183 Feminist theatre aesthetic, 9–19 Female-initiated violence, 26, 183 Feminists Female-perpetrated cultural, 56, 302 femicide, 207n8 liberal, 56, 275 femicide victimizes children, 127 materialist, 10, 276, 303, 324 homicide, 258n3 Fetus, 102 homicide, rates of, 174, 258n3 Fifer, Elizabeth, 156 intimate terrorism, 178 Fight choreographers, 157, 181–182, street fighting, 222 324 violence, 126, 175, 177 Alden, Dawn “Sam,” 324 Femininity Martinez, J.D., 21, 26, 38 patriarchal definitions of, 6 Fight choreography, 22, 24–25, 252. Femininity, cultural script for, 46 See also stage combat Femininity belongs to bodies marked as Fight Club, 253 female, 44 Fight director Feminism Alden, Dawn “Sam,” 21–22, cultural, 275 324–329, 334, 348 Feminism(s) Chin, Michael, 22 first-wave, 211n97 Gerard, Dale Anthony, 20–21 liberal, 56 Gibbs, Brent, 23 political agenda, 10 Jones, Jeff A.R., 23 second-wave, 3, 11, 50, 220–221, Kelly, Colleen, 25–26 224 McAsh, Braun, 22 third-wave, 12, 14 Fight Directors’ Forum, 22 Feminist Fight master, female adaptations of Brecht, 10 Jones, k. Jenny, 23–24 hero, 10 The Fight Master: Journal performance criticism’s anti-realist of the Society of American Fight phase, 10 Directors, 22 performance strategies, 10, 189 Fight masters, 22 plays, 10, 12 Jones, k. Jenny, 23–24, 38 plays on violent women written by Woolley, David, 328, 343–344, men, 12 350–351n53 playwrights, 135 Fight teacher supporters, 176, 199 Doersch, David “Pops,” 23 theatre, 9–11, 13, 85–86, 113n44 Fighting for Girls: New Perspectives on theatre aesthetic, 9–19 Gender and Violence (Chesney-Lind theatre companies, 11 and Jones), 224 INDEX 377

Filicide, maternal Fromm, Peter D. (Retired Army Lieut. Anglosphere countries, in, 165n86 Col.), 276 English Infanticide Act, 134–135 Fucking A (Parks), 27, 101–110 in Greek myths, 127 Heinzelman, Susan Sage, 139 Hester, 97–100, 100f3.1, 107–109, G 108f3.2 Gallese, Vittorio, 15 Jones, Shirley, 27 Gappad Theatre Company, 145–146 Jordan, 141–146 Garbarino, James, 41, 50–51, 53–54 Leija, Juana, 129, 131–132, Garden of Eden, 203 131f4.1, 136–137, 140 Garland, Lisa, 246 Medea, 27, 75–78, 94–95, 128, 149 Gasaway, Quinn, 196f5.2 mental institution for women guilty Gatschet, Stephanie, 227, 231f6.1 of, 128 Gay rights movement, 17 mother’s capacity for, 75, 95 Gelles, Richard, 127 Philomele, 88, 94–95, 149 Gender Procne, 81–82, 85–88, 94, 111n5, an innovative affair, 43 149 bipolar and hegemonic construction society’s split response to, 137 of, 45 Smith, Susan, 129–130, 133–135, continuum, 45 139, 164n65 cultural constructs of, 5, 74 Yates, Andrea, 129–132, 134–136 determinism, 44 Filicide, paternal, 81, 138 differences, 24, 43, 56 Filmic fantasy, 22 hegemonic, 44 Finchley, Maggie, 80 outlaws, 45 Finnish girls study, 49 performative, 43 Fischer-Lichte, Erika polarization, 10 The Transformative Power of precedes sex, 43 Performance: A New Aesthetics, 16 proteanism, 45, 247 Fisher, Mark, 146 racialized, 96 Flyin’ West (Cleage), 28, 179, roles, 12, 44, 295, 303, 310, 357 202–204 scripts, cultural, 56 Footsteps Theatre Company, 324 social construction of, 46 Ford, Delia, 335–336 studies, 2 Foster, Verna, 98 violence, 141, 204 Foucault, Michel, 45, 102 Gender identity, 6, 63n19 Fraden, Rena, 107 intersectional view of, 44 Fraser, John schematic and ahistorical Violence in the Arts, 48 fetishization of, 90 Fraternal murder, 75 as a social construction, 45 Freshwater, Helen, 16 Gender norm(s), 45, 93 Friedman, Sharon, 3, 18, 292 of maternal self-sacrifice, 200 378 INDEX

Gender norm(s) (cont.) Girl(s) (cont.) origins of, 42 criminalization of girls’ coping prevent women from strategies, 220 self-preservation or preservation cruelty and intimidation of verbal of others, 6 assault, 51 Gender Trouble (Butler), 44, 265n169 cultivate a reputation of dominance Gender violence, 86, 141, 204 to deter attacks, 223 Gender voluntarism, 44 dehumanizing and depersonalizing Gender-ambiguous figure of chaos, 90 the other, 51 Gendered behavior, 41, 245 deviant behavior, 220 Gendered identities, social double standards for girls and boys, constructions of sexed and, 45 164n61, 167, 220 Gendered notions of violence, 194 engage in verbal or psychological The Gendered Society (Kimmel), 45–46 aggression, 49 Gendered violence, 2, 25, exposure to violent TV, 54 93, 255 fighters, 221 Gender-linked tendencies, 42 in gangs, 55 Genocide, 147 highly sexualized, 52 Gentry, Caron, 277–278 male and female aggression research, Genzlinger, Neil, 291 49–51 Gerard, Dale Anthony, 20–21 marginalized, stigmatized, and Gerety, Peter, 104 devalued, 222 Germano, Lt. Col. Kate, 278 media violence and, 54 Getting Out (Norman), 29, 222, 225, negative evaluations by their 237–242 community, 223 Gibbs, Brent, 23 plays, 12 Gibert, John, 76 raped and murdered, 86 Gilligan, James, 60, 64n38, 67n100, severe teasing, brutal gossip, and 357 ostracization, 222 Gillson, Tyler, 23 sex accounts for less and less Girard, René, 60, 263n114 disparity between boys Girl(s) and girls, 48 African-American girls’ physical and violence, 26 sexual victimization, 225 violence, rising trend of girls’, 51–56 African-Americans’ poverty and violent cognitive scripts, 55 racial oppression, 222 violent games, 54 aggressive behavior of, 54 who aggress are weird, unnatural, or aggressive fantasies of, 50 unfeminine, 51 apprehension for violence, 154 Giving death vs. giving life, power of, 92 bullying, 51 Gluck, Victor, 94 INDEX 379

God of theatre, 90 Greek myths, 27, 127, 309 Goffman, Erving Greek theatre, 60, 74, 140 The Presentation of Self in Everyday Greek tragedy, 60, 77, 149 Life, 42–43, 261 Green, Sharon, 83 Stigma, 221, 229, 238, 245 Grob, Julia, 290f7.1 Golden Age of Greek Theatre, 74 Gross, Paul, 180 Aegisthus, 74 Group protagonist, 86 Agamemnon, 74, 201 Guardians (Morris), 297 Agave, 89, 95, 111, 149, 199 Guerrero, Kimberly, 157 Apollo, 88, 339–340 Giuliani, Mayor, 100 Chronos, 130 Guilty Clytemnestra, 74, 201–202, 355 of “aberrations” into categories of Corinth, Princess of, 74 monster, psychotic, or babe, 6 Dionysus, 59–60, 76, 85, 89–90, 94, of both sexual transgression and 309 murdering her mate, 355 filicide, 75–76, 78, 88 of filicide, 128 Helen, 74, 91 of infanticide, 337 Itys, 81, 86–88 of matricide, 355 Jason, 74–76, 78–80, 112n18 of problematic parenting, 152 Medea, 73–81, 85, 88, 94–95, 99 of using excessive force, 302 Niobe, 83–84 The Gulag Mouse (Jolly), 30, 329–334 Pentheus, King, 89, 114n54 Gussow, Mel, 11–12 Philomele, 27, 81–88, 94–95, Gyno Productions, 186 113n36, 149 Procne, 81–82, 85–88, 94, 111n5, 149 H Tereus, Thracian king, 81–88, Halba, Hilary 94–95, 113n36 Hush, 27–28, 128, 149–154, Tereus’s son, 87, 94 165n105 Thracian ship’s captain, 83 Halbert, Christy, 247, 263–264 Trojan War, 74 Halberstam, Judith “Jack,” 256, Gonzales, JoJo, 104 265n176 Gordon Sisters, 253 Hampton, Verna, 290f7.1 Gottlieb, Heather, 231f6.1 Hannaham, James, 110 Grandmother’s histories, 224 Harrison, Kelsey McFarren, 83 Gratuitous combat, 347 Harmon, Amy E., 324, 330, 336 Gratuitous violence, 22 Hart, Lynda, 4 Greek chorus, 96 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 95, 100, 102 Greek convention of offstage violence, Hayford, Justin, 326 60–61, 77 Hazelwood Jr. High (Urbinati), 29, 221, Greek drama, 127, 201 225–235 Greek mythology, 340 Heard, Erica L., 203 380 INDEX

Healey, Keri Huq, Aziz, 275–276 Torso, 358–360 Husband, abusive, 143, 203, 329–330 HeartBreakers (Hendin), 45–46, Husband, philandering, 197 74–75, 120, 259n3 Husband’s betrayal, 173 Heckman, Kevin, 334 Hush: A Verbatim Play about Family Helbig, Jack, 325, 327 Violence (Halba et al.), 27–28, 128, Heinzelman, Susan Sage, 60, 139 149–154, 165n105 Hendin, Josephine Hutus, 147 HeartBreakers, 45–46, 70, 74–75, Hypermasculinized arena, 29 120, 259n3 Hypocritical father, 97 Heritage, mixed race, 202 Hypocritical judgmentalism, 99 Hermaphrodite, 89, 254 Hypocritical society, 103 Hernando-Real, Noelia, 26, 163n47, 184, 191 Heroic woman, 79 I Heroine(s), 24, 47 Identity Helpless, 192 social construction, 293 Vigilante, 159 Identity formation, 224 Willing to break her family’s curse at Ideological baggage, 12 any cost, 30 Ideological State Apparatuses, 97, 99 Hersh, Allison, 92 Ideology, 3, 7, 9–10, 97 Hesford, Wendy, 18, 34n74, 277 of hate, 297 Historical construction of male and patriarchal, 254, 289 female, 45 of patriarchy, 254 Holum, Suli, 187 protective, 9 “Homewrecker,” 187 religious, 133 Homosexual(s), 17, 265n169, 343 social, 106 Homosexuality, 288 Illinois College, 23, 82 Hope for redemption, 110 Illusion of truth, 135–136 Hopkins, K.D., 110 In the Blood (Parks), 27, 95–101, 103 Hot ’n’ Throbbing (Vogel), 28, 179, Individual histories, 15 183–192, 205, 210n70 Individual temperament/genetics, 45 How I Learned to Drive (Vogel), 9–10 Infanticide, 91–93, 132, 134, 139, 337. Howard, Bette, 203 See also children Howe, Savoy “Kapow,” 249–252, Inhabitation of roles by audience 255–257, 264n154 members, 16 Human condition, 96 Inner-city neighborhoods, 223, 234 Human destruction, 81 Inner-city violence, 285 Human frailty, 88 Insanity Humiston, Gillian N., 335, 338f8.2 angry, depressed, verging on Hunters’ song, 109 insanity, and suicidal, 313n56 INDEX 381

Insanity (cont.) Italian, hot-blooded, 199 identity-altering temporary, 93 Italians, prejudice against, 194, 198 Macbeth on brink of, 336 Ives, David Raffaella on brink of, 2 Venus in Fur, 30, 272, 304–311, sanity and psychosis, human and 316, 319 monster, divisions between, 137 Susan and the jury, 137–138 temporary, 89, 98, 194, 200, 282 J woman acting rationally in Jacobean revenge tragedy, 106 self-defense or acting out of Jane Austen Fight Club, 253 temporary insanity, 199 Jews in Nazi Germany, 102, 296 Intergenerational transmission Joan of Arc, 22, 295 of abuse, 132, 196 Johnson, Michael P., 176–177, 195, of violence, 158 208n22 Interior thoughts and feelings, 92, 187 Johnston, Sarah Iles, 95 Internal representations, 15 Jolly, Arthur M. Intersubjectivity, 15 The Gulag Mouse, 329–334 Intimate partner violence (IPV). See also Trash, 323, 345–346 violence; violence by females Jones, Abigail, 32n23, 38, 234–235 and women Jones, Aphrodite about, 174–175 Cruel Sacrifice, 228–229, 234, female-perpetrated violence, 126, 260–261 175, 177 Jones, Jeff A.R., 23 female/women, 177, 203 Jones, k. Jenny, 23–24 male victims of, 177 Jones, Nikki, 223–224, 228 male-perpetrated, 175, 183 Jones, Shirley, 24, 141–146 men are offenders and women are Jordan (Reynolds with Buffini), 27, victims, 178 128, 141–146 men as primary aggressors, 174 Joseph Papp Public Theater, 96, 101, National Violence against Women 103, 110 Survey, 177 Judeo-Christian moral sensibility, 76 socially deviant women, 32n24 Judeo-Christian notion of expiation, 60 socioeconomic status and, 178 Judgment, critical, 18, 189 in the theatre, 178–206 Judgmentalism, hypocritical, 99 Intimate terrorism, 176–178 Judicial witnesses, 147 Intimate terrorist, 27–28, 183, 191, Juilliard playwriting program, 11 227 Justice system, 303 Intimate Violence in Families (Gelles), criminal, 88, 133, 219–220, 224, 127 231, 242 IPV. See intimate partner violence juvenile, 220, 225 Isherwood, Charles, 107, 262n89 women, biased against, 199 382 INDEX

K Lauro, Shirley Kaminsky, Eva, 131, 136f4.2 A Piece of My Heart, 29, 272, Kelly, Colleen, 25–26 279–283, 285, 288–289, 291 Kerwin, Brian, 157 Law and justice, 59 Keyssar, Helen, 91, 94 Lawlessness, 190, 204, 236 Khan, Ricardo, 203, 213 Legal discourse, moral categories of, 60 Khan, Ummni, 302–303 Lehmann, Hans-Thies, 10, 19, 32n22 Kibbler, Melanie, 335 Leija, Juana, 27, 129–134, 131f4.1, Kiesling, Jenny, 279 138, 140 Kimmel, Michael, 45–46, 63n33 Leonard, Sean Patrick, 344 King Arthur (film), 52 Letts, Tracy King, Michelle, 327 August: Osage County, 28, 125, 128, King, Neal, 356, 358 150, 154–60, 161 Kirkland, Michael, 24 Lewis, Rege, 131, 131nf4.1 Kitirath, Nadia, 290f7.1 Liberal feminism, 56 Knight, Johnny, 337f8.1, 338f8.2 Life experiences, different male and Knightley, Keira, 52 female, 42, 44 Koteas, Elias, 185, 186f5.1 Lindemann, Danielle, 298–299, Kramer, Larry 303–304 The Normal Heart, 17 Listerud, Paige, 347 Kreitzer, Carson, 21, 126, 206 La Llorona (West), 129–131, 131f4.1, 1:23, 27, 125–141, 145, 150, 154 136, 138–139, 143, 162n21 Self Defense, 129, 141 Lhota, Barbara Kritzer, Amelia Howe, 92 Los Desaparecidos (The Vanished), Kuriansky, Judy, 301–302 30, 323, 341–345 Liander, Cara, 290f7.1 Listerud, Paige, 347 L Lombroso, Caesar Labeling The Female Offender, 4 of behaviors, 220 The Lonely Soldier Monologues her as mad, 85 (Benedict), 29–30, 271–272, judgmental, 98 283–292 women as murderers, 138 Los Desaparecidos (The Vanished) Lakeesha, 223 (Lhota), 30, 323, 341–345 Lamonakis, Sonya, 244 Loss Lan, David, 7 of compassion, 289 A Mouthful of Birds (Churchill and of control, through possession, 93 Lan), 27, 73, 89–94 of control during a fight, 232 Lanat, Jesse, 104 of her children, 130 The Last Daughter of Oedipus of her honor/virginity, 4 (Mickelson), 30, 339–341 of humanity, 91 INDEX 383

Loss (cont.) Male (cont.) of humanity through her violence, boxers, 245, 265n173 147 competitiveness and denigration, 81 of privacy, 245 historical construction of, 45 of a sister, 360 man beating his partner, 46 of their father’s kingdom, 284–285 masculinity challenged and violence of their son, 148 against women, 197 Love pregnant wife, beating his, 203 and betrayal, 12 protagonist(s), 190, 306 and care for one another, 346 raping her from behind, 203 and care for their children, 138 rescuer, 53 and dangerous dependency, 144 serial rapists and murderers, 194 and forgiveness, 296 sexual fantasies infused with and psychosis, 130 dominance, 189 and remorse, 144 sexualization, and and skills to help her daughter self-aggrandizement, 52 change, 153 tragic heroes, 84 Love My Rifle More Than You violence, 5, 64n38, 183 (Williams), 276–277 Male-initiated abuse, 23 The Love of the Nightingale Male-initiated violence, 183 (Wertenbaker), 27, 81–88 Male-perpetrated Lover, jealous, vengeful, 161 femicide, 207n8 Low-income minority communities, 28 intimate partner violence (IPV), Lunacy, 109 175, 183 Lyons, Danielle Lees, 84 Males, Mike, 221 La Malinche (Mexican woman), 129, 136 M Mangia-cakes, 198 Macaque monkeys, 15 Mansbridge, Joanna, 184, 189 Macbeth (Shakespeare), 16, 30, Marcus, Sharon, 356 334–339, 348, 360 Marginalized MacIntosh, Ross, 254 communities, 95 MacKinnon, Catherine, 302 group, 17 Madness, 90, 93–94, 144, 149, 339, status of poor, Mexican immigrant, 350n41 140 Madonna and child, 78 stigmatized, and devalued women, Maidment Theatre, 150 222 Male and theatrical status of BDSM, 303 audience members, 52 uncollective protagonist, 285 avatar, 55 women who feel the law is barbarians, 29 inaccessible to them, 205 bonding, 198, 273, 279, 294 women’s stories, 8 384 INDEX

Marijuana, 157 Masculinity (cont.) Marine Corps, US, 278–279, 311n6 violence against women, 197 Marinucci, Mimi, 361 young man becomes a Martin, Carol, 14 hermaphrodite, 89 Martin, Madeleine, 158 Mason, David, 55 Martinez, Bernardo Muñoz, 26 Masturbating with catcher’s mitt, 187 Martinez, J.D., 21 Maternal. See also filicide, maternal Martinez, Meghan M., 343 criticism, 201 Martinez, Paul E., 343 responsibility, or lack thereof, 74 Masculine self-sacrifice, gender norm of, 200 aggression, 50, 248 vengeance, 74 attitude toward aggression, 51 violence, basic tropes of, 27 attributes, 256 violence in the contemporary behavior, 236, 279 theatre, 128–149 boxing, 245, 247 violence, structural violence impact dynamics easily drift into criminality, on, 27, 95, 100, 111 275 Matriarch (matriarchal) and feminine behaviors, 227 dominance, 156 and feminine modes of relating, 334 figure, Miss Leah, 203 and feminine traits, 227, 248 fragile and broken, 159 hero, 256 Matricide, 355 models, destructive and oppressive, Mayberry, Mariann, 157 30–31 McAsh, Braun, 22 social dominance, 3 McCarthy, Siobhán, 78 sport, 256 McCaughey, Martha, 356, 358 verbal aggression, 82 McConachie, Bruce, 16 Masculinity McKee, Geoffrey, 126–127 “aggressive, brutal, bloody, and Medea (Euripides), 27, 73–81, 88, 95 corrupt,” 244 Medea-like figures, 27 American young men and, 46 Medea-like mothers, 95 boxing, 245 Media violence, 19, 21, 54, 65n79 cultural definitions of, 5 Mee, Charles definitions of, 273 Big Love, 311 female, 256 Men (men’s) hypermasculinity and polarization of aggressive behavior of, 42, 50, 55 gender, 256 control over women, 5 media effect on, 54 criminal violence, engaged in, 56 military service, 273 emasculated by women shaming physical prowess from, 357 them, 5 power, assumption of, 311 engaged in aggressive behavior after reconstituting masculinity and playing video games as male femininity, 357 avatar, 55 INDEX 385

Men (men’s) (cont.) Mental illness (cont.) Greek men’s fear of perpetrators of lethal violence, 145 sexual betrayal, 74 possession, 89, 149 homicide rate, 48 postpartum hormonal imbalance, 95 intimate partner violence (IPV), religious ideology, unhealthily 174–176 prescriptive, 133 masculine attitude toward straitjackets and institutionalized for, aggression, 51 301 as offenders and women are victims, stress and prosocial violent actions 178 vs., 160 as rational and instrumental, 42 unconscious behavior as either rippling muscles from testosterone, a gift or retribution of divine 47 origin, 89 slapping women on the face, 175 violence, financial instability, and token sentences for rape and substance abuse of parents, 132 femicide, 58, 66–67n95 violence, infrequently leads to, 89 victims of domestic violence, women, 27, 47 177–178 Mental instability, 73 violence, engaging in, 46 Mental stimulation, 17 violence against women, 6, 22, 26, Mental/psychological illness, 93 28, 114n53, 183, 190, 197 Merkerson, S. Epatha, 102, 106, violence and revenge of the women, 108f3.2 95 Metamorphosis, 16, 86 violence toward women, 196 Metatheatre, 147 Mennesson, Christine, 44, 245–246 Meyer, Cheryl L., 134 Menon, Jisha, 26 Mickelson, Jennifer L., 335 Mental illness. See also psychotic; The Last Daughter of Oedipus, possession (psychosis) 339–341 biologically and culturally induced, Milgram, Stanley, 297–298 134 Military crimes of women and mothers, 138 dress, 82 difficult-to-define condition, 301 failure to prosecute sexual assault, dividing line between evil, psychotic, 314n79 monster and, 138 sequences, graphic, 87 Euripides’s play, 89 tactic designed to destroy, 82 grieving mother, Madeline, 148 Miller, Jody, 55–56 from history of familial or spousal Mimesis-mimicry, 189 abuse, 145 Mirror Neuron System (MNS), 15–16, maternal filicide, 94 21, 33n56, 55, 110, 230 mother, 145 Miskowski, S.P., 359 partially inexplicable, 141 Modes of living, 45 past trauma, 95 Mohler, Courtney Elkin, 159 386 INDEX

Molestation, 2, 129–130, 157, 159, 197 Morrison, Toni Moments crisis/reflection, 18 Beloved, 101 Monologue. See also The Lonely Soldier Morton, Amy, 156 Monologues; The Vagina Mother(s) (mothers’). See also filicide, Monologues maternal; violence by females and Benedict’s, 291–292 women boy’s frogs into the road, about aggression to defend their offspring, throwing a, 262n106 47 by character based on Lynndie agony and loss, bereaved, 149 England, 30 battered, 192, 199 confessional, 98 as both victims and victimizers, 111 dramaturgical device for revealing a defamed by criticisms of her being character’s interiority, 144 too masculine, 82 of how she and her sisters were dysfunctional, 238 raped, 83 as failure, 143 Lena’s only line in the scene, 90 histories, murderous, 132 Maria’s, 289 history of familial or spousal abuse, of oppression, 25 145 Rumpelstiltskin, story of, 143 infant child, holding her, 126 for a single actress, 141 insane psychotics or evil monsters, by a soldier, 272 135 Soldier’s, 295–296 killing her child, 75, 77, 79, 110, theatre, 297 335 of two female boxers, 258n2 as life givers, 126 of women’s chaotic experience and Medea-like, 95 broken lives, 283 mental illness, 145 Monster(s), 6, 18, 27, 29, 31, 60, 78, monster, 155 80, 93, 95, 106, 111, 135, 137–140, perpetrators of lethal violence, 145 144, 147, 155, 203–204, 206, 235, punished more harshly than fathers, 277, 289, 294, 299, 335, 338, 138 360–361 retaliatory murder of her children, Monstrous (monstrosity) 74 normalcy and, 92 self-sacrificing Victorian mother, of violence from women, 338 173–174 vulnerable girl who approaches, 293 shaming and neglect, 134 woman/women, 4, 74–75, 278, surrogate, 156, 159 290, 355 who drown their children, 128–129, The Monument (Wagner), 146–147 131–133, 140 Moral irresponsibility, 83 who kill, classical literature of, 74 Moriber, Brooke Sunny, 231f6.1 who kill as monsters, 95 Morris, Peter who kill their children, 27, 98, 128, Guardians, 297 132, 135, 137–138, 142 INDEX 387

Motivation, self-identified, 152 Neumayr, George, 29 A Mouthful of Birds (Churchill and Nevitt, Lucy Lan), 27, 73, 89–94, 200 Theatre and Violence, 8, 21, 26, 61 MP3 players, 150, 154 New Age psycho-soap opera, 192 Muller, Jean-Marie, 56–57 New York production, 94, 115n79, Muñoz, Alfonso Ceballos, 26 157, 189 Murray, Matthew, 94 Newlands, Erica, 151 Murray, Timothy, 241–242 Nguyen, Qui Murder, premeditated, 86, 149, 204 She Kills Monsters, 360 Murderous rage, 80, 98 Niemelä, Pirkko, 55 Musical vocabulary of blues and jazz, 9/11 attackers, 296 108 Non-Violence in Education (Muller), Mutz, Wendy, 196f5.2 56–57 Myth The Normal Heart (Kramer), 17 of the Angel in the House, 219 Normalcy of female pacifism, 94 within the bounds of, 90 of Philomele, 27, 81, 88 deviance and, 93, 221 of a female boxer, 254 of fighters’ experiences, 247 N guardians of, 221 Nagel, Joane, 273 monstrosity and, 92 Narayan, Manu, 104 Soldier’s, 297 Narrative(s) violate the boundaries of, 144 about their histories as responsible Norman, Marsha, 11–12 for sentencing, 139 Getting Out, 29, 222, 225, 237–242 of containment, 8, 31n17 of feminist resistance, 8, 31n17 hierarchy, ambiguous, 189 O of motherhood, 139 Oates, Joyce Carol recounting female fight scenes, 324 On Boxing, 244–245 societal, 140 Oath-curse, 76 state-sanctioned violence, 273 Oberman, Michelle, 134 National Family Violence Survey, 177 Objective violence, 3 National Violence against Women O’Gorman, Siobhán, 99 Survey, 177 Omega woman, 202, 242. See also Native American females, 159 Alpha woman Native American ideologies, 159 On Boxing (Oates), 244–245 Native Americans, 52, 178, 203 1:23 (Kreitzer), 27, 125–141, 145, 150, Nelis, Tom, 187 154 Ness, Cindy, 219, 222–223, 225, Oppression 228–229, 231–233 African-Americans’ poverty and Nessler, Ellie, 129 racial, 222 388 INDEX

Oppression (cont.) Parody brutal, 99 attitudes toward women boxers, 245 of Catholic, sixteenth-century of desensitization to violence, 289 Spanish culture, 342 of the phallic gaze, 183–184 cruel and continuing histories of, Parsons, Talcott, 42, 62–63n10 110 Participatory theatre, 16 cultural isolation and, 80 Partner violence, 28, 32n24, 80, 174, economic, 360 178. See also intimate partner exploitations and, 3 violence (IPV) lifelong, 99 Pasko, Lisa, 220 monologues of, 25 Passive seat warmers, 17 systemic violence of racial and class, Patmore, Coventry, 173 56 Patriarchal violence in fight against racism and, definitions of femininity, 6 204 Greek fears of men’s betrayal, 88 woman who fights back against ideology, 254, 289 sexual, political, and racial, 76 legal system and culture, 58 of women, 88, 302 pronouncements, 98 O’Quinn, Jim, 204 rights, 198 The Oresteia (Sophocles), 59 rule, 141 Otherness lurking within the self, 95 social structures, 92 O’Toole, Fintan, 232 values, 45 Ovid (Roman poet), 95 views on inferiority of women and Ozieblo, Barbara, 11, 26, 141, 163n47 feelings of meaninglessness, 12 violence, systemic, 81 Pearson, Christie, 248 P Pearson, Patricia, 47, 55–56, 76, Pain and loneliness, 188 164n60, 204, 207n8 Palace of the End (Thompson), 30, 272, Penis, bite off his, 142, 158 292–298 performative event, 90 Palmer, Juliet, 248, 250, 251, 254–258, Performing Gender Violence: Plays by 264–265 Contemporary American Women Panetta, Defense Secretary Leon E., Dramatists (Ozieblo and 278 Hernando-Real), 26 Pantomime, 189 Perry, Jeff, 157 Parker, Chandler, 104 Personal Parks, Suzan-Lori, 111 histories, 9, 14, 225 In the Blood, 27, 95–101, 103 vendetta, 59, 87 Fucking A, 27, 101–110 vengeance, 75, 340 INDEX 389

Personal vendetta, 59, 87 Playwrights (cont.) Personality, abusive, 227 question audience Personality disorders, 161n8, 205, 229, preconceptions, 30 234 should not have the answers, 19 Phallic gaze, parody of, 183 social issues based on historical Phallic representation of his manhood, events, 13 86 trap of making men active attackers Phallus, anatomical, 44 while the women are reactive Physical abuse. See also abuse; physical victims, 25 and sexual abuse trust their ability to represent “the of his wife, 2, 80, 238, 344 real,” 13 of infants by women, 127 violence, displays of gratuitous, 22 Physical and sexual abuse. See also violence against women, 26 abuse; physical abuse violent women, researching, 14, 18, of African-American girls, 225 30 of a child, 132 violent women characters in female delinquency and, 225 contemporary plays, 9 history of, 126 violent women onstage, who depict, that girls suffered, 234, 239 9 Physical combat in film, 20 women and violence, perceptions of, A Piece of My Heart (Lauro), 29, 272, 73 279–283, 285, 288–289, 291 women’s violence needs rethinking, Pietà (Michelangelo), 77, 108 61 Pineda-Hernández, Inmaculada, 99, Playwrights’ cultural imaginations, 73, 202, 204 127 Pinker, Steven Plea The Better Angels of Our Nature: for emotion and gut feeling, 109 Why Violence Has Declined, for forgiveness, 144 3–4, 62n1, 223 for understanding, 134 Playwrights Poetic license, 78 Anglosphere, 7 Pole dancer, 186 cultural imaginations and myths, 73 Polemical plays, 10 female-initiated violence, 26, 183 Political theatre, 17, 61 feminist theatre, free play of Pop culture celebrates aggression, expression in, 13 53–54 goal of politically conscious, 14 Pornography, 57, 191, 243, 277 ideological baggage, saddled with, Possession (psychosis), 27, 89, 92–94, 12 114n54, 114n74, 149, 150, 189, patriarchal practice of writing, 10 200, 229, 339 politically conscious, 14 Postdramatic theatre, 10, 32n22 390 INDEX

Postmodern Prosocial modes of physical force, 3 assertion that truth is not entirely Prostitute verifiable, 14 Anastasia, 331 disassociation of ideas and objects, Angelina, 193, 197, 199 137 BDSM, not been properly trained in, theatre of the real, 13 300–301 Postpartum depression, 132 gets the warm bed by the fire, 331 Postpartum hormonal imbalance, 95 herself, 2, 193, 197 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder lifestyle dommes, 300 (PTSD), 9, 282, 289 pro-dommes are not prostitutes, 298 Power, gendered and hierarchical serial killer, 129 distribution of, 42 Shirley, 142 Power, hegemonic, 44 stigmatizing, 303 Power abuse, 104 White woman, 67n95 Preacher, hellfire and brimstone, 132 wife, 2 Predation, 3, 50 Wuornos, Aileen, 129 Prejudice Prostitution, 96, 199, 239 and need to blame someone, 149 Protagonist(s) and commercialism, 316n122 female, 9, 28, 46, 80, 88, 184 cultural, 342 group, 86 against female soldiers, 273 male, 190, 306 against Italians, 194, 198 Protection of others, 3, 57 against “niggers,” Native Americans, Protective ideology, 9 and “grins evilly,” 203 Psychic attack, 90 positive, 107 Psychopathology reverse, 125 child abuse and, 130 social, 104, 107 of female juvenile offenders, 225 and stereotypes battling for predictor of child abuse and murder, recognition, 248 132 Premeditated actions, 146 socioeconomic status and, 132, 225 Premeditated actions of Medea, women’s violent behavior and, Philomele, and Procne, 149 126–127 Premeditated aggression, 244 Psychopathy, 205 Premeditated murder, 204 Psychosis, 27–29, 78, 92, 95, 130 Premeditated murder of Itys, 86 Psychosocialization, 56 The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Psychotic. See also mental illness; (Goffman), 42–43 possession (psychosis) Private and public spaces, 30 aggression, 119 Private Lives (Coward), 22, 28, 173, borderline, 144 179–183 breakdown, 241 INDEX 391

Psychotic (cont.) Psychotic (cont.) characters, 324 stereotype, 140 critical dividing line between mental those guilty of “aberrations” are illness and evil, psychotic, and categorized as monster, monster, 138 psychotic, or babe, 6, 18 deconstructing monster, psychotic, violent females are polarized as either and babe, 31 innocent and helpless psychotics deserving life in prison or death, in need of treatment, 139 treatment or protection, 139 violent women as monsters or, divisions between sanity and 205–206 psychosis, human White violent females are either and monster, 137 innocent and helpless, from evil monster to possessed psychotics, 139 psychotic, 27 women judged mad or bad, evil monsters or psychotic, insane, psychotic or monster, 144 135, 144 PTSD. See Post-Traumatic Stress immigrant woman does not fit easily Disorder within monster or psychotic Public violence, 28 stereotype, 140 Punchdrunk, 16 Juana figure, 137 Punk (insult), 224 lucidity and delusions, 144 maternal violence, 27 maternal violence, to explain, 27 Q monster and psychotic, Quiverfull movement, 132, 162n31 categorization of, 95 monster and psychotic, Medea-like mothers straddle, 95 R monster and psychotic, stereotypes Racism, 107, 197, 204, 220 of, 29, 149 RACK. See Risk Aware Consensual Kink monster and the psychotic, polarity Rage between, 93 against her persecutor, 2 monster or psychotic or babe, 6, 18, Medea is full of, 76 31, 361 murderous rage as a rational monstrous and psychotic aggression, response to oppression and 111 cultural isolation, 80 mothers who kill their children as sexually assaulted women take either insane psychotics or evil out their rage on the wrong monsters, 135 targets, 58 psychotic/possessed woman who toward others’ violence, 81 kills her child, 89 vengeful, 149 392 INDEX

Rancière, Jacques Rape (cont.) The Emancipated Spectator, 17, rape not infrequently goes 19–20 unprosecuted, 314n79 Rape. See also sexual assault; violation rapists aim to exclude women from Arlie was physically abused and playing the game of violence, 356 raped by her father, 238 reinforces men and women’s physical Bennie tried to rape Arlene, 240 inequality, 356 Boy Smith raped Hester, 106–107 Sarko raped Deb to “prove” he is “dangerous men” who raped right, 288–289 women, 356 sexualized female body, rape Frank raped Minnie, 203 engenders a, 356 girls raped and murdered in car Shanda was strangled, stabbed, hit parks, 86 with a tire iron, anally raped, and of Hester, 104 burned to death, 226 high-ranking men of war and, 82 sisters’ response to infidelity, lies, hot iron rod driven into his anus and rape, and mutilation, 88 out through his throat, 107–108 Stetko raped and killed her daughter, hunter raped his wife, 105 146 Iraqi mother was raped repeatedly in Tereus raped Philomele, 81, 83–85, front of her sons, 292 94–95, 113n36 Jerome raped Prix, 236, 238 token sentences for, 58 Jones, Jeff A.R., 23 as tragically inevitable, 84 Laius raped Pelops’s son, 340 war film vs. rape film, 87 Laurie was raped several times, 229 Rashad, Phylicia, 155 Leeanne and her band were raped by Rationality, bereft of, 94 a group of soldiers, 288 Realism, technique of, 150 Leija’s husband raped her, 133 Realistic drama, 16 Macbeth rapes his wife, 336 Reality-TV shows, 191 Melinda repeatedly raped Amanda, Reason, Matthew, 14–15 260n43 Rebeck, Theresa, 11, 32n35, 39 as military tactic, 82 The Red Letter Plays (Parks), 27, 95, and mutilation on Lavinia’s body, 110 33n42 Redmond, James, 26 and political conquest, 83 Reed, Rondi, 158 powerful indictment against war and, Reid, Kerry, 327–328 81 Reilly, Ian, 76 PTSD and, 9 Reinelt, Jannelle, 9, 45, 89, 114n73 with puppets, 85 Relational isolation, 223, 232 Queen Boudica revenged the rape of Religious ideology, 133 her daughters, 284 Repin, Stephanie, 334, 337, 337f8.1, Rape Assault Defense classes, 66n93 343 INDEX 393

Restraining order, 183–184, 189 Right(s) Retribution, 88–89, 98, 106–107, 157, and aspirations of the individual, 6 160, 277 to compete for accolades, 243 Retributive agency, 86 to disavow liberationist or Revenge. See also violence by females traditionalist views, 45 and women to go to Isabel’s aid, 345 Angelina’s father’s abuse, 192, 200 to self-determination, 332 in Athens for justice and order, to take matters into one’s own 75–76 hands, 59 audience wants against Tereus, 84 to use violence in self-defense, 57 cycle of revenge and human Risk Aware Consensual Kink (RACK), destruction, 81 300 deterrent against future violence, Ritualistic spilling of blood, 60 3–4 Robinson-Hansen, Tina, 24 First Lady and, 106 Roeca, Shirley, 131, 131f4.1 of the Greek women, 95 Role model(s) for her daughter Ana, 146 of dominant fighters, 345 her father’s abuse, 192 for girls and women who aggress, 55 Hester’s revenge, 106–107 heroic, 60 Jacobean revenge tragedy, 106 inspiring, 327 maternal filicide and mental illness parental, 54 vs., 94 of strong women, 341, 347 Medea and killing of her children, 79 of women “fighters,” 30 Medea’s revenge against her Rosegg, Carol, 231f6.1, 186f5.1 husband, 27, 76 Rousey, Rhonda, 35 Melinda’s need for dominance and Rowland, Robin, 52 revenge, 234 Rubin-Vega, Daphne, 103 motives for, 200 Rwanda, 147 Tereus and the sisters are turned into birds by the gods to end the cycle of, 81, 86–87 S women’s responses in intimate Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von relationships, 28 Venus in Furs, 304 Revenge in Attic and Later Tragedy Sacrificial (Burnett), 75–76 act, 199 Revisionary projects, 18 devotion, 339 Reynolds, Anna victim, 60 Jordan (with Buffini), 27, 128, violence, 110 141–146, 150 Sadism, 3 Rickman, Alan, 180, 182 sexual, 315n122 394 INDEX

Sadistic, 107, 194, 234, 276–277, 330, Self-defense (cont.) 332 plea, 194 Sadomasochism, 299–300, 302, 344 preemptive, 183 Salvation rational, 28 First Lady’s redemption and, 106 retribution and, 107 theatre provides happy ending and, right to use violence in the course of, 111, 345 57 yearning for, 111 shooting a gun in, 359 Sammons, Benjamin, 204 sport, 245 Sava, Oliver, 190 violence as self-affirmation and, 48 Savran, David, 10, 190 Self-destructive outcome of revenge, Saxby, Don, 244 106 The Scarlet Letter (Hawthorne), 95 Self-destructive violence, 89 Schizophrenia, 89 “Self-help” justice, 4 Schlafly, Phyllis, 41 Selfhood and independence, 184 Schroeder, Patricia, 13, 241 Self-loathing, 203, 212n107, 343 Scottish-Polish enterprise, 145 Self-preservation by killing husband, Scythian-Sarmatian warrior graves, 52 199 Second-wave feminism, 3, 11, 50, Self-preservation using necessary force, 220–221, 224 6 Secret sins, 103 Self-referential actions, 16 The Secretaries (Five Lesbian Brothers), Servant decapitating the master, 106 311 Sevigny, Chloe, 231f6.1 Secrets and lies, 192 Sex (sex-based) See Jane Hit (Garbarino), 41, 50–51, differences in aggression, 49 53–54 discrimination, 285 Self-actualization, 99 as socially constructed, 43 Self-awareness and blindness, 144 violence and, 187 Self-defense worker/pole dancer, 186 acting out of temporary insanity vs., Sexes 199 innate differences between, 43 battered woman and, 161 madness and violence in both, 93 characteristic of female vs. male Sex/gender distinction collapsed, 44 violence, 184, 209n43 Sex-role theories, traditional, 42 “defense” usually means justified, Sex-specific hormones, 41 64n46 Sexual to feel safe, 250 abuse, female, 9, 126, 200, 225, incest victims and, 239 234, 236 Ismene’s sacrifice and, 341 act(s), 191, 276 never qualified as “good” if violent, animal appetites and, 198 57 betrayal, 74 physical force in the service of, 3 blackmail, 133 INDEX 395

Sexual (cont.) Sexualization (cont.) consumption by male audiences, 52 of males, 52 encounter, Charlene’s, 185 of men and women, 2 fantasies, 186 objectification of women and, 52, freedom and equality, 4 251 indiscretion, 133 of women boxers, 264n157 molestation, 2, 129–130, 157, 159, Sexualized fantasy, 5 197 Shakespeare, 15, 30, 59, 295, 323–325 mores, 196 Macbeth, 334–338, 348, 360 orientation, 14, 227, 344, 361 Shame physical abuse and, in family, 225 Amelia, 201 purity, 133 Diana, 350n53 racial oppression and, 76 Dionysus dressed as a woman, 89 sadism, 315n122 of divorce, 197 titillation of male-initiated abuse, 23 divorce and family, 197 victimization, 225 Hester, 103, 110 violence and horrified viewers, 23 of Lubov and Masha, 333 Sexual assault. See also rape; violation mother chastised her daughter for of Arlene by Bennie, 240 public, 133 of Arlie by her father, 238 of one’s family was one of the worst Benedict has testified before sins, 197 Congress on behalf of those Pelops’s son raped by Laius, 340 who had been sexually Raffaella, 197–198 assaulted, 291–292, 314n83 rogue soldiers, 29 of daughter, 192 shamelessly immoral, 198 of female medics, rape and, 288 Smith’s story of public, 133 and harassment in the military, 276 socioeconomic status and, 64n38 marine corps, highest rate of, 278 Tereus and Philomele, 84 military record of less than 10% for violence to stave off shame, 361 prosecuting reported sexual WWF and Xena, 325 assaults, 314n79 Shanley, John Patrick, 190 practices used to help children Sharer, Shanda, 29, 222, 225, 237–238, demonstrate, 85 241–242 of soldier with family trauma and SHARP. See Sexual Harassment and physical/sexual assault, 292 Assault Response and Prevention of women, 58 Program Sexual Harassment and Assault Shaw, Fiona, 77–78, 80 Response and Prevention Program Shay, Maureen “Moe,” 244–245 (SHARP), 276 She Kills Monsters (Nguyen), 360 Sexuality, incontinent, 96 Shepard, Sam, 190 Sexualization Sheward, David, 155 of choreographed violence, 327 Shields, Claressa, 244, 246 396 INDEX

Shirley, Josh, 136f4.2 Society’s(cont.) Sierra, Horacio, 282–283 misperception of gender violence, Signature Theatre Company, 185, 190 141 Sina, Tonia, 196f5.2 paucity of women sword fighters, Situational avoidance strategies, 223 341 Situational couple violence, 176–177, professed judgment of Hester’s 179, 182, 196 occupation, 102–103 Situational stimuli, 45 split response to maternal filicide, Sjoberg, Laura, 277–278 137 Slavery, 105, 109, 199, 202–204, 237 value systems, 106 Sleep No More (Punchdrunk), 16 viewpoint of normalcy and deviance, S/M community, 300–301 221 Smith, Malissa, 247 Sociocultural backgrounds, 15 Smith, Susan, 27, 129–130, 133–135, Socioeconomic status, 6, 361 139, 164n65 child abuse and murder, 132 Snook, Raven, 310–311 children’s risk of injury and Sobel, Edward, 154 mortality, 127 Social drinking, sex, and pregnancy, 142 conditioning, 92, 327 female-perpetrated intimate criticism, 110, 115n100, 311, 323, terrorism, 178 327 IPV incidence, likelihood of, 178 dominance, 3 juvenile delinquency and childhood hierarchy, 3 aggression, 225 ideology, 106 prostitute and no marketable skills, issues based on historical events, 13 142, 331 lip service to nonviolence, 46 psychopathology and, 132, 225 prejudice, 104, 107 sexual victimization, 225 settings, 45 shame and, 64n38 support system, 132, 144, 146, 193 violence, higher levels of, 224–225 workers, 152, 222 violence perpetrated by both men Social construction and women impacted by, 47 of gender, 46 Solanas, Valerie, 128–129 of gender identity, 45 Solaro, Erin, 274–275 of gendered identities, 45 Soldiers of identity, 293 female/women, 270–279, 284–285, Socialization, 23, 55, 57, 276, 284 287–288, 290, 290f7.1, 291 Societal narratives, 140 male, 278, 288, 290, 294 Society’s raping women, 83 beliefs and values, 54 Solomon, Alisa, 185, 190 INDEX 397

Song Stage combat teachers (cont.) of despair, 109 Kirkland, Michael, 24 hunters’, 109 Robinson-Hansen, Tina, 24 in the minor key, 108 Woolley, David, 328 of vengeance, 106 Stage combatants, women, 7, 19, 325 “Working Womans Song,” 109 Stage violence, 20–21, 60, 307 Sophocles, 59, 115n84, 339 women and, 19–31 Spectator subjectivities, 15 Staged fight, 22, 325 Speculative plays, 10 Staging Resistance: Essays on Political Spencer, Jenny, 17 Theatre (Colleran and Spencer), 17 Spicuzza, Mary, 361 Stanley, N.J., 185, 189, 191 Spousal homicide, rates of, 174 Stanton, Jeffry, 190 SS women, 47 State-sanctioned. See also violation Stadelman, Matthew, 187 brutality, 57 Stage combat, 7. See also fight force in the military, 29 choreography use of force by women, 271 Alden, Dawn “Sam,” 324–326 violence, ability of women vs. men to Babes With Blades Theatre responsibly handle, 292 Company, 323, 327–329, 348 violence, equal access to, 29 Barbie doll wannabes, 327 violence against African-American body as positive thing, a potent community, 97 weapon, 325–326 violence narratives that characterize boxing, physical violence in, 252 men as the rightful masters, 273 class at Illinois College, 23 Steiker, Jordan, 138 fewer women than men, 23 Steppenwolf Theatre, 154 fight choreographer’s approach to, Stereotype(s) 21 of “babe” portraying females who fight choreography, 25 use force, 246 gender differences, 24 cultural, 28, 159, 324 illusion of effective, 251 debilitating, 8 “innate badass in every woman,” of female protagonists, 88 326 of foreigners, 198 plays with strong women front and frustrating prejudices and, 248 center, 348 of the hairy-legged, angry lesbian, reveals character and furthers the 326 action, 22 male-generated, 287–288 stage combatants, women, 327–328 of military culture, 273 technique, 20 monster or psychotic, 140 women and, 22 of oppressed groups, 356 Stage combat teachers reductive stereotypes or sexualized Cromer, Bruce, 24 fantasy, 5 398 INDEX

Stereotype(s) (cont.) Structural violence, 29, 95, 100, 111, role-division between the sexes, 221 202, 225, 329. See also systemic stage combat challenges stereotypes violence of women, 329 Stubbs, Rachel, 335–336, 337f8.1, of violent women, 160, 324 338f8.2 women in the armed forces, 287 Subjective point of view, 14 women portrayed as monsters, Subjective violence, 3 psychotics, or babes, 18, 29 Subjectivity/agency, 18, 152 Stewart, Benjamin, 309 Substance abuse, 126, 132, 176, 207n8 Stigma(s) (stigmatized, stigmatizing) Suicidal mission, 156 Cindy Ness, 222 Support system, lacking, 98, 132, 142, of her ex-con status, 242 144, 153, 193 judgment of women, 245 Surrogate actors, 154, 163n52 levied by association with one’s tribe, Symbolic violence, 3 221 Systemic violence. See also structural sexual preference as source of violence tension and, 228 chorus’s virulent rebuke, 96 smear, 107 frustration, alienation, and anger Stigmatization rooted in, 56 assimilative techniques to downplay, Hester points to, 97 247 Napolitano as a victim of, 194 as evidence of defectiveness, 279 objective violence and, 3 many suffer self-alienation from, 298 personal choice arising from, 146 of prostitutes, 303 of society as perpetrators of crimes, of violent women, 254 110 women are viewed as “Other,” women’s violence vs., 47 unworthy, and strongly stigmatized, 273 women employ various performative T strategies to dissolve, 287 Taboo expressions of thought, 104 of women in Red Letter Plays, 110 TCG. See Theatre Communications of women who use force, 221 Group Stoics, saintly, 47 Teenage fighters, dramatic, 225–242 Stovall, Count, 203 Temperaments, individual, 55 Strangling Charlene with his belt, 188 Terauds, John, 258 Strangulation, 156 Terrorism, intimate, 176–178 Street fighters, 243, 247, 250 Terrorist activity, 146 Street fighting, 28–29, 219–225, 231, Terrorist attack, 148–149 235, 243–244 Terrorists, 293–294 Striptease, 183–184, 243 Women, 75–76, 112n15 INDEX 399

Testosterone, 41–42, 47, 62n8 Thielman, Sam, 297 Theatre Third-wave feminism, 12, 14 communal nature of, 21 Thompson, Judith convivial bedfellows, violence and Palace of the End, 30, 272, theatre make, 61 292–298 documentary, 13, 129–130, Tobin, Elizabeth, 87 135–136, 145, 150, 163n52 Tommer, Michael, 77 experience, 16–17 Torment feminist, 9–11, 13, 85–86, 113n44 by the Furies, 340, 355 god of, 90 inflicting physical and psychological Greek, 60, 74, 140 torment, 146–147 intimate partner violence in the, Isabel tormented by the Catholic 178–206 Church maternal violence in the Ismene, her sister and mother contemporary, 128–149 torment, 339–340 monologue, 297 Jews tormented by the Nazis, 296 participatory, 16 Lee Ann, who had lost a leg, 295 political, 17, 61 prompted by authority figures, 298 postdramatic, 10, 32n22 Spirit still torments the mother, 91 of the real, postmodern, 13 spirits who torment humans guilty of spectatorship, 14–18 matricide, 355 as vehicle for social change, 62 tormented act of infanticide as a verbatim, 13, 150, 154 freeing experience, 93 violence and, 26, 59–62 verbal, 181 violence in the world or on screen, verbally torment each other, Elyot alternative to, 21 and Amanda, 181 Theatre and Violence (Nevitt), 8, 21, Zeva is a tormenting demon, 339 26, 61 Toronto Newsgirls Boxing Club, 249 Theatre Audiences: A Theory of Torso (Healey), 358–360 Production and Reception Torture, 29, 86, 108, 146, 225, (Bennett), 14 276–278, 292, 294, 301 Theatre Communications Group “Torture chicks,” 277 (TCG), 11, 161n1 Traditional (traditionally) Theatres of hypermasculine, (traditionalist) heteronormative performance, assumptions of good and evil, stages, 273 112n15 Theatrical Events and Their Audiences: caretaker roles, women in, 279 Shakespeare and Chekhov in characteristics and behaviors of Production and Reception males, women embrace, 256 (Tulloch), 15 cultural roles, 361 400 INDEX

Traditional (traditionally) Tragic hero, 84 (traditionalist) (cont.) Transformation(s) cultural scripts, 18 allows men and women to see one devaluing attributes of women, 273 another as “one of us,” 361 differences between boys and girls, of dominant director and submissive 54 actress, 309 expression of masculinity in sports, of the past to imagine the future, 94 245 Philomele’s, 86 family unit, 184 physical and psychic, 94 femininity with all its restrictions, Prix’s, 242 limitations, and powerful onstage, 92 messages, 53–54 The Transformative Power of forms of theatre, 16 Performance: A New Aesthetics gender hierarchies, 303 (Fischer-Lichte), 16 gender norms, 18, 235 Transgressive behavior, 76 gender roles, 310 Transsexuals, 44, 249–250 gendered violence, 93 Tripney, Natasha, 298 male arenas, 50 Trojan War, 74 male attributes of female boxers, Tropsch, Alison, 290f7.1 254–255 Truth and reality, destabilizing notions male spheres, women’s power and of, 154 competence in, 55 Tulloch, John, 15, 33n59, 40 masculine attitude toward Tutsis, 147 aggression, 51 TV monitors onstage, 135–136, model of mutual violence with their 136f4.2 partners, 28 notions of male dominance, 75 patterns of sexual differentiation, U 246 Undoing Gender (Butler), 7, 31n16, 44 polarized notions of battered United States woman, 161 assault, homicide, and victimization power relations between genders and are higher than in other Western classes, 10 countries, rates of, 174 sex-role theories, 42 battered mother, 192, 199 stigmatizing situation, 247 battered women, 58, 161, 175 strictures of well-established cultural boxing, women’s vs. men’s winnings gender scripts, 56 in professional, 246 victim role, 184 child homicide in six Anglosphere views of violent women, 45 countries, 145, 165n86 Western theatre, 59 children 90% of parents women categorized in traditional engage in aggression against ways, 246 their, 127 INDEX 401

United States (cont.) United States (cont.) children, female-perpetrated men and women as sole assailants, femicide victimizes, 127 rates of, 175 children’s risk of injury and mortality men and women for assault, arrest in low socioeconomic rates of, 220 conditions, 127 men and women who commit domestic abuse, 174–175 violent crimes, arrest family violence, 211n85 rates for, 207n12, 220 female homicide by family members, men slapping women on the face, 174 175 female-perpetrated intimate men’s arrest rates for simple assault, terrorism, 178 220 females are carrying weapons and are offenses by boys have dropped, 220 more involved in gangs, 220 people are more likely to be killed, girls had higher levels of aggressive physically assaulted, hit, beat up, fantasies than boys 12-year-old, slapped, or spanked in their own 50 homes by family members, 127 homicide perpetrators, men vs. slapping, public attitudes toward, women, 17 175 homicide rates in families, US vs. social position of abortionists vs. other Western nations, 174, adulterers, 102 258n3 spousal homicide by gender, rates of, homicide sentences, female vs. male 174 victim, 67n95, 138–139 violence of men against women, 175 homicides among Whites vs. warrior woman in comic books, African-Americans, 207n9 52–53 incarceration rate for female women slapping men on the face, offenders, 220 175 infants dying from physical abuse, women typically kill younger rather annual rate of, 127 than older children, 127 intimate partner violence (IPV), women-perpetrated homicide of 174–175, 178, 220 their partners, rate of, 175 justice system is biased against women’s arrest rates for simple women, 199 assault, 220 male arrest rates for violent crimes, women’s arrest rates for violent 207n12 crimes, 175, 207n12 male sexualization functions more United States Holocaust Memorial strongly as self-aggrandizement Museum (Washington, DC), 47 than objectification, 52 Urbinati, Rob males murdered by their fathers Hazelwood Jr. High, 29, 221, during domestic disputes, 127 225–235 402 INDEX

US Department of Health and Human Victimization (cont.) Services (USDHHS), 127, 162n12 violent women and, 161n4, 205 White female physical and sexual, 225 V Victorian mother/wife/womanhood, Vagina 4, 126, 173 fuck to the mouth tear out her Video games, violent, 53–55, 60, 358 vagina, 294 Vigilantism, 58 good-for-nothing, 103 Violations links to the homeland, 83 anguish from war-driven, 148 The Vagina Monologues (Ensler), 285 of common decency, 159 Valerie Kills Andy (Kreitzer), 129 of conventional codes, 228 Venom, pill-induced, 155 disturbing to contemplate, 5 Venus in Fur (Ives), 30, 272, 304–311 of gender roles, 295 Venus in Furs (von Sacher-Masoch), of gendered norms, 47 304 How I Learned to Drive, 9–10 Verbal/ideological blow, 82 Jean and his assumption of privilege Verbatim theatre, 13, 150, 154 and attendant violation, 157 Victim blaming, 141, 189 Melinda and sexual, 234 Victimization. See also violence by of Philomele by Tereus, 84–88 females and women Prix’s, 238 African-American girls’ physical and professional help for, 134 sexual victimization, 225 The Soldier, 296 black women, poor, low-social-class, Violence. See also abuse; aggressive 202 behavior; alcohol; Babes With crime information on, 175 Blades; family violence (FV); cycle of violent, 235 filicide, maternal; intimate partner fight choreography and actors, 25 violence (IPV); rape; revenge; by intimate terrorism, 177 sexual assault; state-sanctioned; Medea’s pain and, 99 systemic violence; victimization mother’s delusional understanding aberrant behaviors, women engaging of control and, 210n70 in, 46 sexual, 225 abject, 189 slavery and, 237 abuse, violence in response to, 126 standing up to a bully vs., 51 as abuse of power, 48 surveys by FV and domestic violence abused women, 6, 126, 128, 175, agency, 175–176 199 in United States vs. other Western abuse-driven, 201 countries, 174 to achieve sexual arousal, 183 US assault, homicide, and between African-American and victimization rates are higher than Caucasian female adolescent in other Western countries, 174 offenders, 224–225 INDEX 403

Violence (cont.) Violence (cont.) aggressive behavior, 50 factors to consider, 48–49 of Arlie, 238 familial, 81, 93 in the bedroom, 2 family, 127–128, 166n115, 175, boxing, 28 210–211n85, 235 butt-kicking babes, 53, 361 family of origin, 27, 75, 128, 145 casual, 158 female boxers, 28, 44, 244–248, cathartic release, 60, 233, 299 254, 258n2 causes and consequences of, 8 female-initiated, 26, 183 children 90% of parents engage in female-initiated domestic, 28, 154, aggression against their, 127 183 combat, women engaging in female-perpetrated, 126, 175, 177 extensive, 30 in fight against racism, 204 common couple, 176, 208n22 fighting to vent anger and feel of common decency, 159 strong, 224 complex relationship to violence, forms of violence, women employ 324 different, 7–8 control-driven aggression, 28 gender, 86, 141, 204 of conventional codes, 228 of gender roles, 295 costuming, reflected in, 82 gendered, 2, 25, 93, 255 criminologists and violence gendered conceptions of, 47 committed by women, 47 of gendered norms, 47 cultural dictates denying women’s gendered notions of, 194 use of violence, 6 girls and women are alarmingly more daughters who attack family violent, 221 members, 128 girls and women becoming more as a “death-force,” 56 violent, 221 degender, 86 girls engage in verbal or degendering of, 19, 361 psychological aggression, 49 degeneration of women into glorification of, 53, 82, 327 terrifying criminals, 5 godlike feeling of power and democratization of, 53 destruction in The Angelina design for women, 19, 22, 24 Project, 200 destructively dominant and vengeful gratuitous, 22 modes of, 3 history of familial, 79, 93, 126, 132, dichotomous, 91 145, 192, 195, 201 disturbing, 5 home, outside vs. inside the, 220 domestic, 6, 27–28, 76, 153–154, in the home, 5, 27, 219–220, 258n3 160 homicide of their partners, 175 domestic abuse victims who kill their homicide rate, 48, 174 husbands, 194 intergenerational transmission of, essays concerning, 26 158 404 INDEX

Violence (cont.) Violence (cont.) interpersonal, 174 pacifism, 272 intimate partners, 32n24, 174–178, partner, 28, 32n24, 80, 174, 178, 183 193, 220 legacy, 206 personal vendetta, 59, 87 lower class, 160 of Philomele by Tereus, 85, 87–88 madness and, 93 playwrights and audiences, male weaponry, women using, 57 rethinking by, 61 male-initiated, 183 professional help for women, 134 “manning” weapons of destruction, prosocial, 31, 156, 160, 184, 202, 29 204, 257 man’s masculinity challenged, 197 as recreational and not designed to maternal aggression, 146, 332 take human life, 272 maternal violence in the relationship to violence, 7–8, 30, 56, contemporary theatre, 128–149 93, 159–160, 249, 258, 324, media, 19, 21, 54, 65n79 338, 356 against men, 23, 177 in response to prior abuse, 126 men’s violence toward women, 175, responses to and uses of force in their 196 intimate relationships, 28 mental illness and, 89, 92 right of men, 2 mental instability and, 73 right to use, 57 Morris’s Guardians, 297 rising trend of girls’, 51–56 mothers as both victims and romanticization of violence against victimizers, 111 women, 188 mother’s capacity for filicide, 75 sacrificial victim, venting on, 60 motivational state and intent to seductive solution, 58 harm, 48 as self-defense, 3, 57, 64n46, 161, mythic, political, social, and racial, 183 86 self-destructive, 89 by mythic, political, social, and racial sex and gender of, 46–49 violence, 86 sexual, 234 National Family Violence Survey, sexually exciting force in the 177 bedroom, 30 National Violence against Women simple assault, arrest rates for, 220 Survey, 177 situational couple, 176–177, 179, Native American woman and, 150 182, 196 Niobe and reexperiencing trauma, soldiers, female/women, 270–279, 84 284–285, 287–288, 290, no single cause or narrative for, 205 290f7.1, 291 nonviolence is not biological, 56 SS officers, brutal women, 47 objective, 3 street fighting, 28–29, 222, 231, offstage, 60, 83, 94 235, 243–244 INDEX 405

Violence (cont.) Violence (cont.) structural, 18, 27, 29, 95, 111, 202, by women in cultural and artistic 225, 329 theatres, 2 subjective, 3 by women is like a letter bomb, symbolic, 3 45–46 systemic, 3, 47, 56, 81, 96–97, 105, women who break the status quo 110, 202 and go outlaw, 128 systemic violence and, 47 women who have been abused are in theatre, 2 more likely to engage in abuse, theatre and, 26, 59–62 126 and theatre make convivial women’s equality when it comes to bedfellows, 61 violence, 47 a tool, an addiction, a sin, a women’s ethical use of violence, desperate resort, or a hobby, 58 56–59 tool and tactic feminists use, 58 women’s histories predispose them traditionally gendered, 93 to dysfunctional behaviors and on TV, 53–54 IPV, 161, 183 unlawful violence against others, 6 Violence against Women research, 178 use of force, gendered expectations Violence by females and women. See also of, 222 abuse; aggressive behavior; vengeance on men, 57 alcohol; Babes With Blades; victim of violent behavior, 126 BDSM; filicide, maternal; intimate victimization, 161n4 partner violence (IPV); mother(s) video games, 53–55 (mothers’); revenge; victimization violence within their families of aberrant behaviors, women engaging origin, 126, 128, 160 in, 46 violent crimes, arrest rates for, 175, abuse, violence in response to, 126 207n12 abused women, 6, 126, 128, 175, violent similarities of men and 199 women, 204 aggressive behavior, 50 violent vengeance on men, 58 butt-kicking babes, 53, 361 war-driven, 148 children 90% of parents engage in of White middle-class females, 28 aggression against their, 127 women, aggressive behavior of, 42, children, mothers who kill their, 27, 50, 55 74–78, 95, 98, 128, 132, 135, women and sadomasochistic 137–138, 142 activities, 299 children, mothers who kill them are women are easy targets but their either insane psychotics or evil vengeance the world remembers monsters, 135 forever, 87 children, psychosis and killing of, 78 women combatants, 7, 19, 23, children, women and violence 325–327, 334–336 against their, 144 406 INDEX

Violence by females and women (cont.) Violence by females and women (cont.) children, women in prison convicted hormonal and biological influences, of killing their, 135 135 children, women kill younger rather intimate partner violence (IPV), than older, 127 174–178 children, women who have drowned intimate terrorism against men, their, 128–129, 131–133, 140 176–178 combat, women engaging in Juana Leija threw her seven children extensive, 30 into a bayou, 129 complex relationship to violence, jury’s racially prejudicial view of 324 violent women, 128 control-driven aggression, 28 Los Desaparecidos (The Vanished), cultural dictates denying women’s 343 use of violence, 6 as male avatars, playing video games, daughters who attack family 55 members, 128 male weaponry, women using, 57 degeneration of women into “manning” weapons of destruction, terrifying criminals, 5 29 different forms of violence, women Margarita Island, aggressive women employ, 7–8 on, 50 domestic abuse victims who kill their maternal aggression, 146, 332 husbands, 194 maternal love and psychosis, engaging in violence are in rebellion, simultaneous, 130 221 Medea and killing of her children, 79 essays concerning, 26 Morris’s Guardians, 297 female boxers, 28, 44, 244–248, mother killed her father, 199 254, 258n2 mothers as both victims and female partners and severe victimizers, 111 psychological aggression, 177 mother’s capacity for filicide, 75 fighting to vent anger and feel A Mouthful of Birds, complex violent strong, 224 women in, 94 gay son, she would drown her, 293 murder their husbands for damaging girls and women are alarmingly more their daughters, 201 violent, 221 murderers, women labelled as, 138 girls engage in verbal or mutual violence with their partners, psychological aggression, 49 28 girls of color “gone wild,” 220 National Family Violence Survey, godlike feeling of power and 177 destruction in The Angelina National Violence against Women Project, 200 Survey, 177 homicide of their partners, 175 no single cause or narrative for, 205 homicide rate, 48, 174 nonviolence is not biological, 56 INDEX 407

Violence by females and women (cont.) Violence by females and women (cont.) pacifism, 272 violence with intimate partners, playwrights and audiences, 32n24, 174–178, 183 rethinking by, 61 violence within their families of prosocial uses of force, 31, 156, 160, origin, 126, 128, 160 184, 202, 204, 257 violent crimes, arrest rates for, 175, psychotic/possessed woman kills her 207n12 child, 89 violent female characters are gender as recreational and not designed to outlaws, 45 take human life, 272 violent female in news media and relationship to, 7–8, 30, 56, 93, 159, stage plays, 9 249, 258, 324, 338, 356 violent female in theatrical art, 7 sexually exciting force in the violent female protagonists, 46 bedroom, 30 violent perpetrators, high percentage simple assault, arrest rates for, 220 of women are, 174 slapping men on the face, 175 violent vengeance on men, 58 society’s failure to control, 221 warriors, 30, 52, 78, 256 soldiers, female/women, 270–279, White violent females tend to be 284–285, 287–288, 290, either innocent or helpless 290f7.1, 291 psychotics, 139 SS officers, brutal women, 47 who break the status quo and go sterilized and imprisoned, 99 outlaw, 128 street fighting, 28–29, 222, 231, women, aggressive behavior of, 42, 235, 243–244 50, 55 systemic violence and, 47 women and sadomasochistic in theatre, 2 activities, 299 unlawful violence against others, 6 women and theatres of war, use of force, gendered expectations 279–298 of, 222 women are easy targets but their victimization, 161n4 vengeance the world remembers vigilante women and gendered forever, 87 violence, 55 women combatants, 7, 19, 23, violence, causes and consequences 325–327, 334–336 of, 8 women engaging in, 2, 6, 8, 28, 30, violence, women who engage in, 6, 46–47, 183, 220–221, 276, 299 8, 28, 30, 46–47, 220, 276 women who have been abused are violence against men, 23, 177 more likely to engage in abuse, violence in response to prior abuse, 126 126 women’s equality when it comes to violence needs rethinking, 61 violence, 47 violence outside vs. inside the home, women’s ethical use of violence, 220 56–59 408 INDEX

Violence by females and women (cont.) Voice-Box (Urbanvessel), 29, 219, women’s histories predispose them to 248–258, 258n2 dysfunctional behaviors and IPV, 161, 183 women’s violent behavior, personal W factors impacting, 126–127 Wagner, Colleen “violence design” choreography, 22 The Monument, 146–147 Violence in American Drama (Muñoz, Wagner, Jennifer, 83 Romero, and Martinez), 5, 26, 126 Walleser, Tamar Norville, 23 Violence in the Arts (Fraser), 48 War Violence Performed: Local Roots and in Bosnia, 146 Global Routes of Conflict (Anderson crimes, 82, 146, 272 and Menon), 26 destruction and horror, 93 Violence: Six Sideways Reflections film, 83, 87 (Žižek), 3, 31n4, 111 glorification of, 82 Violent male chorus “War,” 81 actions, 75, 126, 160, 238 maternal rage and anguish over, 148 assaults, resistance in the face of, 205 rape and, 81–83 cognitive scripts, 54–55 Warhol, Andy, 129 control, mutual, 176, 195 Warner, Deborah, 27, 77–79 crimes, 55, 127, 175, 220 Warner, Sara, 75 impulses, 60, 90, 287 Weston-Moran, Kim, 290f7.1 media, 54–55 Weiss, Margot, 299 media, female exposure to, 54–55, Welfare queen, 96 161n4 Wertenbaker, Timberlake, 19 men, 204 The Love of the Nightingale, 27, predisposition, 153 81–88 resistance, 176, 192, 195, 205, 286, White 311 African-Americans vs., 203 similarities of men and women, 204 Americans supremacy, 159 subversive acts, 93 female delinquency, 224 victimization history, 205 female physical and sexual women at home, 206 victimization, 225 women characters, 9 first-wave feminism, 211n97 Virginia study, 224–225 girls’ bullying, 220 Virgin/whore dichotomy, 159 homicide rates, Whites vs. Vitols, Vilma, 219, 248, 251–257, African-Americans, 207n9 253f6.2 middle-class communities, 222 Vogel, Paula, 10, 45–46 niggers, 198 Hot ’n’ Throbbing, 28, 179, slavery, 199 183–192, 205, 210n70 speculators, 202 How I Learned to Drive, 9–10 White, Michole Briana, 103 INDEX 409

Whitehouse, Amy, 22 Woman (women) (women’s) (cont.) Wisocky, Rebecca, 187 Juana Leija was victim of severe Why Girls Fight (Ness), 219, 222–223, domestic abuse, 129 225, 228–229, 231–233 justice system biased against, 199 Williams, Kayla marginalization and Love My Rifle More Than You, disempowerment, 11 276–277 marginalized, stigmatized, and Wilmer, Steve, 80 devalued, 222 Winkler, Elizabeth Hale, 89 matriarchal figure, 203 Wolf, Kathrynne, 335, 346, 350n40 mental illness more common in Woodard, Charlene, 100f3.1 women, 138 Woman (women) (women’s), 192, morality is measured by sexual 199. See also filicide, maternal behavior, 220 aberrant violent, 128 Morally Superior Womanhood, 58 abuse inflicted against them, 134 “more sinned against than sinning,” abused, 6, 126, 128, 175, 199 178 African-American, 202, 225 natural peacefulness, 6 Alpha, 202, 330 Omega, 202, 242 archetypal “monstrous” woman, 74 oppression of, 86 assaulted regularly, 5 patriarchal rule and horrors women basic goodness and innocence, 4, 95 are subjected to, 141 battered, 58, 161, 175 perpetrated homicide, rates of, 174, bodies’ penetrability, 47 258n3 characters, violent, 9 physical and sexual abuse, history of, of color are viewed as more savage, 126, 236 128 physical encroachment of her space committing violence, 2 and body, 187 controlling behaviors, use, 176 prostitute herself, 2, 193, 197 denied by socialization to meet force raped by her son’s imposter, 107 with force, 57 revenge, 28 domesticating device to silence rights organizations, 198 rebellious, 184 self-loathing and domestic abuse, engage in abuse if they were abused, 212n107 126 sexual histories, 133 feelings and relationships, focus on, sexualization and objectification of, 42 52, 251 heroes, 5 sexually compliant, 82 heroic, 79 social acceptance, stigmatized and individualism and free will, 110 disqualified from full, 221 410 INDEX

Woman (women) (women’s) (cont.) Women against Violence (WAV), soldiers raping, 83 175–176, 208n34 stage violence and, 19–31 The Women of Lockerbie (Brevoort), stories, marginalized, 8 148–149 using force in oppositional women-authored plays, 11 contexts, 29 Woodard, Charlayne, 100f3.1 using state-sanctioned force Woolf, Virginia, 174 in the military, cultural Woolley, David, 328, 343–344, resistance to, 29 350–351n53 as victims and perpetrators, 110 “Working Womans Song,” 109 Victorian women, 4, 126, 173 Wuornos, Aileen, 129 violence for, designing, 24 voyeurism and objectification of, 10 weaker than men, viewed as, 22 Y women “fighters,” role models of, Yaffe, David, 100 30 Yates, Andrea, 27, 129–132, 131f4.1, women who resist their batterer “risk 134–136, 136f4.2, 138, 145, defaulting on [their] gender 162–163n36 performance,” 46 Young, Stuart, 128, 151, 154 working-class, 198 “A Woman with a Sword: Some Thoughts on Women, Feminism, Z and Violence” (Clarke), 57, Zeitlin, Froma, 75 66–67n95 Žižek, Slavoj, 3, 31n4, 111