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National Historic Trail at the Big Hole on August 9. August on Hole Big the at attack on their sleeping village sleeping their on attack crossing of the Missouri River, Montana River, Missouri the of crossing repelled a devastating army army devastating a repelled Steamboat Rock near Cow Island Island Cow near Rock Steamboat battles and skirmishes, and and skirmishes, and battles US Forest Service Image Service Forest US masterfully in some 20 20 some in masterfully 2,000 horses, they fought fought they horses, 2,000 and sick. Leading a herd of of herd a Leading sick. and were women, children, old old children, women, were 250 were warriors: the rest rest the warriors: were 250 fled for their lives. Only Only lives. their for fled 750 Nez Perce desperately desperately Perce Nez 750 they did not seek, nearly nearly seek, not did they Swept into a fight fight a into Swept involvement in it whatsoever. it in involvement Looking Glass band into conflict; the village had sought to avoid any any avoid to sought had village the conflict; into band Glass Looking Canyon. Two weeks later, an unprovoked army attack brought the the brought attack army unprovoked an later, weeks Two Canyon. June 17 after they defeated a cavalry force at the Battle of White Bird Bird White of Battle the at force cavalry a defeated they after 17 June The Nez Perce flight began June 15, 1877 and intensified on on intensified and 1877 15, June began flight Perce Nez The murders of relatives by killing some white settlers. white some killing by relatives of murders vengeance. Riding from camp at Tolo Lake, Idaho they avenged past past avenged they Idaho Lake, Tolo at camp from Riding vengeance. losing their Wallowa homeland, provoked several young warriors to to warriors young several provoked homeland, Wallowa their losing Years of high-handedness and mistreatment, and the prospect of of prospect the and mistreatment, and high-handedness of Years Howard brusquely refused. brusquely Howard people and their horses and cattle, and asked for an extension, which which extension, an for asked and cattle, and horses their and people by force. The chiefs argued the time was inadequate to gather the the gather to inadequate was time the argued chiefs The force. by or the army would make them comply, comply, them make would army the or – days 30 in Lapwai to livestock Crandall Creek, Wyoming Creek, Crandall Mountainous terrain along the trail, trail, the along terrain Mountainous them to bring their families and and families their bring to them US Forest Service Image Service Forest US Idaho. Howard summarily ordered ordered summarily Howard Idaho. chiefs at a council in Fort Lapwai, Lapwai, Fort in council a at chiefs Howard met the non-treaty Nez Perce Perce Nez non-treaty the met Howard In May 1877, General Oliver O. O. Oliver General 1877, May In U.S. Army was commanded to do so. do to commanded was Army U.S. reservation in Idaho, and in 1877, the the 1877, in and Idaho, in reservation Perce to the reduced 1863 Treaty Treaty 1863 reduced the to Perce the government to relocate the Nez Nez the relocate to government the the Wallowa region, home of Chief Joseph’s band. Settlers petitioned petitioned Settlers band. Joseph’s Chief of home region, Wallowa the the Wallowas. But conflict with newcomers increased, particularly in in particularly increased, newcomers with conflict But Wallowas. the For some years non-treaty Nez Perce continued to live as they had in in had they as live to continued Perce Nez non-treaty years some For Nez Perce (Nee-Me-Poo) Since aiding the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1805, whites knew the Nez Perce Indians as friends. The Nimiipuu (“Nee-Me-Poo”) lived in bands, welcoming traders and National Historic Trail missionaries to a land framed by the rivers, mountains, and valleys of present day southeastern Washington, This Trail northeastern Oregon, and north-central Idaho. Oregon • Idaho • Montana • Wyoming Fifty years after the Corps of Discovery, Washington is a territorial governor Isaac I. Stevens met in council with Sacred Trust for all Nez Perce leaders. The resulting 1855 Treaty with the U.S. ongress enacted the Government guaranteed the tribes rights to their ancestral Americans C homeland in perpetuity, and set aside a Nez Perce reservation Forest Service Bureau of Land National Park Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife National Trails System in 1968 U.S. Department Management U.S. Department of Service of some 5,000 square miles. of Agriculture U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Department of “We the surviving Nez Perce, the Interior the Interior to establish a framework for a want to leave our hearts, nationwide system of scenic, Then in 1860, encroaching prospectors struck gold in memories, hallowed presence Idaho. Thousands of miners, merchants and settlers overran recreational and historic trails. Nez Perce land, seized resources and committed depredations as a never ending against tribal members. In 1863 the federal government revelation to the story of responded with new treaty talks. But this time, the U.S. wanted the events of 1877. The Nez Perce (Nee-Me-Poo) most of the Nez Perce reservation – including their treasured These trails will live National Historic Trail was Wallowa region of northeastern Oregon and the Payette Lake in our hearts.” designated in 1986. region. “We want to thank all who visit Commemorating the 1877 Most chiefs refused and angrily departed. Amid these sacred trails, Nez Perce War, the trail extends uncertainty, pressure, and promises, the remaining chiefs reluctantly agreed to a reservation 90 percent smaller than that they will about 1,170 miles from the that of 1855. Without authority they ceded lands of Nez Perce share our innermost feelings. vicinity of Wallowa Lake, who left the council, in a document thereafter called Because their journey “the Thief Treaty.” makes this Oregon to Bear Paw Battlefield an important time for near Chinook, Montana. Whites distinguished those who signed as “treaty” Nez the present, Perce; those who had not were the “non-treaty.” The drastic past and future.” 1863 Treaty divided the tribe and foreshadowed a war whose repercussions are still felt. Frank B. Andrews, Nez Perce Descendant Photo by Harold Pfeiffer Big Hole National Battlefield, Wisdom, Montana National Park Service Image Photo: Chief Joseph Mountain, Oregon by Harold Pfeiffer White Bird Battlefield, Nez Perce National Historical Park, Idaho The Nez Perce eluded over 2,000 soldiers, civilian volunteers, and scouts from other Indian tribes, on a circuitous route through four states dictated by topography and their own Nez Perce in Exile skillful strategy. They sought safety among Crow allies on the Fort Vancouver, Washington eastern Montana plains; when this failed, their last hope was A worse place to put a camp of four hundred human sanctuary in Canada. After fleeing more than1,100 miles they In July of 1877 Red Heart’s band returned from beings, mostly women and children could not have were trapped at the Bears Paw Mountains in Montana, and hunting in Montana to discover their homeland been selected; in fact it would seem as if this spot had forced to submit to Colonel Nelson Miles on October 5, 1877 embroiled in conflict. Determined not to join the war, been selected for the express purpose of putting an end – only 40 miles from Canada. they believed General Howard when he promised to Chief Joseph and his band....One half were sick.....All them safe conduct to the reservation. Instead their were filled with the poisonous malaria of the camp. General William T. Sherman called the Nez Perce saga horses were seized, their hair cut and they were Council Fire, August 1878 “the most extraordinary of Indian wars.” Today, their route forcibly taken, all 33 men, women and children, is designated the Nez Perce (Nee-Me-Poo) National Historic to Fort Vancouver. There they were held until April I cannot tell how much my heart suffered for my people while at Leavenworth. The Great Spirit Chief who rules Trail by act of Congress. 1878 when they were finally returned to Idaho. Fort Vancouver 1854 from a lithograph by Gustavus Sohon above seemed to be looking some other way, and did This historic route was used in its en tirety only once; Fort Walsh, Canada not see what was being done to my people. however, component trails and roads making up the Trail Ee Yak ish Pah (iyeq’iispe) The Hot Country Chief Joseph saw generations of travel prior to and after the 1877 conflict. Between September 30 and October 5, 1877 The Nez Perce National Historic Trail ends at the In July 1878, leaving an unknown number Some became linked to modern road systems, while other more than 200 Nez Perce men, women and children Bear Paw Battlefield, but the story did not end there. who had died and were buried near Fort stretches were abandoned for more direct routes better suited managed to escape the Bear Paw battle and make Colonel Nelson Miles had begun implementing the Leavenworth, the Nez Perce were transported to automobiles. In places the original Nez Perce Trail can be their way the last forty miles to Canada. Along the way terms of Chief Joseph’s surrender when the army’s by rail car to Baxter Springs, Kansas, enroute to experienced on the landscape today. some of the people stopped at Cree, Assiniboine, Gros Ventre, and Metis villages strung senior commander, General William T. Sherman, what would be their final “home in exile” at a announced an alarming change of plans. Rather than reservation set aside for them near present-day along the Milk River.
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