Ecological Comparison of a Prairie Ecosystem and a Forest Ecosystem

Eastern Illinois University The Keep

Plan B Papers Student Theses & Publications

1-1-1967

Ecological Comparison of a Prairie Ecosystem and a Forest Ecosystem

Donald E. Haid

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Recommended Citation Haid, Donald E., "Ecological Comparison of a Prairie Ecosystem and a Forest Ecosystem" (1967). Plan B Papers. 516. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/plan_b/516

This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Plan B Papers by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ECOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF A

PRAIRIE ECOSYSTEM AND A FOREST ECOSYSTEM (TITLE)

Donald E. Haid

PLAN B PAPER

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF SCIENCE IN EDUCATION AND PREPARED IN COURSE

Zoology 453

IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL, EASTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY, CHARLESTON, ILLINOIS

.1967 YEAR

I HEREBY RECOMMEND THIS PLAN B PAPER BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE DEGREE, M.S. IN ED. PREFACE

The following paper has resulted from a study done in a course in animal ecology taken at Eastern Illinois University during the summer of 1964. The data obtained were collected by the class on four short field trips to two nearby locations.

I have attempted to show the significance of this data in this work.

In doing the study, I found it very interesting and regret that it was not more extensive. Had it been longer, more quantitative data would have been available. However,

I have proceeded with the comparison realizing that if a longer study were made, the work would be much more extensive and conclusive.

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

PREFACE .•.• ii

LIST OF TABLES .• iv

LIST OF GRAPHS. v

INTRODUCTION. . • . .•...••• 1

DESCRIPTION OF FOREST ECOSYSTEM 3

Pictures of Forest

DESCRIPTION OF PRAIRIE ECOSYSTEM. 6

Picture of Prairie

METHODS OF GATHERING DATA . 8

Data

INTERPRETATION OF DATA. • 21

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 25

iii LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Physical Factors of the Forest. 10

2. Physical Factors of the Prairie 10

3. Prairie Soil Count. 11

4. Forest Soil Count . 12

5. Prairie Sweeping Count. 13

6. Forest Sweeping Count 14

7. Calculated Number of Animals Per Acre 15

iv LJ:ST OF GRAPHS

Graph Page

1. Light Intensity. .16

2. Soil Temperature .16

3. Air Temperature. .17

4. Relative Humidity. .17

5. Total Animals Per Square Yard. .18

6. Prairie Sweeping Count in Relation of Rainfall .19

7. Prairie Soil Count in Relation to Rainfall .19

8. Comparison of Homoptera and Hymenoptera in Each Ecosystem ...... 20

v INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this paper is to compare the eco system of a prairie and the ecosystem of an oak-hickory climax forest. The prairie ecosystem studied was a former farm pasture in Coles County, Illinois, approximately eight miles south of Charleston on Route 130. This area had not been tilled or grazed for a number of years. The forest ecosystem studied was a portion of a forest in Fox Ridge

State Park, also eight miles south of Charleston on Route

130. These areas were selected because they were convenient for class use. Although these areas are not in a climax condition, they have, essentially, the characteristic features of a climax community. Man and climate have affected each ecosystem sometime in the past. Pictures of both ecosystems were taken and are included in this paper.

For such a comparison, various physical and bio logical conditions of each ecosystem were determined. The physical conditions included light intensity, air and soil temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, and amount of precipitation. The biological conditions were determined by the total number and types of living animals present at each ecosystem or station. This study was done on four consecutive Thursdays in the summer and provided a time element of comparison also.

-1- -2-

The data, thus gathered, was graphed and charted for ease in comparing the similarities and differences of the

two ecosystems. Even though the data was garnered over only a four week period, it is significant in that it shows some degree of change in the ecosystems. Using the data obtained, this paper has attempted to interpret the influence of the physical and biological factors on each ecosystem. However, the data, in some cases, was not sufficient to show conclusively the full extent of the amount of difference between the ecosystems. DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM

The forest ecosystem is a part of the Temperate

Deciduous Biome of North America. The dominant climax trees were white oak, black oak, shagbark hickory, and bitternut hickory. These trees made up about eighty-five percent of the entire forest. Some southern red oak and shingle oak were scattered throughout the area also.

No dominant animals were observed except the typical forest birds. According to Shelford(l963), the dominant animals were deer, bobcat, gray fox, raccoon, fox squirrel, eastern chipmunk, white-footed mouse, pine vole, short- tailed shrew, gray squirrel, and others. The year-around bird residents were the tufted titmous, red-bellied, hairy, and downy woodpeckers, the white breasted nuthatch, and two species of owls and hawks. The summer resident birds were the eastern wood peewee, wood thrush, and Acadian flycatcher.

Other common summer residents were the yellow-billed cuckoo, great crested flycatcher, red-eyed vireo, yellow-throated vireo, cerulean warbler, ovenbird, and scarlet tanager.

The box turtle, common garter snake, timber rattlesnake, and northern black racer were the characteristic reptiles of the forest.

There were many deciduous shrubs, understory trees,

-3- -4-

herbs, and vines present that were important in the forest

ecosystem. These subordinate species support a plentiful

quantity of insects and spiders. More spider and beetle habitats were provided by fallen branches and decaying trees.

The forest floor consisted of a thick layer of decaying leaves and stems. Some excrement of the animals present was observed. Even though this material decays at a rapid rate, a considerable amount was present. About two inches below a thin, dry, humus soil layer, this forest ecosystem study ended. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRAIRIE ECOSYSTEM

The prairie ecosystem is a part of the eastern peninsula of the Northern Temperate Grassland Biome of North

America. Some of the dominant prairie plants present were

Bromis inermis, Elymus virginicus. Lolium perenne, Andro pogon scoparius, Andropogon furcatus, Panicum virgatum, and

Poa compressa. Among the forbs present were Solidago spp.,

Silphium terebinthinaceum, Tradescantia ohiensis, Silphium laciniatum, Veronicastrum virginicum, and Gaura biennis.

It should be stated here that a few domestic grasses were present from nearby farms.

The prairie had few trees present except for an isolated specimen that had invaded the area. Many of the young seedlings were choked out by the thick grass population.

No large animals were noted during the study except for prairie birds and forest-living birds. The prairie birds noted were meadow larks, bob whites, and horned larks.

The prairie floor consisted of a very thick layer of matted grasses. The thickly matted roots, decaying grasses, and soil supported a multitude of insects. The soil itself showed more humus than the forest soil and was much drier.

The study of the prairie ecosystem ended two inches below the soil surface.

-6- METHODS OF GATHERING DATA

On four consecutive Thursday mornings, the physical

data of each ecosystem were gathered. Light intensity readings

were taken with a Weston light meter. The temperature was

taken in the air and two inches below the soil surface.

A sling psychrometer was used to find the relative humidity.

Wind velocity readings were taken with an anemometer each

time. The precipitation readings from week to week were

furnished by the Eastern Illinois University Weather Station.

Several methods were used to find the total population

of living animals at or near the soil surface of each eco

system. In each ecosystem a foot square metal frame was

forced down about two inches below the soil surface in two

spots no farther than fifty yards apart. The material in

each square was carefully examined, and all of the animals

were counted. This total number of the two samples, when multiplied by one-half the number of square feet in an acre, would give an approximate ecological density per acre of

top soil.

Another method used was sweeping the vegetation

of the area with a standard sized net. Here, forty-eight

sweeps produced the approximate amount of animals on or around one square yard of vegetation. These animals were

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chloroformed and carefully counted. This number, plus four and one-half times the number of animals found in the

two square feet of soil, produced a total density per square yard. This total, multiplied by the number of square yards in an acre, gave the approximate total density per acre.

The method known as cruising provided an indirect count of the larger animals present. By walking through the area, the dominant plants and some of the dominant animals were noted. This method, however, was not quantitative and therefore, not considered in the data.

There are several other methods of obtaining population counts that could have been used if more time was provided.

One is a total count, where large or conspicuous animals or those which aggregate into colonies exist. The marking recapturing method can be used if sufficient time and equip ment are provided. In this method a sample of the population is captured, marked, and released. The proportion of marked animals in a later sample of the population is used to find the total present (Odum, 1959). Some indirect methods that could be used are as follows: (1) counting the number of shed antlers or fecal pellets, (2) using the number of pelts from trapping, (3) calculating the amount of food consumed, (4) vocalization frequency, (5) frequency of tracks in the snow or mud, (6) or the amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced. -10-

TABLE l

PHYSICAL FACTORS TABLE OF FOREST ECOSYSTEM

Factors July 2 July 9 July 16 July 23

Light Intensity 1. 6 .8 .8 1.6 (Weston units) Relative Humidity 73% 90% 77% 96% ·Air Temperature 730F 68°F 70°F 75°F Soil Temperature 70°F 69°F 68°F 76°F Wind 0 mph 0 mph 0 mph 0 mph Precipitation* 0 ~ .57 in. 1. 08 in. .94 in. Time 7:30 A.M. 7:30 A.M. 7:30 A.M. 7:30 A.M.

TABLE 2

PHYSICAL FACTORS TABLE OF PRAIRIE ECOSYSTEM

Factors July 2 July 9 July 16 July 23

Light Intensity 50 25 13 25 (Weston units) Relative Humidity 72% 82% 67% 76% Air Temperature 87°F 76°F 77°F 82°F Soil Temperature 76°F 72°F 70°F 76°F Wind 4 mph 4 mph 4 mph 4 mph Precipitation* 0 .57 in. 1. 08 in. .94 in. Time 9 A.M. 9 A.M. 9 A.M. 9 A.M.

* This was the accumulated precipitation from one trip to another. -11-

TABLE 3

PRAIRIE SOIL COUNT---TWO SQUARE FEET

Organism July 2 July 9 July 16 July 23

Leafhoppers 75 12 7 6 Grasshoppers 1 0 1 1 Ants 30 21 12 16 Spiders 5 4 8 10 Beetle Larvae 5 0 3 1 Crickets 1 0 0 0 Springtails 1 0 0 0 Caterpillars 1 0 0 1 Millipedes 1 0 1 0 Mites 1 0 0 1 Lantern Flies 0 4 0 0 Beetles 3 11 1 1 Red Worms 0 0 4 1 Parasitic Wasps 0 0 1 0 Ticks 0 0 1 1 Total Found 124 52 39 39 -12-

TABLE 4

FOREST SOIL COUNT---TWO SQUARE FEET

Organism July 2 July 9 July 16 July 23

Ants 38 51 14 77 Roaches 4 1 2 3 Spiders 9 12 6 14 Centipedes 1 3 1 3 Millipedes 3 2 0 4 Red Worms 13 13 3 3 Beetles 3 5 1 2 Beetle Larvae 6 6 1 3 Springtails 4 0 6 18 Parasitic Wasps 1 1 4 0 Pillbugs 1 4 3 2 Wasps 0 0 0 1 Maggots 0 3 2 0 Treehoppers 0 1 0 0 Crickets 0 1 1 6 Moths 0 0 0 1

Total Found 83 103 44 137 -13-

TABLE 5

PRAIRIE SWEEPING COUNT---ONE SQUARE YARD

Organism July 2 July 9 July 16 July 23

Ants 3 0 1 24 Leafhoppers 46 30 31 10 Parasitic Wasps 8 8 12 13 Lantern Flies 39 23 26 8 Small Flies 20 19 20 7 Spiders 4 12 17 11 Bugs 8 2 3 0 Beetles 7 3 24 18 Green Lacewing Larvae 1 0 0 0 Bark Lice 1 0 1 8 Caterpillars 3 0 1 0 Moths 0 1 0 0 Cricket Nymphs 0 0 0 1 Grasshoppers Nymphs 0 2 14 10 Mites 0 2 4 8 Springtails 0 1 5 0 Thrips 0 0 3 0 Gall Midges 0 0 1 0 Core ids 0 0 0 1 Midges 0 0 0 2 Robber Flies 0 0 0 1 Total 140 103 163 122 -14-

TABLE 6

FOREST SWEEPING POPULATION---ONE SQUARE YARD

Organism July 2 July 9 July 16 July 23

Ants 19 2 3 23 Lantern Flies 1 3 3 3 Parasitic Wasps 4 6 5 5 Leafhoppers 10 3 1 2 Mosquitoes 1 1 0 1 Spiders 4 10 14 6 Gall Midges 1 1 0 6 Thrips 1 0 0 0 Beetles 2 8 5 5 Small Flies 0 3 1 1 Bugs 0 2 2 3 Caterpillars 0 1 0 0 Cricket Nymphs 0 2 1 1 Grasshopper Nymphs 0 1 0 0 Mites 0 4 1 0 Wasps 0 0 0 1 Aphids 0 0 0 1 Fungus Gnats -1. 10 2 2 Total 44 63 38 65 -15-

TABLE 7

CALCULATED NUMBER OF ANIMALS PER ACRE

Order Prairie Forest

Hymenoptera 517,880 1,147,080 Orthoptera 53,240 96,800 Hemiptera 19,360 9,680 Homoptera 813,120 53,240 Coleoptera 212,960 174,240 Di pt era 82,280 58,080 Diplopoda 8,680 48,400 Annelida 4,840 174,000 Chilopoda 0 43,560 Araneida 163,280 909,920 Collembola 14,520 150,040 Lepidoptera 8,680 4,840 Acarina 24,200 4,840 Isopoda 0 48,400 Neuroptera 1,210 0 Psocoptera 11,100 0 Thysanoptera 3,388 1,210

Total 2,338,738 2,924,330 -16-

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3 4 s 6 1 s 9 10 11 12 13 ;4 1:. "" ;1 1a INTERPRETATION OF DATA

In comparing the two ecosystems, the average overall relative humidity was 82% in the forest and 74% on the prairie. The relative humidity is usually higher in the forest due to several factors. The tall trees and understory plants provide a thick canopy of leaves which permit little direct sunlight to hit the forest floor. Also, as the data (Tables

1 and 2) indicates, little air movement occurred normally in the forest. For this reason, the air did not carry away as much water vapor as in the prairie. The prairie did not have the protection of the trees from the sun and wind, so the air was normally lower in humidity.

Another factor affecting the relative humidity is air temperature. The average air temperature was 73 0 F. for the forest and 80°F. for the prairie. Cooler air will not pick up water vapor by evaporation as rapidly as warm air. Little sunlight reaches the lower forest air, consequently the air temperature is lower. The light intensity readings showed conclusively the differences in each ecosystem. The average light intensity in the forest was 1.2 Weston units compared to 28 Weston units in the prairie (Graph 1).

The two ecosystems had gone through their respective stages of succession and had reached a condition nearing climax. In the forest ecosystem, the trees had grown both

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in height and under ground to such a degree that the under story trees, shrubs, herbs, and other small plants were limited in amounts of available water and sunlight. Consequently, the forest contained fewer plants than the prairie. It might be mentioned also that the forest soil contained less humus than the prairie. In the prairie ecosystem, a mul titude of shorter plants was present due to a relatively uniform layer of growth and soil rich in humus. Both eco systems have their appearance today as a result of earlier glacial deposits and the effects of climate and man to a degree. (See illustrations on pages 5 and 7.)

Upon examination of the soil layer of each ecosystem, it was found that the forest soil was slightly damper than the prairie soil. The forest soil held moisture better due to a thick layer of decaying leaves which served as a type of insulation. Also, evaporation of water was slower than in the prairie, because of a lower air movement and lower air and soil temperatures. The prairie soil was drier due to more air movement and exposure to more direct heat from the sun.

In general, the organisms in and near the forest soil were greater in number and in variety than on the prairie. The composition of the forest soil provided more habitats for them to burrow for food, find protection~ and deposit eggs. As Table 7 shows, the members of the orders

Hymenoptera (ants and wasps), Araneida (spiders), and Collem bola (springtails) were distinctly greater in number in -23-

the forest. According to Sweetman (1936), these members find a plentiful food supply in insect eggs, plant lice, fungi, leafhoppers, beetles, and other insects.

In the prairie, it was found that the tall, thickly populated grasses provided habitats for the more herbivorous, dry climate type of organisms. Table 7 shows, for example, that the members of the order Homoptera (leafhoppers) and

Coleoptera (beetles) were more numerous in the prairie.

The grasses provided the food and habitats in greater quantity than the forest. An indication of this was in the sweeping of both areas studied. Because of the thickness of the higher grasses in the prairie, there was a higher count of organisms than in the forest sweeping. (See Tables 5 and 6)

The leafhoppers, aphids, and lantern flies, for example, require large amounts of plant material sometime during their development. The prairie soil, being normally dry, favors them also. Shelford (1963) states that such agricultural pests as chinch bugs and grasshoppers are notice ably increased by dry weather.

Graph 6 shows the apparent effect of rainfall on the insect population in sweeping counts. Wet soil drove the insects higher on the grasses, and drier soil found the insects closer to the ground. Graph 7 shows that as pre cipitation increased through time, the soil count decreased in numbers. Insects, being sensitive to temperature and moisture, were attracted to the higher, warmer and drier -24-

surroundings. During the study, the air temperature went up also. Temperature and moisture usually operate as paired factors in ecological studies (Shelford 1963).

In final summary of the comparison of the ecosystems, one must realize that all of the physical and biological conditions interact with each other causing a change of conditions everytime a count was made. In our study, the forest had an average of 2,924,330 animals per acre compared to 2,338,738 per acre in the prairie. The forest has more varied habitats and often more species of animals than the prairie. The prairie has more uniform habitats and often fewer species of animals. However, it is not conclusive to say that there are more animals in the forest. It is possible to have many animals of each species in the prairie; there fore, making the count greater than the forest. At the time of our study the environment conditions favored a slightly higher count for the forest ecosystem. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allee, W. C. Animal Aggregations. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1931.

Bodenheimer, F. S. The Problems of Animal Ecology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1938.

Borror, Donald J., and Delong, Dwight M. An Introduction to the Study of Insects. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964.

Brues, Charles T. Insect Dietary. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1946.

Carpenter, J. R. An Ecological Glossary. New York: Hafner Publishing Company, 1956.

Cowles, Henry C. The Causes of Vegetational Cycles. (Pres idential address delivered before the Association of American Geographers), 1910.

Hesse, R., Allee, W. C., and Schmidt. Ecological Animal Geography. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1937.

Matheson, R. Entomology for Introductory Courses. Ithaca: Comstock Publishing Company, Inc., 1957.

Odum, E. P. Fundamentals of Ecology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1959.

Sampson, Homer C. An Ecological Survey of the Prairie Vegetation of Illinois. Springfield: Schnepp and Barnes, Printers, 1921.

Shelford, Victor E. Ecology of North America. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1963.

Sweetman, Harvey L. The Biological Control of Insects. Ithaca: Comstock Publishing Co., Inc., 1936.

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