B COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) No 36/2012 of 18 January 2012 Concerning Restrictive Measures in View of the Situation in Syria
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Examples of Iraq and Syria
BearWorks MSU Graduate Theses Fall 2017 The Unraveling of the Nation-State in the Middle East: Examples of Iraq and Syria Zachary Kielp Missouri State University, [email protected] As with any intellectual project, the content and views expressed in this thesis may be considered objectionable by some readers. However, this student-scholar’s work has been judged to have academic value by the student’s thesis committee members trained in the discipline. The content and views expressed in this thesis are those of the student-scholar and are not endorsed by Missouri State University, its Graduate College, or its employees. Follow this and additional works at: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons Recommended Citation Kielp, Zachary, "The Unraveling of the Nation-State in the Middle East: Examples of Iraq and Syria" (2017). MSU Graduate Theses. 3225. https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/3225 This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The work contained in it may be protected by copyright and require permission of the copyright holder for reuse or redistribution. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE UNRAVELING OF THE NATION-STATE IN THE MIDDLE EAST: EXAMPLES OF IRAQ AND SYRIA A Masters Thesis Presented to The Graduate College of Missouri State University TEMPLATE In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science, Defense and Strategic Studies By Zachary Kielp December 2017 Copyright 2017 by Zachary Kielp ii THE UNRAVELING OF THE NATION-STATE IN THE MIDDLE EAST: EXAMPLES OF IRAQ AND SYRIA Defense and Strategic Studies Missouri State University, December 2017 Master of Science Zachary Kielp ABSTRACT After the carnage of World War One and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire a new form of political organization was brought to the Middle East, the Nation-State. -
Light at the End of Their Tunnels? Hamas & the Arab
LIGHT AT THE END OF THEIR TUNNELS? HAMAS & THE ARAB UPRISINGS Middle East Report N°129 – 14 August 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. TWO SIDES OF THE ARAB UPRISINGS .................................................................... 1 A. A WEDDING IN CAIRO.................................................................................................................. 2 B. A FUNERAL IN DAMASCUS ........................................................................................................... 5 1. Balancing ..................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Mediation ..................................................................................................................................... 6 3. Confrontation ............................................................................................................................... 7 4. The crossfire................................................................................................................................. 8 5. Competing alliances ................................................................................................................... 10 C. WHAT IMPACT ON HAMAS? ...................................................................................................... -
Syria & Its Neighbours
Syria Studies i The View From Without: Syria & Its Neighbours Özden Zeynep Oktav Tine Gade Taku Osoegawa Syria Studies ii Syria Studies An open-access, peer reviewed, & indexed journal published online by: The Centre for Syrian Studies (CSS) University of St Andrews Raymond Hinnebusch (Editor-In-Chief) & Omar Imady (Managing Editor) Syria Studies iii _______________ © 2014 by the University of St Andrews, Centre for Syrian Studies Published by the University of St Andrews, Centre for Syrian Studies School of International Relations Fife, Scotland, UK ISSN 2056-3175 Syria Studies iv Contents Preface v-vi Omar Imady The Syrian Civil War and Turkey-Syria-Iran Relations 1-19 Özden Zeynep Oktav Sunni Islamists in Tripoli and the Asad regime 1966-2014 20-65 Tine Gade Coping with Asad: Lebanese Prime Ministers’ Strategies 66-81 Taku Osoegawa iv Syria Studies v Preface Omar Imady In this issue of Syria Studies, we move to a regional perspective of Syria, examining recent political dynamics involving Turkey and Lebanon. Three contributions by scholars on Syria are included in this issue, and their findings consistently point to just how charged and often hostile Syria’s relationships with its neighbours have been. In The Syrian Civil War and Turkey-Syria-Iran Relations, Özden Zeynep Oktav takes us on a fascinating journey from 2002 when the Justice and Development Party came to power, and until the present. Oktav highlights the period when Turkey sought a state of ‘zero problem with its neighbours’ and the positive implications this had on its relationship with Syria in particular. The advent of the Arab Spring, and the events that unfolded in Syria after March 2011, caused a dramatic change in Turkey’s foreign policy. -
The Kurdish Nationalist Movement and External Influences
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1980-12 The Kurdish nationalist movement and external influences Disney, Donald Bruce, Jr. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/17624 '";. Vi , *V ^y NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS THE KURDISH NATIONALIST MOVEMENT AND EXTERNAL INFLUENCES by Donald Bruce Disney, Jr. December 1980 The sis Advisor: J. W. Amos, II Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited T19 «—,rob J Unclassified "wi.fy * N°* StCUHlTY CLASSIFICATION r>* THIS »>GI '•*>•« D«t Knlmrmd) READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM •f*OAT NUMlf* 2. OOVT ACCCUION MO. J MKCl»lCNT'S CATALOG NUMBER. 4 TiTlE ,«.*Ju »mH) s. TY*e of neponT * rewoo covcncd The Kurdish Nationalist Movement Master's Thesis; and External Influences December 1980 * »I»ro»l»INQ owe. «I»OKT NUMIIR 7. AuTmO*><*> • contract o« chant HumUtnf) Donald Bruce Disney, Jr., LCDR, USN * RfBFORMINO OWOANI2ATION NAME AND >QD*tii tO. *«OG*AM CLEMENT. RBOjECT. T as* AREA * «OMK UNIT NUDUM Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 M CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME ANO ADDRESS 12. MFOUT DATE Naval Postgraduate School December, 1980 Monterey, California 93940 II. MUMBER O' WAGES 238 TT MONITORING AGENCY NAME A AOORESSfll if>'M*ml Ifmm Controlling Ottlc*) It- SICURITY CLASS. <al Iftlm report) Naval Postgraduate School Unclassified Monterey, California 93940 Im DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE l«. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of Ihlt *•»•»!) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 17 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT at (»• •*•„•«( rnrnfm** In #I»c* 20, // dittfmt rrmm Mf rt) IE. SUFFLCMCNTARY NOTES '» KEY *O*0l (Continue em remem »!<*• It r\eceeeiy em* itemttty m, ilect IHMHMMP Kurds, Kurdish Nationalism, Kurdish Revolts, Kurdish Political Parties, Mullah Mustafa Barzani, Sheikh Ezzedin, Abdul Rahman Qassemlu, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, UK, U.S., U.S.S.R., Israel, PLO, Armenians 20. -
The ISIS Crisis and the Broken Politics of the Middle East
Key Issues in Religion and World Affairs 1 The ISIS Crisis and the Broken Politics of the Middle East Nader Hashemi University of Denver November, 2016 Introduction When future historians of the Middle East look back on the early 21st century, the rise of The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS or the Islamic State) will be discussed as a key turning point in the politics of the region.1 As a result of Nader Hashemi is Associate Professor at the Josef Korbel ISIS’ expansion in 2014, the boundary between Iraq and School of International Studies, Syria has effectively dissolved. The one hundred year-old University of Denver, and colonial borders of the Middle East have not faced such a Director at the Center for Middle radical restructuring since Gamal Abdel Nasser attempted East Studies. His most recent to unify Egypt and Syria (1958-1961), and Saddam 2 work is called Sectarianism: Hussein’s attempt at annexing Kuwait (1990). While these Mapping the New Politics of the prior attempts to re-fashion borders were short-lived, the Middle East. He specializes in phenomenon of the Islamic State will not disappear as Middle East and Islamic affairs, quickly. In part, this is because the forces that have religion and democracy, produced ISIS are driven not from above, as in the secularism, comparative politics aforementioned cases, but are a result of social conditions and political theory, politics of the that have emerged from below and which have been Middle East, democracy and brewing in the region for some time.3 ISIS is a reflection of human rights, and Islam-West the broken politics in the Middle East that are a product of relations. -
Unlocking the Alawite Conundrum in Syria
Jomana Qaddour Unlocking the Alawite Conundrum in Syria Images and videos emerging out of Syria since 2012, becoming increasingly violent and sectarian along the way, showcased extremist groups and even children chanting things like, “Assad we will bring you down, and then we will come next for the [Alawites]!”1 Since 1971, the Alawite community (roughly 12 percent of Syria’s 22 million people)2 has sheltered Hafez al-Assad, and subsequently his son, Bashar al-Assad, by providing the family with both loyal foot soldiers who have aided the Assad regime throughout the many domestic, political uprisings it has faced (in 1964, 1980, 1982, and now 2011) and with a bureaucracy that has legitimized their theft of public funds.3 The number of Alawite casualties increased over the course of the crisis, either fighting to protect Assad or because they are accused of aiding his regime, while a growing number have faced the grim realization that the Assad family is motivated by self-interest alone.4 While researchers cannot pinpoint exactly how many Alewites have died, many have documented the number of Syrian soldiers instead to obtain an approximation, and have indicated that between 11,000 Alawites and 41,000 Syrian soldiers have been killed.5 Yet for some reason, the Alawites have not yet abandoned the Assad regime in large numbers. Even as the international community increasingly isolates him, the longer-term issue of the nature of a post-Assad Syria remains unclear. Alawites must surely recognize that their long-term interests do not lie with the current regime. -
The Unspoken Power: Civil-Military Relations and the Prospects for Reform
THE BROOKINGS PROJECT ON U.S. POLICY TOWARDS THE ISLAMIC WORLD ANALYSIS PAPER ANALYSIS Number 7, September 2004 THE UNSPOKEN POWER: CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS AND THE PROSPECTS FOR REFORM STEVEN A. COOK T HE S ABAN C ENTER FOR M IDDLE E AST P OLICY AT T HE B ROOKINGS I NSTITUTION THE BROOKINGS PROJECT ON U.S. POLICY TOWARDS THE ISLAMIC WORLD ANALYSIS PAPER ANALYSIS Number 7, September 2004 THE UNSPOKEN POWER: CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS AND THE PROSPECTS FOR REFORM STEVEN A. COOK T HE S ABAN C ENTER FOR M IDDLE E AST P OLICY AT T HE B ROOKINGS I NSTITUTION NOTE FROM THE PROJECT CONVENORS The Brookings Project on U.S. Policy Towards the Islamic World is designed to respond to some of the most difficult challenges that the United States will face in the coming years, most particularly how to prosecute the continuing war on global terrorism while still promoting positive relations with Muslim states and communities. A key part of the Project is the production of Analysis Papers that investigate critical, but under-explored, issues in American policy towards the Islamic world. The new U.S. agenda towards the Muslim world claims to be centered on how best it can support change in pre- vailing political structures, as a means towards undercutting the causes of and support for violent radicalism. However, little strategy has been developed for how this U.S. policy of change plans to deal with a key bulwark of the status quo, the present imbalance in civil-military relations in much of the region. -
The Rise of Islamism in Contemporary Syria: from Muslim Brotherhood to Salafi-Jihadi Rebels Cepoi, Ecaterina
www.ssoar.info The rise of islamism in contemporary Syria: from Muslim Brotherhood to Salafi-Jihadi rebels Cepoi, Ecaterina Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Cepoi, E. (2013). The rise of islamism in contemporary Syria: from Muslim Brotherhood to Salafi-Jihadi rebels. Studia Politica: Romanian Political Science Review, 13(3), 549-560. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-447331 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de The Rise of Islamism in Contemporary Syria 549 The Rise of Islamism in Contemporary Syria From Muslim Brotherhood to Salafi-Jihadi Rebels ECATERINA CEPOI Started initially in March 2011 as a popular revolt against the exclusive power of the Assad regime, following the protest movement model in other Arab countries, the Syrian Revolution gradually turns into a real civil war, failing into paroxysmal violence and rising militarization, dividing population but also the international community in two opposite camps. What characterizes this approximately two years period is, on one hand, the failure of a solution both military and political to the crisis and, on the other hand, a continuous process of Islamisation of the conflict (based on Sunni-Alawi differences), as a result of both endogenous attitudes and options and influence exerted by the regional environment. -
Legitimacy and Hafez Al-Asad
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1992-06 Legitimacy and Hafez al-Asad Huber, Mark M. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23943 HUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY SCHOO! NAVAL POSTGRADUATE MONTEREY CA 93943-5101 Unclassified Security Classification of this page REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE la Report Security Classification 1 b Restrictive Markings Unclassified 2a Security Classification Authority 3 Distribution Availability of Report Approved for public release; 2 b Declassification/Downgrading Schedule distribution is unlimited. 4 Performing Organization Report Number(s) 5 Monitoring Organization Report Number(s) 6a Name of Performing Organization 6b Office Symbol 7a Name of Monitoring Organization (IfApplicable) Naval Postgraduate School Code 38 Naval Postgraduate School 6c Address (city, state, and ZIP code) 7 b Address (city, state, and ZIP code) Monterey, CA 93943-5000 Monterey, CA 93943-5000 8a Name of Funding/Sponsoring Organization 8b Office Symbol 9 Procurement Instrument Identification Number (If Applicable) 8 c Address (city, state, and ZIP code) 1 Source of Funding Numbers Program Element Number Project No Task No Work Unit Accession No 1 1 Title (Include Security Classification) LEGITIMACY AND HAFEZ AL-ASAD 12 Personal Author(s) Huber, Mark M. 13a Type of Report 13b Time Covered 1 4 Date of Report (year, rnonth.day) 1 5 Page Count Master's Thesis From November 70 To May 92 June 1992 129 1 6 Supplementary Notation The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Deparunent of Defense or the U.S. Government. -
Moving Beyond the Syrian Identity-Based Conflict
Moving Beyond the Syrian Identity-Based Conflict Religion, Politics, Conflict and Peacebuilding The Changing Alawite Identity from the Ninth Century till 2016 Student name: Patrick Landwehr Student number: 2405768 University: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Course: Master Thesis Assistant professor: Dr. Joram Tarusarira Date: 26-01-2018 Total words: 30960 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3 Chapter 1 Theoretical Framework: Social Identity and Conflict ............................................. 17 1.1 Social Identity Theory: Self- and Collective Identity ..................................................... 17 1.2 Bonding: Identity-, Open identity-, and Resource-sharing Groups ................................ 20 1.3 Intergroup Conflict: Identity Effects on the Intractability of a Conflict ......................... 21 1.4 Identity-based Conflict: Primordialism, Instrumentalism and Constructivism .............. 23 Chapter 2 Alawite Identity Issues and Conflict ....................................................................... 30 2.1 The “Genesis” and “Religious Precepts” of the Nusayri Community ............................ 30 2.2 The Changing Religious Status and Identity of the Nusayris/Alawites 1317-2016 ....... 34 2.2.1 Nusayris, Fatwas, Ibn Taymiyyah, Enmity and Ongoing Strife .............................. 34 2.2.2 The Fatwas of Ibn Taymiyyah: the Beginning of the Historical Nusayri/Alawi Persecution ....................................................................................................................... -
Jihad in Syria Photo Credit: a Funeral for Rebel Martyrs in Homs, Syria, March 26, 2012
September 2012 Elizabeth O’Bagy MIDDLE EAST SECURITY REPORT 6 JIHAD IN SYRIA Photo Credit: A funeral for rebel martyrs in Homs, Syria, March 26, 2012. Photo courtesy of Ziad Homsi. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ©2012 by the Institute for the Study of War. Published in 2012 in the United States of America by the Institute for the Study of War. 1400 16th Street NW, Suite 515 Washington, DC 20036. http://www.understandingwar.org Elizabeth O’Bagy MIDDLE EAST SECURITY REPORT 6 JIHAD IN SYRIA ABOUT THE AUTHOR Elizabeth O’Bagy is a Research Analyst at the Institute for the Study of War, where she focuses on Syrian politics and security. She is in a joint Master’s/PhD program in Arab Studies and Political Science at Georgetown University and is working on a dissertation on women’s militancy. Prior to joining ISW, she received the Critical Language Scholarship to study Arabic at the American School in Tangier, Morocco, and studied Arabic and political science at the American University in Cairo, Egypt. She holds a bachelor’s degree in the Arabic Language and Arab Studies from Georgetown University. ABOUT THE INSTITUTE The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) is a non-partisan, non-profit, public policy research organization. ISW advances an informed understanding of military affairs through reliable research, trusted analysis, and innovative education. -
The Muslim World After 9/11 / Angel M
CHILD POLICY This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as CIVIL JUSTICE a public service of the RAND Corporation. EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE 6 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS NATIONAL SECURITY The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research POPULATION AND AGING organization providing objective analysis and PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY effective solutions that address the challenges facing SUBSTANCE ABUSE the public and private sectors around the world. TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Support RAND Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND Project AIR FORCE View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND monographs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. ѮF.VTMJN8PSME "/(&-.3"#"4" ] $)&3:-#&/"3% ] 1&5&3$)"-, $$)3*45*/&'"*3 ] 5)&0%03&,"3"4*, 30--*&-"- ] *"/-&44&3 ] %"7*%5)"-&3 0REPAREDFORTHE5NITED3TATES!IR&ORCE !PPROVEDFORPUBLICRELEASEDISTRIBUTIONUNLIMITED The research reported here was sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract F49642-01-C-0003. Further information may be obtained from the Strategic Planning Division, Directorate of Plans, Hq USAF.