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BOUNDARYING, GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT AND THE EXCEPTIONAL GEOGRAPHIES OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLES A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Stephen R. Butcher May 2010 Dissertation written by Stephen R. Butcher B.S., Kent State University, Geology, 1998 B.A., Kent State University, Geography, 1998 L.S.M., Kent State University, Liberal Studies, 2002 M.A., Kent State University, Geography, 2004 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2010 Approved by ___________________________, Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. James A. Tyner ___________________________, Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Patrick G. Coy ___________________________, Dr. Surinder M. Bhardwaj ___________________________, Dr. Shawn M. Banasick ___________________________, Dr. Mark F. Bracher Accepted by ___________________________, Chair, Department of Geography Dr. Thomas Schmidlin ___________________________, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Dr. John Stalvey ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………. v CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….. 1 Chapter Summaries…………………………………………………………….. 12 II THE BOUNDARY…...……….………………………………………………… 16 Cognitive Science………………………………………………………………. 18 Embodied Cognition…………………………………………………………….. 26 Embodied Realism………………………………………………………………. 35 Boundarying, Space, and Place………………………………………………….. 44 Borders, Boundaries, Binaries and Boundarying………...…………………… 44 Space, Place, and the Metaphysics of Presence……………………………….. 57 III POLITICIZING THE BOUNDARY………………………………………....... 76 Among Political Geographies…………………………………..……................ 76 Among Critical Geopolitics and Legal Geographies…………...………............ 83 Among Border Studies……………………………………..………………….... 86 IV POSTMODERNISM, POSTSTRUCTURALISM, DECONSTRUCTION…. 93 Postmodernism…………………………………………………………………. 94 Poststructuralism………………………….……………………………………. 98 Deconstruction……………………………………………………..…................ 103 V GEOBIOPOLITICS………………………….…………………………………. 110 Michel Foucault………………………………………………………................ 116 Giorgio Agamben……………………….………………………………………. 133 VI DECONSTRUCTIVE GENEALOGY OF THE IDP……………………......... 148 Displacement……………………………………………………………………. 150 Sovereignty………………………………….………………………………….. 153 The UN System…………………………………………………………………. 166 VII SPACES OF IMPUNITY, SPACES OF IMMUNITY: DARFUR, SUDAN.... 179 Environment, Identity, Politics…………………………………………............. 184 VIII TRANSNATIONALLY PLACED PERSONS……………………………… 208 APPENDIX……………………………………………………….………………. 221 REFERENCES……………………………………………….………………….... 226 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of Darfur, Sudan………………………………………………….. 244 2. Generalization of livelihoods around Jebel Marra…………………….. 245 3. Darfur biomes and ethnic geography………………………………….. 246 4. Extent of Islam under the Fur Sultanate……………………………….. 247 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my committee members, with special acknowledgement to Dr. James Tyner and Dr. Shawn Banasick, for allowing me the degrees of freedom to explore my interdisciplinary interests and the necessary guidance and encouragement to see it through. I thank my graduate student colleagues, especially Dr. Jose Diaz-Garayua, Aron Massey, Yukihiro Suzuoki, and Dr. Jim Vaca, who over the years have provided an invaluable support system of friends. I am grateful that we shared our frustrations along our journeys because it made for greater revelry in our achievements. Also, Yuki was kind enough to produce the four maps of Sudan for me. I give special thanks to Vickie McFarlan for her exceptional friendship and support without which I would not have reached my goal. I also thank my little friends Kitty and Dorothy. Finally, I dedicate this dissertation in memoriam to my best friend Sophie. When times were tough your love and support put all things in context. I wish you could be here to celebrate with us. v CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Over the last twenty years, there has been a renewed interest in conceptualizing ―boundaries‖ both within human geography, especially in political geography. Borders and boundaries have become integral facets of theorization, modeling, and interpretation of the production of place and identity at varying scales. This growth has led to growth of border studies and border theory (Paasi 1996, 2002, 2005; Michaelsen and Johnson 1997; Lugo 1997; Newman and Paasi 1998; Lamont and Molnar 2002; Kaplan and Häkli 2002; Grundy-Warr and Schofield 2005; Paasi 2005; Kossolov 2005; van Houtum 2005; Nicol and Minghi 2005; Brunet-Jailly 2005, 2007; Newman 2006b; Rumford 2006), to more ontological discussions of boundaries and boundary processes related to (spatial) cognition and geographic knowledge, representation, and reasoning (Tye 1990; Abbott 1995; Smith and Varzi 2000; Varzi 2001; Debarbieux 2004; Jones 2009; Schaffter, Fall and Debarbieux 2009). This dissertation addresses both the political geographical and ontological discussions through the presentation of a novel conceptualization of the boundary. This 1 2 conceptualization is significantly undergirded by readings in embodied cognitive science research. In particular, it follows a cognitive-cultural linguistics approach (Hampe, 2005) by focusing on processes of ―boundarying‖ from cognitive to social spaces. This will be of interest to political geographers within border studies as well as those in the cognitive sciences. My novel conceptualization of the boundary, which makes up the core of this project, is based on this process of boundarying. It therefore acts as a unifying topic for the diverse literatures reviewed throughout this dissertation. One contribution of this project is that it is interdisciplinary. The boundary is theorized by weaving together diverse literatures emanating from the cognitive sciences, philosophy, political geography, critical population studies, international relations, and political science on issues from embodiment philosophy and science, abstract thought and spatial cognition to sovereignty, territory, citizenship, displacement, and international humanitarianism. Traversing distinct academic fields that include topics from neural processes to state governance and displacement should not be undertaken lightly as many conceptual errors can be made in such a maneuver. However, this dissertation does not attempt a strong reductionism that causally links sovereign power, the politics of international humanitarianism, or the role of territory in the formation of states and citizenship to neurological processes such as backpropagation, nodal weighting in learning acquisition, and subject reaction times. That would, of course, be absurd. Instead, not only figuratively speaking but literally, the boundary traverses the spaces between disparate fields of study. I thus maneuver between them by being topically- bound (boundarying), not disciplinarily-bound (human geography), though as a 3 dissertation this project is rightly positioned within the academic filed of human geography. This transition between academic domains is not done willy-nilly but conducted via thoughtful articulation of the intersections between these domains, and their discursive idiosyncrasies, along a specific line of inquiry. That line of inquiry is the boundary. The purpose of this dissertation, then, is not to test a theory on boundaries so to generalize for the purpose of prediction. Instead, it provides cogitation upon the boundary and boundarying as an explanatory grounding, or first principle, for geographic thought. Therefore, this dissertation‘s orientation and structure follows in the tradition of William Bunge‘s Theoretical Geographies (1966). Although, it does so not in his spatial- quantitative orientation or goal of restricting the definition of Geography to a particular view of ―science‖ but in his promotion of metageographical theorization – that is, explicit theorization of and contribution to geographic thought within the discipline of Geography. Therefore, following Bunge, this ―author is a theoretical geographer‖ (x) fashioning a conceptualization of the boundary to extend the current scope of geographic thought. In this sense, ―geographic thought‖ has two connotations. The first encompasses the current state of theorizations and methodologies within human geography. The second refers to the geographic nature of thought itself. It is on this second connotation of geographic thought that I fashion the concept of boundarying that is in turn submitted as a contribution to the first connotation. I thus begin in Chapter II with cognitive science literature and end this dissertation with a particular extension of the boundary into the specific field of political geography through a salient example of boundarying. That 4 example is the political category of citizen-subject termed ―internally displaced persons‖ (IDP). Political geography is particularly apt for a specific example of boundarying because boundaries, borders, borderlands, and frontiers were central concepts of Geography from its inception as an academic discipline in Europe and the US in the late nineteenth century (Paasi 1996) and also because of the recent popularity of ―border studies‖ or ―boundary studies‖ (Newman 2003; Paasi 2005; Jones 2009) as a backlash to post-Cold War hyperbole of a so-called borderless world (Ohmae 1990, 1996; Ó Tuathail 2000; Greig 2002; Newman 2006a). While this literature has made some conceptual inroads into interdisciplinary approaches to studying borders/boundaries,
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