The Research Road We Make: Statistics for the Uninitiated

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Research Road We Make: Statistics for the Uninitiated The Research Road We Make: Statistics for the Uninitiated Saviour Formosa PhD Sandra Scicluna PhD Jacqueline Azzopardi PhD Janice Formosa Pace MSc Trevor Calafato MSc 2011 Published by the National Statistics Office, Malta Published by the National Statistics Office Lascaris Valletta VLT 2000 Malta Tel.: (+356) 25997000 Fax:(+356) 25997205 / 25997103 e-mail: [email protected] website: http://www.nso.gov.mt CIP Data The Research Road We Make: Statistics for the Uninitiated – Valletta: National Statistics Office, 2011 xxii, 279p. ISBN: 978-99957-29-14-1 For further information, please contact: Unit D2: External Cooperation and Communication Directorate D: Resources and Support Services National Statistics Office Lascaris Valletta VLT 2000 Malta Tel: (+356) 25997219 NSO publications are available from: Unit D2: External Cooperation and Communication Directorate D: Resources and Support Services National Statistics Office Lascaris Valletta VLT 2000 Malta Tel.: (+356) 25997219 Fax: (+356) 25997205 Contents Page Preface vii Foreword viii Acknowledgements ix Abbreviations xi Glossary xiii Imagery xix Introduction xxi Chapter 1 What is Statistics? An Intro for the Uninitiated! 1 Why Statistics? 3 The Tower of Babel Syndrome or Valhalla? 4 The ‘fear of stats’ 5 Myths and Realities 5 Chapter 2 Research Methodology 7 The Research Design 9 Social Scientific Research Methods 10 Research Problems 11 Sampling 11 Causality, Association and Correlations 12 Methods of Research 13 Chapter 3 DIKA 25 Why is Research Necessary? 29 Forms of Research 31 Types of Research 32 How Research is Done 33 Techno-Centric or Socio-Technic Approach? 35 Use and abuse of statistics 36 Avoiding Research 38 Data 39 Information 41 Knowledge 42 Chapter 4 Structuring Your Research 45 A Datacycle Approach 47 Design 47 Choosing the correct mining/trawling tools 49 Matrixing 50 Data gathering 58 Analysis 59 Reporting 64 Chapter 5 From Concept to Tangibility 71 Basic Concepts 73 Data issues – the structures 74 Data Measurement: The Scales 80 Page Chapter 6 Data Acquisition and Data Quality 85 Data Categories 87 What is a Metadata? 88 Data Sourcing 90 Data Capture 92 Quality 92 Error 92 Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sourcing 92 Capture Modes 94 Chapter 7 Visualisation 97 Graphing 103 Charting tools 107 Mapping 108 GIS as a tool for scientific research 109 GIS tools 119 Chapter 8 Mind Mapping 121 What is a model? 123 Who are the players? 130 Conceptual Modeling 130 Content Analysis 132 CRISOLA Model 134 Chapter 9 Tools 143 Which Tools are Available? 145 Spreadsheets 147 Macros 149 Dedicated Statistical Software 149 Quantitative 149 Qualitative tools 160 Geo-statistical tools 164 Online Tools 166 Chapter 10 IT/IS and Databases 171 Moving from basic tools to databases 173 From a Mind to an EAR 176 Querying language: SQL 179 Chapter 11 Statistical Testing 183 Generic Statistics Publications sorted by Publication Date 185 Thematic Publications sorted by Theme 187 Basic Statistics 189 Statistical Tests 203 Spatial Statistics 204 Chapter 12 Case Studies 207 A taste for working with Census data 209 Using the Census for research 212 In an Archive 221 Page Chapter 13 Data Sources 227 Analogue – a library/archive approach 229 Specialised libraries 230 Digital – online 231 Chapter 14 Ethical Issues 235 What is Ethics? 237 Criteria for Ethical Research 237 Referencing 238 Plagiarism 238 How to compile a reference section 239 Bibliography 243 Appendix – Questions and Answers 249 Ending 279 Preface Today the use of statistics has evolved far beyond its genesis. The use of statistics by individuals and organisations has become ubiquitous, leading to a wider informed knowledge-base that starts from the process to gather and understand the data up to the end phase where informed decisions need to be made. This is the case across the different thematic domains ranging from the natural and social sciences, medicine, business, and other areas. Statistics can be used and unfortunately, abused; the latter leading to the generation of serious errors in both description and analysis, in turn leading to misleading interpretations. Few are immune to such error generation and the need is felt to ensure that we are aware of the responsibilities researchers have in generating statistics. Therefore, when the National Statistics Office was approached, early in 2010, by a group of researchers to assist in publishing a book on statistics intended for persons who are non-conversant with this discipline, I readily accepted, as they had found a niche I believe was untapped locally. This idea was appropriately launched during a World Statistics Day seminar, marked for the first time ever on 20 October 2010. The feedback was positive and encouraging. This book introduces statistics to higher education students who are not necessarily mathematically oriented, and whose perception of statistics may be tinged with fear. Its scope is not to review equations and formulae, but to outline the importance of the strict rules that govern research methodology and the sound interpretation of results. In other words, it identifies uses and abuses of statistics, and is a useful text even for those who may eventually specialise in statistics. In many respects, therefore, it is different from other mainstream statistics textbooks. While the views expressed by the book’s authors do not necessarily reflect NSO’s official stance, such initiatives are to be commended as they help promote statistics, which are so vital in today’s day and age. The ultimate aim of this publication is to educate, and to promote statistical literacy. This forms an intrinsic part of NSO’s long-term vision. Michael Pace Ross Director General National Statistics Office August 2011 vii Foreword Statistics is a vital part of social science training. In the United States, statistical understanding is required for undergraduate academic degrees across the social sciences. It is considered an indispensable component of research methods and a prerequisite for postgraduate study, which typically includes further study in advanced and specialised statistical topics. In the United Kingdom, statistical analysis is fast becoming a priority for postgraduate training although undergraduate degrees in sociology and related fields tend to place less emphasis on quantitative methods. British undergraduates gain experience in use of qualitative research techniques through completion of the undergraduate dissertation. In my experience, as a visiting lecturer at the Institute of Criminology, the University of Malta tends to blend the best of both traditions. Maltese students have the opportunity to learn statistical techniques at the undergraduate level, and further, to incorporate these in methodological designs for undergraduate dissertations. The Research Road We Make: Statistics for the Uninitiated represents a perfect example of the Maltese tradition of pursuing the best of both worlds. The authors begin with an explanation of the research process, which situates statistical analysis within overall project design. Next, the discussion examines the types of data suitable for statistical techniques and provides a guide to data collection. The authors then move on to issues of interpretation of findings and presentation of results; this discussion includes an explanation of the very latest methods of visual projection. The final sections explain computer- assisted techniques and tools for data management. Overall, the text provides an engaging, substantive explanation of statistical analysis with reference to interesting, real-world issues important for social research. In addition, the authors provide a bridge between concepts and techniques, many of which have been developed in Europe and North America, with applications to the Maltese context. To carry out effective and meaningful social science research, it is important to consider Malta’s history, culture, and geography, and the discussion here achieves this with a range of examples from the Maltese Islands. The Research Road We Make represents an indispensable resource for success in statistical research. Paul Knepper, PhD Department of Sociological Studies University of Sheffield viii Acknowledgements A word of thanks goes to the following persons who authored the book. Saviour Formosa and Sandra Scicluna for authoring the book based on their work in the quantitative/spatial and qualitative fields respectively. Jacqueline Azzopardi who had the unenviable task of reviewing the chapters, making sense of the runaway sections, drafting all the changes as well as authoring the Questions and Answers chapter. Not an easy job that one! Especially for an expert in the qualitative field faced with formulae and spatial reviews! Janice Formosa Pace for authoring the Ethics chapter and reviewing the referencing throughout the book. Trevor Calafato for authoring the qualitative section of the Tools chapter. Ramon Azzopardi for the chapter title graphics; a talented budding artist! Michael Pace Ross (Director General NSO) and Catherine Vella for book review and editing, Claire Meli for book setting and the following NSO personnel for their continuous support: Silvana Mizzi, Rose Marie Portelli, Stephania Farrugia Dimech, Jesmond Galea, Margaret Bugeja, Joanna Bonnici and Shawn Borg. The book is dedicated to the Staff of the Institute of Criminology at the University of Malta and the Staff at the National Statistics Office. The front image, entitled kampane 3 weeks was created by Saviour Formosa as part of the analysis on the
Recommended publications
  • SQSTM1 Mutations in Familial and Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
    ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION SQSTM1 Mutations in Familial and Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Faisal Fecto, MD; Jianhua Yan, MD, PhD; S. Pavan Vemula; Erdong Liu, MD; Yi Yang, MS; Wenjie Chen, MD; Jian Guo Zheng, MD; Yong Shi, MD, PhD; Nailah Siddique, RN, MSN; Hasan Arrat, MD; Sandra Donkervoort, MS; Senda Ajroud-Driss, MD; Robert L. Sufit, MD; Scott L. Heller, MD; Han-Xiang Deng, MD, PhD; Teepu Siddique, MD Background: The SQSTM1 gene encodes p62, a major In silico analysis of variants was performed to predict al- pathologic protein involved in neurodegeneration. terations in p62 structure and function. Objective: To examine whether SQSTM1 mutations con- Results: We identified 10 novel SQSTM1 mutations (9 tribute to familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral scle- heterozygous missense and 1 deletion) in 15 patients (6 rosis (ALS). with familial ALS and 9 with sporadic ALS). Predictive in silico analysis classified 8 of 9 missense variants as Design: Case-control study. pathogenic. Setting: Academic research. Conclusions: Using candidate gene identification based on prior biological knowledge and the functional pre- Patients: A cohort of 546 patients with familial diction of rare variants, we identified several novel (n=340) or sporadic (n=206) ALS seen at a major aca- SQSTM1 mutations in patients with ALS. Our findings demic referral center were screened for SQSTM1 muta- provide evidence of a direct genetic role for p62 in ALS tions. pathogenesis and suggest that regulation of protein deg- radation pathways may represent an important thera- Main Outcome Measures: We evaluated the distri- peutic target in motor neuron degeneration. bution of missense, deletion, silent, and intronic vari- ants in SQSTM1 among our cohort of patients with ALS.
    [Show full text]
  • Filesystems HOWTO Filesystems HOWTO Table of Contents Filesystems HOWTO
    Filesystems HOWTO Filesystems HOWTO Table of Contents Filesystems HOWTO..........................................................................................................................................1 Martin Hinner < [email protected]>, http://martin.hinner.info............................................................1 1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................................1 2. Volumes...............................................................................................................................................1 3. DOS FAT 12/16/32, VFAT.................................................................................................................2 4. High Performance FileSystem (HPFS)................................................................................................2 5. New Technology FileSystem (NTFS).................................................................................................2 6. Extended filesystems (Ext, Ext2, Ext3)...............................................................................................2 7. Macintosh Hierarchical Filesystem − HFS..........................................................................................3 8. ISO 9660 − CD−ROM filesystem.......................................................................................................3 9. Other filesystems.................................................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science
    ISSN (Online) : 2456-6632 Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science An International Journal Volume 4 | Issue 2 Agriculture and Environmental Science Academy www.aesacademy.org Scan to view it on the web Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science (Abbreviation: Arch. Agr. Environ. Sci.) ISSN: 2456-6632 (Online) An International Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Volume 4 Number 2 2019 Abstracted/Indexed: The journal AAES is proud to be a registered member of the following leading abstracting/indexing agencies: Google Scholar, AGRIS-FAO, CrossRef, Informatics, jGate @ e-Shodh Sindhu, WorldCat Library, OpenAIRE, Zenodo ResearchShare, DataCite, Index Copernicus International, Root Indexing, Research Gate etc. All Rights Reserved © 2016-2019 Agriculture and Environmental Science Academy Disclaimer: No part of this booklet may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher. However, all the articles published in this issue are open access articles which are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited For information regarding permission, write us [email protected]. An official publication of Agriculture and Environmental Science Academy 86, Gurubaksh Vihar (East) Kankhal Haridwar-249408 (Uttarakhand), India Website: https://www.aesacademy.org Email: [email protected] Phone: +91-98971-89197 Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science (An International Research Journal) (Abbreviation: Arch. Agri. Environ. Sci.) Aims & Objectives: The journal is an official publication of Agriculture and Environmental Science Academy.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategies for Non-Invasive Management of High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
    Strategies for non-invasive management of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Citation for published version (APA): Koeneman, M. M. (2019). Strategies for non-invasive management of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: prognostic biomarkers and immunotherapy. Maastricht University. https://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20190116mk Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2019 DOI: 10.26481/dis.20190116mk Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal.
    [Show full text]
  • Latexsample-Thesis
    INTEGRAL ESTIMATION IN QUANTUM PHYSICS by Jane Doe A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Mathematics The University of Utah May 2016 Copyright c Jane Doe 2016 All Rights Reserved The University of Utah Graduate School STATEMENT OF DISSERTATION APPROVAL The dissertation of Jane Doe has been approved by the following supervisory committee members: Cornelius L´anczos , Chair(s) 17 Feb 2016 Date Approved Hans Bethe , Member 17 Feb 2016 Date Approved Niels Bohr , Member 17 Feb 2016 Date Approved Max Born , Member 17 Feb 2016 Date Approved Paul A. M. Dirac , Member 17 Feb 2016 Date Approved by Petrus Marcus Aurelius Featherstone-Hough , Chair/Dean of the Department/College/School of Mathematics and by Alice B. Toklas , Dean of The Graduate School. ABSTRACT Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah.
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematics of the Gateway Arch Page 220
    ISSN 0002-9920 Notices of the American Mathematical Society ABCD springer.com Highlights in Springer’s eBook of the American Mathematical Society Collection February 2010 Volume 57, Number 2 An Invitation to Cauchy-Riemann NEW 4TH NEW NEW EDITION and Sub-Riemannian Geometries 2010. XIX, 294 p. 25 illus. 4th ed. 2010. VIII, 274 p. 250 2010. XII, 475 p. 79 illus., 76 in 2010. XII, 376 p. 8 illus. (Copernicus) Dustjacket illus., 6 in color. Hardcover color. (Undergraduate Texts in (Problem Books in Mathematics) page 208 ISBN 978-1-84882-538-3 ISBN 978-3-642-00855-9 Mathematics) Hardcover Hardcover $27.50 $49.95 ISBN 978-1-4419-1620-4 ISBN 978-0-387-87861-4 $69.95 $69.95 Mathematics of the Gateway Arch page 220 Model Theory and Complex Geometry 2ND page 230 JOURNAL JOURNAL EDITION NEW 2nd ed. 1993. Corr. 3rd printing 2010. XVIII, 326 p. 49 illus. ISSN 1139-1138 (print version) ISSN 0019-5588 (print version) St. Paul Meeting 2010. XVI, 528 p. (Springer Series (Universitext) Softcover ISSN 1988-2807 (electronic Journal No. 13226 in Computational Mathematics, ISBN 978-0-387-09638-4 version) page 315 Volume 8) Softcover $59.95 Journal No. 13163 ISBN 978-3-642-05163-0 Volume 57, Number 2, Pages 201–328, February 2010 $79.95 Albuquerque Meeting page 318 For access check with your librarian Easy Ways to Order for the Americas Write: Springer Order Department, PO Box 2485, Secaucus, NJ 07096-2485, USA Call: (toll free) 1-800-SPRINGER Fax: 1-201-348-4505 Email: [email protected] or for outside the Americas Write: Springer Customer Service Center GmbH, Haberstrasse 7, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany Call: +49 (0) 6221-345-4301 Fax : +49 (0) 6221-345-4229 Email: [email protected] Prices are subject to change without notice.
    [Show full text]
  • Using History to Teach Computer Science and Related Disciplines
    Computing Research Association Using History T o T eachComputer Science and Related Disciplines Using History To Teach Computer Science and Related Disciplines Edited by Atsushi Akera 1100 17th Street, NW, Suite 507 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Washington, DC 20036-4632 E-mail: [email protected] William Aspray Tel: 202-234-2111 Indiana University—Bloomington Fax: 202-667-1066 URL: http://www.cra.org The workshops and this report were made possible by the generous support of the Computer and Information Science and Engineering Directorate of the National Science Foundation (Award DUE- 0111938, Principal Investigator William Aspray). Requests for copies can be made by e-mailing [email protected]. Copyright 2004 by the Computing Research Association. Permission is granted to reproduce the con- tents, provided that such reproduction is not for profit and credit is given to the source. Table of Contents I. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………. 1 1. Using History to Teach Computer Science and Related Disciplines ............................ 1 William Aspray and Atsushi Akera 2. The History of Computing: An Introduction for the Computer Scientist ……………….. 5 Thomas Haigh II. Curricular Issues and Strategies …………………………………………………… 27 3. The Challenge of Introducing History into a Computer Science Curriculum ………... 27 Paul E. Ceruzzi 4. History in the Computer Science Curriculum …………………………………………… 33 J.A.N. Lee 5. Using History in a Social Informatics Curriculum ....................................................... 39 William Aspray 6. Introducing Humanistic Content to Information Technology Students ……………….. 61 Atsushi Akera and Kim Fortun 7. The Synergy between Mathematical History and Education …………………………. 85 Thomas Drucker 8. Computing for the Humanities and Social Sciences …………………………………... 89 Nathan L. Ensmenger III. Specific Courses and Syllabi ………………………………………....................... 95 Course Descriptions & Syllabi 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Integral Estimation in Quantum Physics
    INTEGRAL ESTIMATION IN QUANTUM PHYSICS by Jane Doe A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mathematical Physics Department of Mathematics The University of Utah May 2016 Copyright c Jane Doe 2016 All Rights Reserved The University of Utah Graduate School STATEMENT OF DISSERTATION APPROVAL The dissertation of Jane Doe has been approved by the following supervisory committee members: Cornelius L´anczos , Chair(s) 17 Feb 2016 Date Approved Hans Bethe , Member 17 Feb 2016 Date Approved Niels Bohr , Member 17 Feb 2016 Date Approved Max Born , Member 17 Feb 2016 Date Approved Paul A. M. Dirac , Member 17 Feb 2016 Date Approved by Petrus Marcus Aurelius Featherstone-Hough , Chair/Dean of the Department/College/School of Mathematics and by Alice B. Toklas , Dean of The Graduate School. ABSTRACT Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah.
    [Show full text]
  • Software in the Scientific Literature: Problems with Seeing, Finding, And
    Software in the Scientific Literature: Problems with Seeing, Finding, and Using Software Mentioned in the Biology Literature James Howison School of Information, University of Texas at Austin, 1616 Guadalupe Street, Austin, TX 78701, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Julia Bullard School of Information, University of Texas at Austin, 1616 Guadalupe Street, Austin, TX 78701, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Software is increasingly crucial to scholarship, yet the incorporates key scientific methods; increasingly, software visibility and usefulness of software in the scientific is also key to work in humanities and the arts, indeed to work record are in question. Just as with data, the visibility of with data of all kinds (Borgman, Wallis, & Mayernik, 2012). software in publications is related to incentives to share software in reusable ways, and so promote efficient Yet, the visibility of software in the scientific record is in science. In this article, we examine software in publica- question, leading to concerns, expressed in a series of tions through content analysis of a random sample of 90 National Science Foundation (NSF)- and National Institutes biology articles. We develop a coding scheme to identify of Health–funded workshops, about the extent that scientists software “mentions” and classify them according to can understand and build upon existing scholarship (e.g., their characteristics and ability to realize the functions of citations. Overall, we find diverse and problematic Katz et al., 2014; Stewart, Almes, & Wheeler, 2010). In practices: Only between 31% and 43% of mentions particular, the questionable visibility of software is linked to involve formal citations; informal mentions are very concerns that the software underlying science is of question- common, even in high impact factor journals and across able quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of the Impact of the Electronic Submission and Review Environment on the Efficiency and Effectiveness of the Review of Human Drugs – Final Report
    Evaluations and Studies of New Drug Review Programs Under PDUFA IV for the FDA Contract No. HHSF223201010017B Task No. 2 Assessment of the Impact of the Electronic Submission and Review Environment on the Efficiency and Effectiveness of the Review of Human Drugs – Final Report September 9, 2011 Booz | Allen | Hamilton Assessment of the Impact of the Electronic Submission and Review Environment Final Report Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 1 Assessment Overview .......................................................................................................... 1 Degree of Electronic Implementation ................................................................................... 1 Baseline Review Performance ............................................................................................. 2 Exchange and Content Data Standards ............................................................................... 4 Review Tools and Training Analysis .................................................................................... 5 Current Organization and Responsibilities ........................................................................... 6 Progress against Ideal Electronic Review Environment ....................................................... 6 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 8 ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Analyzing Data with Graphpad Prism
    Analyzing Data with GraphPad Prism A companion to GraphPad Prism version 3 Harvey Motulsky President GraphPad Software Inc. [email protected] GraphPad Software, Inc. © 1999 GraphPad Software, Inc. All rights reserved. All Rights Reserved. GraphPad Prism, Prism and InStat are registered trademarks of GraphPad Contents Software, Inc. GraphPad is a trademark of GraphPad Software, Inc. Use of the software is subject to the restrictions contained in the Preface.........................................................................................................2 accompanying software license agreement. Introduction to statistical comparisons..........................................................3 Garbage in, garbage out ...................................................................................3 Citation: H.J. Motulsky, Analyzing Data with GraphPad Prism, 1999, When do you need statistical calculations? ........................................................3 The key concept: Sampling from a population....................................................4 GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego CA, www.graphpad.com. Confidence intervals ........................................................................................8 P values ..........................................................................................................9 Hypothesis testing and statistical significance................................................... 11 Acknowledgements: The following individuals made substantial Statistical power ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Release Notes for Fedora 17
    Fedora 17 Release Notes Release Notes for Fedora 17 Edited by The Fedora Docs Team Copyright © 2012 Fedora Project Contributors. The text of and illustrations in this document are licensed by Red Hat under a Creative Commons Attribution–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license ("CC-BY-SA"). An explanation of CC-BY-SA is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. The original authors of this document, and Red Hat, designate the Fedora Project as the "Attribution Party" for purposes of CC-BY-SA. In accordance with CC-BY-SA, if you distribute this document or an adaptation of it, you must provide the URL for the original version. Red Hat, as the licensor of this document, waives the right to enforce, and agrees not to assert, Section 4d of CC-BY-SA to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. Red Hat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the Shadowman logo, JBoss, MetaMatrix, Fedora, the Infinity Logo, and RHCE are trademarks of Red Hat, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries. For guidelines on the permitted uses of the Fedora trademarks, refer to https:// fedoraproject.org/wiki/Legal:Trademark_guidelines. Linux® is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and other countries. Java® is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates. XFS® is a trademark of Silicon Graphics International Corp. or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries. MySQL® is a registered trademark of MySQL AB in the United States, the European Union and other countries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
    [Show full text]