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The Role of Creative Economy in the Realization of a Creative City: a Case Study of the City of Meybod in Yazd Province, Iran

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The Role of Creative Economy in the Realization of a Creative City: a Case Study of the City of Meybod in Yazd Province, Iran Geographia Polonica 2018, Volume 91, Issue 3, pp. 335-351 https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0124 INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES www.igipz.pan.pl www.geographiapolonica.pl THE ROLE OF CREATIVE ECONOMY IN THE REALIZATION OF A CREATIVE CITY: A CASE STUDY OF THE CITY OF MEYBOD IN YAZD PROVINCE, IRAN Ali Bagheri Kashkouli1 • Asghar Zarabi1 • Mir Najaf Mousavi2 1Department of Geography and Planning Sciences University of Isfahan 81746-73441, Hezar Jarib str., Isfahan: Iran e‑mails: [email protected] • [email protected] 2Department of Geography Urmia University 5756151818, 165 Urmia: Iran e-mail: [email protected] Abstract In a society, cities are the centers of human interactions, creativity, knowledge, diversity, culture, commerce and economic creativity. Owing to the importance of innovation, knowledge acquisition, and the increased recognition by the government in Iran, many cities have developed strategies and implemented programs to improve their ‘innovative milieus’ and to attract ‘creative people’ in creative industries in order to aid the restructuring and growth of their economy. This paper is a case study serving as a contribution to the current research in the field of small cities, with a focus on the city of Meybod, Yazd. The research examines the factors affecting the attraction and retention of creative people and creative businesses in Meybod, based on the data collected from the Statistical Center of Iran, the management and planning organization of Yazd province, government reports, and key informant interviews. The findings reveal that the attraction of creative people and creative businesses is a complex process. Affordability and livability turned out as the primary drivers of attraction, supported by specific qualities of community and place. Small regional cities exhibit unique inherent characteristics that can attract creative people. It is a key task for governments to leverage such characteristics in their policy making. Key words economic components • creative industries • creative city • small cities • Meybod • Yazd Pro- vince • Iran 336 Ali Bagheri Kashkouli • Asghar Zarabi • Mir Najaf Mousavi Introduction to examine small cities in Yazd. For example, Zarabi and Mousavi (2009) investigated the function of small towns in urban and regional Creativity, knowledge and innovation have development, and Nori et al. (2009) studied become the main driving forces of economic the city of Meybod. However, there is still development. In this context, several con- a large gap in the knowledge regarding the cepts have emerged, such as ‘creative indus- factors and processes that affect the growth tries’, ‘creative cities’, ‘creative clusters’ and of creative economies in small cities. ‘creative classes’ (Selada et al. 2011). Crea- This paper adds some insight to the lit- tivity and knowledge are recognized as key erature on the growth of creative economies infrastructures in the social and economic life in small regional cities. It aims to explore of a city (O’Hare 2011). This is especially the how and why a creative economy may grow case in post-industrial societies where creativ- and prosper in a small regional city and lead ity has emerged as the basis for competitive to the realization of a creative city. In this advantages (Bishop & Han 2013). In Meybod respect, Meybod was selected as the subject and elsewhere, there have been increasing of a case study. It is a city whose urban man- efforts made by municipal, regional govern- agement identifies the importance of creative ments, non-governmental organizations and industries in its economic development strat- private sectors to attract creative people egy. The city has invested significantly in its and businesses (Zarabi et al. 2014). In this arts and cultural infrastructures, which pro- case, concepts such as ‘urban entrepreneur- vide vivid evidence for its creative industries. ship’ (Acs et al. 2008) and ‘creative class’ It is expected that the findings of this (Markusen 2006) have been used. Despite study will be of help to researchers and poli- the theoretical fundaments of Florida’s crea- cymakers. For researchers, the study provides tive class, there is practically no empirical evi- interesting insights into the current literature dence to support that approach. For example, on the assessment of creative cities and sus- the availability of jobs rather than amenities tainable development to measure efficiency appears to have attracted creative people in urban contexts. The study also provides in some circumstances (Bishop & Han 2013). policymakers with useful information with While large metropolitan cities have typi- which to adopt more effective policies for cally been a focus of research, there is now realization of creative cities, such that devel- an emerging body of literature that examines opment is balanced with sustainable perfor- the growth of creative economies in small mance. cities. More recently, some authors have The article is organized as follows. The next started to study small territories and crea- section reviews theoretical discussions on the tive economies (Selada et al. 2011). Research concept of ‘creative city’, with particular to date suggests that, in some circumstances, emphasis on the role of creative industries. It the environment for business is more impor- is followed by a section focusing on the crea- tant than the people climate (Andersen et al. tive industries in Meybod. Finally, the paper 2010). It also appears that creative people ends in a conclusion including a summary seeking to reside in small cities find different of the most important results. amenities and qualities of the place attrac- tive, as compared to those who reside in the Theoretical issues and the inner suburbs of large metropolitan cities. According to Lorenzen & Andersen (2011), literature governments need to pay closer attention to local contexts rather than adopting a ‘one- Among the issues discussed in the literature, size-fits-all’ approach, as has been done in the the Creative Economy stands out as a shin- past. Several studies have been conducted ing light (Bakhshi & Windsor 2015). Creative Geographia Polonica 2018, 91, 3, pp. 335-351 The role of creative economy in the realization of a creative city... 337 economy leverages creativity, technology, decentralized decision-making, and cus- culture and innovation in fostering inclusive tomer focus. and sustained economic growth and devel- On the other hand, the people climate opment. Its sectors include arts and crafts, refers to the stimulating environment books, films, paintings, festivals, songs, of opportunity, amenity and openness designs, digital animation and video games. to diversity, which attracts creative people. They generate income through trade (exports) As Florida (2002) puts it, there is an emerg- and intellectual property rights and create ing ‘creative class’ which includes a ‘core new jobs with high occupational skills, partic- creative class’, “whose economic function is ularly for small and medium-sized enterprises to create ideas, new technology and/or new (United Nations 2015). creative content” and a wider group of ‘crea- Furthermore, many creative economies tive professionals’ who “engage in complex are steeped in traditions that date back for problem solving”. The ‘core creative class’ has decades or even centuries (World Economic become the catalyst for economic growth, Forum 2016). Meybod, for example, has a rich with the people climate as the decisive source cultural heritage by virtue of its history of sev- of competitive advantage and through its eral thousand years. This history is all through ability to attract and retain creative talents. marked with adobe and clay craftsmanship, Indeed, the ‘creative class’ is characterized from the construction of castles and shrines by the spirit of autonomy and flexibility in the to small-scale artisans. It is the entrenched process of creativity, expression of individu- strengths of the locality, including its long- ality and openness to the different. Thinking standing local customs and culture, which creatively is a ‘key skill’ that can support indi- make it ripe for creative development. How- viduals and groups in resolving issues related ever, a flourishing local creative economy has to change or management. It is clear that augmented the handicrafts factor to contrib- a creative city pre-requires change of pri- ute to the attractiveness of particular places. orities. The next step to take includes three A review of the growth of knowledge important issues. According to Deffner and and creative economy can explain the busi- Vlachopoulou (2011), these issues are as fol- ness climate and the people climate of the lows: city. By using the ‘learning region’ concept • development of a form of social capi- to conceptualize the knowledge economy, tal where actors would seek to engage Florida (1995) argues that the basis of com- in more extended objects, petitiveness of this economy is its sustainable • deep understanding of the creative pro- ability to create knowledge. The business cli- cess at all levels and involving all stake- mate which underpins this competitiveness holders, includes the following: • more inspiring activities to implement • a manufacturing infrastructure of inter- a creative city, such as planning, building/ connected vendors and suppliers, housing, traffic management, signaling, • a human infrastructure that can produce giving information, and making
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