Sustainable World
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Le monde végétal s’ouvre aux Colloque de l’Académie biotechnologies New trends in plant biology and des sciences biotechnology Impact environnemental des OGM résistants aux herbicides ou aux insectes Environmental Impact of GMOs Resistant to Herbicides or to Insects Klaus Ammann, Delft University of Technology, September 16, 2008 Comité scientifique Jean-François Bach Michel Caboche Henri Décamps Roland Douce Michel Delseny Christian Dumas Jules Hoffmann Jean-Dominique Lebreton Nicole Le Douarin Georges Pelletier Alain Prochiantz de l’Académie des sciences Marc Van Montagu Université de Gand Organisation Service des Colloques, Académie des sciences, Fabienne Bonfils Site Internet : www.academie-sciences.fr Environmental Impact of GMOs Resistant to Herbicides or to Insec Sustainable World Agriculture Socio-Economics Technologies Foster renewable natural Equity: reconcile traditional Innovation supported resources, knowledge knowledge with science, by artificial intelligence, based agriculture: Organic foster biomimetics, reduce influence evolution, Precision Biotech Ag, agricultural subsidies, new technologies to Balance local production global dialogue including process and use of with global trade new creative capitalism housing, food, energy Sustainable World, an new conce Relative likelihood of unintended genetic effects Relative likelihood of unintended genetic effects associated with various methods of plant genetic modification. The gray tails indicate the committee’s conclusions about the relative degree of the range of potential unintended changes; the dark bars indicate the relative degree of genetic disruption for each method. National Research Council NAP (2004) Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects, NAP pp 255 Table p. 23 Washington (Report)http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10977.html AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Food/NAP-Safety- GMO-Food-2004.pdf Genomic disturbancies related to breeding technologie Gamma Field for radiation breeding 100m radius 89 TBq Co-60 source at the center Shielding dike 8m high BetterBetter Institute of Radiation Breeding spaghettis,spaghettis, whiskywhisky Ibaraki-ken, JAPAN http://www.irb.affrc.go.jp/ 18001800 newnew plantsplants Gamma Radiation Mutation, a real Real Frankenfood Worldwide: all pasta is made from radiation mutated durum wheat Triticum durum Real Frankenfoo Frankenfood: Sic transit gloria mundi... Figure 4. Web site pages addessing the 'Frankenfood' and 'Frankenstein food' issues at Monsanto, the Times, and the Friends of the Earth Web sites. jcmc.indiana.edu/vol8/issue4/hellsten.html History of websites mentioning Frankenfo Differences observed in gene expression in the endosperm between conventionally bred material were much larger in comparison to differences between transgenic and untransformed lines exhibiting the same complements of gluten subunits. These results suggest that the presence of the transgenes did not significantly alter gene expression and that, at this level of investigation, transgenic plants could be considered substantially equivalent to untransformed parental lines. Transgenesis has less impact on the transcriptome of wheat grain than conventional breedi Detailed global gene expression profiles have been obtained for a series of transgenic and conventionally bred wheat lines expressing additional genes encoding HMW (high molecular weight) subunits of glutenin, a group of endosperm-specific seed storage proteins known to determine dough strength and therefore bread-making quality. Differences in endosperm and leaf transcriptome profiles between untransformed and derived transgenic lines were consistently extremely small, when analysing plants containing either wheat grain of ome conventional than breeding. transgenes only, or also marker genes. Differences observed in gene expression in the endosperm between conventionally bred material were much larger in comparison to differences between transgenic and untransformed lines exhibiting the same complements of gluten subunits. These results suggest that the presence of the transgenes did not significantly alter gene expression and that, at this level of investigation, transgenic plants could be considered transcript the on Transgenesis has less impact 369-380 pp 4, Plant Biotechnology 4, Journal, AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/Baudo-Impact-2006.pdf substantially equivalent to untransformed parental lines. Baudo, M.M., Lyons,R., Powers, S., Pastori, G.M., Edwards, K.J., Holdsworth,M.J., & Shewry, P.R. (2006) Baudo: Detailed studies in gene expression profiles from both transgenic and non-transgenic wheat suggests: The presence of transgenes did not significantly alter gene expression and therefore transgenic plants can be considered substantially equivalent to untransformed parental lines. ome of wheat grain of ome conventional than breeding. Transgenesis has less impact on the transcript the on Transgenesis has less impact 369-380 pp 4, Plant Biotechnology 4, Journal, AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/Baudo-Impact-2006.pdf Baudo, M.M., Lyons,R., Powers, S., Pastori, G.M., Edwards, K.J., Holdsworth,M.J., & Shewry, P.R. (2006) Baudo: The graphs show comparison in genomic disturbance: GM crops are less disturbed (black dots) than classic breed Dots in black represent statistically significant, differentially expressed genes (DEG) at an arbitrary cut off > 1.5. The inner line on each graph represents no change in expression. The offset dashed lines are set at a relative expression cut-off of twofold. Coloured dots: relative gene expression levels: reds indicate overexpression, yellows average expression, greens under-expression. Example b) middle in slide 6: 2 conventional lines compared in Endosperm at 28 dpa Scatter plot representation of transcriptome comparisons Dots represent the normalized relative expression level of each arrayed gene for the transcriptome comparisons described Explanation of the graphs in Baud Full caption of slide 8: Scatter plot representation of transcriptome comparisons of: (a) transgenic B102-1-1 line vs. control L88-31 line in endosperm at 14 dpa (left), 28 dpa (middle) or leaf at 8 dpg (right); (b) conventionally bred L88-18 vs. L88-31 line in endosperm at 14 dpa (left), 28 dpa (middle), or leaf at 8 dpg (right); (c) transgenic B102-1-1 line vs. conventionally bred L88-18 line in endosperm at 14 dpa (left), 28 dpa (middle), or leaf at 8 dpg (right). Dots represent the normalized relative expression level of each arrayed gene for the transcriptome comparisons described. Dots in black represent statistically significant, differentially expressed genes (DEG) at an arbitrary cut off > 1.5. The inner line on each graph represents no change in expression. The offset dashed lines are set at a relative expression cut-off of twofold. In the adjacent coloured bar (rectangle on the far right of the figure), the vertical axis represents relative gene expression levels: reds indicate overexpression, yellows average expression, and greens under-expression. Values are expressed as n-fold changes. The horizontal axis of this bar represents the degree to which data can be trusted: dark or unsaturated colour represents low trust and bright or saturated colour represents high trust. Full caption of slide Abstract: Controversy regarding genetically modified (GM) plants and their potential impact on human health contrasts with the tacit acceptance of other plants that were also modified, but not considered as GM products (e.g., varieties raised through conventional breeding such as mutagenesis). What is beyond the phenotype of these improved plants? Should mutagenized plants be treated differently from transgenics? We have evaluated the extent of transcriptome modification occurring during rice improvement through transgenesis versus mutation breeding. We used oligonucleotide microarrays to analyze gene expression in four different pools of four types of rice plants and respective controls: (i) a -irradiated stable mutant, (ii) the M1 generation of a 100-Gy -irradiated plant, (iii) a stable transgenic plant obtained for production of an anticancer antibody, and (iv) the T1 generation of a transgenic plant produced aiming for abiotic stress improvement, and all of the unmodified original genotypes as controls. We found that the improvement of a plant variety through the acquisition of a new desired trait, using either mutagenesis or transgenesis, may cause stress and thus lead to an altered expression of untargeted genes. In all of the cases studied, the observed alteration was more extensive in mutagenized than in transgenic plants. We propose that the safety assessment of improved plant varieties should be carried out on a case-by-case basis and not simply restricted to foods obtained through genetic engineering. Batista, R., Saibo, N., Lourenco, T., & Oliveira, M.M. (2008) Microarray analyses reveal that plant mutagenesis may induce more transcriptomic changes than transgene insertion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 9, pp 3640-3645 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Genomics/Batista- Microarray-Analysis-2008.pdf Batista et al. Microarray analyses reveal that plant mutagenesis may induce more transcriptomic changes than transgene insertion: Abstract, referenc genetically genetically stable stable transgenic mutant genetically genetically unstable unstable transgenic mutant Batista, R., Saibo, N., Lourenco, T., & Oliveira, M.M. (2008) Microarray analyses reveal