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The Iran–Iraq War: a Military and Strategic History Williamson Murray and Kevin M

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The Iran–Iraq War: a Military and Strategic History Williamson Murray and Kevin M Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06229-0 - The Iran–Iraq War: A Military and Strategic History Williamson Murray and Kevin M. Woods Index More information Index Abadan, Iraqi focus on 138 and Karbala 4 battle 294–295 Abu Hassan, on war with Iran 48 planning for 1988 Fao offensive 320–321 Adnan, General, on Kurdish opposition and Saddam’s fear of military conspiracy 255 287 Aflaq, Michel 16 al-Hussein missile, range of 317 attitude to Western civilization 16–17 al-Jaf Kurdish group 148 Ahvaz al-Janabi, Lt General Ala Kazim 248 Iranian offensive against 181 al-Kabi, Lt General Abid Mohammed losses in 182 200–201 Iraqi defense of 180–182 al-Khafajiyya, see Susangard and Khuzestani oil 138 al-Khazraji, General Nizar, on battle of lessons from battle 182–183 early 1987 299–300 air control, advantages of Iraq 217, 257 al-Majid, Ali Hassan (Chemical Ali), and see also Iranian oil exports; Iraqi Air Force suppression of Kurds (al-Anfal al-Anfal Campaign, see al-Majid campaign) 253, 301, 310–311, 333 al-Assad, Hafez and chemical weapons use 278, 315 and 1973 war with Israel 58 reaction to Saddam’s order to ease Iraq’s support for coup against 208 pressure 333–334 negotiations with Saddam 27 al-Qadir, Major General Mohammed Abd, Saddam’s contempt for 289 on effectiveness of Iranian deception al-Bakr, Ahmed Hassan 20, 43 272–273 al-Duri, Izzat al-Qasim al-Khoei, Abu 66 accusations of treason against 179 al-Qurnah, and Operation Khyber 228 and Saddam’s favoritism 184, 196 al-Rashid, General Maher Abd al-Duri, Major General Sabar al-Aziz, on Karbala 4 exaggerations 293 US conspiracy against Iraq 280 links with Saddam during war 303 al-Duri, Major General Tala 138, 145 al-Rawi, General Ayad Fayid, and incompetence of 63 Republican Guard 302–303 and Karbala 4 exaggerations 293 support from al-Rashid 303 Alexander the Great 10 al-Sadat, Mushammad Anwar al-Gaylani, Rashid Ali, and pro-Nazi coup and Camp David Accords 28–29 13, 53–54 encouragement for military Algiers Agreement 22–23, 48, 62, 74 professionalism 56 see also Shatt al-Arab al-Sadr, and Dawa Party 44 al-Hamdani, Lt General Ra’ad Majid al-Tikriti, Brigadier General Ahmed 261 Rashid 57 Andimeshk, Iraqi attacks on 220 appointment of Al-Rawi 302 anti-Semitism, in Ba’ath ideology 16 failure to recapture Fao 270 and Jewish–Persian connection 17 Iranian build-up before Dawn 8 offensive see also Zionism 265–267 Arab military effectiveness 54 Iraqi morale and attempts to regain against Israel in 1940s 55 Halabjah 316 and Six-Day War 56 385 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06229-0 - The Iran–Iraq War: A Military and Strategic History Williamson Murray and Kevin M. Woods Index More information 386 Index Arafat, Yasser, and Israeli bombing of PLO Bakr University for Higher Military Studies HQ 260 59 Archidamus 7 Bandar-e Khomeini, strikes at 199–201, Argosy, Iraqi attack on 330–331 218, 237–238 Asaad, Brigadier General Juwad, execution Bani-Sadr, Abu al-Hasa 45 of 184 attacks on ayatollahs in French media in Assyrian minority, suppression of 13 1981 218 Ataturk, Kemal 37 defeat of government 71 atomic weapons, and Mohsen Rezai 288 and Pasdaran 81–82 see also Hussein, Saddam; Zionism political pressure from religious leaders AWACS, sale to Saudi Arabia 161 143–144, 149, 160 Aziz, Tariq 15 premature attack on Iraqis 144 and attack on USS Stark 308 Barcelona, Iraqi attack on 330–331 attempted assassination by Shi’a radicals Barzani, Mullah Mustafa, and Kurdistan 44 Democratic Party 21 Iran–Contra affair 281 Basij e-mustazafin, part-time religious on Iranian failure to recognize reality militia 79 187–188 expansion after Khorramshahr 186 justification of use of chemical weapons fanaticism of 80, 263 276–277, 339 fewer volunteers in 1988 317 and Soviet weapons supplies 155 human-wave assaults 2 on Syria and Zionists 208–209 lack of cooperation with regular army and US arms sales to Iran 162, 260 210 on victory of 1988 Fao offensive and losses from Operation Khyber 230 effect on Israel 322–323 Operation Badr 245 warnings over arms dealers 154 temporary demobilization of 233 use of gas masks 271 Ba’ath Party Basra, attitude to West 16–17 Iranian attacks on 236, 291, 293, 304 control of Iraq and Tikritis 19 defense of, after Badr 250 effect of Six-Day War on 56 and Karbala 4 274–275 and Islam 17, 51 and Karbala 5 293 military coups by 15 Saddam’s restraint on use of chemical and military professionalism 57, 63 weapons 295–296 pan-Arabic ideology 16, 51 fortification of 192 and the People’s Army 59, 61, 66 importance of capture to Iran 274 Proclamation No. 1 57 importance to Iraq 299–300, 302 purge of military 6–7 and Iraqi offensive (1988) 325–326 and Saddam 16, 19, 290 collapse of Iran’s positions 326–327 survival of 338 extent of Iranian defeat 327 see also Hussein, Saddam Saddam’s deception tactics 326 Babylonian pessimism 10 Bazargan, Mehdi, and Khomeini’s Badger bomber, Iraqi use in war on tankers revolution 38 305 Beheshti, Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Baghdad Hosseini 171 air defenses 252 Bell, Gertrude, and British Middle Eastern importance of 244 policy 11–12 missile attacks on 196, 236, 259, 317 bin Shaker, Zaid 198 Saddam’s response to 317 Bonaparte, Napoleon, and 18 Brumaire 4 Bait al-Moqaddas, infiltration of defenses Bostan, Iranian recapture of 174 177–178 Britain al-Duri’s conspiracy theories 179 control of Shatt al-Arab 20 Iraqi withdrawal to Khorramshahr defense of RAF base at Habaniya 53–54 178 establishment of army in 1920s 52–53 military assessment of failure 178–179 training in England 53 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06229-0 - The Iran–Iraq War: A Military and Strategic History Williamson Murray and Kevin M. Woods Index More information Index 387 and Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq 12 crude oil exports, and attacks on shipping imperial ideology in Iraq 52 (1987) 279 maintenance of Iraqi status quo 1941–58 see also War of the Tankers 14 and Nasser’s loss of Sinai to Israel Darband Khan Lake, and Iraqi withdrawal 55 from Khurmal 313 Dawa Party, killing of spiritual leader 46 C-601 Kraken air-to-surface missile, use of Dawn Offensives 211–213, 227–228 330 deserters 232, 297, 309 casualties of war 2, 241, 251–252, Dezful, attacks on 220, 236 287–288 Dhannoun, Staff Brigadier Abdul Jawad, and chemical weapons 245 and Iranian capabilities 149 in Fao Offensives (1986) 322, (1988) Dujail, executions in 188, 281 and return to attrition strategy after Fao 272 earthen berms, use in Operation Khyber in Halabjah 314–316 230–231 in Karbala 4 275 economic intelligence, and use of Scud in Karbala 5 293–294, 296 missiles 235 in Operation Badr 248 Egypt in Wars of the Cities (1985) 257, 317, Camp David Accords 28–29 (1986/7) (1988) Arab response to 28–29 see also chemical weapons; human-wave casualties in Yom Kippur War 58 attacks Egyptian guest workers, in Iraq 232–233 Chemical Ali, see al-Majid, Ali Hassan loss of Sinai to Israel 55 chemical weapons, use of by Iraq 2, 151, military professionalism 56–57 221 and Soviet Union control 62 on civilians 276–279, 285 Ekéus, Rolf 339 in Fao Offensive (1988) 268–269, 321 Ethiopia; military equipment sales to Iran and Iranian protective gear 245 262 and Iraqi battlefield training 252 ethnographic intelligence, and Scud missile defense against 257 use 235–236 during Karbala 5 295 at Khurmal (1986) 314–316 Fahd Line 239 during Operation Badr 247–248 Fainberg, Anthony, and Israeli attack on during Operation Khyber 229–231 Osirak 169 against Kurds 253–255, 334 Faisal I 12–13 and possible retaliation of enemy 232 Faisal II 14 as psychological weapon 222, 316 Falcon 50, modification of, and attack on Saddam’s view of 295–296 USS Stark 307–308 stockpiling of 221–222 Falklands crisis 191 and War of the Cities (1986/7) Fao Peninsula, Iranian attacks on (1985/6) 276–278 264 see also al-Majid Dawn 8 offensive 885 267–268 China, arms and equipment sales to Iran difficulties of terrain 264, 269–270 217, 262, 292 initial misreading of situation by Iraq Chirac, Jacques, and Iraq’s nuclear 265–266 ambitions 166 Iraqi counterattack 270 Churchill, Winston 54 strategic importance of 264 civilian populations, increased war against Fao Peninsula, Iraq’s Operation Blessed 220, 235 Ramadan (1988) 321–322 see also chemical weapons; Kurds; War of continued focus on area after battle the Cities 325 Clausewitz, Carl von 64 deception campaign in north 320 conspiracy theories 280–281 use of gas 268–269 see also Khomeini; Hussein, Saddam implications of victory 322 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06229-0 - The Iran–Iraq War: A Military and Strategic History Williamson Murray and Kevin M. Woods Index More information 388 Index Fao Peninsula, Iraq’s Operation Blessed Hawr al-Hawizeh, importance to Operation Ramadan (1988) (cont.) Khyber 228 need for major battlefield success 320 Herodotus, description of Persians 72 need to sustain initiative 319–320 Hisham, Colonel, promotion of 63 rewards for bravery 325, 328 Hitler, Adolf 77 role of King Hussein 266 Hulagu Khan 33 Saddam’s direct command of 321 human-wave attacks, Iranian reliance on secrecy surrounding planning 319 186, 210–211 and signals intelligence 321 in Ahvaz area (1982) 180–182 Fish Lake, Iraqi fortification of 192 Badr offensive 245 France, aircraft sales to Iraq 199, 217–218 and Basij 79 and Exocet missiles 237 and children 80 involvement of warships in Gulf 256 Fath al-Mobin, use of Pasdaran, regulars and Iraq’s nuclear
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