RES HISTORICA 51, 2021 DOI:10.17951/rh.2021.51.373-385 Stanislav Bogdanov (Russian State Historical Archive, St. Petersburg, Russia) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9569-0037 E-mail: [email protected] The Stremoukhovs. Local Nobility and AdministraƟ ve Apparatus of the Russian Empire in the 19th-early 20th Century Stremouchowowie. Szlachta ziemiańska i aparat rządowy Imperium Rosyjskiego XIX – początku XX wieku ABSTRACT Using the example of the old Stremoukhov family, which belonged to the provincial aristocracy, the author tries to illustrate the peculiarities of the relationship between the state power apparatus and the nobility. The nobility in the social system of the Russian state existed as a class that monopolized property rights to manage the state. The economic and social well-being of the entire nobility and its individual members was directly re- lated to the membership in this class and the position held in it, the degree of well-being depended on the position held within the apparatus of power and personal merits, which a given member achieved for it. The collapse of the old system of relations between the state and the nobility at the beginning of the 18th century leads to the transformation of the nobility from a class to an estate, membership in which was conditioned by birth rights. The land, which was the economic basis of the nobility, undergone a transformation PUBLICATION INFO e-ISSN: 2449-8467 ISSN: 2082-6060 THE AUTHOR’S ADDRESS: Stanislav Bogdanov, the Russian State Historical Archive, 36 Zanevsky Prospekt, St. Petersburg 195112, Russia SOURCE OF FUNDING: Financed from the author’s own funds SUBMITTED: ACCEPTED: PUBLISHED ONLINE: 2020.01.12 2020.12.01 2021.06.30 EDITORIAL WEBSITE OF THE JOURNAL: COMMITTEE E-mail: hƩ ps://journals.umcs.pl/rh [email protected] 374 STANISLAV BOGDANOV from being a temporary property to an inheritable one. Although the nobility gained in that way independence from the burden of state service, the state service continued to have existential signifi cance for the nobility, which is refl ected in Russian noble heraldry. The decline of the nobility as a class is associated with the reforms of the state apparatus in the fi rst half of the 19th century, which paved the way into it for the educated rep- resentatives of the unprivileged estates, and the agrarian crisis in the second half of the 19th century, which undermined the economic basis of the nobility. The aristocratic local nobility begins to be removed from the state administration apparatus by a proletarianised bureaucracy formed by impoverished old nobility and landless raznochintsy, who has become the new ruling class. The history of the Stremoukhov family, spread over fi ve centuries, demonstrates, in many ways common to all Russian nobility, the processes of transformation of the Moscow nobles into provincial landowners, then into professional bureaucrats and declassifi ed nobles. Key words: landed nobility, state apparatus, forms of participation of the nobility in the state administration, service for the nobility elections, administrative services, trans- formation of the ruling elite, the ruin of the old nobility, proletarianised bureaucracy STRESZCZENIE Na przykładzie starego rodu Stremouchowów, należącego do szlachty prowincjo- nalnej, autor stara się zilustrować specyfi kę relacji między aparatem władzy państwowej a szlachtą. Szlachta w systemie społecznym Państwa Rosyjskiego funkcjonowała jako klasa, która zmonopolizowała prawo do rządzenia państwem. Dobrobyt ekonomiczny i społeczny całej szlachty i jej poszczególnych członków był bezpośrednio związany z przynależnością do tej klasy i zajmowana w niej pozycja, jak również stopień dobrobytu, zależały od zajmowanego stanowiska w aparacie władzy i zasług osobistych przed nim. Załamanie się dawnego systemu stosunków między państwem a szlachtą na początku XVIII w. prowadzi do przekształcenia szlachty z klasy w stan, w którym przynależność była uwarunkowana prawem urodzenia. Ziemia, która była fundamentem ekonomicznym szlachty, przekształciła się z własności tymczasowej w dziedziczną. Chociaż szlachta uniezależnia się w ten sposób od ciężaru służby państwowej, służba ta zachowuje dla szlachty znaczenie egzystencjalne, co znajduje odzwierciedlenie w rosyjskiej heraldyce szlacheckiej. Upadek szlachty jako klasy związany jest z reformami aparatu państwowe- go pierwszej połowy XIX w., które otworzyły drogę wykształconym przedstawicielom stanów nieuprzywilejowanych oraz z kryzysem agrarnym drugiej połowy XIX w., który podważył fundamenty gospodarcze szlachty. Arystokratyczna szlachta ziemiańska zaczy- na być wypierana z aparatu rządowego przez proletaryzowaną biurokrację, utworzoną z zubożałej starej szlachty i bezrolnych raznoczyńców, która stała się nową klasą rządzącą. Historia rodu Stremouchowów na przestrzeni pięciu stuleci ukazuje, pod wieloma wzglę- dami wspólne dla całej szlachty rosyjskiej, procesy przekształcania szlachty moskiewskiej w prowincjonalnych właścicieli ziemskich, a następnie w zawodową biurokrację i zde- klasowaną szlachtę. Słowa kluczowe: szlachta ziemiańska, aparat państwowy, formy udziału szlachty w rządzeniu państwem, szlachecka służba wyborcza, służba administracyjna, przemiany elity rządzącej, ruina starej szlachty, proletaryzowana biurokracja An estate somewhere in the middle of Russia. The road, lined with poplars or birches, leading from the road to the manor house built of DOI:10.17951/rh.2021.51.373-385 THE STREMOUKHOVS. LOCAL NOBILITY AND ADMINISTRATIVE APPARATUS... 375 logs, often consisting of one story. Inside, solid antique furniture made of Karelian birch, an old grandfather clock, and the faces of ancestors in old uniforms and dresses that have become clouded with time, looking at the paintings on the walls made by home-grown artists. The head of the family, having served several years in the guard as a young man, has retired and is serving for elections. The estate is managed by his wife, who leads the servants and treats the peasant children. Children, as they grow up, fl y away from the family nest, according to the tradition, to the cadet corps or, according to the trends of the times, to provincial high schools and universities. This picture was a typical presentation of the traditional world of the Russian local nobility, which in the middle of the 19th century served as the main source of personnel for command positions in the army and navy, as well as for responsible positions in the administrative and bureaucratic apparatus of the Russian Empire. The Stremoukhov family was fl esh of fl esh of this world, sharing such fate entirely. Despite their ancient origins, the Stremoukhovs remained unfairly overlooked by historians, and even by the beginning of the 20th cen- tury, their genealogy was still unstudied. According to the genealogy sent in 1686 to Razryadny (Military) Archive by Stolniks Fyodor Ivano- vich Stremoukhov and Vasily Fyodorovich Stremoukhov, the founder of the Stremoukhov family, Alexander, the son of a Greek of Constan- tinople, Afanasy Stromatoros, entered the service to the Grand Prince of Moscow Vasily II the Blind1. After the death of the Grand Prince in 1462, he went into the service of his son, Prince Boris, who inherited the Principality of Volotsk and later, together with his descendants, served in Volok Lamsky. Alexander had two sons, Prov, who died childless, and Gavrila, who, in 1471, as part of an Advanced Regiment under the command of Prince Daniil Dmitrievich Kholmsky, participated in the campaign of the Moscow troops of Grand Prince of Moscow, Ivan III Vasilyevich to Novgorod land, where he was wounded in the leg. For the service in Novgorod Prince Boris Vasilyevich Volotsky granted him an estate in Volok Lamsky2. Avoiding arguments about the authenticity of this genealogical legend, it can be stated with confi dence that the fi rst reliable news about the Stremoukhovs belong to the beginning of the 16th 1 Российский Государственный Исторический Архив [dalej: РГИА], фонд [dalej: f.] 1343, опис [dalej: op.] 29, дело [dalej: d.] 7259, k. 8–10. 2 S.Z. Chernov refers the Stremouhovs to local Volotsk names. According to his re- search, the estate of Timofey Grigoryevich (!) Stremouhov was located in the Lnianikov stan of the Volotsk Principality. С.З. Чернов, Волок Ламский в XIV-первой половине XVI в. Структуры землевладения и формирование военно-служилой корпорации, Москва 1998, s. 107. DOI:10.17951/rh.2021.51.373-385 376 STANISLAV BOGDANOV century – they are referred to as the owners of Volotsk ancestral lands and benefactors of the Volotsk monastery3. Gavrila’s grandson, Mikhail Timofeyevich Stremoukhov, was killed when King Stefan Batory captured the city of Sokol (Polotsk suburb) on September 25, 1579. His eldest son Ostafi , nicknamed Stanislav, moved to Novgorod-Seversky and served in the First Strelets Regiment, the other son, Sergei, remained in Volok Lamsky. Stanislav Stremoukhov had fi ve sons: Vasily, nicknamed Bolshoy (Great), Vasily Sutorma, Alexey Volokita, Sergei Terpigor, and the fi fth son named Vasilisk. In 1578, among the Novgorod-Seversk nobles and boyar children chosen for the German campaign, Vasily Stanislavovich Stremoukhov is mentioned riding on argamak4, with a saadak5, with a saber and in an armour. Ivan Stremoukhov, son of Vasily Stanislavovich Bolshoy, in 1605, after False Dmitry retreated from Novgorod Seversky, was sent with a seunch (report) to Tsar Boris Fyodorovich, and in 1617–1618 con- ducted the investigation about voivodes and gubnoy starostas6 in Kromy, Kursk,