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Available Here 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 1 Side A 04/17/2017 15:12:38 \\jciprod01\productn\n\nys\71-4\FRONT714.txt unknown Seq: 1 17-APR-17 15:01 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY ANNUAL SURVEY OF AMERICAN LAW VOLUME 71 ISSUE 4 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 1 Side A 04/17/2017 15:12:38 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW ARTHUR T. VANDERBILT HALL Washington Square New York City 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 1 Side B 04/17/2017 15:12:38 \\jciprod01\productn\n\nys\71-4\FRONT714.txt unknown Seq: 2 17-APR-17 15:01 New York University Annual Survey of American Law is in its seventy-third year of publication. L.C. Cat. Card No.: 46-30523 ISSN 0066-4413 All Rights Reserved New York University Annual Survey of American Law is published quarterly at 110 West 3rd Street, New York, New York 10012. Subscription price: $30.00 per year (plus $4.00 for foreign mailing). Single issues are available at $16.00 per issue (plus $1.00 for foreign mailing). For regular subscriptions or single issues, contact the Annual Survey editorial office. Back issues may be ordered directly from William S. Hein & Co., Inc., by mail (1285 Main St., Buffalo, NY 14209-1987), phone (800- 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 1 Side B 04/17/2017 15:12:38 828-7571), fax (716-883-8100), or email ([email protected]). Back issues are also available in PDF format through HeinOnline (http://heinonline.org). All works copyright © 2017 by the author, except when otherwise expressly indicated. For permission to reprint an article or any portion thereof, please address your written request to the New York University Annual Survey of American Law. Copyright: Except as otherwise provided, the author of each article in this issue has granted permission for copies of that article to be made for classroom use, provided that: (1) copies are distributed to students at or below cost; (2) the author and journal are identified on each copy; and (3) proper notice of copyright is affixed to each copy. Manuscripts: The Annual Survey invites the submission of unsolicited manuscripts. Text and citations should conform to the 20th edition of A Uniform System of Citation. Please enclose an envelope with return postage if you would like your manuscript returned after consideration. Editorial Office: 110 West 3rd Street, New York, N.Y. 10012 (212) 998-6540 (212) 995-4032 Fax http://www.annualsurveyofamericanlaw.org 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 2 Side A 04/17/2017 15:12:38 \\jciprod01\productn\n\nys\71-4\FRONT714.txt unknown Seq: 3 17-APR-17 15:01 For what avail the plough or sail Or land or life, if freedom fail? EMERSON 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 2 Side A 04/17/2017 15:12:38 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 2 Side B 04/17/2017 15:12:38 \\jciprod01\productn\n\nys\71-4\FRONT714.txt unknown Seq: 4 17-APR-17 15:01 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 2 Side B 04/17/2017 15:12:38 iv 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 3 Side A 04/17/2017 15:12:38 \\jciprod01\productn\n\nys\71-4\FRONT714.txt unknown Seq: 5 17-APR-17 15:01 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY ANNUAL SURVEY OF AMERICAN LAW 2015–2016 BOARD OF EDITORS Editor-in-Chief AUSTIN WILKINS Managing Editors KAITLYN GOSEWEHR JACLYN A. HALL MATTHEW J. WILKINS Development Editors Executive Article Editors Senior Articles Editor GREGORY A. ARUTIUNOV SAMUEL J. BECKERMAN CHARLES F. O’TOOLE DANIEL M. STONE IAN C.J. HOGG SARAH WARBURG-JOHNSON MAX GEKTIN JONATHAN HUTCHINSON FERNANDO A. MARTINEZ´ Symposium Editor NICHOLAS J. PELLEGRINO MICHAEL R. ROBERTS Note Editors DANIEL RUDOFSKY JONATHAN D. FLACK Online Editor EMMA TROTTER GEORGIA V. STASINOPOULOS Article Editors SOPHIA BERTRAN DANIEL KACINSKI RESHAMA PATEL AMENEH BORDI NAOMI D. KAPLAN LILY A. PICON ALEXIA BOYARSKY ANDREW M. KAUFMAN SCOTT E. ROSENTHAL ERIN L. CHIZNER KYLE LACHMUND ANDREW H. SENTER PATRICK CORDOVA ZACH D. LANIER JEREMY B. SIMON MATTHEW DALY-GRAFSTEIN ALEXANDER LEVINE MALLORY B. SUEDE MALLORY W. EDEL ROBERT N. LICALZI WEIXIAO SUN HALEY E. GARRETT MARTHA L. LISKOW NATHAN H. TRUNNELL SCOTT G. GREENE JACOB K. MILLIKIN SUSAN WANG 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 3 Side A 04/17/2017 15:12:38 DIANA J. HYUN EDWARD MINTURN BIANCA L. WONG BRENDAN INMAN HARRY P. MORGENTHAU NICOLE J. YOON EVAN ORMAN Staff Editors MICHAEL AMENT HEATHER M. GARVEY ELIANA M. PFEFFER ARTHUR J. ARGALL SCOTT GLICKSMAN KELSEY A. POWDERLY LILLIAN J. ASTON RICHARD E. GOLDRING KATHERINE ROSOFF DAVID BARUCH S. RIANE HARPER EKATERINA ROZE ZACHARY H. BENDINER ANDREW M. HARRIS DAVID P. RUTTENBERG HARRY I. BLACK SARAH A. HSU DORAN SATANOVE JEREMY A. BUNTING MAGGIE KORNREICH KYLE S. SHAUB JAMES P. CALLAHAN JESSICA LEPPER CRISTINA M. STILLER CATHERINE CHONG NATALIE LIN DEREK A. SUTTON MICHAEL CINNAMON WESLEY C. MOORE SARAH M. TOPOL GIANPAOLO F. CIOCCO CHLOE NEELY DANIEL TREIMAN HANNAH J. CORNING ALI M. NIERENBERG ALISON WALL AYELET EVRONY SARA N. PAHLAVAN GIANNA C. WALTON ANDREA FEUER GABRIEL A. PANEK DANA WELLESLY-STEIN PHILIP FITZPATRICK ANNA PARNES MAX D. YOELI THEODORE GALANAKIS ADIN PEARL ELIZABETH ZHOU NICOLE C. GARRETT XUE CHU ZHOU 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 3 Side B 04/17/2017 15:12:38 \\jciprod01\productn\n\nys\71-4\FRONT714.txt unknown Seq: 6 17-APR-17 15:01 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 3 Side B 04/17/2017 15:12:38 vi 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 4 Side A 04/17/2017 15:12:38 \\jciprod01\productn\n\nys\71-4\FRONT714.txt unknown Seq: 7 17-APR-17 15:01 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS ARTICLES THE FOURTH AMENDMENT IN A DIGITAL WORLD Laura K. Donohue 553 MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE IN AN ERA OF GLOBALIZED COMMUNICATIONS: THE ANALOGY TO THE VISA WAIVER PROGRAM Peter Swire & Justin D. Hemmings 687 NOTE MODERN STATE ACTION DOCTRINE IN THE AGE OF BIG DATA Daniel Rudofsky 741 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 4 Side A 04/17/2017 15:12:38 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 4 Side B 04/17/2017 15:12:38 \\jciprod01\productn\n\nys\71-4\FRONT714.txt unknown Seq: 8 17-APR-17 15:01 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 4 Side B 04/17/2017 15:12:38 viii 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 5 Side A 04/17/2017 15:12:38 \\jciprod01\productn\N\NYS\71-4\NYS401.txt unknown Seq: 1 17-APR-17 14:27 THE FOURTH AMENDMENT IN A DIGITAL WORLD LAURA K. DONOHUE* I. Introduction......................................... 554 R II. Literal Reading of the Text . 560 R A. Houses .......................................... 561 R B. Papers ........................................... 568 R C. Voice Communications . 573 R III. Private versus Public Space . 581 R A. Open Fields, Naked Eye . 582 R B. Aerial Surveillance ............................... 589 R C. Radio-frequency Enabled Transmitters . 594 R D. Global Positioning System Technology . 599 R E. Enhanced Detection ............................. 609 R F. Technological Challenges to the Private/Public Distinction ...................................... 612 R 1. Digital Tracking ............................. 613 R 2. Recording and Analysis: Informants and the First Amendment ............................ 631 R IV. Personal Information versus Third-Party Data . 640 R A. Information Entrusted to Others . 641 R B. Digital Dependence ............................. 647 R V. Content versus Non-Content . 650 R 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 5 Side A 04/17/2017 15:12:38 A. Electronic Communications . 651 R B. Pen Register/Trap and Trace Devices . 658 R C. Envelope Information . 661 R VI. Domestic versus International . 664 R A. Law Enforcement ................................ 666 R B. Foreign Intelligence Collection . 668 R C. Technological Challenges to the Domestic/ International Distinction . 674 R VII. Confronting the Digital World . 678 R * Professor of Law, Georgetown Law; Director, Georgetown Center on Law and National Security; Director, Georgetown Center on Privacy & Technology. Thanks to Joel Brenner, Allegra McLeod, Matthew Waxman, and participants in the Georgetown Law Faculty Workshop for their comments on an earlier version of this Article. I also am grateful to Jeremy McCabe, who provided invaluable help in securing many of the cases, laws, texts, and papers cited in this Article. 553 38853-nys_71-4 Sheet No. 5 Side B 04/17/2017 15:12:38 \\jciprod01\productn\N\NYS\71-4\NYS401.txt unknown Seq: 2 17-APR-17 14:27 554 NYU ANNUAL SURVEY OF AMERICAN LAW [Vol. 71:553 I. INTRODUCTION Fourth Amendment doctrine no longer reflects how the world works. Technology has propelled us into a new era. Traits unique to a digital world are breaking down the distinctions on which the Court has traditionally relied to protect individual privacy. What are these characteristics? Digital information is ubiqui- tous. Individuals cannot go about their daily lives without generat- ing a footprint of nearly everything they do. The resulting data is accessible, recordable, and analyzable. And because it is digital, it can be combined with myriad sources, yielding deeper insight into our lives. Data is also non-terrestrial and borderless. Bits and bytes populate an alternative world. They may be held on a server, but their generation, transfer, and availability are not tied to territory, undermining doctrines that rely on three-dimensional space. Tech- nology, moreover, embodies an efficiency drive. Innovation makes it possible to do more, and to do it better, faster, and cheaper than before. So more information is being captured, even as the re- source expenditures required steadily decline. Simultaneously digi- tal interfaces are rapidly proliferating, replacing traditional modes of interaction. This means that new types of information are availa- ble, even as our ability to conduct our daily lives has become heavily dependent on technology. It has become a non-option to eschew the digital world, if one wants to live in the modern age.
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