CULTURAL RESOURCES REPORT COVER SHEET

DAHP Project Number: 2020-01-00313

Author: Kelly R. Bush and Paige E. Hawthorne

Title of Report: Archaeological Investigation Report: Snohomish County PUD No. 1, Water Utility- Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington

Date of Report: January 8, 2019

County: Snohomish Section: 13, 24, 18, 19 Township: 31N Range: 3 and 4

Quad: Stanwood Acres: 764.8

PDF of report submitted (REQUIRED) Yes

Historic Property Inventory Forms to be Approved Online? Yes No

Archaeological Site(s)/Isolate(s) Found or Amended? Yes No

TCP(s) found? Yes No

Replace a draft? Yes No

Satisfy a DAHP Archaeological Excavation Permit requirement? Yes # No

Were Human Remains Found? Yes DAHP Case # No

DAHP Archaeological Site #:

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT FOR SNOHOMISH COUNTY PUD NO. 1, WATER UTILITY- WARM BEACH SNOHOMISH COUNTY, WASHINGTON

Prepared for: Snohomish County PUD No.1

January 8, 2019

Prepared by:

1229 Cleveland Avenue, Mount Vernon, Washington 98273 • Tel 360-826-4930 • Fax 360-826-4830 • www.equinoxerci.com

CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR ...... Kelly R. Bush, MA LEAD AGENCY ...... Janet Cherry, Washington State Department of Health, Drinking Watetr REPORT AUTHORS ...... Kelly R. Bush, MA and Paige E. Hawthorne, MA GRAPHICS ...... Caspian Hester, BA FIELD RESEARCHERS ...... Kelly R. Bush, Paige E. Hawthorne, MA, Caspian Hester, ...... Hayley Nichols, MA, Courtney Strehlow BA, and Jacob Wilmoth BA PROJECT CONTACT ...... Max Selin, P.E., Snohomish County PUD No. 1 TRIBAL CONTACTS ...... Kerry Lyste, Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians ...... Richard Young and Gene Enick, Tulalip Tribes DAHP CONTACTS ...... Dr. Robert Whitlam, State Archaeologist ...... Dr. Guy Tasa, State Physical Anthropologist

Equinox Research and Consulting International Inc. (ERCI) would like to thank Snohomish County PUD for retaining us for this investigation and for their commitment to the process and archaeological resources.

We extend our thanks to the representatives of the Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians, and the Tulalip Tribes for their insights and timely attention to our projects.

The opinions and recommendations in this report are those of ERCI alone and do not necessarily reflect those held by any of the organizations or individuals mentioned above. Any errors or omissions are ERCI’s responsibility.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington ii MANAGEMENT SUMMARY

County Snohomish TRS Township 31 N, Range 04 E, Sections 18, 19 Township 31 N, Range 03 E, Sections 13, 24 Quad Stanwood Parcel ID ROW Address ROW Property Owner ROW Area ~764.8 Lat/Long 48°10'5.61"N/ 122°20'50.82"W UTM Zone Zone 10 548517 Easting 5335163 Northing Elevation 30-230’ Nearest Water Body Puget Sound, Lake Martha Nearest Arch Site SN00364; SN00375; SN00004 within APE Soils Alderwood gravelly sandy loam; Everett very gravelly sandy loam; Kitsap silt loam; McKenna gravelly silt loam; Norma loam Geology Qtb, Qvt, Qva, and Qb DAHP No 2020-01-00313

In July 2019 Max Selin, P.E., of Snohomish County PUD No. 1, Water Utility, contacted Kelly R. Bush of Equinox Research and Consulting International Inc. (ERCI) to carry out a cultural resource investigation at the Town of Warm Beach, Snohomish County, Washington. On September 10 to October 11, 2019 ERCI undertook a research overview, an intensive pedestrian survey and a stratified subsurface shovel-testing program (193 subsurface shovel tests) to look for material traces of past human activity. The selection of locations for STs were determined based on the location of planned utility installments/replacements. No archaeological deposits were encountered.

Overall there is a plethora of oral and written history about the land use in this neighborhood by both Native Americans and immigrants. There are historic burials that are known to tribal members and recorded on site forms very near to the project area. We have reduced the risk of encountered a large (village size) archaeological sited but there is still risk associated with small archaeological sites or objects and features. This is true for both precontact and historic components.

No protected cultural resources were identified during our fieldwork. The management recommendations that we are now providing are based on our findings from this field investigation. We recommend that: 1. The proposed project proceed as planned with a UDP training for all workers on the site by a Professional Archaeologist and copy of the Unanticipated Discoveries Protocol (UDP) to be on site at all times (Appendix x). 2. The highest probability areas for precontact archaeological deposits are: a. All properties adjacent to the gully b. The south end of Soundview Drive NW, and c. Any work that might happen on the waterward side of Soundview Drive NW i. The project would benefit from having these areas constructed under an archaeological monitor. 3. We recognize that some areas in the project may have more historic refuse than others and there is a benefit to the project to develop an archaeological monitoring protocol to carry out should it become burdensome to call an archaeologist in everytime a bottle is found.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington iii 4. In the event that any ground-disturbing activities or other project activities related to this development or in any future development uncover protected cultural material (e.g., bones, shell, stone or antler tools), all work in the immediate vicinity should stop, the area should be secured, and any equipment moved to a safe distance away from the location. The on-site superintendent should then follow the steps specified in the UDP (Appendix x). 5. In the event that any ground-disturbing activities or other project activities related to this development or in any future development uncover human remains, all work in the immediate vicinity should stop, the area should be secured, and any equipment moved to a safe distance away from the location. The on-site superintendent should then follow the steps specified in the UDP (Appendix 2).

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington iv CONTENTS CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... ii MANAGEMENT SUMMARY...... iii CONTENTS ...... v FIGURES ...... vi TABLES ...... vii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2.0 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ...... 4 3.0 TRIBAL CONSULTATION ...... 5 4.0 BACKGROUND ...... 5 4.1 Physical Environment ...... 6 Geology and Soils...... 6 Climate and Biota ...... 7 4.2 Cultural Environment ...... 8 Archaeological cultures ...... 8 Salish Ethnography and Ethnohistory ...... 10 Exploration and Immigration ...... 17 4.3 Previous Archaeology ...... 21 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites ...... 21 Previous Cultural Resources Surveys ...... 22 Previous Cemetery Reports ...... 23 National Register Properties ...... 24 Archaeological Expectations ...... 24 5.0 METHODS ...... 24 5.1 Archival Research ...... 25 5.2 Fieldwork ...... 25 6.0 RESULTS ...... 26 6.1 Pedestrian and Subsurface Survey ...... 26 Section A—Soundview Dr NW ...... 27 Section B—92nd Avenue NW ...... 32 Section C—Clarence Avenue ...... 36 Section D—Lake Martha ...... 41 Section D—84th Avenue NW ...... 44 Fire Hydrant Replacement ...... 46 Gully Easement ...... 49 6.3 Monitoring ...... 51 6.5 Discussion ...... 56 7.0 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 56 8.0 REFERENCES CITED ...... 58 9.0 APPENDICES ...... 71

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington v Appendix 1: Shovel Test Descriptions ...... 71 Appendix 2: Photograph Log ...... 85 Appendix 3: Unanticipated Discovery Protocol ...... 110

FIGURES

Figure 1: Regional map showing approximate Project location...... 1 Figure 2: USGS Stanwood 7.5-minute quadrangle with Project area or APE outlined in red...... 2 Figure 3: Snohomish County Assessor’s map showing APE outlined in red...... 2 Figure 4: Lidar map with APE outlined in red (courtesy of Puget Sound Lidar Consortium)...... 3 Figure 5: Aerial photograph with APE outlined in red...... 3 Figure 6: Cooking in 1904 (courtesy of MSCUA, University of Washington Libraries, General Indian Collection, no. 564)...... 13 Figure 7: Fish trap, Swinomish Reservation (Sampson 1972:41) ...... 14 Figure 8: “Mat House—Skokomish” (1912) by Curtis (Northwestern University Library 2003)...... 14 Figure 9: Examples “Puget Sound Baskets” (1912) by Edward S. Curtis (Northwestern University Library 2003)...... 15 Figure 10: Example of the kind of weaving done by Coast Salish people, “Goat-hair Blanket— Cowichan” (1912) by Curtis (Northwestern University Library 2003)...... 16 Figure 11: Scandinavian Family by a homestead at Birmingham (Warm Beach) in 1911 (Washington State Historical Society 2019)...... 20 Figure 12: Overall map with ST locations and sections...... 27 Figure 13: Sketch map of the northern half of Soundview Dr NW...... 28 Figure 14: Sketch map of the southern half of Soundview Dr NW...... 29 Figure 15: View of cobalt blue glass from ST 78 (scale in cm)...... 30 Figure 16: Example of an intact bottle from www.worthpoint.com ...... 30 Figure 17: Add posted on www.bottlepickers.com/bottle_articles253.htm ...... 31 Figure 18: View west of ST 92 with M1 over M3 and the water table...... 31 Figure 19: View east of ST 78, M1 over M5...... 32 Figure 20: Sketch map of the northern end of 92nd Avenue NW...... 33 Figure 21: Sketch map of the southern end of 92nd Avenue NW...... 34 Figure 22: View north of 92nd Avenue and ERCI at ST 3...... 35 Figure 23: View north of ST 16 with M1, M3 and M2 matrixes...... 35 Figure 24: View east of well reservoir site on 92nd Avenue NW...... 36 Figure 25: Sketch map of the northern half of Clarence Avenue...... 37 Figure 26: Sketch map of the southern half of Clarence Avenue and 172nd St NW...... 38 Figure 27: View north of Clarence Avenue nearby ST 143...... 39 Figure 28: View South ST 131, burn layer likely related to timber clearing...... 39 Figure 29: View north of ST 130, M1 over M5...... 40 Figure 30: View east of ST 140, M1 over M4...... 40 Figure 31: View east over ST 128...... 41 Figure 32: View east of ST 43 eastern reservoir...... 43 Figure 33: View west of ST 42 and 43 with ERCI at eastern water reservoir site...... 43 Figure 34: View west of western water reservoir site, west of 84th Dr NW...... 44 Figure 35: Sketch map of STs at the water treatment facility...... 44 Figure 36: View west of water treatment facility on 84th Avenue NW...... 45 Figure 37: View east of ST30 with water treatment facility and ERCI crew...... 45

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington vi Figure 38: View east of ST 30 with disturbed M1 matrix...... 46 Figure 39: Sketch map of ST locations for fire hydrant replacement...... 47 Figure 40: View east of ST 189 matrixes with example of M4 matrix encountered...... 48 Figure 41: View south of ST 189 on 96th Avenue NW with ERCI...... 48 Figure 42: Sketch map of STs placed in proposed easement routes for Clarence Avenue water line. 49 Figure 43: View west of strata from ST 197 with M1 and M4 matrixes...... 50 Figure 44: View west of gully nearby ST 201...... 50 Figure 45: View east of gully nearby ST 201...... 51 Figure 46: Sketch map of vactor trench installations...... 52 Figure 47: View east of vactoring near Trench 1...... 53 Figure 48: View south near Trench 3...... 53 Figure 49: View west of M1 and M2 matrixes in Trench 1 with telecom cables near base...... 54 Figure 50: View east of M1 and M2 matrixes in Trench 2...... 54 Figure 51: View east of M1 and M2 in Trench 3...... 55 Figure 52: View south at the beginning of Trench 3 excavation...... 55 Figure 53: Example of railroad ties for UDP...... 111 Figure 54: Example of historic foundation for UDP...... 111 Figure 55: Example of historic glass artifacts for UDP...... 112 Figure 56: Example of historic solder dot can for UDP ...... 112 Figure 57: Example of protected shell midden for UDP...... 113 Figure 58: Example of protected rock-lined hearth feature for UDP...... 113 Figure 59: Example of projectile point for UDP...... 114 Figure 60: Example of protected adze blade for UDP...... 114 Figure 61: Example of stone tool for UDP...... 115 Figure 62: Example of stone tool for UDP...... 115 Figure 63: Example of bone awl for UDP...... 116 Figure 64: Example of worked bone and spines for UDP...... 116 Figure 65: Example of cedar bark basketry for UDP...... 117 Figure 66: Example of planked tree for UDP...... 117 Figure 67: Example of pictographs for UDP...... 118 Figure 68: Example of petroglyphs for UDP...... 118

TABLES Table 1: Previously recorded archaeological sites within four half miles of the Project APE...... 22 Table 2: Previous cultural resource reports on file with DAHP...... 22 Table 3: National Register Properties within one mile of the Project APE...... 24 Table 4. Matrices observed...... 26

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington vii 1.0 INTRODUCTION In July 2019 Max Selin, P.E., of Snohomish County PUD No. 1, Water Utility, contacted Kelly R. Bush of Equinox Research and Consulting International Inc. (ERCI) to carry out a cultural resource investigation at the Town of Warm Beach, Snohomish County, Washington. The Snohomish County PUD No.1, Water Utility has received Department of Health (DOH) Drinking Water State Revolving Funds (DWSRF) loan program to assist with the consolidation project and the water system improvements. The Project area of potential effect (APE) is the road right of way (ROW). The water main replacement project includes: • Improvements to the existing water treatment plant. • Installation of new treatment facilities at a second well site. • Replacement of a well pump. • Installation of ~2,450 feet of 8” and 12” water main, a pressure reducing station and control valves to improve hydraulics and connect the former Warm Beach Water System with the Snohomish PUD’s water system in two locations. • Replacement of ~12,050 feet of water main. • Replacement of ten additional fire hydrants. • Replacement of existing water service meters. • Removing two existing reservoirs and vaults. This report documents ERCI’s background research and archaeological survey for the Project.

Figure 1: Regional map showing approximate Project location.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 1

Figure 2: USGS Stanwood 7.5-minute quadrangle with Project area or APE outlined in red.

Figure 3: Snohomish County Assessor’s map showing APE outlined in red.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 2

Figure 4: Lidar map with APE outlined in red (courtesy of Puget Sound Lidar Consortium).

Figure 5: Aerial photograph with APE outlined in red.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 3 2.0 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK Federal Section 106 National Historic Preservation Act: This section highlights federal language used within the context of this project. The Project must comply with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (NHPA), which requires that federal agencies identify and assess the effects of federal undertakings on historic properties, including archaeological sites and traditional cultural properties, and to consult with others to find acceptable ways to avoid, minimize or resolve adverse effects.

Resources protected under Section 106 are those that are listed on, or are eligible for, listing on the National Register of Historic Places (the Register). Eligible properties generally must be at least 50 years old, possess integrity of physical characteristics, and meet at least one of four significance criteria (described at 36 CFR 60.4). Historic properties may include archaeological sites, buildings, structures, districts, or objects. Amendments to Section 101 of the NHPA in 1992 explicitly allowed properties of traditional religious and cultural importance to be eligible for inclusion on the Register.

Washington State: The State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) requires that all major actions sponsored, funded, permitted, or approved by state and/or local agencies undergo planning to ensure environmental considerations such as impacts on historic and cultural resources are given due weight in decision- making. State implementing regulations are in WAC 197- 11 and WAC 468-12 (WSDOT). For details on SEPA procedures see Chapter 400.

In Washington State, archaeological sites are protected by several state laws including the Revised Code of Washington (RCW) 27.53, Archaeological Sites and Resources, and RCW 27.44, Indian Graves and Records. These laws require that consideration be given to archaeological resources during construction and development activities. RCW 27.44 also strictly mandates the protection of human skeletal remains and imposes a duty to notify law enforcement in the case of inadvertent discovery.

State of Washington Executive Order 05-05 Archaeological and Cultural Resources requires that state agencies consult with the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) and affected Tribes into the planning process for any capital construction projects or land acquisition projects for the purpose of capital construction. This executive order recognizes DAHP as the environmental agency with special expertise in cultural resources (WAC 197-11.920). Consultation is the responsibility of the State agency with the capitol construction project and requires a face to face meeting with affected Tribes (EO 05-05 1b). Consultation with DAHP can be informal or formal and may require background research and/or field work to identify and evaluate archaeological sites or Historic Properties for eligibility to the State or Federal Register. If any of these resources are identified, reasonable steps must be taken to avoid, minimize or mitigate effects to these resources. Although some projects are exempted from investigation the best risk management is done early in the planning stages of a project. Typically, the only projects that do not trigger an investigation are those used to refinance an existing loan or those from a revolving fund.

The goal of this legislation is to help state agencies lead by example and to provide some consistency in the planning processes between the federal and state regulations. To help streamline review time, and to provide a framework for the resolution of concerns by affected Tribes on any state funded or permitted project or projects on state lands.

In addition, Snohomish County Code, Chapter 30.32D governs the purpose of the county with respect to archaeological and historic resources, which includes identifying, evaluating, and protecting

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 4 archaeological and historic resources within Snohomish County and to preserving and rehabilitating eligible historic properties for future generations, in order to • Safeguard the heritage of the county as represented by those buildings, sites, structures, objects and districts which reflect significant elements of county history; • Foster civic pride in the beauty and accomplishments of the past, and a sense of identity with county history; • Assist, encourage and provide incentives to private owners for preservation, restoration, rehabilitation and use of outstanding historic buildings, sites, structures, objects, and districts; • Promote and facilitate the early identification and resolution of conflicts between preservation of archaeological and historic resources and land uses; and • Stabilize and improve the aesthetic and economic vitality and values of such sites improvements and objects. The Washington State Department of Health Office of Drinking Water is the lead agency for the Project, and is responsible for tribal consultation and distribution of this report to the appropriate parties.

3.0 TRIBAL CONSULTATION Agencies for the federal government recognize the long and unique relationship that the federal government has had with federally recognized Indian tribes. These responsibilities have grown from the historic relationship between the Federal government and the Indian tribes including treaties, public laws, policies, statutes, and executive orders. Paramount of these relationships are the treaties in which tribes have ceded portions of aboriginal lands to the U.S. Government in return for promises to protect tribal rights as self-governing communities within reservation lands as well as certain rights to use resources from non-reservation lands.

The Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians, and the Tulalip Tribes consider the project area within their traditional use area. The Tribes will require detailed development descriptions to adequately review the project. As Lead agency, Snohomish PUD No.1, Water Utility is responsible for carrying out consultation regarding this project including providing our report to the affected Tribes. Tribal representatives are the only people qualified to determine if Traditional Cultural Properties exist within the project area, whether they will be affected by the undertaking and how any suggested management strategies might work.

In discussions between Kelly Bush and Tribal representatives, it is clear that the Tribes consider this area to be culturally and historically significant, and are concerned about the effects of development.

Both the Stilliguamish Tribe of Indians and the Tulalip Tribes sent representatives out to the project area while we were surveying the project.

4.0 BACKGROUND Any archaeological undertaking requires knowledge of the physical surroundings (and their evolution) and the duration and kind of human activity in any given area. From this knowledge, archaeologists are able to develop the current best method to carry out field investigations. For example, environmental factors play an important role in the location and preservation of archaeological sites. Sediments and soils are of particular interest to cultural resource managers because they can be used for reconstructing past landscapes and landscape evolution, in estimating the age of surfaces and depositional episodes, and providing physical and chemical indicators of human occupation (Holliday 1992).

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 5 4.1 Physical Environment The Warm Beach area lies south side of the mouth of the Stillaguamish River in Snohomish County, Washington. Elevation ranges from about 20 to 250 feet above sea level.

Previous disturbance to the Parcels includes • Logging and associated infrastructure • Construction and maintenance of roads and infrastructure • Construction and maintenance of railroads • Clearing and construction of buildings

Geology and Soils The geology of a region is important to archaeological investigations because it lays the foundation for landforms and soil development. Like the foundation of a house it determines the shape and subsequently the human use of the landscape above it. How water and sediment move across the surface of the earth is in a great part determined by the geology of a region. This, in turn, affects how people use the land. Slope, available water, exposed bedrock, the success of vegetation are all influenced by the what is under the soil. We use the geology of the project area and the surrounding landscape to help assess the likelihood of encountering archaeological objects and features based on how the landscape would have influenced human activities in the past.

There are two types of surface geology described within the Project area:

Qtb: Transitional Beds (Fraser Glaciation to Pre-Fraser Glaciation) crop out near the bases of the bluffs bordering the Stillaguamish River valley and the sound; usually damp and unstable with fine- grained sediment such as gray clay, silt, and very fine to fine sand (Minard 1985). Qvt: Till is compact due to the weight of the overriding glacier and consists of consists of clay, silt, sand, pebbles, cobbles and boulders (Minard 1985). Qva: Advance Outwash- is deposited by meltwater flowing from the advancing front of the glacier and composed of fine-grained sand and silt (Minard 1985). Qb: Beach Deposits (Holocene)- sediments are deposited from streams or as colluvium from the bluffs and contain gravel; however, the sediment is strongly influenced by the material of the adjacent bluff (Minard 1985). There are six soil types within the Project area: Alderwood gravelly sandy loam; Everett very gravelly sandy loam; Kitsap silt loam; Mckenna gravelly silt loam; Norma loam; Terric Medisaprists (Soil Survey Staff 2018).

A soil complex consists of areas of two or more soils, so intricately mixed or so small in size that they cannot be shown separately on the soil map. Each area of a complex contains some of each of the two or more dominant soils, and the pattern and relative proportions are about the same in all areas.

Alderwood gravelly sandy loam is distributed on ridges and hills, in glacial drift and/or glacial outwash over dense glaciomarine deposits. It is moderately well drained, with a depth to the water table of about 18 to 37 inches. The surface does not pond or flood. A typical profile includes: 0 to 7 inches, gravelly sandy loam; 7 to 59 inches, very gravelly sandy loam.

Everett very gravelly sandy loam is distributed on eskers, kames and moraines, in sandy and gravelly glacial outwash. It is somewhat excessively drained, with a depth to the water table of more than 80 inches. The surface does not pond or flood. A typical profile includes: 0 to 1 inches, slightly

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 6 decomposed plant material; 1 to 24 inches, very gravelly sandy loam; 24 to 35 inches, very gravelly loamy sand; 35 to 60 inches, extremely cobbly coarse sand.

Kitsap silt loam is distributed on terraces, in lacustrine deposits with a minor amount of volcanic ash. It is moderately well drained, with a depth to the water table of about 18 to 36 inches. The surface does not pond or flood. A typical profile includes: 0 to 24 inches, silt loam; 24 to 60 inches, stratified silt to silty clay loam.

McKenna gravelly silt loam is distributed on drainageways and depressions, in basal till. It is poorly drained, with a depth to the water table of about 0 to 6 inches. The surface does not flood but will frequently pond. A typical profile includes: 0 to 33 inches, gravelly silt loam; 33 to 60 inches, very gravelly sandy loam.

Norma loam is distributed in depressions and drainageways, in alluvium. It is poorly drained, with a depth to the water table of 0 inches. The surface does not flood but will frequently pond. A typical profile includes: 0 to 1-inch, ashy loam; 10 to 60 inches, sandy loam.

Terric Medisaprists is distributed on till plains, flood plains and depressions, in organic material over alluvium. It is very poorly drained, with a depth to the water table of about 12 to 35 inches. The surface does not pond or flood. A typical profile includes: 0 to 28 inches, muck; 28 to 60 inches, sandy loam.

Climate and Biota For most of the last 2.6 million years—the Pleistocene Epoch—the Earth underwent drastic shifts in global temperature caused by periodic variations in the Earth’s orbital eccentricity, axial tilt and precession. The result has been 11 ‘ice ages,’ during which almost 30 percent of the world’s land surface was covered by sheets of ice as much as 3 kilometers (km) thick (Porter and Swanson 1998). Archaeological evidence supports an inference that the first humans entered the Americas as the most recent deglaciation progressed, and that by about 10,500 years ago, humans had populated North and South America from the Arctic Ocean to Tierra del Fuego.

As the last cold stage intensified, high-altitude valley glaciers grew in depth and extent, and through a process of coalescence formed the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, centered over the Pacific Northwest’s mountain ranges: Coast Mountains, Cascade Range, Olympic Mountains, Columbia Mountains and Rocky Mountains. Further east in North America, ice simply accumulated in place, creating the Laurentide ice sheet, centered over Hudson Bay. During the cold periods (‘glacials’ or ‘glaciations’) so much of the world’s water was stored as ice that global sea level dropped by as much as 150 meters (almost 500 feet). At the same time, beneath the ice Earth’s crust was depressed by the enormous weight. Thus, during the last glaciation, much of what is now the coastline was below present-day sea level. The most recent glacial period—the Fraser Glaciation—began about 25,000 years ago and ended by about 10,000. In that time the ice advanced and retreated twice in what is now the area of Puget Sound, first during the Everson Creek Stade and most recently in the Vashon Stade (Easterbrook 1986). At the height of the Vashon Stade—about 17,500 years ago—the Project area was under as much as 2 km of glacial ice (Porter and Swanson 1998:206). By about 16,500 years ago the ice was retreating— exposing the Puget Lowland and Cascade Range, and glacial meltwater carried rivers of sediment onto the lowlands, mantling the area with deep deposits that subsequent stream activity covered with alluvium in river valleys and built out deltas in Puget Sound.

As the ice sheets finally retreated the land rebounded and sea level rose. The precise timing of sea-level stabilization (eustacy) and the rate of post-glacial rebound (isostasy) varied from place to place due to a complex interplay between the underlying geology and the surficial geological processes that predominated at any given location. In the Pacific Northwest, most of the coastline has been within a

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 7 few meters of present-day sea level for about the last 6,000 years (Anundsen et al. 1994), while in the northernmost parts of the Northern Hemisphere the land is still rebounding (Thorson 1980, 1989). Yet, in the Hakai Passage region of the central British Columbia coast, due to the particulars of geology and movement of the receding ice sheet, sea level has been relatively stable for most of the past 15,000 years (McLaren et al. 2014).

On the Salish Sea the picture is equally complex. Due to the gradual south-to-north progression of deglaciation and the relatively rapid rise of sea level in the early postglacial period, sea level in the southern Puget Sound was about 40 meters below its present elevation by 8,000 years ago (Thorson 1989). By contrast, in the northern Puget Sound at the same time, sea level was only about 10 m below its present elevation (Clague 1983; Easterbrook 1963; Kelsey et al. 2004; Thorson 1989).

Across the globe, sea level has been rising gradually since about 8,000 years ago. By about 5,000 years ago, sea level across Puget Sound was about 2 to 3 m below its present level; it reached its present-day elevation only in the last 1,500 years or so (Kelsey et al. 2004; Sherrod et al. 2000). For all these reasons, even though people have been in the region for 14,000 or more years, evidence for human occupation near the present Puget Sound coastline dates to the time since sea level stabilized at or near its present elevation. In general, evidence of earlier coastal occupation has been inundated by the encroaching sea.

4.2 Cultural Environment The Project lies in the Pacific Northwest, a region that Native Americans have inhabited for at least 14,000 years. Salishan-speaking people occupied vast tracts in the Columbia and Fraser River basins, the inland waters of the Salish Sea, the Puget Lowland, the Cascade Range, and parts of the Pacific Coast between the Columbia River and the Olympic Peninsula. European explorers first entered the region in the late sixteenth century, with Euro-American immigration beginning in the early nineteenth century and increasing after the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 and Homestead Act of 1862. Here we present a synopsis of the archaeological cultures, traditional Salish lifeways, and pertinent details of the time since non–Native American immigration began.

Archaeological cultures Archaeological evidence of human presence in the Pacific Northwest is at least 13,000 years old, evidenced by finds of impressions of human feet discovered preserved in paleosol beach sand that date to 13,200 years ago (McLaren et al 2018) and Clovis and other early postglacial cultural traditions (Ames and Maschner 1999; Kopperl 2016; Kopperl et al. 2016). Although people have been in the region all along, many archaeological sites on the relatively narrow strip of near-shore landscape are dated at between 5,000 and 1,500 years ago due to sea-level changes that resulted from a complex interplay of climatic and geological processes whose magnitude and influence varied with location.

For example, large-magnitude changes in sea level can be due to the volume of water contained in Earth’s glaciers and polar ice caps, but smaller (but nonetheless significant) changes can be caused by thermal expansion and contraction. At the same time, the earth’s crust is dynamic. So, for example, the marine shoreline was significantly affected by depression and rebound in response to the weight of glaciers that formed during the last Ice Age. Smaller-magnitude changes occur due to the evolving global ocean basin morphology (and thus capacity) due to plate tectonics and coastal buildup and erosion, such as delta formation and growth.

Despite having knowledge of these processes, and a broad understanding of how they combine in sometimes predictable ways to determine the marine–terrestrial interface at any given time, the variability inherent in each process means that each locality has its own unique history of sea-level

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 8 change. Perhaps none is more illustrative of this than the Hakai Passage region of the central British Columbia coast, where sea level has been relatively stable for most of the past 15,000 years (McLaren et al. 2014).

As sea level rose in the early and middle Holocene, river valleys in the Puget Lowlands and elsewhere gradually filled up with sediment, burying any early archaeological sites in the near-stream areas. Thus, most evidence for early human occupation in Western Washington is found at higher elevations, on landforms that retain sediments from those earlier times, and sometimes deeply buried in river valleys.

In those upland areas, where sea level change has had no effect on archaeological visibility, evidence from the early Holocene is widespread, but well-dated contexts are extremely rare—most archaeological assemblages are ‘dated’ by their formal similarity to those recovered from dated contexts. Here we mention only the few well-dated archaeological occurrences.

The earliest period in Western Washington is represented by the Manis Mastodon Site (45CA218), near Sequim on the Olympic Peninsula and the Lower Bear Creek Site (45KI839), near the shore of Lake Sammamish. The Manis Site comprises a single disarticulated mastodon skeleton dated to about 13,800 cal BP (Waters et al. 2011), claimed to be associated with human activity based on a small bone splinter embedded in the head of a rib and two pieces of modified ivory. The Lower Bear Creek Site yielded artifacts belonging to the Western Stemmed Tradition that date to between 12,500 and 10,000 cal BP (Kopperl 2016).

In the Puget Sound regional cultural chronology, the Olcott Phase (ca. 10,000 to 7,550 years ago) succeeds the Fluted Point and Stemmed traditions. Olcott assemblages are remarkably similar to others attributed to the Old Cordilleran Tradition, well known from other parts of the Northwest Coast (Chatters et al. 2011). Typical Olcott artifacts include “Cascade” leaf-shaped bifaces, which bear distinctive edge grinding on the stem, or hafting portion, and often-heavily patinated expedient stone artifacts of medium- to coarse-grained raw material, and lacking in fine-grained silicates. One can imagine that sites with such artifacts are the result of people arriving on this landscape for the first time, without intimate knowledge of sources of fine-grained tool stone such as chert and obsidian.

Again, although there are numerous sites ascribed to the Olcott Phase, securely dated components are rare, as evidenced by the few mentioned here. Thermoluminescence (TL) dating of fire-modified rock (FMR) from the Woodhaven Site (45SN417), near Granite Falls, produced median dates of 9,316 and 7,886 years ago (Kiers 2014). Two other Olcott Phase sites near Granite Falls, 45SN28 and 45SN303, yielded TL dates on FMR in the same age range, between 7,340 and 9,650 years ago (Chatters et al. 2011). In the North Cascades National Park near Marblemount and Newhalem in the Skagit River basin, the Cascades Pass site yielded artifacts and a cooking feature beneath Mazama volcanic ash, estimated to be 9,600 years old (Mierendorf et al. 2018:99). The Beech Creek Site (45LE415) in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest of southwestern Washington represents another early Holocene archaeological culture, the Stemmed Point Tradition, at 9,200 years old (Mack et al. 2010).

Between about 7,550 and 4,000 years ago—often termed the middle Holocene—well-dated archaeological sites are more numerous, in part due to the gradual stabilization of sea level near present elevations. The archaeological cultures are called by many names, but the Marymoor Phase and Charles Culture (or Mayne Phase in the San Juan/Gulf Islands) seem most common in the region. Many include microblade technology. Recent radiocarbon dates from calcined bone at the Marymoor Site (45KI9) range between approximately 5300 to 7000 BP (Chatters et al. 2017; Greengo and Houston 1970). Other sites in the region dated to the middle Holocene include Cattle Point (45SJ9) on San Juan Island (King 1950), the Glenrose Cannery Site (DgRr-22) near Vancouver, BC. (Matson 1976), the Milliken Site (DjRi-3) near Yale, B.C. (Borden 1960), and Pender Island (DeRt-1 and -2) in the Gulf Islands,

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 9 the northern extension of the San Juan Islands (Carlson and Hobler 1993), the Marymoor Site (45KI9) in Redmond (Greengo and Houston 1970) and the Cascade Pass (45CH221) (Mierendorf et al. 2018). Some of these are the earliest coastal shell midden sites. The oldest dated shell midden component in the Puget Sound region is from the Dupont Site, 45PI72, which yielded a date of 5260 ±70 radiocarbon years before present (BP) (Wessen 1989).

Beginning roughly 5,000 years ago western red cedar became more prevalent in the coastal forests and archaeological evidence reveals the intensification of its use by the people living on the Salish Sea and elsewhere in Western Washington. Specifically, in the Locarno Beach Phase (3,300–3,500 to 2,500 years ago) and the succeeding Marpole Phase, the woodworking triad of the antler wedge, polished nephrite adze bit and hand maul formed an increasingly prominent part of coastal shell middens (Hebda and Mathewes 1984). In addition, evidence for large post and plank houses and food storage comes to the fore (Matson 2010). Artifact assemblages from this time also illustrate increasing social complexity in the form of personal adornment—e.g. finely made nephrite and jadeite labrets—refinements in procurement technology—e.g. ground slate knives, toggling harpoons and fishing paraphernalia—and ascribed status in the form of status symbols interred with infants and very young children, and cranial deformation. These archaeological manifestations comprise the climax Northwest Coast cultural pattern that was encountered when Europeans first visited the region.

Among the best known late precontact archaeological sites in the region are three National Register eligible sites on the Olympic Peninsula, Ozette (45CA24) (2,500 to 500 years ago) (e.g., Daugherty and Fryxell 1967), Hoko River (45CA213) (3,000 to 1,700 years ago) (Croes 1977, 1995), and Tse-whit- zen (č̕ixʷícən) Village (45CA523) (2,700 to 300 years ago) (Lewarch et al. 2005; White 2013). At Hoko River preserved botanical material in addition to the other artifacts common in most Northwest Coast middens, thus revealing a breadth of material culture similar to that known ethnographically—e.g., bentwood and composite fishhooks, atlatls, bone and wood projectile points, basketry including hats and mats—underscoring the material and social complexity of the regional cultures that existed in the late precontact period. At Ozette, a portion of a late precontact village of the ocean-oriented, whaling west coast people was preserved by a mudslide that preserved the full range of perishable and nonperishable utilitarian and ceremonial artifacts, including whole decorated plank houses. 55,000 artifacts were recovered in the multiyear excavations, most of which can be viewed at the Makah Cultural and Research Center in Neah Bay, Washington. At least 64,700 artifacts were recovered during mitigative data recovery excavations at Tse-whit-zen, in what is now Port Angeles, including plank house structural remains—posts and post molds—hearths, processing areas, bone, antler and stone tools, and numerous Ancestral human interments (Lewarch et al. 2005; White 2013).

Finally, the complex interplay of postglacial geological processes meant that salmon streams were constantly disrupted by cycles of erosion and deposition, which precluded establishment of nearshore marine resources and climax salmon runs between the time of deglaciation and that of sea-level stabilization, which began around 5,000 years ago and ended approximately 1,500 years ago (Fladmark 1975). Thus, prior to about 5,000 years ago, without the predictable salmon runs, the entire region may have been populated by mobile foragers (Grier et al. 2009; Moss et al. 2007). Since that time, the rich resources available in the maritime and riverine environments allowed for a more stable existence, increasingly dense populations and complex cultures that existed at the time of European contact (Butler and Campbell 2004; Taylor et al. 2011).

Specific archaeological findings for the Project area and surroundings are discussed in the next section.

Salish Ethnography and Ethnohistory A detailed description of the North Puget Sound’s traditional Salish cultures is beyond the scope of this report. Instead, we present a broad overview of their traditional lifeways, including what is known of

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 10 the precontact cultures, using knowledge gained from ethnography, ethnohistory, and the historic record. For in-depth descriptions of traditional Coast Salish culture, readers are directed to the following references: Adamson (1969), AFSC (1970), Allen (1976), Amoss (1977a, 1977b, 1978, 1981), Ballard (1929), Barnett (1938, 1955), Belcher (1986), Bennett (1972), Bierwert (1990, 1993, 1999), Boyd (1994, 1999), Bruseth (1926), Collins (1950, 1952, 1974a, 1974b [1946], 1974c, 1980), Curtis (1913), Dewhirst (1976), Eells and Castile (1985), Elmendorf (1971, 1974, 1993), Guilmet et al. (1991), Gunther (1928, 1945), Haeberlin (1924), Haeberlin and Gunther (1930), Hansen (1981), Harmon (1998), Harris (1994), Howay (1918), Jorgensen (1969), Kew (1972, 1990), Lane and Lane (1977), Mansfield (1993), B. Miller (1993, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2001), Miller and Boxberger (1994), J. Miller (1988), Mooney (1976), Moss (1986), Riley (1974 [1953]), Roberts (1975), Sampson (1972), M. Smith (1941, 1950, 1956), Snyder (1954, 1964, 1980, 1981), Spier (1935, 1936), Stern (1934), Stewart (1973, 1977, 1979, 1984, 1996), Suttles (1957, 1958, 1960, 1974 [1951], 1987, 1990a, b), Suttles and Lane (1990), Taylor (1960, 1984), Tollefson (1987, 1989, 1992a, 1992b, 1996), Tollefson and Abbott (1993, 1998), Tollefson et al. (1996). Tremaine (1975), Tweddell (1974 [1953]), United States (1859), United States Court of Claims (1933), Waterman (1920) and Waterman et al. (2001).

The northern Puget Sound shoreline has been home to people for millennia. Ethnographic accounts, the historic record and the oral histories of the people who lived there have all provided a rich story of the lives and deaths of the area’s original inhabitants.

Coast Salish social life Social life began in the longhouse, a large, red cedar, post and beam structure clad in broad planks, in which up to twenty closely related families dwelt and cooperated economically. Frequently, longhouses were 100- to 200-foot-long structures, with gable or shed roofs. One or more longhouses comprised a village, usually situated advantageously with respect to the area’s resources—often at the river mouth or on the main stem of the river at the mouth of a tributary stream. Each longhouse was led by the head of one of its resident, closely related, families.

Within each village one of the longhouses would have had more social influence than the others. Villages, too, were often ranked, and quite often the larger villages wielded more influence. Most decisions that affected the village were undertaken within a small group of those representing individual longhouses; those decisions affecting the tribe as a whole would be made amongst the leaders of individual villages and their constituents. Within and between villages, power and prestige were asserted and maintained by the Potlatch, a ceremonial feast held in celebration of important occasions, in which gifts were given by those who organized the celebration. In so doing, social and economic debts were created, reinforcing the social relationship between the giver and the recipient.

Dailey 2019a, reports that there is an unnamed Stillaguamish (pre-contact)/ Snohomish (post-contact) village located on coast South of the mouth of Stillaguamish River at present town of Warm Beach. It included two houses and cabins for visitors in mid-1800s and the chief known as Zis-a-ba (Dailey 2019b; ICC 1974). According to Tweddell (1974:143), there was a Snohomish village with a cemetery called tw’TOE-hob located on the coast South of the mouth of Stillaguamish River and about one mile north of Warm Beach.

Archaeological sites related to fishing activities that could be encountered in the project area include: collection sites for manufacturing fishing equipment materials, catching and processing fish, storage, fishing boundary markers; and private knowledge sites to acquire the skills or spirit power to catch fish. Each of these categories would have a variety of site types associated with them normally represented as discrete activity loci inside larger general use areas. As an example, storage areas might be located in a specific area of a village or processing area. Material collected for fish weirs; traps or nets might

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 11 be found in areas near to where fishing occurred. Territorial boundary markers may be as subtle as a rocky outcropping near a weir or trap and be difficult to discern for someone unfamiliar with local knowledge or cultural affiliation. Processing areas might be found in association with catching sites or as an activity area within a material gathering site.

Specific to the Warm Beach area, Bruseth (1926) and Tweddell (1974) note that people of Warm Beach were known as Splaedid and resided in three different village areas. The first was located near the south side of the mouth of Hatt Slough by Port Susan Bay in northern Warm Beach, the second located south of Hat Slough just a mile north of Warm Beach, and the third village located more central to Warm Beach within Morrison’s Ravine, also known as the gulch. All the villages were made up of one or more rectangular houses with several smaller houses on a single row. Tweddell (1974) also notes of long interval potlatches being held on Port Susan near Warm Beach as well as a home built by the well- known stronghouse keeper, Tsahlbilt, who resided nearby a slough in the Warm beach area. Buse (2011) notes of multiple accounts and testimonies before the Indian Claims Commission of people living in villages at Warm Beach and maintaining fish traps. Warm Beach in particular is also mentioned as a popular and utilized location, with people from the Snohomish area and Stillaguamish River utilizing the area for clamming (Buse 2011:31).

As fish and fishing are of vital significance to the people of Stillaguamish River, we might find associated elements within many of site types discussed. On the landscape we would expect to find fish procurement areas near to places where fish naturally gather due to water movement around landforms (back eddies), water temperature and velocity, cover and structure. Descriptions of relevant fishing tools and technology are found in Smith 1988; Snyder 1981; and Stewart 1977.

Fish are central to the culture of the Native Americans today and to their ancestors. Salmon was not merely an important part of life – not a recreation and not solely a means of providing food--it was the heart of a whole way of life. It was the staple article of year-round diet; fresh, smoked, or dried…It was a major commodity in trade between tribes. Above all, it was a blessing for which the Indians always gave thanks….Many religious beliefs and tales concerned salmon, and these were often presented in the rituals….The ceremonies, stories and taboos exhibited a fundamental concept of the immortality of the salmon and the related desire not to offend it and endanger its return. The methods and skill of the aboriginal fishermen achieved extraordinary harvests but at the same time ensured continuation of the great runs (AFSC 1970:3).

The Stillaguamish River system contains all five salmon species, steelhead and a variety of trout. Like other types of resource gathering, fishing was sometimes a communal enterprise and at other times carried out by only one or two people in established fishing locations. Some traps and weirs may have been maintained by groups of related men (Snyder 1964:69). Skagit peoples would have fished for a variety of fish including saltwater species.

Numerous ethnographic accounts provide descriptions of fishing strategies, techniques, equipment and tools that were used on the salt water shorelines (Batdorf 1980; Snyder 1964; Stewart 1977). Fishing styles used in the Swinomish Channel would have included: fish traps, basket traps, large nets dragged in the water between two canoes, nets set in deep segments of the Channel, dip nets manipulated by hand, fish spears hurled from the bank, and line and bait (Collins 1974c:79).

Fishing was regulated traditionally, as is it today, within and between groups through a complex set of alliances. Fishing technology and styles have changed somewhat over millennia; however, the fundamental relationships to fish and fishing have remained.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 12 Testimony that the descendants of aborigines had forsaken ancestral rites and adopted the same habits and aspirations as their non-Indian neighbors did not sway Judge Boldt. All the plaintiffs in the case, he declared, had established their status as Indian tribes. And even though “employment acculturation” and state law enforcement had drastically reduced the number of Indians who fished, most Indians were distinguished by the fact that the right to fish remained their “single most highly cherished interest and concern (Harmon 1998:240). Fishing and processing of the catch, as well as associated feasting (Figure 6), played such a large and complex role in the culture of the traditional people of the Stillaguamish River area that it could be discussed under any number of subheadings in this overview. Each part of the process was subject to cultural and religious sanctioning. Success in fishing is believed to be related to guardian spirit power, not just for the act of fishing, but also for the acquisition of materials and the building of fishing equipment. Acquiring and maintaining gear to catch and process fish is regarded equally as important as the ritual paraphernalia to bless the boats and catch. Complex ceremonies continue today to ensure safety of the fishing fleet and to provide healthy fish to eat.

Figure 6: Cooking in 1904 (courtesy of MSCUA, University of Washington Libraries, General Indian Collection, no. 564).

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 13

Figure 7: Fish trap, Swinomish Reservation (Sampson 1972:41)

Economy Coast Salish economies are often characterized by their relationship to the sea and the seasonally abundant and predictable resources it offers in addition to the plentiful salmon. This applied to salmon as much as to the berries and bulbs that formed an important part of the diet. For this reason, economic life most of the year meant moving between permanent villages and setting up seasonal camps where local resources were exploited. This often entailed constructing temporary shelters of wood and waterproof mats similar to those shown in Figure 8. Mat houses like this one illustrated would have been a common structure on the prairies, riverbanks and nearshore environments.

Figure 8: “Mat House—Skokomish” (1912) by Curtis (Northwestern University Library 2003).

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 14 Terrestrial resources were acquired by collecting and hunting. Using digging sticks, they collected bulbs of camas, wild potato, bracken and wood fern, cattail, wild carrot and others. Some plant products were preserved and stored for use during the winter. Fruits gathered were salmonberry, huckleberry, wild blackberry, raspberry, salal, serviceberry, and wild strawberry, as well as acorn and hazelnut (Haeberlin and Gunther 1930:20–21). They hunted elk and deer, beaver, bobcat, bear, marmot, cougar, as well as ducks and grouse. Seal and other sea mammals were hunted from canoes. As with the important salmon, all meat beyond immediate need was cured and stored for winter consumption. Trade back and forth for shellfish and other seafood for camas or dried meat was common (Haeberlin and Gunther 1930:20).

Material culture In addition to the archaeological collections and oral histories much of what we know of traditional Coast Salish material culture derives from ethnographic collections residing in museums around the world, from the observations of ethnographers and historians, and photographs taken in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (e.g., Curtis 1913).

Coast Salish groups relied heavily on plants to create functional, decorative and ceremonial objects. For example, the red cedar tree provided wood for longhouses, canoes and storage containers, as well as bark that when shredded could be woven to make clothing, capes and head coverings. Cedar and spruce root were used along with other fiber to make baskets similar to those shown in Figure 9 for use when foraging or cooking, some so tightly woven that they were waterproof. Local and exotic stone was chipped or ground to fashion knives, spear, dart and arrow tips, mauls, wedges, adzes and chisels for woodworking, and ear and lip ornaments. Fishing barbs, combs, pins and many other items were fashioned from animal bone, antler, teeth and shell.

Figure 9: Examples “Puget Sound Baskets” (1912) by Edward S. Curtis (Northwestern University Library 2003).

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 15 Dog wool was spun and woven on a loom to produce blankets like the one shown in Figure 10. Howay (1918) describes numerous examples of domestic dog hair in clothing and blankets. Although the loom is from Vancouver Island, such looms would have been common in the Project area. Some clothing was made from bear and buckskin. Among the many uses for marine shell, clam shell disc beads— “shell money”—were used for trade (Haeberlin and Gunther 1930:29). From an archaeological perspective only, special depositional circumstances could be expected to preserve most of these organic artifacts.

Figure 10: Example of the kind of weaving done by Coast Salish people, “Goat-hair Blanket— Cowichan” (1912) by Curtis (Northwestern University Library 2003).

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 16 Summary This overview has barely sketched traditional lifeways. The Salish People thrived for millennia and developed a rich and complex culture within an environment that supported a large population prior to European contact and the devastation of disease and political oppression. Despite these hardships the peoples of the region have resiliency and continue to fight for renewed political and economic power, at the same time working to preserve and maintain traditional cultural knowledge and beliefs.

Exploration and Immigration The first documented exploration of the Pacific Northwest was a Spanish expedition in 1592, led by Greek-born Apostolus Valerianos, more commonly known as Juan de Fuca, after whom the entrance to the Salish Sea is named. Between 47° and 48° north latitude—after entering a “broad Inlet of the Sea” de Fuca traveled for “twentie dayes … passed divers Ilands … went on Land in divers places, and … saw some people on Land, clad in Beasts skins” (Purchas 1906 [1625]:416).

Some of the earliest English-language records of this region come from George Vancouver’s exploration of the Salish Sea. On June 4, 1792, he went ashore in the vicinity of Tulalip, near today’s Everett, Washington, and claimed for King George III the coast south to 39° 20’ N, which had been his first landfall. Vancouver was convinced of the historical justification of his claim and his maps all show British Territory from about 39° north latitude northward (Hayes 1999:85). The southern portion of the Salish Sea is named after Vancouver’s lieutenant, Peter Puget.

Beginning in the late eighteenth century, introduced diseases took an enormous toll on Northwest Coast Native American populations. Estimates of mortality range from 30 to 90 percent, with the higher estimate being the more likely result of several successive catastrophic episodes of, especially, smallpox (Boyd 1994, 1998; Campbell 1991).

The Hudson’s Bay Company The first Europeans to stay for any length of time in the Puget Sound area were traders, trappers and explorers associated with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC). From the 1820s through to the 1860s, HBC employees regularly traveled and traded around the Puget Sound (Harmon 1998). Tribes around Puget Sound took benefit from trading and bartering with HBC, and many were hired as guides. Fort Nisqually was established in 1833 at the southern end of Puget Sound, the first European settlement on Puget Sound (Bagley 1915). The Snohomish traded with HBC at Fort Nisqually (Ruby and Brown 1986:213). Using the Naches, Snoqualmie, and Yakima passes through the Cascades, even the Yakima people traded with HBC at Fort Nisqually and Fort Langley, to the north. The influence of HBC in the Puget Sound was felt by native people and immigrants alike (Suttles and Lane 1990).

Fort Nisqually was handed over to the US in 1846 after a treaty between Great Britain and the United States had ostensibly settled the dispute over the Oregon Country; however, that treaty was vague as to possession of the islands that straddled the new boundary—including San Juan Island. The HBC took advantage of the confusion, built a log trading post on San Juan Island, and for several years traded with the resident Native American population for fish, which they salted and transported in barrels that they made on site (Bailey-Cummings and Cummings 1987).

At Garrison Bay, the HBC also began a new venture, Bellevue Farm, which was a salmon fishing station and sheep ranch. In 1859 a dispute led to HBC officials demanding the arrest of an American settler. The United States responded by sending sixty-six soldiers to set up a garrison at the southern tip of the island. The British countered with warships and more soldiers. By September 1859 there were three warships with numerous guns and roughly two thousand men on the British side, and nearly five hundred Americans, although fewer cannons. A joint military presence was negotiated (McDonald

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 17 1990). In 1860 the HBC charter expired, and British claims to land south of the 49th parallel were laid to rest.

The Wilkes Expedition The United States Exploring Expedition led by Charles Wilkes was conducted in 1841 at a time when the territories of the Northwest were under contention by British and American interests. In 1845, 31 members of the Michael T. Simmons party cut a wagon trail that became the northern branch of the Oregon Trail at present-day Tumwater. Known as the end of the Oregon Trail or Cowlitz Trail, Tumwater is the oldest permanent American settlement on Puget Sound (Stevenson 1977; 1986:158). The discovery of gold in the Fraser River in 1858 brought more Euro-Americans (Jeffcott 1995). Settlers arrived at Alki Point in 1851 and proceeded to lay claims along the waterfront that became the commercial center of Seattle by the 1860s.

The Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 The pace of immigrant settlement was encouraged by the US 31st Congress, with the 1850 passage of Statute 496, an unnamed Act known by various names, most commonly as the Donation Land Claim Act, which legitimized a practice originally set in motion by the territorial Provisional Government in 1843 (Robbins 2018). The Act was to create the Office of Surveyor–General of the Public Lands in [the] Oregon [Territory], and to provide for the Survey, and to make Donations to Settlers of the said Public Lands. … granted to every white settler or occupant of the public lands, American half-breed Indians included ... three hundred and twenty acres of land, if a single man, and if a married man ... the quantity of one section, or six hundred and forty acres, one half to himself and the other half to his wife, to be held by her in her own right ... [US Statute 496, September 27, 1850] The law explicitly excluded African Americans and Hawaiians. Prior to its enactment Territorial Delegate Samuel Thurston had told Congress that extinguishing Indian title was the “first prerequisite step” to settling Oregon’s land question, so Congress had earlier authorized commissioners to negotiate treaties with that would, among other things, remove Native Americans from their land (Robbins 2018).

Treaties, allotments, assimilation and reorganization What followed were the 1854 Treaty of Medicine Creek, the 1855 Treaties of Point Elliott, Point No Point, Neah Bay, Yakama, and Walla Walla, and the Quinault Treaty of 1856, by which the American government promised Native American tribes continued resource procurement rights, ‘land reservations’ (for some, but not all of the tribes), and a one-time payment. Once the treaties were in place, settlement and commercial exploitation of previously tribal lands proceeded almost unfettered. In addition, several subsequent acts of federal legislation created the circumstances that would hasten the already severe breakdown of Tribal lifeways that followed European-introduced disease pandemic in the 1770s that killed nearly 90% of the region’s original inhabitants (Boyd 1994).

With the purpose of encouraging Tribal members to adopt the ways of the dominant culture—to assimilate them—the Dawes Act of 1887 provided “for the allotment of lands in severalty to Indians.” The most charitable reading of this act was that it was intended to break the tradition of tribal communalism that most immigrants believed was an obstacle to their ‘progress’ and assimilation into US society; more accurately it as a continuation of efforts ultimately to take even the Reserve lands from the original inhabitants. Those who wished to take part were given either a portion of the reservation on which they lived, or, if their tribe had no reservation, a plot of land in or near their traditional use areas. In both cases the individual was granted US citizenship. Regardless of the reason, fragmentation and fissioning of traditional communities was the inevitable result, which was made

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 18 worse by provisions of the legislation that enabled eventual sale of the land to non-tribal people. In the 47 years between its enactment and its dismantling, the Dawes Act was responsible for reducing the acreage under Native title from 138 million to just 48 million (Newcomb 2012).

The disastrous effects of the Dawes Act did not go unnoticed. As part of F.D. Roosevelt’s New Deal in the 1930s, the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) (1934) was intended to redress some of the worst effects of the efforts at assimilation. It was: [a]n Act to conserve and develop Indian lands and resources; to extend to Indians the right to form business and other organizations; to establish a credit system for Indians; to grant certain rights of home rule to Indians; to provide for vocational education for Indians; and for other purposes. Although the IRA also restored rights to land and minerals, it was a temporary and controversial measure and by the end of WWII the federal government was back asserting their dominance including the continued abusive practice of removing children from their families and placing them in ‘Residential Schools,’ where they were forced to speak only English and taught only Euro-American history and culture. Only in the 1970s was this system dismantled, but the loss of cultural memory that it brought about was and is devastating, to say nothing of the intergenerational persistence of accumulated trauma it visited on the children who were subjected to this practice (see, e.g., Brave Heart and DeBruyn 1998).

Industry and infrastructure Several large-scale commercial undertakings underpinned and dominated economic development and fueled immigration in the region during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: construction of transcontinental railroads, logging and sawmilling, mining, and hydroelectric power projects. The Northern Pacific Railway was the first transcontinental route to Puget Sound, completed in 1883 with its terminus at Tacoma. 1893 saw completion of the Great Northern Railway, which terminated in Seattle and was the only privately funded such railway in US history. These railways and their local spurs promoted economic growth and prompted the founding and development of small, coastal sawmill towns throughout the region. Timber harvested locally, or rafted by sea and river, was milled and loaded on trains for transport to the east.

Warm Beach Throughout the 1880s, various railroads made their way towards Stanwood area, such as the Seattle & Montana, the Northern Pacific and other railroads (Essex 1975); however, the Seattle & Montana did not pass through Warm Beach (Robertson 1995). Buse (2011) provides a detailed history of the Warm Beach area, and the following section highlights a few details in relation to this project. According to the USGS (1937) map, there is a rail line that passes the South side of Lake Martha to the coast of Port Susan, near the Project APE. This was likely related to the Port Susan Logging Company, which was established in 1897 until 1907 by Charles H. Cobb, Nicholas Healy, Manson F. Backus, Albert S. Kerry, SR., and S.W. Sisco (Buse 2011:98). The Port Susan Logging Company was operated at Port Susan and one of the most successful logging operations within the state. Employees who worked for the Port Susan Logging Company resided in Cobb’s Camp, which was located just east of Lake Martha on the sides of the Lakewood-Warm Beach road over an old logging railroad bed (Buse 2011:99). The logging company’s operation also transported logs directly to Port Susan Bay along the shoreline to allow easy transportation of fallen trees (Buse 2011:107). This log piling was located nearby the curve in 19400 Soundview Drive NW (Buse 2011:107), which is located within the project area.

Warm Beach was also previously named Birmingham until 1923 (Buse 2011:179). Birmingham is noted to be a small town, with intermittent travel by boat from Everett to the area and no connection to The Great Northern (Buse 2011:179). There was the Birmingham General Store on 18701 Soundview

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 19 Drive that changed ownership in the early 1920s (Buse 2011:195). The Commercial Club was also a prominent group of locals that were the influence in opening what is now Marine Drive to allow traffic between Marysville and Birmingham, as well as electricity for the community (Buse 2011:195). The Commercial Club was also the main promoter for tourism in Birmingham and often advertised the town as being one of the best berry districts with fertile lands (Buse 2011:188).

Figure 11: Scandinavian Family by a homestead at Birmingham (Warm Beach) in 1911 (Washington State Historical Society 2019). After Birmingham was renamed to Warm Beach in 1923, from 1924 to 1939 there were significant changes to the area including a modified water system with a steam pump as well as the incorporation of the Warm Beach Water Company for domestic and irrigation purposes (Buse 2011:201). The area also became a summer destination with the development of Kayak Point as well as Canyon Park which was located in the gulch at the south end of Soundview Dr (Buse 2011:211). This was later expanded in 1928 to what is known today as the Warm Beach Park (Buse 2011:213).

Development of a dogfish fishery in Port Susan Bay, which began just after Pearl Harbor, there was a shortage of vitamin A in Europe resulting from import restrictions. Liver of lowly dogfish contained high concentrations of Vitamin A rich oils and were a valuable commodity (Buse 2011:254). The Dogfish fishery came to an end but the commercial salmon fishery in the same bay continued throughout the 1940s and 1950s from salmon spawns up Port Susan Bay and into the Stillaguamish River (Buse 2011:255). Kayak Point was also the headquarters for the salmon fishery which is located nearby the Project area.

Overall, the precontact and historical events that have occurred within the Warm Beach area warrant significant attention within an archaeological survey. The few notable points in history mentioned above in this area have a high potential for materializing within the archaeological record. The following section will highlight archaeological surveys and sites within the area.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 20 4.3 Previous Archaeology For general overviews of the archaeology and cultural resources of the Northwest Coast, see Ames (1995, 2003, 2005a, 2005b), Ames and Maschner (1999), Borden (1950, 1951, 1962, 1968, 1975), Boyd (1998, 1999), Burley (1980), Butler (1961), Butler and Campbell (2004), Campbell (1991), Carlson (1990), Carlson and Dalla Bona (1996), Erlandson et al. (1998), Fladmark (1975, 1982), Matson and Coupland (1995), Matson et al. (2003), Meltzer (2004), Meltzer and Dunnell (1987), Mitchell (1971, 1990), Nelson (1990), Pratt (1992), and Prentiss and Kuijt (2004, 2012).

The earliest archaeological studies of the northern Puget Sound are H.I. Smith’s (1900, 1907). In addition to those cited in the next two sections, more recent archaeological overviews can be found in Avey (1991), Avey and Starwich (1985), Blukis Onat (1987), Blukis Onat et al. (1980), Blukis Onat and Kiers (2007a, 2007b), Bryan (1963), Burtchard (2007), Burtchard et al. (2003 [1998]), Campbell (1984), Carlson (1960), Carlson and Hobler (1993), Greengo (1983), Hale (1991), Hearne and Hollenbeck (1996), Hollenbeck (1987), Hollenbeck and Carter (1986), Kidd (1964), Lewarch (1979), Lewarch and Larson (2003), Lewarch et al. (2005, 2006), Mattson (1971, 1989), Mierendorf (1986), Mierendorf et al. (1998), Miss and Campbell (1991), Samuels (1993), Schalk (1988), A. Smith (1964), Smith and Fowkes (1901), Snyder (1980, 1981), Stein (1984, 2000), Stein and Phillips (2002), Tarver (1963), Wessen (1988), Wessen and Stilson (1987).

Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites Records of five archaeological sites within about four miles of the Project area are on file at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP). A short description of the sites is provided below with a summary in Table 1.

SN00364—Ryan Property Isolated Find is groundstone flat-top maul found by Kim Ryan on her property (Kramer 2003). Kramer (2003) reports that the groundstone maul is 15.5cm long, the diameter of the proximal end is 6.5cm, and the diameter of the distal end is 8cm.

SN00375—Ethnohistoric Isolate is a glass bead from the late 1800s found during drainage ditch excavations (LeTourneau and Bishop 2004b).

SN00004—Shell Midden Campsite is a shell midden site with a basalt chip near a creek observed in 1954 by Alan Bryan; Obermayr (1991) revisited the site, but found no cultural materials.

SN00557—Lakewood Road Historic Debris Scatter is about 1.53 miles from the APE and consists of 17 clusters of artifacts including 19th century to mid-20th century bottles, ceramics, and glass insulators (Kanaby 2010).

IS00001 is a shell midden site across the sound about 4.85 miles from the APE on Camano Island. Wessen (1988) notes that the cultural materials included faunal materials, lithic debris, and fire modified rocks.

SN00064—Drawbridge Site is a shell midden site on a floodplain terrace on the south bank of the Stillaguamish River and about 3.83 miles from the APE (Stenholm 1991). Stenholm (1991) speculated that recent floods may have buried the site with at least 3-4 feet of new deposits.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 21 Table 1: Previously recorded archaeological sites within four half miles of the Project APE. Site # Type Distance Citations NRHP (Miles) Eligibility Within Kramer 2003 Survey/Inventory SN00364 Pre-Contact Groundstone Isolate APE Within LeTourneau and Survey/Inventory SN00375 Historic Isolate APE Bishop 2004b Within Obermayr 1991 Survey/Inventory SN00004 Shell Midden, Lithic Scatter APE SN00557 Historic Debris Scatter ~1.53 Kanaby 2010 Not Eligible Precontact Camp, Precontact Stenholm 1991 Survey/Inventory SN00064 ~3.83 Shell Midden

Previous Cultural Resources Surveys There are 22 reports on file with DAHP from previous cultural resource surveys within the APE; they are listed below in Table 2, along with annotations for those that included subsurface investigation such as shovel test pits (ST), machine tests (MT) or monitoring. Table 2: Previous cultural resource reports on file with DAHP. Author Title Date Archaeological Survey For Residential Developments at 17804 92nd Hovezak Avenue NW, Stanwood, Snohomish County, Washington 10 STs. No 2016a and Gardner cultural resources. Archaeological Monitoring of Marine Retaining Wall Removal at 18532 Hovezak Soundview Drive NW, Stanwood, Snohomish County, Washington 2016b and Gardner Monitoring. No cultural resources. Archaeological Survey and Assessment for Proposed Garage Construction Hovezak at Lot 16, 18608 100th Avenuenue NW, Warm Beach. 5 STs. No cultural 2017 resources. Hovezak Archaeological Assessment 18630 Soundview Drive NW and Block 46 and 2012a Lots 7 and 8, Warm Beach 5 STs. No cultural resources. Koziarski Hovezak Archaeological Assessment 18728 Soundview Drive NW and Block 45 and 2012b Lots 81 and 82, Warm Beach. 4 STs. No cultural resources. Koziarski Hovezak Archaeological Assessment of Four Lots on Soundview Drive NW, Warm and 2012c Beach. 11 STs. No cultural resources. Koziarski Hovezak Archaeological Assessment for Proposed Bulkhead Replacement at 18716 and Soundview Drive NW, Stanwood. 4 STs and 1 Auger. No cultural 2012d Koziarski resources. Cagle and An Archaeological Survey of the Smith Property, 18417 Soundview Drive 2015 Boersema NW, (TPN #003944-049-01100). 3 STs. No cultural resources. Archaeological Monitoring of Marine Retaining Wall Removal at 18522, Hovezak 18526, 18528, 18604 & 18608 Soundview Drive NW, Stanwood. 2015 Monitoring. No cultural resources. Hovezak Archaeological Assessment for Proposed Retaining Wall Replacement on and Adjacent Lots at 18604 and 18608 Soundview Drive NW, Warm Beach. 1 2014a Syvertson ST. 5 Augers. No cultural resources.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 22 Author Title Date Hovezak Archaeological Assessment for Proposed Retaining Wall Replacement at and 2014b 18532 Soundview Drive NW, Warm Beach. 3 STs. No cultural resources. Syvertson Hovezak Archaeological Assessment for Proposed Retaining Wall Replacement at and 18522, 18526, & 18528 Soundview Drive NW, Stanwood. 8 STs. No 2014c Syvertson cultural resources. Archaeological Assessment for Proposed Greenwood Creek Restoration at Hovezak 18510 Soundview Drive NW, Stanwood. 11 STs. Cultural resources 2013 associated with 45SN4. A Cultural Resources Survey of Proposed Development for C-Hawk Lenz, Brett 2009 Construction, Warm Beach. 10 STs. No cultural resources. Letter to Jeff Riggs RE: Archaeological Survey for Riggs Home Remodel, Hartmann, Stanwood, Parcel 003944-010-097-000. No subsurface investigation. No 2007 Glenn cultural resources. Memo to Jeff Riggs RE: Archaeological Survey for Andersen Property, Schumacher, Stanwood, Parcels 00394404700900, 00394404704000. 2 STs. No 2007a James cultural resources. Schumacher, Memo to Jeff Riggs RE: Archaeological Survey for Riggs Garage, 2007b James Stanwood, Parcel 00394404600900. 2 STs. No cultural resources. Archaeological Investigation of the Bulkhead Replacement Project at Robinson, 18506 Soundview Drive NW, Parcel 003944-049-002-00. 5 STs. No 2007a Joan M. cultural resources. Letter to Leroy Stave RE: Archaeological Monitoring of the Bulkhead Robinson, Installation at 18520 Soundview Drive, Parcel 003944-010-111-00. 2007b Joan M. Monitoring. No cultural resources. Letter to Leroy Stave Regarding the Area to be Affected By a Bulkhead Robinson, Replacement at 18520 Soundview Drive, Warm Beach. 4 STs. No cultural 2006 Joan M. resources. Letter to Tony Stigall Regarding Results of Archaeological Monitoring of LeTourneau Snohomish County Road Maintenance Excavations for 192nd Street 2004a and Bishop Northwest Drainage Improvements (RR 48536). Monitoring. Cultural resource: SN00375. Archaeological and Historical Investigations of the Gilbertson Property, Daugherty Parcel 003944-062-008-00, -01, -02 and -03. Monitoring. 1 Test Pit. No 2004 and Kirk cultural resources.

Previous Cemetery Reports The record of three cemeteries within three miles of the Project area is on file with DAHP. A short description is provided below.

SN00004—Shell Midden Campsite is a shell midden site with a basalt chip near a creek observed in 1954 by Alan Bryan; Obermayr (1991) revisited the site but found no cultural materials.

SN00511—Historical Florence Cemetery is a cemetery with the oldest burial dated to 1885 and contains a portion of land deeded to the Tulalip Tribes; it includes a tombstone for “Joseph Heaven” relocated from Bow Cemetery (DAHP 2003).

SN00533—Cairns is an inactive gravesite (DAHP 2004).

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 23 National Register Properties Records of two Washington State Heritage Barn Register properties within three miles of the Project area are on file with DAHP. There are no records of Washington State Heritage Register properties or National Heritage Register properties within three miles. A short description is provided below and summarized in Table 3.

SN00539—James Long Barn was a saltbox style barn owned by James Long and built in 1880 (Hazleton 2009).

SN00639—Hilburt Farm was homesteaded in 1910 by Norwegian immigrants and sold to the Hilburt family in 1937 (Hylarides and Hylarides 2013). The original barn burned down and the existing barn was built in 1952 (Hylarides and Hylarides 2013). Table 3: National Register Properties within one mile of the Project APE. Period of Distance NRHP Name Significance ~2.35 miles SN00539 James Long Barn 1880 ~2.85 miles SN00639 Hilburt Farm 1952

Archaeological Expectations The Project Area is located within a coastal area of shoreline as well as Gifford Point that has a small creek and associated ravine running from the shoreline at the southend of the Soundview Drive segment and the north end of the 92nd Avenue Segment. There are also ethnographically documented villages north of the Project Area, as well as prehistoric sites within the overall service area for this water system. As a result, archaeological sites in the area have the highest probability of occurring within the Soundview Dr NW area as well as anywhere neighboring the gully. Archaeological sites in the area would most likely be the result of burial activities, temporary encampments, stopping places, or outlooks, with the material traces ranging from isolated artifacts lost or discarded on foraging outings to small lithic scatters, with the possibility of food preparation areas or temporary residential features such as hearths or earth ovens.

The glacial deposits both from outwash, till and glacial marine drift like predate regular human use in the Warm Beach area. Cultural material would likely be above the intact glacial deposits. Those that hadn’t been subject to soil development or any landslide, alluvial or aeolian redeposition. Natural disturbance processes, such as arboreal succession (large trees growing and dying), would have resulted in some vertical transport of objects or feature deposits. Such disturbance increases the rate of soil development and can also facilitate other bioturbation such as rodent activity. Even though artifacts discovered in such depositional circumstances are not in their primary context there is a great deal of information that can be gleaned and they can be indicators of other intact deposits nearby.

The presence of seasonally or perennially wet areas within the overall project area raise the possibility of preserved artifacts made out of normally perishable plants, such as basketry, nets or snares. The pacific northwest temperatures combined with the anerobic conditions that can be found in perennially saturated sediments can provide an excellent opportunity for preservation of these rare artifacts.

5.0 METHODS This section provides details on the archival research and fieldwork methods that Equinox Research and Consulting International Inc. (ERCI) employed in support of the Project. The research undertaken for the Project uses best-practice archaeological survey techniques to record the presence or absence of moderate to large archaeological sites, with the expectation that we may also find isolated artifacts or

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 24 features, or small artifact scatters. When sites or isolated artifacts are discovered ERCI records them on DAHP forms in accordance with the Washington State Standards for Cultural Resources Reporting.

5.1 Archival Research ERCI researchers • Reviewed site forms and reports of previous archaeology on file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) in Olympia, Washington • Reviewed other archaeological reports and related documents on file at the ERCI offices in Mount Vernon, Washington • Reviewed published information on the precontact, traditional Native American and historic land use in and around the APE • Reviewed the County Assessor’s records

5.2 Fieldwork Between September 10 to October 11, 2019 ERCI carried out an archaeological investigation of the Project Area. The field team was led by Paige E. Hawthorne, MA with Caspian Hester, BA, Jacob Wilmoth BA, Courtney Strehlow BA, Hayley Nichols, MA. Kelly R. Bush made multiple site visits and worked on the segment of 92nd Avenue north that crossed the gully.

Fieldwork entailed an intensive pedestrian surface survey and subsurface shovel testing. The pedestrian survey was carried out in narrow, less than 5-meter (m) wide transects with four archaeologists in a row. While surveying, in addition to the possibility of surface artifacts, archaeologists were watching for culturally modified trees and surface features such as cache pits, cultural depressions, wood building foundations and rock cairns, especially in creek mouth at Gifford Point and the gully at the north end of 92nd Avenue segment. Surface visibility was variable, with the majority of the area investigated being developed for roads and residential properties. The gully area consisted of two steep slopes from both sides of Clarence Avenue into a dense deciduous forest and small brush with little development.

Shovel Tests (ST) consisted of cylindrical pits dug by hand using round-nosed shovels, approximately 50 centimeters (cm) in diameter, ranging up to 100 cm deep, with bucket augering or push probes used to increase depth where appropriate and possible. If shovel tests were abandoned before reaching the desired depth due to, among other factors, large cobbles or boulders, large roots or groundwater, or when at least a 10 cm depth of unaltered sterile glacial sediments have been excavated. All excavated sediments were passed through ¼-inch mesh hardware cloth shaker screens.

On September 24, ERCI archaeologist Paige E. Hawthorne monitored as the Snohomish PUD vactored three trenches throughout the Project area to locate existing utilities. Monitoring protocols included describing sediments and features encountered. While monitoring, the archaeologist was also surveying for surface artifacts in the surrounding area. Overview and profile photos were taken.

Any artifacts recovered were described and photographed, then returned to the same ST from which they came. Fragments of animal skeletal remains were immediately photographed and digital images transmitted electronically to Alyson M. Rollins, MA, ERCI’s biological anthropologist, who confirmed non-human.

ST locations and profiles were photographed and once documentation was complete STs were backfilled with the excavated sediments and the surface restored to its original grade. No samples were removed from the APE. Sediments encountered were characterized and recorded on paper, and activities photographed using digital cameras or phones. ST and other locations were obtained using a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Global Positioning System (GPS) high-accuracy receiver.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 25 Sedimentary matrix and shovel test descriptions and photo logs are provided in the appendices. Field notes, digital photographs and GIS shape files are stored at ERCI’s offices in Mount Vernon, Washington.

6.0 RESULTS

6.1 Pedestrian and Subsurface Survey A total of 193 shovel test probes (STs) were excavated within the project area in designated areas for installation of a water main and other activities previously discussed. The selection of locations for STs were determined based on the location of planned utility installments/replacements. Due to the multiple work areas, the following pedestrian and subsurface survey results will be discussed in five work areas or sections based on location (Figure 12). Section A consists of the eastern side of Soundview Dr NW. Section B consists of the east side of 92nd Avenue NW and a well reservoir area in the northwestern portion of the section. Section C consists of the eastern side of Clarence Avenue and the northern side of 172nd St. NW. Sections D and E are comprised of well easements sites.

Sediments encountered were consistent throughout each work area or sections with six matrixes described (Table 1). The majority of areas tested exhibited modern disturbances such as gravel fill from roadside and water facility construction, followed by glacially deposited sediments including glacial outwash or till. Only one intact matrix was encountered that consisted of a developed forest soil.

Table 4. Matrices observed. Matrix 1: 10 YR 3/3 dark brown; 80% sandy silt, 10% pebbles, 5% gravels, 5% cobbles; moderate compaction; damp; (disturbed). Matrix 2: 10 YR 5/2 grayish brown; 60% coarse sand, 20% gravels, 15% pebbles, 5% cobbles (subangular); moderate to dense compaction; dry; glacial (intact). Matrix 3: 10 YR 5/6 yellowish brown, 80% silty sand, 10% gravels, 10% cobbles; developed soil-B horizon; (intact). Matrix 4: 10 YR 5/6 yellowish brown to 3/6 dark yellowish brown; 75% coarse sand, 15% gravels, 10% pebbles (subangular and sub-rounded); damp; likely glacial outwash (intact). Matrix 5: 10 Y/R 2/2 very dark brown; 70% silty sand, 15% gravels, 5% pebbles rounded to sub-rounded; local fill; (disturbed). Matrix 6: 5 Y/R 4/4 reddish brown, 85% silty sand, 5% pebbles, 5% cobbles, 5% roots; moderate compaction, maybe disturbed M3.

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Figure 12: Overall map with ST locations and sections.

Section A—Soundview Dr NW In Section or work area A, a total of 70 STs were excavated on the east side of Soundview Dr. NW (Figure 13 and Figure 14). This area is residential with the road and driveways, overhead power with buried water lines and other associated infrastructure. The slope is gentle except at the south end with elevation varying between 0 to 45 feet asl. Common matrixes encountered included the appearance of M1 (a disturbed dark brown sandy silt) followed by a grayish brown glacial till sediment (M2) (Error! Reference source not found.). Water table was encountered regularly and occurred with M1, M3, and M2 matrixes (Figure 18). The southern end of Soundview Dr NW is the highest potential for archaeological material in this work area. Additional STs were placed at the southern end of Soundview along with a pedestrian survey throughout the gully area. Proximity to known cultural sites and the fresh water of the gully are what raise this area to high probability.

One diagnostic historic artifact was found in ST 78 in the northern half of the work area or section, a cobalt blue glass bottle fragment with the label remnants stating, “THROAT & LUNG” (Figure 15). This glass fragment is similar to an Acker’s English Remedy medical bottle, a cobalt blue rectangular bottle embossed with “ACKER’S ENGLISH REMEDY // W.H. HOOKER & Co. / PROPRIETORS /

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 27 NEW YORK, USA // FOR THE THROAT & LUNGS”, which was manufactured in the late 1880s to early 1900s (Bottle Pickers 2019). Despite most miracle cures being made primarily from alcohol or a dilute opiate they were marketed as medicine as this newspaper add posted on the Bottle Pickers web site (Figure 17).

Although the fragment was found in a disturbed matrix, we expect that it came from nearby and was moved during local redevelopment related to road or residential construction and that intact components of a local refuse dump from the turn of the century could be nearby (Figure 19). No other cultural materials were observed in the Soundview Drive NW work area.

Figure 13: Sketch map of the northern half of Soundview Dr NW.

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Figure 14: Sketch map of the southern half of Soundview Dr NW.

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Figure 15: View of cobalt blue glass from ST 78 (scale in cm).

Figure 16: Example of an intact bottle from www.worthpoint.com

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Figure 17: Add posted on www.bottlepickers.com/bottle_articles253.htm

Figure 18: View west of ST 92 with M1 over M3 and the water table.

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Figure 19: View east of ST 78, M1 over M5. Kelly Bush of ERCI and Max Selin of Snohomish County PUD met with Richard Young and Gene Enick of the Tulalip Tribes on Soundview Drive to discuss the proposed water system upgrades.

Section B—92nd Avenue NW In Section or work area B, a total of 27 STs were excavated on the east side of 92nd Avenue NW as well as 9 STs in the northwestern corner of the street where there is a well reservoir site (Figure 20 and Figure 21). This work area or section consists of a road with residential and more rural or agricultural properties and varies in elevation from 175 to 230 feet. Common matrixes included M1, M3, and M2 sediments (Figure 23) and less common, a glacial outwash sediment (M4). No cultural material was observed.

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Figure 20: Sketch map of the northern end of 92nd Avenue NW.

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Figure 21: Sketch map of the southern end of 92nd Avenue NW.

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Figure 22: View north of 92nd Avenue and ERCI at ST 3.

Figure 23: View north of ST 16 with M1, M3 and M2 matrixes.

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Figure 24: View east of well reservoir site on 92nd Avenue NW.

Section C—Clarence Avenue In Section or work area C, a total of 63 STs were excavated on the eastern side of Clarence Avenue, interchanging placement of STs along the property and roadside of a ditch that runs north to south along the road (Figure 27 and Figure 31). This area is located on a transition of alluvial soils from glacial till on 172nd Avenue NW into glacial outwash on the northern end of Clarence Avenue, with an elevation ranging from 140-160 feet. Between both ends of Clarence Avenue is a gully that connects with Gifford Point at the southern end of Soundview Dr, with a high probability of archaeological material due to the proximity of SN00004. Common matrixes including M1, M3, M2 matrixes encountered in other areas as well as M1 and M4 (Figure 30). The occurrences of the M4 matrix occurred mainly in the northern half of Clarence Avenue with the transition of alluvial soils. This area also exhibited the only intact sediment profile with the appearance of M6, a well-developed forest soil (Figure 29) on 172nd Avenue NW.

Between shovel tests 127 and 131 a layer of burned sediment and charcoal was encountered in various levels of disturbance (Figure 28). We believe this is related to timber clearing predating the residential construction along this road. The ratio of burned sediment to carbon suggests a high heat fire such as from a big brush clearing pile. Also, the deposit is spread out over a few hundred feet which is what we find when a pile is graded out when burning is complete and is more disturbed as you move east suggesting that the pile probably originated near ST 131 and was spread in one or more grading events to the east. The deposit lacks the kind of gradual interface, carbon breakdown (sediment staining) and associated debris (lithics, bone fragments, shell fragments) that we often find with a precontact or protohistoric fire pit. The matrices above and below are both disturbed which also supports that this is not a burn-in-place and is not a burn of antiquity. No other cultural material was observed.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 36

Figure 25: Sketch map of the northern half of Clarence Avenue.

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Figure 26: Sketch map of the southern half of Clarence Avenue and 172nd St NW.

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Figure 27: View north of Clarence Avenue nearby ST 143.

Figure 28: View South ST 131, burn layer likely related to timber clearing.

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Figure 29: View north of ST 130, M1 over M5.

Figure 30: View east of ST 140, M1 over M4.

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Figure 31: View east over ST 128.

Section D—Lake Martha In Section or work area D, a total of 10 STs were excavated within two separate reservoir areas near Lake Martha. The eastern water reservoir site is located at 195 feet asl and the western water reservoir site is at 225 feet asl. STs were placed judgmentally around and between the water reservoirs. STs 42- 44 were placed on the southern end of the eastern water reservoir site while also being within close proximity to Lake Martha (Figure 32 and Figure 33). We encountered M1, M3, and M5. At the western water reservoir location, we encountered M1 and M3 in our shovel test probes.

No cultural material was observed.

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ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 42

Figure 32: View east of ST 43 eastern reservoir.

Figure 33: View west of ST 42 and 43 with ERCI at eastern water reservoir site.

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Figure 34: View west of western water reservoir site, west of 84th Dr NW.

Section D—84th Avenue NW In Section or work area D, 4 STs were placed inside the fence of the existing water treatment facility. All four STs consisted of the disturbed M1. No cultural material was observed.

Figure 35: Sketch map of STs at the water treatment facility.

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Figure 36: View west of water treatment facility on 84th Avenue NW.

Figure 37: View east of ST30 with water treatment facility and ERCI crew.

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Figure 38: View east of ST 30 with disturbed M1 matrix.

Fire Hydrant Replacement On October 11, 2019 ERCI archaeologists Paige E. Hawthorne and Hayley Nichols dug 10 STs at proposed fire hydrant locations. The majority of STs reflected similar matrixes encountered in the previous sub surface survey No cultural material was observed in any of the fire hydrant testing locations.

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Figure 39: Sketch map of ST locations for fire hydrant replacement.

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Figure 40: View east of ST 189 matrixes with example of M4 matrix encountered.

Figure 41: View south of ST 189 on 96th Avenue NW with ERCI.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 48 Gully Easement On November 11 2019, ERCI archaeologists Paige E. Hawthorne and Courtney M. Strehlow carried out a subsurface survey of 9 STs in proposed easement routes acquired from Snohomish PUD in November 2019 for connecting water lines from Clarence Avenue to an existing line on 184th Avenue NW (Figure 42). All STs reflected similar matrixes encountered in the previous survey being located in areas of glacial outwash such as M4. M1, M2, and M3 matrixes were also observed in areas of overlaying glacial till (Figure 43). No cultural material was observed.

A pedestrian survey was also conducted in the gully area in between Clarence Avenue and 184th Avenue NW, which is a high probability area for archaeological material. The survey included looking for any culturally modified trees, rock cairns and cultural depressions. The gully consisted of a mature coniferous trees with the usual understory of ferns, grasses, mosses and both native and invasive blackberries on the gully slopes (Figure 44 and Figure 45). The gully was littered with modern debris, it looked as if people were regularly dumping from the north side of the gully and occasionally high water in the gully moved the garbage down slope.

Kelly Bush met with Sam Barr from the Stilliguamish Tribe of Indians on site on November 11 and discussed the project and the location and he joined the crew to examine sediments and exposures.

Figure 42: Sketch map of STs placed in proposed easement routes for Clarence Avenue water line.

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Figure 43: View west of strata from ST 197 with M1 and M4 matrixes.

Figure 44: View west of gully nearby ST 201.

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Figure 45: View east of gully nearby ST 201.

6.3 Monitoring On September 24, 2019 ERCI archaeologist Paige E. Hawthorne monitored as the Snohomish PUD crew used a vactor truck to pot hole for utilities on Soundview Drive. Monitoring protocols followed those presented in the Methods 5.0. While monitoring, overview photos and profiles of the trenches were taken.

The roadside trenches were approximately 7 feet in length, and varied between 2 to 3 feet in width, and 3 to 4 feet in depth (Figure 46-Figure 52). Existing sewer lines were all 8 feet or more deep and were not at any risk of being impacted by the proposed waterline replacement project. The trenches were backfilled in with sterile imported gravel. No cultural material was encountered.

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Figure 46: Sketch map of vactor trench installations.

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Figure 47: View east of vactoring near Trench 1.

Figure 48: View south near Trench 3.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 53 The trenches excavated all exhibited similar matrixes to those encountered during the subsurface survey.

Figure 49: View west of M1 and M2 matrixes in Trench 1 with telecom cables near base.

Figure 50: View east of M1 and M2 matrixes in Trench 2.

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Figure 51: View east of M1 and M2 in Trench 3.

Figure 52: View south at the beginning of Trench 3 excavation.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 55 6.5 Discussion An intensive pedestrian and judgmental subsurface survey (193 STs in total) were conducted in the five section or work zones within the APE. Section or work zone A on Soundview Drive NW has the highest probability for archaeological material due to the proximity of archaeological sites and historic activities. Shovel tests indicated disturbed sediments from a number of roadside and residential construction. One diagnostic glass fragment was encountered within a disturbed context. All other shovel tests were negative except for some debris such as unidentifiable metal, glass and ceramic fragments. This road corridor has plenty of disturbance from road and residential construction and we tested on the landward side of the Soundview Drive. Much of our testing was in or adjacent to the road side ditch which also has seen repeated disturbance over time. If intact sediments or older artifacts or features are to be encountered, we would expect them under the road or on the waterward side of the road. We were surprised not to find more historic refuse older than 50 years as this neighborhood has had immigrants for more than 100 years, especially in the north closer to commercial ventures that would have attracted activity. However, we were again in mostly, disturbed repeatedly, sediments and there may be some complete objects somewhere in the road corridor. We were also surprised not so see any pre contact evidence in the south near the stream. Again, part of this could be due to the narrow survey corridor that we were investigating along this road way.

More intact sediment profiles were encountered as we move further inland where the lot sizes are larger. On Clarence Avenue, glacial till transitioned to glacial outwash sediments as we moved northwards with some disturbance from roadside and residential construction. Between the two northern sections of Clarence Avenue is a gully which drains out to the west into Port Susan. This gully and the property around it is high probability for archaeological material. We walked through the center of the gully up by 96th Avenue and it was mostly full of modern trash but if substantial digging or grading or vegetation removal were happening around that gully there would be additional risk to encountering buried archaeological deposits.

Overall there is a plethora of oral and written history about the land use in this neighborhood by both Native Americans and immigrants. There are historic burials that are known to tribal members and recorded on site forms very near to the project area. We have reduced the risk of encountered a large (village size) archaeological site but there is still risk associated with small archaeological sites or objects and features. This is true for both precontact and historic components.

7.0 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS No protected cultural resources were identified during our fieldwork. The management recommendations that we are now providing are based on our findings from this field investigation. We recommend that: 1. The proposed project proceed as planned with a UDP training for all workers on the site by a Professional Archaeologist and copy of the Unanticipated Discoveries Protocol (UDP) to be on site at all times (Appendix x). 2. The highest probability areas for precontact archaeological deposits are: a. All properties adjacent to the gully b. The south end of Soundview Drive NW, and c. Any work that might happen on the waterward side of Soundview Drive NW i. The project would benefit from having these areas constructed under an archaeological monitor. 3. We recognize that some areas in the project may have more historic refuse than others and there is a benefit to the project to develop an archaeological monitoring protocol to carry out should it become burdensome to call an archaeologist in everytime a bottle is found.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 56 4. In the event that any ground-disturbing activities or other project activities related to this development or in any future development uncover protected cultural material (e.g., bones, shell, stone or antler tools), all work in the immediate vicinity should stop, the area should be secured, and any equipment moved to a safe distance away from the location. The on-site superintendent should then follow the steps specified in the UDP (Appendix x). 5. In the event that any ground-disturbing activities or other project activities related to this development or in any future development uncover human remains, all work in the immediate vicinity should stop, the area should be secured, and any equipment moved to a safe distance away from the location. The on-site superintendent should then follow the steps specified in the UDP (Appendix 2).

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ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 69 1995 Food Plants of Coastal First Peoples. Royal British Columbia Museum Handbook. Victoria, British Columbia. Tweddell, Collin Ellidge 1974 A Historical and Ethnological Study of the Snohomish Indian People: A Report Covering Their Aboriginal and Continued Existence and Their Effective Occupation of a Definable Territory. In Coast Salish and Western Washington Indians, Volume 2, edited by David Agee Horr, pp. 261-262. Garland, New York. United States 1859 Treaty between the United States and the Dwámish, Suquámish, and other allied and subordinate Tribes of Indians in Washington Territory. Concluded at Point Elliott, Washington Territory, January 22, 1855, ratified by the Senate, March 8, 1859. Proclaimed by the President of the United States, April 11, 1859. United States Statutes at Large, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America XII:927. United States Bureau of Indian Affairs 1993 Summary under the Criteria and Evidence for Proposed Finding for Federal Acknowledgment of the Snoqualmie Indian Tribe: Prepared in response to a petition submitted to the Secretary of the Interior for Federal acknowledgment that this group exists as an Indian tribe. United States Department of the Interior, Office of Federal Acknowledgement SNQ- V001-D004. United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, Washington, D.C. United States Court of Claims 1933 The Duwamish, Lummi, Whidbey Island, Skagit, upper Skagit, Swinomish, Kikiallus, Snohomish, Snoqualmie, Stillaguamish, Suquamish, Samish, Puyallup, Squaxin, Skokomish, upper Chehalis, Muckleshoot, Nooksack, Chinook and San Juan Islands tribes of Indians, claimants, vs. the United States of America, defendant. No. F-275. Argus Press, Seattle. United States Geological Survey (USGS) 1937 Topographic Map of the Mount Vernon Quadrangle 15-Minute Series. USGS Historical File Topographic Division. Washington State Historical Society 2019 Collections Catalog. Electronic document, http://www.washingtonhistory.org/collections/item.aspx?irn=131544&record=56 [accessed 12/19/19]. Waterman, T.T. 1920 Puget Sound Geography. Microform of manuscript on file, Suzzallo Library, Microfilm A3435. University of Washington, Seattle. Waterman, T.T., Hilbert, Vi, J. Miller, and Zalmai Zahir (editors) 2001 Puget Sound Geography. Original manuscript from T.T. Waterman [1921]; edited with additional material from Vi Hilbert, Jay Miller, and Zalmai Zahir. Lushootseed Press, Federal Way, Washington. Waters, Michael R., Thomas W. Stafford Jr., H. Gregory McDonald, Carl Gustafson, Morten Rasmussen, Enrico Cappellini, Jesper V. Olsen, Damian Szklarczyk, Lars Juhl Jensen, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, and Eske Willerslev. 2011 Pre-Clovis Mastodon Hunting 13,800 Years Ago at the Manis Site, Washington. Science 334(6054):351–353. Wessen, Gary C. 1989 A Report of Archaeological testing at the Dupont Southwest Site (45-PI-72), Pierce County, Washington. Western Heritage, Olympia, Washington. Submitted to Weyerhaeuser Real Estate Company Land Management Division Tacoma, Washington. On file at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia. White, William S. 2013 National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (45CA523). On file at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 70 9.0 APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Shovel Test Descriptions ST Depth Dia Matrix Description Comments (cm) (cm) 1 35 Profil 0-20: M1- Clear interface Negative e 20-35: M2 Terminate: Glacial

2 28 24 *profile on yard side of drainage ditch- Negative Limited testing area warrants profile 3 90 Profil 0-20: M1- glass and plastic refuse from Negative e road- clear interface to M2 Terminate: Large root 20-50: M2- gradual interface to M3 50-90: M3- increased coarseness with depth and lighter in color 4 84 38 0-18: Gravel fill- South wall Negative 18-56: M4 coarse sand w/ rounded N, E, S walls all gravel fill pebbles (West wall) 56-84: M4 variant Coarse sand darker color change (West wall) 5 60 45 0-30: gravel fill mixed with M4 Negative 30-60: M4 10 YR ¾ grayish brown; Terminate: Glacial sandy silt 80%, 10% pebbles, 10% gravels, subangular- likely glacial. 6 81 40 0-49: M3 10 YR 5/4 yellowish brown Negative mottled with 10 YR 5/2 grayish brown contained brown glass, 8 pieces 1 plastic. 49-81: M4 10 YR 5/4 yellowish with more sand and pebbles (intact) 7 100 48 0-35: M1. Contained plastic at 20 cm dbs Negative 35-85: M3. Gradual interface with M1 Terminate: 1 M 85-100: M2. Gradual interface with M3 8 80 44 0-66: M1. Large cobble near surface. Negative 66-80: M2. dense compaction. Terminate: glacial 9 75 50 0-50: M1. Negative 50-75: M3. Terminate: root 10 45 50 0-30: M1. Negative 30-45: M2. Attempted bucket auger but Terminate: glacial too compact. 11 80 45 0-80: M1. Clear and brown glass frags, 3 Negative pebble-sized pieces of asphalt, 2 pieces of Terminate: Styrofoam. Cobble impasse 12 55 35/pr 0-45: M1. Negative ofile 45-55: glacial M2. 13 65 42 0-45: M1. 4 pieces of brown glass, one Negative marked with “lable”; 2 pieces of clear Terminate: reached glacial glass. 45-65: M2.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 71 ST Depth Dia Matrix Description Comments (cm) (cm) 14 64 50/pr 0-46: M1. Gradual 5 cm interface with Negative ofile M2. Terminate: glacial reached 46-64: M2. Glacial. 15 100 Profil 0-100: M1. Profile along steep hillside. Negative e Terminate: 1M 16 70 42 0-40: M1. Negative 40-60: M3. Terminate: plan 60-70: M2 17 49 37 0-22: M1. Trash (foil wrapper with Negative ingredients and barcode, modern). Terminate: reached glacial 22-46: M3. 46-49: M2. 18 70 51 0-21: M1. Negative 21-59: M3. Heavy cobbles present. Terminate: glacial reached 59-70: Breaker bar down to 70 cm dbs. 19 58 50 0-40: M1. Green glass. Negative 40-58: M2. Clear transition with M1. Terminate: glacial 20 106 45 0-29: M1. 13-29 cm dbs oxidized. Negative 29-106: Glacial outwash, small pocket of Terminate: reached 1 meter gray, 90% sand, orange in color, representative of glacial outwash. 106-128: Glacial outwash. (Bucket auger) 21 106 46 0-30: M1. Negative 30-100: M3. Terminate: 1M 100-106: M2. 22 90 45 0-90: M1 mixed with gravel fill, wet fill Negative for utility, on slope of berm toward ditch. Terminate: plan 23 100 45 0-100: M1. At 50 cm dbs damp and Negative pockets of gray, possibly pockets of Terminate: reached 1 meter disturbed glacial. 24 60 40 0-60: M1. Trash/modern refuse on Negative surface ~10 cm dbs. At 60 cm dbs utility Terminate: utility pipe, black and unmarked, in east wall. (unmarked) Top 25 cm lighter color on west wall, likely from gravel fill, parallel roadway. 25 60 40 0-52: M1. Small amount of natural Negative charcoal (likely root burn). Terminate: reached glacial 52-60: M2. 26 50 35/pr 0-18: M1. Negative ofile 18-50: M2. Gradual mottled interface Terminate: cobble non with M1. Ring of obstructing cobble bypass around bottom base of profile. 27 69 37/pr 0-21: M1. Large roots near surface. Negative ofile 21-49: M3. Terminate: cobble 49-69: M2: Large cobbles at top of obstructing depth matrix.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 72 ST Depth Dia Matrix Description Comments (cm) (cm) 28 41 41 0-32: M1. Negative 32-41: M2. Terminate: reached glacial 29 100 44 0-30: M1. 40% cobbles. Negative 30-100: M2. Lighter in color with depth, Terminate: 1M considerably lighter at 80 cm dbs 30 84 38 0-84: M1. Full of cobbles and pebbles Terminate: compaction throughout. 31 80 48 0-80: M1. Mixed with fill. Negative Terminate: compaction 32 70 45 0-70: M1. Disturbed, mixed with gravel Negative fill. Terminate: compaction 33 100 47 0-100: M1. Layer of charcoal 65-75 cm Negative dbs. Terminate: reached 1 meter 34 100 51 0-68: M1. Plastic trash bag piece at ~50 Negative cm dbs. Terminate: 1m reached 68-100: M3. Mottled M3 with M1 clear mixture of M3 throughout M1. 35 101 49 0-32: M1. Clear and brown glass, broken Negative bottle neck pieces (brown). Terminate: reached 1 meter 32-101: (Glacial outwash?) M4. 80% coarse sand, 10% gravels, 10% pebbles (subangular and subrounded), gray in color, dry. 36 80 48 0-65: M1. Disturbed, mixed with gravel Negative fill, heavy compaction. Terminate: compaction 65-80: M1. Disturbed, more sand. 37 80 50 0-55: M1. Negative 55-75: M2. Terminate: plan 75-80: M3. Decomposed tree 40-70 cm dbs in west wall. 38 80 43 0-37: M1. Very loose compaction. Negative 37-68: M3. Natural burn area in east wall Terminate: glacial reached ~50-58 cm dbs. 68-80: M2. Clear transition with M3. 39 101 51 0-29: M1. One piece of clear glass. Negative 29-101: M4. Terminate: reached 1 meter 40 80 45 0-80: M1. Mixed with fill, large cobble at Negative 75 cm dbs. 20+ brown glass fragments Terminate: cobble impasse and one brick fragment ~30 cm dbs. Bottle base “NW,” “43 or 48,” “5.” 41 37 42 0-37: M1. Roots throughout, large root Negative obstruction at 27 cm dbs from southeast Terminate: root obstruction wall. Second hole attempted in this area. Roots from nearby cedar stump. 42 61 46 0-35: M1. With gravel fill, chunk of Negative concrete. Terminate: reached glacial 35-41: M4. 41-57: M2.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 73 ST Depth Dia Matrix Description Comments (cm) (cm) 43 100 48 0-36: M1. Dense compaction with gravel Negative fill. Terminate: 1M reached 36-64: M4. 64-100: 10 YR 2/1 black 98% silt, 2% gravels; Moderate compaction; Mixed with M4. 44 75 45 0-20: M1. Negative 20-50: M4. Terminate: possible midden 50-60: M2? 60-75: 10 YR 2/1 black 98% silt, 2% gravels; Moderate compaction; Mixed with M4. 45 18 uneve Drainage type mesh just below surface Negative n with 99% small rounded gravels above. Terminate: drainage mesh 46 72 46 0-35: M1 Negative 35-60: M3. Gradual transition with M1. Terminate: reached glacial 60-72: M2. Gradual transition with M3. 47 81 45 0-38: M1. High concentration of roots. Negative Variable depth with varied interface. Terminate: M4 reached 38-50: M3. Variable depth with varied interface. 50-84: M4. Variable depth with varied interface. 48 45 50 0-20: M1. Contains metal fragments. Negative 20-45: M2. Clear transition with M1. Terminate: plan 49 60 49 0-40: M1. Negative 40-60: M3. Terminate: glacial 50 88 31 0-14: M1. Negative 14-88: M2. Damp. Terminate: reached glacial Profile ST, east side of ditch. & water table 51 80 42 0-40: M1. Negative 40-68: M3. Variable transition with M1. Terminate: glacial 68-80: M2. Hard compaction/glacial. Profile ST. 52 63 49 0-25: M1. Negative 25-53: M3. Terminate: glacial 53-63: M2. Gradual/intermixed transition with M3. Profile ST. 53 86 37 0-50: M1. Negative 50-86: M2. Terminate: reached glacial Profile ST, east side of ditch. & water table 54 50 40 0-30: M1. Negative 30-50: M2. Clear transition with M1. Terminate: plan Profile ST. 55 59 40 0-30: M1. Negative 30-43: M3. Terminate: glacial 43-59: M2.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 74 ST Depth Dia Matrix Description Comments (cm) (cm) 56 46 40 0-31: M1. Found 2 broken pieces of Negative possible fish bone and some bubble Terminate: reached glacial wrap/pieces of trash. 1.5 cm x 1 cm and 2 & water table x 1 cm reburied wrapped in orange flagging tape at 45 cm dbs. 57 50 45 0-20: M1. Negative 20-50: M2. Clear transition with M1. Terminate: plan Larger cobbles than previous M2. 58 60 49 0-33: M1. 2 clear glass frags in interface. Negative 33-60: M3. Gradual/intermixed transition Terminate: water table with M1, water table filling at base. 59 76 47 0-26: M1. Glass: 7 brown, 1 clear, 2 Negative green glass fragments. Terminate: water table 26-76: M3. Gradual transition with M1, water filling at base. 60 33 44 0-20: M1 with gravel fill Negative 20-33: M2 (gradual transition) 61 76 0-68: gravel fill. Negative 68-76: M4 glacial. Terminate: water table 62 42 42 0-28: M1 with some gravel fill Negative 28-42: M2 63 70 39 0-24: M1 with gravel fill. Negative 24-70: M1. Reached water table. Terminate: water table at base 64 70 40 0-19: gravel fill in M1. Negative 19-66: M1. Fragment of turquoise Terminate: colored insulator with “AY-29” glacial 66-70: glacial, heavy compaction. 65 42 21 0-21: M1 with gravel fill Negative 66 50 39 0-38: M1—brown glass, melted plastic Negative and brick 38-50: M2 ceramic (white) with base ridges 5 x 4 cm, Styrofoam fragment 67 40 50 0-20: M1. Negative 20-90: M2. Clear transition with M1. Terminate: water Reached water table. 68 64 42 0-64: M1 with gravel fill with large Negative rounded and sub-rounded pebbles. 3 Terminate: compaction at fragments of clear glass in M1. base 69 51 36 0-29: M1. Negative 29-51: M2. Terminate: reached glacial & water table 70 47 44 0-47: M1. Modern bottle neck near Negative surface. Water table filling at base. Terminate: water table 71 45 50 0-35: M1. Negative 35-45: M2. Clear transition with M1. 72 40 40 0-30: M1. Negative 30-40: M2. Terminate: plan

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 75 ST Depth Dia Matrix Description Comments (cm) (cm) 73 81 41 0-20: M1. Mixed with surface organics. Negative 20-65: M1. Mixed with gravel filled Terminate: glacial mixture. 2 clear glass frags, 1 nail. 65-81: M2. 74 70 50 0-55: M1. Concrete at 15 cm dbs, 1.5-3’’ Negative thick, 8’’ by 1’’ L x W. Concrete was Terminate: plan broken, lying on landscaping material. 1 aqua bottle base fragment, 1 piece of brick, 1-piece rounded clay, 1-piece metal, 1 piece led. 55-70: M2. 75 79 41 0-5: M1 with gravel fill. Negative 5-15: Coarse sand with gravel fill. Terminate: reached glacial 15-38: M5 (very dark brown, sandy, damp). 38-69: M4. 69-79: M2. 76 50 50 0-7: M1. Negative 7-28: gravel fill with cobbles, mixed coarse sand. 28-50: M5. Encountered broken plastic piping coming from house.

77 100 45 0-100: M1 mixed with fill. Mostly fill Negative (definitive disturbance). Moisture change Terminate: 1M reached at about 60 cm dbs making soil darker with higher moisture. 78 75 43 0-30: M1 mixed with fill. Negative 30-70: M5. 1 fragment of cobalt blue Terminate: water table beveled glass with “the throat and lungs” embossed. 1 brown glass fragment. 70-75: Reached water table. 79 60 38 0-40: M1. Negative 40-60: M2. Terminate: glacial 80 60 50 0-55: M5. Negative 55-60: M2. 81 62 48 0-36: M1. Small chunk of asphalt. Negative 36-55: M5. Terminate: reached water 55-62: M4. table 82 70 50 0-12: M1. Negative 12-45: M3. 45-65: M5. 65-70: M2. 83 54 41 0-54: M1 mixed with gravel fill. Water Negative table filling at base. Terminate: water filling base

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 76 ST Depth Dia Matrix Description Comments (cm) (cm) 84 58 42 0-38: M1. Several small chunks of Negative asphalt, one piece of broken, clear glass. Terminate: reached glacial 38-54: M4. 54-58: M2. 85 42 48 0-42: M1 mixed with gravel fill mixture. Negative Water table filling at base. Terminate: water filling 86 16 44 0-16: M1 mixed with fill. End of concrete Negative pipe about 10 cm dbs with 1’’ thick walls, Terminate: utility about 1 ft in diameter. 87 56 45 0-13: M1. Negative 13-49: M3. Variable interface with M1. Terminate: glacial 49-56: M2. Distinct interface with M3. 88 48 50 0-43: M1. Negative 43-48: M2. Terminate: plan 89 43 41 0-34: M1. Negative 34-40: M4. Terminate: reached glacial 40-43: M2. 90 60 50 0-12: M1. Negative 12-30: M3. 30-55: M5. 55-60: M2. 91 40 42 0-40: M1. Large cobble obstructing Negative further depth at base. Terminate: cobble non bypass 92 80 48 0-31: M1. Mixed with gravel fill, glass Negative fragments throughout (8 green, 4 brown, Terminate: water filling 3 clear). base 31-80: M1. Water table at base. 93 72 50 0-54: M1. Clear, brown and light blue Negative glass fragments, nail, white ceramic Terminate: reached black fragments. pipe ~2cm wide 94 92 49 0-52: M1. Darker brown fill. Negative 52-90: M4. Outwash, damp. Hit ground Terminate: hit ground water medium compaction. Burn layer at water 56-65 cm in outwash. 95 55 50 0-40: M1 mixed with gravel fill and iron Negative (likely from nearby water grate). Terminate: glacial 40-55: M2. 96 60 45 0-15: M1 with gravel fill and gravel on Negative surface. Terminate: glacial 15-55: M1. 55-60: M2 glacial. 97 59 41 0-6: Gravel fill. Negative 6-17: Concrete. Terminate: reached glacial 17-27: Sand fill. 27-52: M1. 52-59: M2.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 77 ST Depth Dia Matrix Description Comments (cm) (cm) 98 60 42 0-34: M1 fill. 0-13 cm dbs fill with Negative gravel, 13-21 cm dbs concrete with Terminate: hit glacial gravel, 21-34 cm dbs fill with gravel. 34-44: M1 without fill. 44-60: M2 glacial with very little cobbles, pebbles, gravel. 99 61 46 0-53: M1. 0-19 cm dbs gravel fill mixed Negative with M1. 19-53 cm dbs M1 mixed with Terminate: hit glacial iron. 19-33 cm dbs darker color and more compact. 1 piece of glass found in M1 and about 10-20 cm dbs. 53-61: M2. 100 61 46 0-16: gravel fill. Drainage pipe at base Negative punctured, dealt with. Terminate: punctured pipe 101 63 40 0-11: Gravel fill. One piece of clear glass Negative fragment. Terminate: reached glacial 11-24: Asphalt/ black compact gravel fill. 24-52: M1. 52-63: M2. 102 66 48 0-52: M1. Pockets of oxidation 36-52 cm Negative dbs, clear glass, piece of white glassy Terminate: reached glacial plastic or opaque glass, 5 pieces of bone, “non-human” from Aly, one is curved with ridges in the shape of a “v,” one piece of very worn shell. 103 37 45 0-34: M1 mixed with gravel fill. Found 1 Negative round head nail with head about .5 cm in Terminate: hit glacial diameter at 5-15 cm dbs. 34-37: M2. 104 45 36 0-18: M1 mixed with low concentration Negative of roadside gravels. Terminate: glacial 18-35: M1. 35-45: M2 glacial. Variable interface with M1. 105 33 40 0-30: M1 less compact, lots of roots. Negative 30-33: M2 glacial. Terminate: hit glacial 106 45 33 0-38: M1. Negative 38-45: M2. Metal shaft found along base Terminate: glacial of north wall. 107 35 45 0-28: M1 mixed with gravel fill and Negative coarse sand fill. Terminate: glacial 28-35: M2. 108 35 30 0-17: M1. Negative 17-35: M2. Terminate: glacial

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 78 ST Depth Dia Matrix Description Comments (cm) (cm) 109 30 38 0-18: M1. Less compact. Mid-century Negative Spoon found in wall at 11 cm. Spoon is Terminate: hit glacial metal with melamine handle, the end of handle is broken off, label reads “Eldan Stainless Steel Japan.” 18-30: M2. Less compact 110 60 41 0-27: M1. Brown glass, green plastic, and Negative metal. Terminate: reached glacial 27-60: M2. 27-45 cm dbs oxidized and moderate compaction, 45-60 cm dbs grey and moderate to hard compaction, damp. 111 30 45 0-20: M1 mixed with gravel fill. Negative 20-30: M2. Terminate: glacial 112 25 38 0-21: M1, loose compaction. Negative 21-25: M2, loose compaction. Terminate: hit glacial 113 40 35 0-20: M1. Negative 20-40: M2. Terminate: glacial 114 60 40 0-45: M1. Disturbed with fill. Negative 45-58: M2. Terminate: glacial 115 46 39 0-23: M1. More dense than previous. Negative 23-46: Highly compact, possible glacial Terminate: hit glacial at the bottom. 116 42 42 0-22:M1. Negative 22-32: Sandy and gravelly fill. Terminate: reached glacial 32-42: M2. & hard compaction 163 47 35 0-32: M1. blackberry roots throughout Negative layer. Terminate: hit glacial 32-47: M2 glacial, loosely compact. Profile ST. 117 44 45 0-29: M1. Lots of blackberry roots. Negative 29-44: M2, loosely compact. Terminate: hit glacial 118 60 43 0-25: M1. About 20-30 cm found round Negative head nail frag. Terminate: glacial 35-60: M2. More sand at 35-50 cm dbs. 119 43 38 0-26: M1. Lots of roots and 2 pieces of Negative glass found in about 16-26 cm dbs. Terminate: glacial 26-43: M2. 120 80 45 0-20: imported gravel fill Negative 20-55: M1, more roots Terminate: cobble impasse 55-80: M3 121 53 48 0-9: M1—piece of modern glass (1 Negative brown, 2 clear) Terminate: roots 9-19: gravel layer with many thick roots 19-46: M1 with many thick roots 46-53: 46-53 122 70 55 0-25: Imported gravel fill Negative 25-60: M1 mixed with fill until 48cm Terminate: glacial 60-70: M2

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 79 ST Depth Dia Matrix Description Comments (cm) (cm) 123 100 50 0-59: M1 Negative 59-100: M3 Terminate: hit 1m 124 85 55 0-30: M1 mixed with gravel fill Negative 30-75: M6 Terminate: glacial 75-85: M2 125 76 50 0-28: M1 carbon flecks in wall at Negative interface Terminate: hit glacial 28-66: M3 66-76: M2 126 72 47 0-32: M1—rusted piece of metal found in Negative first 20 cm Terminate: reached glacial 32-59: M6 59-72: M2 127 55 50 0-20: M1, brown glass fragment Negative 20-42: M3 Terminate: glacial 42-55: M2 *brown glass base and fragments stippled borders 128 62 50 0-62: M6 with more soil development Negative around 30 cm dbs Terminate: boulder impasse 129 56 45 0-30: M1—cobbles Negative 30-50: M3—cobbles Terminate: glacial layer 50-56: M2 130 80 50 0-30: M1 Negative 30-68: M6 Terminate: glacial 68-80: M2 **Clear transitions between layers** 131 56 41 0-16: M1 with gravel Negative 16-32: M1 Terminate: hit glacial layer 32-47: M6 (38-42): brush burn layer 47-56: M2 132 79 50 0-26: M1 Negative 26-66: M3 Terminate: glacial (29-32): disturbed burn layer 66-79: M2 133 60 48 0-11: M1 Negative 11-37: M3—some forest soil mixed in Terminate: glacial 23-37cm 37-60: M2—drier than previous M2 found 134 75 50 0-14: M1 Negative 14-20: gravel fill Terminate: glacial 20-55: M3 modeled with M6 at 20% 55-75: M2 135 84 50 0-28: M1 Negative 28-40: M6—clear transition between this Terminate: glacial layer and M1/M3

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 80 ST Depth Dia Matrix Description Comments (cm) (cm) 40-80: M3 80-84: M2 136 72 50 0-30: M1 Negative 30-58: M3 Terminate: glacial 58-72: M4—outwash 137 52 48 0-46: M1—very wet, brown, modern Negative bottle found 20-30cm, metal- 10-20cm, 1 Terminate: hit glacial piece of brown glass and 1 piece of clear glass found 20-30cm 46-52: M2 138 50 50 0-20: M1 mixed with gravel fill Negative 20-30: M3 Terminate: glacial 30-35: M1 35-50: M2 ---clear transition 139 91 50 0-25: M1—green piece of glass found in Negative first 20 cm Terminate: hit glacial 25-57: M3 57-91: M4, wet 140 60 55 0-20: M1 Negative 20-60: M4-outwash compact at bottom ---clear transition glacial 141 62 50 0-45: M1 modeled with M3 Negative 45-62: M4-glacial outwash Terminate: glacial

142 61 47 0-17: M1 Negative 17-53: M3 Terminate: hit glacial 53-61: M2 143 45 50 0-35: M1 Negative 35-45: M3 Terminate: boulder impasse 144 60 37 0-40: M1, fill (black, chucks of asphalt) Negative 40-60: M3 PROFILE Terminate: glacial 145 70 45 0-30: M1 mixed with gravel fill Negative 30-70: M4 Terminate: glacial 146 65 35 0-19: M1, some trash, brown glass Negative fragments found between 15-40 cm Terminate: compact 19-65: M3, tarp fragment in wall of M3, bottom 20 cm is very compact, lots of gravels 147 70 45 0-50: M1 mixed with gravel fill Negative 50-70: M4 Terminate: glacial 148 49 34 0-8: foliage Negative 8-23: M1, many thick roots, 1 piece of Terminate: thick roots, clear glass at 10-20cm glacial outwash 32-49: M4 149 65 45 0-40: M4 outwash, coarse sand Negative 40-65: M2 More silt Terminate: glacial 150 62 43 0-6: foliage Negative 6-8: M1 Terminate: glacial 8-55: M4—some reddish layers (iron)

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 81 ST Depth Dia Matrix Description Comments (cm) (cm) 55-62: M2 PROFILE 151 35 45 0-6: M1 Negative 6-20: M3 Terminate: glacial 20-55: M2—wet glacial PROFILE 152 66 40 0-11: M1 Negative 11-44: M6 Terminate: glacial 44-66: M2 153 90 45 0-40: M1 with gravel fill Negative 40-90: M4 variant, sandy with subangular Terminate: plan pebbles/cobbles—resembles outwash but likely fill 154 90 43 0-90: M4 variant—mixed with gravel fill Negative for first 20 cm, brown glass piece found Terminate: 90 cm in first 20 cm Less coarse sand (likely fill—observed in a driveway), bottom 45-90 cm more cobbles and gravels possibly from being around drainage 155 90 50 0-20: M1 with gravel fill Negative 20-90: M4 variant, likely fill Terminate: plan 156 77 42 0-11: M1 Negative 11-20: M1 with gravel fill Terminate: glacial 20-77: M2 variant, darker brown/gray clumps together, very silty 157 48 40 0-19: M1 clear glass fragment ~10-30 cm Negative 19-43: M4 variant (like st154), disturbed Terminate: hit glacial 43-48: M2 158 75 50 0-30: M1 with gravel fill Negative 30-55: M4 variant Terminate: plan 55-75: M2 variant, much darker and grayish brown 159 56 50 0-27: M1 0-11: roots, 11-27: gravel fill Negative and M1 Terminate: glacial 27-48: M4 variant (like st154) 48-56: M2 160 80 50 0-35: M1 mixed with gravel fill Negative 35-80: M2 variant –fill, dark brown silty Terminate: water sand, terminated from water at bottom of ditch 161 60 44 0-35: M1, with gravel fill (13-35 cm) Negative 35-60: M4 variant (like ST 154), water Terminate: water table 162 50 41 0-30: M4 variant (like ST154), soft Negative compaction Terminate: glacial 30-50: M2 PROFILE 164 48 40 0-5: M1 Negative 5-33: M3 Terminate: glacial 33-48: M2 PROFILE

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 82 ST Depth Dia Matrix Description Comments (cm) (cm) 165 55 35 0-40: M1 Negative 40-55: M2 PROFILE Terminate: glacial 166 45 40 0-23: M3 Negative 23-45: M2 PROFILE Terminate: glacial 167 45 35 0-25: M1 Negative 25-45: M2 PROFILE Terminate: glacial 168 45 40 0-31: M3 Negative 31-45: M2 PROFILE Terminate: glacial 169 45 46 0-32: M1—1 fragment brown glass Negative 32-45: M2 Terminate: glacial 170 45 40 0-35: M1 Negative 35-45: M2 Terminate: glacial 171 50 45 0-40: M1 Negative 40-50: M2 Terminate: glacial 172 37 45 0-16: M1 Negative 16-37: M2 Terminate: glacial 173 60 50 0-50: M1-metal fragment in first 20 cm Negative 50-60: M2 Terminate: glacial 174 57 50 0-26: M1-fragment of green glass & Negative plastic button Terminate: glacial 26-43: M3 43-57: M2 175 70 50 0-39: M1 duct tape in wall ~12cm; fork in Negative first 20-30 cm; fragment brown glass Terminate: glacial found 25-35cm (part of bottle) 39-67: M3 67-70: M2 176 55 50 0-20: M1 Negative 20-44: M3 clear transitions Terminate: glacial 44-55: M2 177 65 50 0-28: M1 Negative 28-50: M3 clear transitions Terminate: glacial 50-65: M2 178 78 53 0-26: M1- brown glass fragment first 20 Negative cm Terminate: glacial 26-66: M3 very dry 66-78: M2 179 80 50 0-35: M1 Negative 35-80: M4 modeled with M2 Terminate: glacial 180 95 50 0-19: M1 Negative 19-85: M4 Terminate: glacial 85-95: M2 181 95 43 0-27: M1 Negative 27-39: M3 Terminate: glacial 39-89: M4 89-95: M2 182 56 40 0-20: M1 Negative

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 83 ST Depth Dia Matrix Description Comments (cm) (cm) 20-40: M3 Terminate: glacial outwash 40-56: M2 183 70 45 0-22: M1 Negative 22-70: M4 Terminate: glacial outwash 184 28 42 0-10: M1 + gravel fill Negative 10-28: M4 + gravel fill Terminate: boulder or concrete impasse 185 50 35 0-50: M1 (likely imported) PROFILE Negative Terminate: hit water 186 70 45 0-15: M1 gravel fill Negative 15-70: M4 Terminate: glacial 187 62 40 0-25: M1—brown glass fragment Negative 25-56: M3 Terminate: glacial 56-62: M2 188 100 50 0-8: M1 Negative 8-100: M4 Terminate: 100cm 189 100 50 0-10: M3 Negative 10-100: M4 Terminate: 1M 190 90 50 0-25: M1—2 glass fragments, some Negative modern trash Terminate: plan 25-50: gravel fill with chunks of concrete 50-90: M5 darker brown, more sandy variant 191 85 50 0-25: M1 Negative 25-85: M4 Terminate: glacial 192 75 45 0-16: gravel fill Negative 16-40: M1 + gravel fill Terminate: glacial 40-55: M1 roots, forest soil 55-75: M3 193 42 50 0-33: M1 Negative 33-42: M2 Terminate: glacial

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 84 Appendix 2: Photograph Log Number View Description 190904CMS001 N Locates between Lakewood and 184th St NW 190904CMS002 S Locates between Lakewood and 184th St NW 190904CMS003 S Disturbed area w/ hi viz cones 190904CMS004 S Disturbed area w/ hi viz cones 190904CMS005 E Disturbed area w/ hi viz cones 190904CMS006 N Locates between Lakewood and 184th St NW 190904CMS007 S Locates between Lakewood and 184th St NW 190904CMS008 N Locates between Lakewood and 184th St NW 190904CMS009 S Locates between Lakewood and 184th St NW 190904CMS010 N Locates between 184th and 180th 190904CMS011 S Locates between 184th and 180th 190904CMS012 N Locates between 184th and 180th 190904CMS013 S Locates between 184th and 180th 190904CMS014 N Locates between Railroad and Lakewood 190904CMS015 S Locates between Railroad and Lakewood 190904CMS016 N Locates between Railroad and Lakewood 190904CMS017 S Locates between Railroad and Lakewood 190904CMS018 S Locates between Railroad and Lakewood 190904CMS019 P Locates between Railroad and Lakewood 190904CMS020 P Locates between Railroad and Lakewood 190904CMS021 N Locates between 184th and 180th 190904CMS022 S Locates between 184th and 180th 190904CMS023 N Locates between 184th and 180th 190904CMS024 S Locates between 184th and 180th 190904CMS025 P Locates between 184th and 180th 190904CMS026 N Locates between 180th and 176th 190904CMS027 S Locates between 180th and 176th 190904CMS028 N Locates between 180th and 176th 190904CMS029 S Locates between 180th and 176th 190904CMS030 P Locates between 180th and 176th 190904CMS031 P Locates between 180th and 176th 190904CMS032 N Area near 176th where side of road is asphalt and gravel sided ditch 190904CMS033 S Area near 176th where side of road is asphalt and gravel sided ditch 190904CMS034 N Locates between 180th and 176th 190904CMS035 S Locates between 180th and 176th 190904CMS036 P Locates between 180th and 176th 190910CPH001 E ST1 profile no scale 190910CPH002 E ST1 profile no scale 190910CPH003 E ST1 profile with scale

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 85 Number View Description 190910CPH004 E ST1 profile with scale 190910CPH005 E ST3 profile no scale 190910CPH006 E ST3 profile no scale 190910CPH007 E ST3 profile with scale 190910CPH008 E ST3 profile with scale 190910CPH009 E ST3 profile w/o scale 190910CPH010 E ST3 profile closeup bottom half 190910CPH011 E ST3 profile w/ scale 190910CPH012 E ST3 profile w/ scale 190910CPH013 E ERCI crew at ST3 190910CPH014 N ERCI crew on 92nd 190910CPH015 S ST7 profile w/o scale 190910CPH016 S ST7 profile w/o scale 190910CPH017 S ST7 profile w/ scale 190910CPH018 S ST7 profile close up 190910CPH019 S ST11 profile w/o scale 190910CPH020 S ST11 profile w/ scale 190910CPH021 P ST11 Refuse 190910JQW001 E ST2 overview 190910JQW002 E ST2 w/o scale 190910JQW003 E ST2 w/ scale 190910JQW004 N ST2 overview 190910JQW005 N ST4 overview 190910JQW006 W ST4 West wall w/o scale 190910JQW007 W ST4 West wall w/ scale 190910JQW008 E ST4 East wall w/ scale 190910JQW009 S ST4 overview 190910JQW010 N ST6 overview ERCI crew 190910JQW011 E ST6 w/o scale 190910JQW012 E ST6 w/ scale 190910JQW013 ST6 glass 190910JQW014 ST6 plastic 190910JQW015 N ST8 overview 190910JQW016 N ST8 w/o scale 190910JQW017 N ST8 w/ scale 190910JQW018 S ST8 overview 190910JQW019 N ST12 overview ERCI crew 190910JQW020 E ST12 w/o scale 190910JQW021 E ST12 w/ scale 190910JQW022 S ST12 overview

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 86 Number View Description 190910JQW023 E ST12 overview 190910PEH001 N View from 176th St NW 190910PEH002 SW View of 176th St NW and Marine Dr. w/ water utilities 190910PEH003 N View of ST3 190910PEH004 N View of APE before 18th St NW 190910PEH005 N View of APE before 18th St NW 190910PEH006 N View of APE before 18th St NW 190910PEH007 E ST5 strata 190910PEH008 E ST5 w/ scale 190910PEH009 N ST5 overall 190910PEH010 N ST9 strata 190910PEH011 N ST9 w/ scale 190910PEH012 N ST9 overall 190910PEH013 N Overview near intersection of 184th St NW 190910PEH014 S ST10 Strata 190910PEH015 S ST10 w/ scale 190910PEH016 N ST10 overall 190910PEH017 N View of APE before 184th And water utility 190910PEH018 N View of APE before 184th And water utility at intersection of Marine Dr. and 184th (ERCI Crew) 190910PEH019 S ERCI at ST12 (Profile) 190911CMS001 E ST13 w/o scale 190911CMS002 E ST12 w/ scale 190911CMS003 P Glass fragments from ST12 w/ scale 190911CMS004 P Glass fragments w/ "Lable" 190911CMS005 P Glass fragments w/ "Lable" 190911CMS006 P Glass fragments w/ "Lable" 190911CMS007 P Glass fragments w/ "Lable" 190911CMS008 S ST13 overview 190911CMS009 NW ST17 w/o scale 190911CMS010 NW ST17 w/ scale 190911CMS011 S ST17 overview 190911CMS012 SW ERCI crew w/ bucker auger at ST 20 190911CMS013 W ST20 w/o scale 190911CMS014 P Bucket auger test at bottom of ST 20 190911CMS015 W ST20 w/ scale 190911CMS016 N ST20 overview 190911CMS017 W ST23 w/o scale 190911CMS018 W ST23 w/ scale 190911CMS019 S ST23 overview looking > Lakewood Road 190911CMS020 E ST25 w/o scale

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 87 Number View Description 190911CMS021 E ST25 w/ scale 190911CMS022 N ST25 overview looking >180th St 190911CMS023 N ST28 w/o scale 190911CMS024 N ST28 w/ scale 190911CMS025 S ST28 overview 190911CMS026 N ST28 overview 190911CPH001 E ST15 w/o scale 190911CPH002 E ST15 w/ scale 190911CPH003 S ST14 overview 190911CPH004 S ST14 overview 190911CPH005 N ST16 profile w/o scale 190911CPH006 N ST16 profile w/ scale 190911CPH007 N ST16 overview 190911CPH008 S ST16 overview 190911CPH009 N ST16 overview 190911CPH010 N ST16 overview 190911CPH011 N ST16 w/o scale 190911CPH012 W ST21 w/o scale 190911CPH013 W ST21 w/o scale 190911CPH014 W ST21 w/o scale 190911CPH015 W ST21 w/ scale 190911CPH016 W ST21 w/ scale 190911CPH017 W ST29 w/o scale 190911CPH018 W ST29 w/ scale 190911CPH019 W ST29 w/ scale 190911JQW001 N ST14 overview 190911JQW002 E ST14 w/o scale 190911JQW003 E ST14 w/ scale 190911JQW004 S ST14 overview 190911JQW005 N ST18 overview 190911JQW006 W ST18 w/o scale 190911JQW007 W ST18 w/ scale 190911JQW008 S ST18 overview 190911JQW009 S ST24 overview 190911JQW010 E ST24 w/o scale 190911JQW011 E ST24 w/ scale 190911JQW012 ST24 utility tube/pipe 190911JQW013 ST24 utility tube/pipe 190911JQW014 SW N end of APE/ Untestable area 190911JQW015 SW Utility locates (water)

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 88 Number View Description 190911JQW016 S Overview from boundary locate 190911JQW017 N Overview facing project boundary 190911JQW018 S ST26 overview ERCI crew 190911JQW019 W ST26 w/o scale 190911JQW020 W ST26 w/ scale 190911JQW021 N ST26 overview 190911JQW022 N ST27 overview 190911JQW023 W ST27 w/o scale 190911JQW024 W ST27 w/ scale 190911JQW025 S ST27 overview 190911PEH001 N View of Marine Dr. W/ ERCI at ST13 190911PEH002 N View of Marine Dr. W/ ERCI at ST13 190911PEH003 N View of Marine Dr. W/ ERCI at ST13 w/ ERCI at ST18 near intersection of 188th St Nw. 190911PEH004 N View of Marine Dr. W/ ERCI at ST13 with view of telephone pole 190911PEH005 E View of Utility pole 190911PEH006 S View of Marine Dr from intersection of 188th St Nw 190911PEH007 W ST18 Strata 190911PEH008 W ST19 w/ scale 190911PEH009 N ST19 overall 190911PEH010 E ST22 strata 190911PEH011 E ST22 w/ scale 190911PEH012 N ST22 overall 190912JQW001 N ST30 overview 190912JQW002 E ST30 w/o scale 190912JQW003 E ST30 w/ scale 190912JQW004 S ST30 overview 190912JQW005 NW ST34 overview 190912JQW006 N ST34 w/o scale 190912JQW007 N ST34 w/ scale 190912JQW008 SE ST34 overview 190912JQW009 N ST38 overview 190912JQW010 W ST38 w/o scale 190912JQW011 W ST38 W/ scale 190912JQW012 S ST38 overview 190912JQW013 E ST38 w/o scale 190912JQW014 SE ST41 overview 190912JQW015 E ST41 w/o scale 190912JQW016 E ST41 w/ scale 190912JQW017 NW ST41 overview 190912JQW018 W ST43 overview

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 89 Number View Description 190912JQW019 N ST43 w/o scale 190912JQW020 N ST43 w/ scale 190912JQW021 E ST43 overview 190912JQW022 W ST45 overview 190912JQW023 S ST45 w/ scale 190912JQW024 W ST47 overview 190912JQW025 W ST47 w/o scale 190912JQW026 W ST47 w/ scale 190912JQW027 E ST47 overview 190912JQW028 W Overview 190912JQW029 E W/o scale 190912JQW030 E w/ scale 190912JQW031 E Overview 190912CMS001 S ST33 w/o scale 190912CMS002 S ST33 w/ scale 190912CMS003 E ST33 overview 190912CMS004 S ST33 close up of charcoal 190912CMS005 S ST35 w/o scale 190912CMS006 S ST35 w/ scale 190912CMS007 W ST35 overview 190912CMS008 P Clear glass from ST35 w/ scale 190912CMS009 P Clear glass from ST35 w/ texture 190912CMS010 P Brown glass pieces from ST35 w/ scale 190912CMS011 P Broken brown glass bottleneck from ST35 190912CMS012 P Broken brown glass bottleneck from ST36 190912CMS013 P Broken brown glass bottleneck from ST37 190912CMS014 P Broken brown glass bottleneck from ST38 190912CMS015 P Broken brown glass bottleneck from ST39 190912CMS016 P Broken brown glass bottleneck from ST40 190912CMS017 W ST39 w/o scale 190912CMS018 W ST39 w/ scale 190912CMS019 W ST39 overview 190912CMS020 S ST39 overview 190912CMS021 P Clear glass w/ scale from ST39 190912CMS022 N ST42 w/o scale 190912CMS023 N ST42 w/ scale 190912CMS024 W ST42 overview ERCI crew 190912CMS025 E Project overview of Marta Lake well- shows ST42-44 - ERCI crew 190912CMS026 NW ST46 w/o scale 190912CMS027 NW ST46 w/ scale

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 90 Number View Description 190912CMS028 N ST46 overview 190912CMS029 E ST46 overview 190912CPH001 W ST30 overview 190912CPH002 E ST30 overview ERCI crew 190912CPH003 E ST30 profile w/o scale 190912CPH004 E ST30 profile w/o scale 190912CPH005 E ST 30 profile w/ scale 190912CPH006 W ST37 profile w/o scale 190912CPH007 W ST37 profile w/ scale 190912CPH008 W ST37 profile w/ scale 190912CPH009 SW ST37 overview 190912CPH010 SW ST37 overview 190912CPH011 SW ST37 overview 190912CPH012 P Glass frags from ST40 190912CPH013 P Glass frags from ST40 190912CPH014 P Bottle base from ST40 190912CPH015 P Glass frags from ST40 190912CPH016 P Makers Mark "NW" 190912CPH017 S ST40 profile w/o scale 190912CPH018 S ST40 profile w/ scale 190912CPH019 S ST40 profile w/o scale 190912CPH020 S ST40 overview 190912CPH021 S ST40 overview 190912CPH022 S ST40 overview 190912CPH023 S ST40 overview 190912CPH024 W ST40 overview 190912CPH025 W ST40 overview 190912CPH026 NW ST40 overview 190912CPH027 NW Overview from fenceline 190912CPH028 N Overview from fenceline 190912CPH029 N Overview from fenceline 190912CPH030 S Overview from fenceline 190912CPH031 S ST44 w/o scale 190912CPH032 E ST44 w/ scale 190912CPH033 E ST44 overview 190912CPH034 E ST44 overview 190912CPH035 E ST44 overview 190912CPH036 E ST44 overview 190912PEH001 W Overview of water treatment facility 190912PEH002 W Overview of water treatment facility with corridor w/ underground pipes

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 91 Number View Description 190912PEH003 W ERCI at SW corner of APE 190912PEH004 E SE corner if water treatment facility 190912PEH005 E ERCI at Northern half of water treatment facility 190912PEH006 S Overview of Southern half at E half 190912PEH007 S Overview of Southern half at E half at West half 190912PEH008 Overview of Southern half at E half 190912PEH009 NW ST32 strata 190912PEH010 NW ST32 w/ scale 190912PEH011 N ST32 overall 190912PEH012 E Overview of well houses area 190912PEH013 E ST36 strata 190912PEH014 E ST36 w/ scale 190912PEH015 N ST36 overall 190912PEH016 S ST41 strata 190912PEH017 S ST41 w/ scale 190912PEH018 W ST41 overall 190912PEH019 S ST41 shell fragment 190912PEH020 W Locate from Northern end of Soundview Pl Nw. 190912PEH021 N Locate from Northern end of Soundview Pl Nw. 190912PEH022 N Locate from 188th St NW and Soundview 190912PEH023 N Locate North of 188th St NW and Soundview Rd. 190912PEH024 N Locate North of 188th St NW and Soundview Rd. 190912PEH025 W ST48 Strata 190912PEH026 W ST48 w/ scale 190912PEH027 W ST48 overall 190912PEH028 W Overview of water Reservoirs West of 84th St. 190912PEH029 N Overview of water Reservoirs West of 84th St. 190917JQW001 N ST51 overview 190917JQW002 E ST51 w/o scale 190917JQW003 E ST51 w/ scale 190917JQW004 S ST51 overview 190917JQW005 N ST52 overview 190917JQW006 E ST52 w/o scale 190917JQW007 E ST52 w/ scale 190917JQW008 S ST52 overview 190917JQW009 N ST55 overview 190917JQW010 E ST55 w/o scale 190917JQW011 E ST55 w/ scale 190917JQW012 S ST55 overview 190917JQW013 N ST58 overview

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 92 Number View Description 190917JQW014 E ST58 w/o scale 190917JQW015 E ST58 w/ scale 190917JQW016 S ST58 overview 190917JQW017 Glass from interface words "PINT" ST158 190917JQW018 N ST59 Overview 190917JQW019 E ST59 w/o scale 190917JQW020 E ST59 w/scale 190917JQW021 S ST59 overview 190917JQW022 Glass from ST59 190917JQW023 N ST61 Overview 190917JQW024 W ST61 w/o scale 190917JQW025 W ST61 w/ scale 190917JQW026 S ST61 overview 190917JQW027 N ST63 overview 190917JQW028 E ST63 w/o scale 190917JQW029 E ST63 w/ scale 190917JQW030 S ST63 overview 190917JQW031 N ST64 overview 190917JQW032 E ST64 w/o scale 190917JQW033 E ST64 w/ scale 190917JQW034 Insulator frags 190917JQW035 Insulator closeup 190917JQW036 N ST68 overview 190917JQW037 E ST68 w/o scale 190917JQW038 E ST68 w/ scale 190917JQW039 S ST68 overview 190917JQW040 Glass 190917CMS001 E ST50 w/o scale 190917CMS002 E ST50 w/ scale 190917CMS003 S ST50 overview 190917CMS004 E ST50 overview 190917CMS005 E ST50 w/o scale 190917CMS006 E ST50 w/ scale 190917CMS007 E ST53 w/o scale 190917CMS008 E ST53 w/ scale 190917CMS009 E ST53 overview 190917CMS010 NE ST53 overview 190917CMS011 E ST53 w/o scale 190917CMS012 E ST53 w/ scale 190917CMS013 E Watertable in ST53

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 93 Number View Description 190917CMS014 E Watertable in ST53 190917CMS015 E Watertable in ST53 190917CMS016 P Possible fish bone piece from ST56 190917CMS017 P Possible fish bone piece from ST56 w/scale 190917CMS018 P Possible fish bone piece from ST56 190917CMS019 P Possible fish bone piece from ST56 (w/o scale) 190917CMS020 P Possible fish bone piece from ST56 190917CMS021 W ST56 w/o scale 190917CMS022 W ST56 w/ scale 190917CMS023 S ST56 overview 190917CMS024 NE ST60 w/o scale 190917CMS025 NE ST60 w/ scale 190917CMS026 S ST60 overview 190917CMS027 W ST62 w/o scale 190917CMS028 W ST62 w/ scale 190917CMS029 N ST62 overview 190917CMS030 W Culvert in ST65 190917CMS031 E ST65 w/o scale 190917CMS032 E ST w/ scale 190917CMS033 DELETE 190917CMS034 Overview ST65 190917CMS035 Overview ST65 190917CMS036 NE Culvert S of ST65 190917CMS037 N Culvert S of ST65 190917CMS038 W ST66 w/o scale 190917CMS039 W ST66 w/ scale 190917CMS040 P Ceramic from ST66 w/ scale 190917CMS041 P Ceramic from ST66 w/o scale 190917CMS042 N ST66 overview 190917PEH001 E ST54 (profile) 190917PEH002 E ST54 w/tape 190917PEH003 E ST54 overall 190917PEH004 N Overview of Soundview 190917PEH005 N Strata ST57 190917PEH006 N ST57 w/ tape 190917PEH007 N ST57 overall 190917PEH008 W ST67 strata 190917PEH009 W ST67 w/ tape 190917PEH010 W ST67 overall 190918JQW001 N Overview ST70

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 94 Number View Description 190918JQW002 W ST70 w/o scale 190918JQW003 W ST70 w/ scale 190918JQW004 S ST70 overview 190918JQW005 ST70 bottle neck 190918JQW006 N ST73 Overview 190918JQW007 E ST73 w/o scale 190918JQW008 E ST73w/ scale 190918JQW009 S ST73 Overview 190918JQW010 ST73 glass 190918JQW011 ST73 nail 190918JQW012 N ST77 overview 190918JQW013 E ST77 w/o scale 190918JQW014 E ST77 w/ scale 190918JQW015 S ST77 overview 190918JQW016 N ST79 overview 190918JQW017 W ST79 w/o scale 190918JQW018 W ST79 w/ scale 190918JQW019 S ST79 overview 190918JQW020 ST83 overview 190918JQW021 ST83 w/o scale 190918JQW022 ST83 w/ scale 190918JQW023 ST83 overview 190918JQW024 N ST85 overview 190918JQW025 W ST85 w/o scale 190918JQW026 W ST85 w/ scale 190918JQW027 S ST85 overview 190918JQW028 N ST87 Overview 190918JQW029 S ST87 w/o scale 190918JQW030 S ST87 w/ scale 190918JQW031 S ST87 Overview 190918JQW032 N ST91 overview 190918JQW033 N ST91 w/o scale 190918JQW034 N ST91 w/ scale 190918JQW035 S ST91 overview 190918CPH001 E ST72 w/o scale 190918CPH002 E ST72 w/ scale 190918CPH003 N Overview ST72 ERCI crew 190918CPH004 E ST74 concrete 190918CPH005 E Overview ST74 190918CPH006 E ST74 concrete removed

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 95 Number View Description 190918CPH007 P Refuse from ST74 190918CPH008 P Refuse from ST74 190918CPH009 P Concrete from ST74 190918CPH010 P Blue cobalt glass bottle fragment from ST78 190918CPH011 P Blue cobalt glass bottle fragment from ST78 190918CPH012 P Blue cobalt glass bottle fragment from ST78 190918CPH013 P Blue cobalt glass bottle fragment from ST78 190918CPH014 P Blue cobalt glass bottle fragment from ST78 190918CPH015 P Glass fragments from ST78 190918CPH016 E ST78 w/o scale 190918CPH017 E Overview ST78 190918CPH018 E ST80 w/o scale 190918CPH019 E Overview ST80 190918CPH020 E ST86 w/ concrete pipe exposed 190918CPH021 P ST86 w/ concrete pipe exposed 190918CPH022 NE Overview ST86 190918CPH023 E ST86 w/ scale 190918CPH024 E ST86 w/ scale 190918CPH025 N Overview ST86 190918CPH026 E Overview ST86 190918CPH027 E ST88 w/o scale 190918CPH028 E ST88 w/o scale 190918CPH029 E ST88 w/ scale 190918CMS001 W ST69 w/o scale 190918CMS002 W ST69 w/ scale 190918CMS003 S ST69 overview 190918CMS004 SW ST75 w/o scale 190918CMS005 SW ST75 w/o scale 190918CMS006 SW ST75 w/ scale 190918CMS007 SW ST 75 w/o scale 190918CMS008 W ST75 overview 190918CMS009 W ST81 w/o scale 190918CMS010 W ST81 w/ scale 190918CMS011 W Glacial and water table in ST81 190918CMS012 S ST81 overview 190918CMS013 W ST84 w/o scale 190918CMS014 W ST84 w/ scale 190918CMS015 W ST84 w/o scale 190918CMS016 N ST84 overview 190918CMS017 S DELETE

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 96 Number View Description 190918CMS018 S ST 89 w/o scale 190918CMS019 S ST89 w/ scale 190918CMS020 S ST89 overview 190918PEH001 W ST71 Strata 190918PEH002 W ST71 w/ tape 190918PEH003 N ST71 overall 190918PEH004 E ST76 strata 190918PEH005 E ST76 w/ tape 190918PEH006 N ST76 overall 190918PEH007 E ST82 strata 190918PEH008 E ST82 w/ tape 190918PEH009 N ST82 overall 190918PEH010 E ST90 strata 190918PEH011 E ST90 w/ tape 190918PEH012 N ST90 overall 190919HNN001 N Overview of ST94 showing Courtney North at ST93 190919HNN002 N Wall of ST94 w/o scale 190919HNN003 DELETE 190919HNN004 N North wall of ST94 w/ scale 190919HNN005 DELETE 190919HNN006 N North wall showing burn layer (ST94) 190919HNN007 W Overview of ST99 showing 2 houses across the street and 18716 mailbox 190919HNN008 W West wall of ST99 w/o scale 190919HNN009 DELETE 190919HNN010 W West wall of ST99 w/ scale 190919HNN011 Object Length of glass found in ST99 ~4cm, has rippled/ridged design 190919HNN012 Object Width of glass found in ST99~2cm only one side has ridges, ~0.75cm thick 190919HNN013 W Overview of ST98 showing house 18724 and 18720 190919HNN014 W West wall of ST98 w/o scale 190919HNN015 W West wall of ST98 w/ scale 190919HNN016 Object Bone fragments w/ scale, photo sent to Aly (ST102 see 190919CMS017 to 33) 190919HNN017 Object Bone fragment 190919HNN018 Object Bone fragment 190919HNN019 Object Bone fragment 190919HNN020 Object Bone fragment 190919HNN021 Object Bone fragment held by Courtney 190919HNN022 Object Bone fragment held by Courtney 190919HNN023 Object Bone fragment held by Courtney showing ridging

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 97 Number View Description 190919HNN024 W Overview of ST103, showing houses 18630 and 18632 190919HNN025 N Overview of ST103, showing Anderson mailbox and Courtney at ST102 190919HNN026 E East wall of ST103 w/ scale 190919HNN027 E East wall of ST103 w/o scale 190919HNN028 Object round head nail found in ST103 ~7cm long w/ scale 190919HNN029 Object round head nail, showing the head next to scale 190919HNN030 S Overview of ST105, showing ST106 and Jacob 190919HNN031 E East wall of ST105 w/ scale 190919HNN032 E East wall of ST105 w/o scale 190919HNN033 E Overview of ST109 showing 18605 house 190919HNN034 N Overview of ST109 showing Jacob at ST108 and Paige at ST107 190919HNN035 NW Northwest wall of ST109 w/ scale 190919HNN036 NW Northwest wall of ST109 w/o scale 190919HNN037 Object Spoon found in ST109 *description in matrix description* back of spoon 190919HNN038 Object Spoon found in ST109 front of spoon 190919HNN039 Object Close up of spoon label on handle, ST109 190919HNN040 E Overview of ST112 showing 18603 house garage 190919HNN041 N Overview of ST112 showing Paige at ST111 and Courtney at ST110 190919HNN042 E East wall of ST112 w/o scale 190919HNN043 E East wall of ST112 w/ scale 190919HNN044 N Overview of ST115 showing Jacob at ST114 190919HNN045 E East wall of ST115 w/ scale 190919HNN046 E East wall of ST115 w/o scale 190919PEH001 E Strata ST95 190919PEH002 E W/ tape ST95 190919PEH003 S overall ST95 190919PEH004 N Strata ST107 190919PEH005 N W/ tape ST107 190919PEH006 N Overall ST107 190919PEH007 N Strata ST111 190919PEH008 N W/ tape ST111 190919PEH009 S Overall ST111 190919PEH010 S View of Southern end of Soundview by ST113 190919CMS001 P Pipe @ bottom of ST93 190919CMS002 E ST 93 w/o scale 190919CMS003 E ST93 w/ scale 190919CMS004 N ST93 overview 190919CMS005 P Nail, glass, & ceramic from ST93 w/scale 190919CMS006 W ST97 w/o scale

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 98 Number View Description 190919CMS007 W ST97 w/scale 190919CMS008 W ST97 overview 190919CMS009 E ST97 overview 190919CMS010 E ST97 w/scale (good view of fill/concrete) 190919CMS011 S ST101 w/o scale 190919CMS012 S ST101 w/ scale 190919CMS013 E ST101 overview 190919CMS014 W ST102 w/o scale 190919CMS015 W ST102 w/ scale 190919CMS016 S ST102 overview 190919CMS017 NE ST102 overview--show ditch and drainage 190919CMS018 P Nonhuman bone fragments from ST102 w/scale 190919CMS019 P Nonhuman bone fragments from ST102 w/scale 190919CMS020 P Nonhuman bone fragments from ST102 w/scale 190919CMS021 P Nonhuman bone fragments from ST102 w/scale (w/o scale) 190919CMS022 P Nonhuman bone fragments from ST102 w/scale (w/o scale) 190919CMS023 DELETE 190919CMS024 DELETE 190919CMS025 Nonhuman bone fragments from ST102 w/scale (w/ scale) 190919CMS026 DELETE 190919CMS027 DELETE 190919CMS028 P Nonhuman bone frag from ST102 w/o scale 190919CMS029 P Nonhuman bone frag from ST102 w/o scale 190919CMS030 P Nonhuman bone frag from ST102 w/o scale 190919CMS031 P Nonhuman bone frag from ST102 w/o scale 190919CMS032 P Nonhuman bone frag from ST102 w/o scale 190919CMS033 P Nonhuman bone frag from ST102 w/o scale 190919CMS034 P Small, worn, unidentifiable shell fragment from ST102 w/ scale 190919CMS035 P White opaque glass/plastic from ST102 w/scale 190919CMS036 P White opaque glass/plastic from ST102 w/scale 190919CMS037 P Glass from ST w/ scale 190919CMS038 P Glass from ST (w/o scale) 190919CMS039 P Glass from ST (w/o scale) 190919CMS040 P Glass from ST (w/o scale) 190919CMS041 P Glass from ST (w/o scale) 190919CMS042 P Rusted metal fragment from ST110 190919CMS043 W ST110 w/o scale 190919CMS044 W ST110 w/ scale 190919CMS045 NE ST110 overview 190919CMS046 N ST116 w/o scale

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 99 Number View Description 190919CMS047 N ST116 w/ scale 190919CMS048 N ST116 overview 190919JQW001 N Overview ST92 190919JQW002 W ST92 w/o scale 190919JQW003 W ST92 w/ scale 190919JQW004 S ST92 overview 190919JQW005 Glass ST92 190919JQW006 N Overview ST96 190919JQW007 W ST96 w/o scale 190919JQW008 W ST96 w/ scale 190919JQW009 S Overview ST96 190919JQW010 N Overview ST100 190919JQW011 E ST100 w/o scale 190919JQW012 E ST100 w/ scale 190919JQW013 S Overview ST100 190919JQW014 W ST100 w/o scale 190919JQW015 after expanding hole for PUD 190919JQW016 after expanding hole for PUD 190919JQW017 after expanding hole for PUD 190919JQW018 N Overview ST104 190919JQW019 W ST104 w/o scale 190919JQW020 W ST104 w/ scale 190919JQW021 S Overview ST104 190919JQW022 N ST106 overview 190919JQW023 W ST106 w/o scale 190919JQW024 W ST106 w/ scale 190919JQW025 S ST106 overview 190919JQW026 N ST108 overview 190919JQW027 W ST108 w/o scale 190919JQW028 W ST108 w/ scale 190919JQW029 S ST108 overview 190919JQW030 S ST113 overview 190919JQW031 W ST113 w/o scale 190919JQW032 W ST113 w/ scale 190919JQW033 N ST114 Overview 190919JQW034 E ST 114 w/ scale 190919JQW035 E ST114 w/o scale 190919JQW036 S ST114 overview 190920HNN001 E Overview of ST116 showing blackberry bushes 190920HNN002 W Overview of ST116 showing 19410 house across the street

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 100 Number View Description 190920HNN003 E East wall of ST116 w/o scale (Profile) 190920HNN004 E East wall of ST116 w/ scale (Profile) 190920HNN005 W Overview of profile (ST117), house across the street 190920HNN006 W West wall of profile (ST117) w/o scale 190920HNN007 W West wall of profile (ST117) w/ scale 190920HNN008 W Overview of ST118 19132 Soundview house 190920HNN009 N North wall ST118 w/o scale 190920HNN010 N North wall ST118 w/ scale 190920HNN011 Object Nail found in ST118 ~2.5cm long 190920HNN012 Object Nail in ST118 ~0.5cm width head 190920HNN013 S Overview ST119 showing intersection sign 190920HNN014 E East wall of ST119 w/o scale 190920HNN015 E East wall of ST119 w/ scale 190920HNN016 Object Clear glass found in ST119 modern, clear 190924PEH001 E overall @ beginning of vactor T1 190924PEH002 S T1 overall 190924PEH003 E T1 overall 190924PEH004 W T1 strata 190924PEH005 E T1 strata 190924PEH006 S Filling of T1 with crushed rock 190924PEH007 N T2 overall before vactor 190924PEH008 E T2 strata 190924PEH009 N T2 overall 190924PEH010 W T2 strata 190924PEH011 E overall before vactor T3 190924PEH012 E T3 strata 190924PEH013 W T3 strata 190924PEH014 S Overall T3 190924PEH015 N filling in of T2 190924PEH016 S filling in of T3 190925HNN001 E Overview of ST121 190925HNN002 DELETE 190925HNN003 N North wall of ST121 w/ scale 190925HNN004 N North wall of ST121 w/o scale 190925HNN005 Object Glass fragments found in ST121 ~15-25cm deep, 2 clear, 1 brown 190925HNN006 S South wall of ST123 w/ scale 190925HNN007 DELETE 190925HNN008 DELETE 190925HNN009 DELETE 190925HNN010 S South wall of ST123 w/o scale

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 101 Number View Description 190925HNN011 E Overview of ST123 190925HNN012 NW Overview of ST125 190925HNN013 NW Northwest wall of ST125 w/o scale 190925HNN014 DELETE 190925HNN015 NW Northwest wall of ST125 w/ scale 190925HNN016 E Overview of ST126 showing house 9011 and street 190925HNN017 N North wall of ST126 w/o scale 190925HNN018 N North wall of ST126 w/ scale 190925HNN019 Object Metal found in first 20cm of ST126 190925HNN020 Object Another view of metal found in ST126 190925HNN021 N North wall of ST129 w/o scale 190925HNN022 N North wall of ST129 w/ scale 190925HNN023 S Overview of ST129 190925HNN024 S Overview of ST131 showing 9220, 9214, 3920 mailboxes 190925HNN025 S South wall of ST131 w/o scale 190925HNN026 S South wall of ST131 w/ scale 190925HNN027 S Close up of burn layer w/ scale ST131 190925HNN028 E Close up of burn layer w/o scale ST131 190925HNN029 E Overview of ST132 190925HNN030 East wall ST132 w/o scale 190925HNN031 DELETE 190925HNN032 DELETE 190925HNN033 E East wall ST132 w/ scale 190925HNN034 E Burn layer in East wall w/ scale ST132 190925HNN035 E Burn layer in East wall w/o scale ST132 190925PEH001 N ST120 Strata 190925PEH002 N ST120 w/ tape 190925PEH003 W ST120 overall 190925PEH004 E ST122 Strata 190925PEH005 E ST122 w/ tape 190925PEH006 W ST122 overall 190925PEH007 N ST124 Strata 190925PEH008 N ST124 w/ tape 190925PEH009 E ST124 overall 190925PEH010 N ST127 Strata 190925PEH011 N ST127 w/ tape 190925PEH012 E ST127 overall 190925PEH013 E Brown glass fragments from ST 127 190925PEH014 NW Close up of base w/ stippling, reads 'NW 656 61' 18 190925PEH015 S ST128 Strata

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 102 Number View Description 190925PEH016 S ST128 w/ tape 190925PEH017 E ST128 overall 190925PEH018 S ST130 Strata 190925PEH019 S ST130 w/ tape 190925PEH020 W ST130 overall 190925PEH021 W Intersection of 92nd Ave and 172nd St 190925PEH022 NW Water main flags at 9221 172nd St 190925PEH023 W Water main flags on 172nd w/ landscaping 190925PEH024 W Water main flags on 172nd w/ landscaping and fire hydrant near 9229 172nd St 190926HNN001 W Overview of ST133 showing ERCI at ST134 190926HNN002 E East wall of ST133 w/o scale 190926HNN003 E East wall of ST133 w/ scale 190926HNN004 W Overview of ST135 190926HNN005 N North wall of ST135 w/o scale 190926HNN006 N North wall of ST135 w/ scale 190926HNN007 S Overview of ST137 street sign 172 St NW 190926HNN008 E East wall of ST137 w/o scale 190926HNN009 E East wall of ST137 w/ scale 190926HNN010 Object Bottle found in ST137 190926HNN011 Object Bottle found in ST137 190926HNN012 Object Metal piece w/ scale ST137 190926HNN013 Object Metal piece ST137 190926HNN014 Object Clear and brown glass pieces found in ST137 190926HNN015 S Overview of ST139 showing 17221 190926HNN016 W West wall ST139w/o scale 190926HNN017 W West wall ST139 w/ scale 190926HNN018 Object Green glass found in ST139 190926HNN019 DELETE 190926HNN020 Object Green glass piece in ST139 190926HNN021 E Overview of ST142 190926HNN022 NE Northeast wall of ST142 w/o scale 190926HNN023 NE Northeast wall of ST142 w/ scale 190926HNN024 W Overview of ST144 190926HNN025 W West profile of ST144 w/o scale 190926HNN026 W West profile of ST144 w/scale 190926HNN027 S Overview of ST146 190926HNN028 E East wall of profile w/o scale ST146 190926HNN029 E East wall of profile w/ scale ST146 190926HNN030 Object 3 pieces of brown glass found in ST146 190926HNN031 S West overview of ST148

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 103 Number View Description 190926HNN032 DELETE 190926HNN033 E East wall of profile ST148 w/o scale 190926HNN034 E East wall ST148 w/ scale 190926HNN035 Object Clear glass piece found in ST148 190926HNN036 Object Clear glass piece found in ST148 190926PEH001 N ST134 Strata 190926PEH002 N ST134 w/ tape 190926PEH003 W ST134 overall 190926PEH004 E Overview of ditch/ culvert on West end of 172nd ST 135 in distance 190926PEH005 N ST136 Strata 190926PEH006 N ST136 w/ tape 190926PEH007 W ST136 overall 190926PEH008 E ST138 strata 190926PEH009 E ST138 w/ tape 190926PEH010 N ST138 overall 190926PEH011 E ST140 strata 190926PEH012 E ST140 w/ tape 190926PEH013 N ST140 overall 190926PEH014 E ST141 Strata 190926PEH015 E ST141 w/ tape 190926PEH016 N ST141 overall 190926PEH017 W ST143 strata 190926PEH018 W ST143 w/ tape 190926PEH019 N ST143 overall 190926PEH020 W ST145 strata 190926PEH021 W ST145 w/tape 190926PEH022 S ST145 overall 190926PEH023 W ST147 strata 190926PEH024 W ST147 w/ tape 190926PEH025 N ST147 overall 190926PEH026 E ST149 strata 190926PEH027 E ST149 w/ tape 190926PEH028 N ST149 overall 190927HNN001 N Overview of ST150 showing drive way of 17503 & Paige 190927HNN002 E Wall of ST150 Profile w/o scale 190927HNN003 E Wall of ST150(Profile w/ scale 190927HNN004 N Overview of ST152 190927HNN005 E East wall of ST152 w/o scale 190927HNN006 E East wall of ST152 w/ scale 190927HNN007 N Overview of ST154

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 104 Number View Description 190927HNN008 W West wall of ST154 w/o scale 190927HNN009 W West wall of ST154 w/ scale 190927HNN010 Object brown piece of glass found in ST154 ~0-20cm 190927HNN011 N Overview of ST156 190927HNN012 W West wall of ST156 w/o scale 190927HNN013 W West wall of ST156 w/ scale 190927HNN014 N Overview of ST157 190927HNN015 W Wall of ST157 w/o scale 190927HNN016 DELETE 190927HNN017 W West wall of ST157 w/ scale 190927HNN018 Object Glass fragments in ST157, clear glass 190927HNN019 Object Clear glass pieces found in ST157 190927HNN020 S Overview of ST159 190927HNN021 W West wall of ST159 w/o scale 190927HNN022 W West wall of ST159 w/ scale 190927HNN023 W West wall of ST161 w/o scale 190927HNN024 W West wall of ST 161 w/ scale 190927HNN025 S Overview of ST161 190927HNN026 E East wall of ST162 w/o scale 190927HNN027 E East wall of ST162 w/ scale 190927HNN028 E Overview of ST162 190927PEH001 E ST151 Strata 190927PEH002 E ST151 w/ tape 190927PEH003 N ST151 overall 190927PEH004 N overview of Clarence from median at 176th 190927PEH005 N Overview of steep roadside into large ditch at 60˚ slope untested 190927PEH006 N Overview of steep roadside into large ditch at 60˚ slope onto private property, untested 190927PEH007 N ST153 strata 190927PEH008 N ST153 w/ tape 190927PEH009 N ST153 overall 190927PEH010 N ST155 strata 190927PEH011 N ST155 w/ tape 190927PEH012 N ST155 overall 190927PEH013 S ST158 strata 190927PEH014 S ST158 w/ tape 190927PEH015 N ST158 overall 190927PEH016 S ST160 strata 190927PEH017 S ST160 w/ tape 190927PEH018 N ST160 overall 191001HNN001 NE Overview of ST164

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 105 Number View Description 191001HNN002 N Overview of ST164 Paige @ ST165 191001HNN003 E Wall of ST164 w/o scale profile 191001HNN004 E Wall of ST164 w/ scale profile 191001HNN005 E Wall of ST166 w/o scale profile 191001HNN006 E Wall of ST166 w/ scale profile 191001HNN007 N Overview of ST166 191001HNN008 DELETE 191001HNN009 E Wall of ST168 w/ scale profile 191001HNN010 E Wall of ST168 w/o scale profile 191001HNN011 N Overview of ST168 profile 191001HNN012 W Wall of ST169 w/o scale profile 191001HNN013 W Wall of ST169 w/ scale 191001HNN014 N Overview ST169 Paige @ ST170 191001HNN015 DELETE 191001HNN016 Object Glass found in M1 ST169 191001HNN017 S South wall of ST171 w/o scale 191001HNN018 S South wall of ST171 w/ scale 191001HNN019 N Overview ST171 191001HNN020 S Overview ST173 191001HNN021 E East wall ST173 w/o scale 191001HNN022 E East wall ST173 w/ scale 191001HNN023 Object Metal found in ST173 aluminum 191001HNN024 Object Metal found in ST173 aluminum 191001HNN025 N Overview ST174 191001HNN026 N North wall ST174 w/o scale 191001HNN027 N North wall ST174 w/ scale 191001HNN028 Object Green glass & plastic button found ST174 w/ scale 191001HNN029 Object Green glass & plastic button found ST174 w/ scale (w/ scale) 191001HNN030 N Overview ST175 191001HNN031 W West wall ST175 w/o scale 191001HNN032 W West wall ST175 w/ scale 191001HNN033 Object Fork found in ST175 (front view) 191001HNN034 Object Back view of fork ST175 191001HNN035 Object Fork, reads: "RW&S AI SECT" 191001HNN036 Object Part of brown bottle found ST175 191001HNN037 Object Part of brown bottle found ST175 191001HNN038 Object Duct tape found in ST175 191001HNN039 N Overview ST178 191001HNN040 W West wall ST178 w/o scale 191001HNN041 W West wall ST178 w/ scale

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 106 Number View Description 191001HNN042 Object Brown glass fragment found in ST178 191001HNN043 N Overview ST180 191001HNN044 E ST180 East wall w/o scale 191001HNN045 E East wall ST180 w/ scale 191001PEH001 E ST165 strata 191001PEH002 E ST165 w/ tape 191001PEH003 N ST165 overall 191001PEH004 E ST167 strata 191001PEH005 E ST167 w/ tape 191001PEH006 N ST167 overall 191001PEH007 W ST170 strata 191001PEH008 W ST170 w/ tape 191001PEH009 N ST170 overall 191001PEH010 W ST172 strata 191001PEH011 W ST172 w/ tape 191001PEH012 N ST172 overall 191001PEH013 S ST176 strata 191001PEH014 S ST176 w/ tape 191001PEH015 N ST176 overall 191001PEH016 S ST177 strata 191001PEH017 S ST177 w/ tape 191001PEH018 S ST177 overall 191001PEH019 S ST179 strata 191001PEH020 S ST179 w/ tape 191001PEH021 N ST179 overall 191002HNN001 N Overview ST181 191002HNN002 DELETE 191002HNN003 DELETE 191002HNN004 W West wall ST181 w/o scale 191002HNN005 W West wall ST181 (w/ scale) 191002HNN006 S Overview ST181 191002HNN007 N Overview ST183 191002HNN008 S South wall ST183 w/o scale 191002HNN009 S South wall ST183 (w/ scale) 191002HNN010 N Overview ST182 191002HNN011 W West wall ST182 w/o scale 191002HNN012 DELETE 191002HNN013 DELETE 191002HNN014 DELETE 191002HNN015 W West wall ST182 w/ scale

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 107 Number View Description 191002PEH001 S view from slope into gully at northern end of Clarence 191002PEH002 E view from slope into gully at northern end of Clarence ~60-70˚ 191002PEH003 W view from slope into gully at northern end of Clarence ~60-70˚ 191002PEH004 SW View from near bottom of gully 191002PEH005 SW Bent tree with stripping not cultural 191002PEH006 E View from near bottom of gully 191002PEH007 S View of ERCI at ST183 at northern end of Clarence 191002PEH008 N View of ERCI at ST181 191008CMS001 S Locates for hydrant #2956 (H2958) 191008CMS002 SE Locates for hydrant #2956 (H2958) 191008CMS003 S Locates for H2959 191008CMS004 S Locates for H2959 191008CMS005 S Locates for hydrant (unnumbered) 191008CMS006 S Locates for hydrant (unnumbered) 191008CMS007 E Locates for H2952 191008CMS008 E Locates for H2952 191008CMS009 E Locates for H2982 191008CMS010 E Locates for H2982 191008CMS011 E Locates for H2983 191008CMS012 NE Locates for H2983 191008CMS013 W Locates for H2988 191008CMS014 S Locates for H2988 191008CMS015 NW Locates for H2988 191008CMS016 E Locates for H2988 (shows driveway directly across the street) 191008CMS017 W Locates for H2988 191008CMS018 E Locates for H3002 191008CMS019 E Broken fire hydrant 191008CMS020 NE Locates for H3002 191008CMS021 NW Locates for H3005 191008CMS022 NW Locates for H3005 191008CMS023 SW Locates for H3005 191008CMS024 W locates for H3006 191008CMS025 W locates for H3006 191008CMS026 SW locates for H3006 191011HNN001 W W/o scale w wall ST184 191011HNN002 W w/ scale w wall ST184 191011HNN003 W Overview ST184 191011HNN004 S W/o scale S wall ST185 191011HNN005 S w/ scale S wall ST185 191011HNN006 W Overview ST185

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 108 Number View Description 191011HNN007 N w/o scale ST186 191011HNN008 N w/ scale ST186 191011HNN009 W overview ST186 191011HNN010 NW w/o scale ST187 191011HNN011 NW w/ scale ST187 191011HNN012 NW Overview ST187 191011HNN013 E w/o scale ST188 191011HNN014 E w/ scale ST188 191011HNN015 N overview ST188 191011HNN016 E w/o scale ST189 191011HNN017 E w/ scale ST189 191011HNN018 S overview ST189 191011HNN019 N w/o scale ST190 191011HNN020 N w/ scale ST190 191011HNN021 N Overview ST190 191011HNN022 E w/o scale ST191 191011HNN023 E w/ scale ST191 191011HNN024 N Overview ST191 191011HNN025 E w/o scale ST192 191011HNN026 E w/ scale ST192 191011HNN027 N Overview ST192 191011HNN028 E w/o scale ST193 191011HNN029 E w/ scale ST193 191011HNN030 N Overview ST193

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 109 Appendix 3: Unanticipated Discovery Protocol In the event that any ground-disturbing activities or other project activities related to this development or any future development uncover protected cultural material (see below), the following actions should be taken: 1. If the cultural material is a historic or precontact object (glass bottle, tin can, stone, bone, horn or antler tool); a historic or precontact feature (hearth, building foundation, privy), then the on- site supervisor should avoid the object, secure the location and relocate work activities to a different part of the Project area. The Project manager should then call Snohomish County PUD who will call the project archaeologist to evaluate the discovery. 2. If ground disturbing activities encounter human skeletal remains during the course of construction, then all activity will cease that may cause further disturbance to those remains. The area of the find will be secured and protected from further disturbance. The finding of human skeletal remains will be reported to the county medical examiner/coroner and local law enforcement in the most expeditious manner possible. The remains will not be touched, moved, or further disturbed. The county medical examiner/coroner will assume jurisdiction over the human skeletal remains and make a determination of whether those remains are forensic or non-forensic. If the county medical examiner/coroner determines the remains are non-forensic, then they will report that finding to the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) who will then take jurisdiction over the remains. The DAHP will notify any appropriate cemeteries and all affected tribes of the find. The State Physical Anthropologist will make a determination of whether the remains are Indian or Non-Indian and report that finding to any appropriate cemeteries and the affected tribes. The DAHP will then handle all consultation with the affected parties as to the future preservation, excavation, and disposition of the remains. Cultural material that may be protected by law could include but is not limited to: • Logging, mining, railroad, or agriculture equipment older than 50 years (Figure 53) • Historic foundations (Figure 54) • Historic bottles, china and soldered dot cans (Figure 55, Figure 56) • Buried cobbles that may indicate a hearth feature (Figure 58) • Non-natural sediment or stone deposits that may be related to activity areas of people • Stone tools or stone flakes, projectile points (arrowheads), ground stone adzes or grinding stones (abraders) (Figure 59–Figure 62) • Bone, shell, horn, or antler tools that may include scrapers, cutting tools, wood working wedges (Figure 63, Figure 64) • Perennially damp areas may have preservation conditions that allow for remnants of wood and other plant fibers; in these locations there may be remains including fragments of basketry, weaving, wood tools, or carved pieces (Figure 65) • Cultural depressions • Culturally modified trees (Figure 66) • Pictographs or petroglyphs (Figure 67, Figure 68) • Human remains

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 110

Figure 53: Example of railroad ties for UDP.

Figure 54: Example of historic foundation for UDP.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 111

Figure 55: Example of historic glass artifacts for UDP.

Figure 56: Example of historic solder dot can for UDP

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 112

Figure 57: Example of protected shell midden for UDP.

Figure 58: Example of protected rock-lined hearth feature for UDP.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 113

Figure 59: Example of projectile point for UDP.

Figure 60: Example of protected adze blade for UDP.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 114

Figure 61: Example of stone tool for UDP.

Figure 62: Example of stone tool for UDP.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 115

Figure 63: Example of bone awl for UDP.

Figure 64: Example of worked bone and spines for UDP.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 116

Figure 65: Example of cedar bark basketry for UDP.

Figure 66: Example of planked tree for UDP.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 117

Figure 67: Example of pictographs for UDP.

Figure 68: Example of petroglyphs for UDP.

ERCI—Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Warm Beach Snohomish County, Washington 118

CONTACT LIST Affiliation Name Phone Email Snohomish County PUD No. 1 Water Max Selin 360-282-3196 [email protected] Utility Washington State Janet Cherry 360-236-3153 [email protected] Department of Health Snohomish County Gretchen Kaehler 425-388-3432 [email protected] Archaeologist Stillaguamish Tribe of 360-652-3687 Kerry Lyste [email protected] Indians ext. 14 Richard Young and Tulalip Tribes 360-716-2652 [email protected] Gene Enick DAHP Local Government Stephanie Jolivette 360-586-3088 [email protected] Archaeologist State Archaeologist Dr. Robert Whitlam 360-586-3080 [email protected] State Physical Dr. Guy Tasa 360-586-3534 [email protected] Anthropologist ERCI Archaeologist Kelly Bush 360-661-0356 [email protected]

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