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ISSN 1538-2834 JOURNAL OF NORTHWEST ANTHROPOLOGY Tales from the River Bank: An In Situ Stone Bowl Found along the Shores of the Salish Sea on the Southern Northwest Coast of British Columbia Rudy Reimer, Pierre Friele, Kenneth Fath, and John Clague .............................. 1 Localized Rituals and Individual Spirit Powers: Discerning Regional Autonomy through Religious Practices in the Coast Salish Past Bill Angelbeck ...................................................................................................... 27 Assessing the Nutritional Value of Freshwater Mussels on the Western Snake River Jeremy W. Johnson and Mark G. Plew ................................................................ 53 Snoqualmie Falls: The First Traditional Cultural Property in Washington State Listed in the National Register of Historic Places Jay Miller with Kenneth Tollefson ....................................................................... 67 The Archaeology of Obsidian Occurrence in Stone Tool Manufacture and Use along Two Reaches of the Northern Mid-Columbia River, Washington Sonja C. Kassa and Patrick T. McCutcheon ........................................................ 79 The Right Tool for the Job: Screen Size and Sample Size in Site Detection Bradley Bowden ................................................................................................... 103 Alphonse Louis Pinart among the Natives of Alaska Richard L. Bland .................................................................................................. 119 Spring 2016 Vol. 50, No. 1 Journal of Northwest Anthropology Volume 50, Number 1 Spring 2016 Richland, WA JOURNAL OF NORTHWEST ANTHROPOLOGY FORMERLY NORTHWEST ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH NOTES EDITORS Darby C. Stapp Deward E. Walker, Jr. Richland, WA University of Colorado ASSOCIATE EDITORS C. Melvin Aikens (University of Oregon), Haruo Aoki (University of California), Virginia Beavert (Yakama Nation), Don E. Dumond (University of Oregon), Don D. Fowler (University of Nevada), Raymond D. Fogelson (University of Chicago), Rodney Frey (University of Idaho), Ronald Halfmoon (Lapwai), Tom F.S. McFeat (University of Toronto), and Jay Miller (Lushootseed Research) Julia G. Longenecker Operations Manager Kara N. Powers Editorial Assistant Heather Hansen Production Assistant Composed by Northwest Anthropology LLC, Richland, WA; Printed by CreateSpace. Missing issue claim limit 18 months. For back issues and catalogue of prices contact Coyote Press, P O Box 3377, Salinas, CA 93912. <http://www.californiaprehistory.com> POLICY Journal of Northwest Anthropology, published semiannually by Northwest Anthropology LLC, in Richland, Washington, is a refereed journal and welcomes contributions of professional quality dealing with anthropological research in northwestern North America. Regular issues are published semiannually. Theoretical and interpretive studies and bibliographic works are preferred, although highly descriptive studies will be considered if they are theoretically significant. The primary criterion guiding selection of papers will be how much new research they can be expected to stimulate or facilitate. SUBSCRIPTIONS The subscription price is $45.00 U.S. per annum for individuals and small firms, $60.00 for institutional subscriptions, $30.00 for students with proof of student status, and $25.00 for all electronic subscriptions; payable in advance. Remittance should be made payable to Northwest Anthropology LLC. Subscriptions, manuscripts, change of address, and all other correspondence should be addressed to: Darby C. Stapp Journal of Northwest Anthropology telephone (509) 554-0441 P.O. Box 1721 e-mail [email protected] Richland, WA 99352-1721 website www.northwestanthropology.com MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts can be submitted in an electronic file in Microsoft Word sent via e-mail or on a CD to the Richland, WA, office. An abstract must accompany each manuscript. Footnotes will be avoided and if used at all will be assembled at the end of the text. Questions of reference and style can be answered by referring to the style guide found on the website or to Journal of Northwest Anthropology, 47(1):109–118. Other problems of style can be normally solved through reference to The Manual of Style, University of Chicago Press. All illustrative materials (drawings, maps, diagrams, charts, and plates) will be designated “Figures” in a single, numbered series and will not exceed 6 x 9 inches. All tabular material will be part of a separately numbered series of “Tables.” Authors will receive one free reprint of articles, memoirs, or full-issue monographs. Additional reprints may be produced by the author; however, they must be exact duplicates of the original and are not to be sold for profit. © by Northwest Anthropology LLC, 2016 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences–Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984 JOURNAL OF NORTHWEST ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 50 SPRING 2016 NUMBER 1 TALES FROM THE RIVER BANK: AN IN SITU STONE BOWL FOUND ALONG THE SHORES OF THE SALISH SEA ON THE SOUTHERN NORTHWEST COAST OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Rudy Reimer, Pierre Friele, Kenneth Fath, and John Clague ABSTRACT Archaeologically, stone sculptures offer intriguing insights into past. On the Northwest Coast many artifacts carved, pecked, ground and incised are known, but few are well reported or are found in clear in situ contexts. This article concerns the chance discovery in 2012 of an in situ stone bowl along the Squamish River southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Excavation and analysis dated a stone bowl and other artifacts to 1415–1554calBP. We present a combination of archaeological and cultural data in this study to speculate that the bowl was used in a First Salmon ceremony. Globally the ethnographically recorded indigenous peoples of the Northwest Coast stand as renown cultures for their monumental wood working sculptures that include intricate bent wood boxes, complex grave markers, giant totem poles, multifaceted house designs, ocean going dugout canoes, tall interior house posts and many other items (Holm 1990:602–632). Collectively these impressive creations depict family crests, resource and territorial ownership and ancestral rights to a wide range of songs, dances and other customs (Carlson 1983, 1999:39–46; Holm 1990:602–632). Despairingly little of these massive works preserves in the archaeological record of the region. This leaves archaeologists with seemingly smaller and less impressive remnants of these traditions to interpret the past. One-way archaeologists can interpret the origin and development of this incredible and ancient art tradition is through the unique artifacts that do preserve in the archaeological record, notably the portable artistic pieces that are manufactured from stone. In the Salish Sea region of the southern Northwest Coast, ancient artistic items appear approximately by 4500BP and demonstrate Coast Salish stylistic attributes. By 3500BP, 14 artistic objects are known to occur in the Locarno Beach phase and by 2500BP a large increase is noted (albeit Coast wide) to 108 objects, with 48 of those coming from the famous Marpole site (Ames and Maschner 1999:219–248). In this research we describe a new stone bowl discovery in the Salish Sea and relate it to local and regional contexts. We assert that archaeological and Indigenous perspectives can offer 2 similar and new insights that are complementary and enhance our understanding on the role of these implements (Watkins 2011:46–62). For example, archaeologists can come to understand these items in what they view as being depicted on an item and classify it as anthropomorphic, zoomorphic and other forms that fit into an archaeological worldview (Carlson 1999:39–46). Over fifty years ago Wilson Duff wrote that, “we have almost no information regarding detailed and exact provenience and association of stone bowls” (Duff 1950, 1956:15–151). Archaeologically this situation still partly applies today. We now know that many stone bowls associate with archaeologically recorded village sites or along salmon bearing rivers, while others in remote and isolated places (Hannah 1996:36–38). Nevertheless, most suffer from poor stratigraphic and exact temporal associations (directly associated 14C dates) since they are not well documented finds or occur in locations not well suited to standard archaeological inquiry (Hannah 1996:35–36; Keddie 2003:174). Another way to understand these "pieces of the past" is to closely examine and consider the values of their local cultures and living traditions. We present both an archaeological view of this find in combination with a Squamish Nation cultural perspective. This is a clear way to increase the archaeological interpretive resolution of stone bowls and other unique items on the Northwest Coast and elsewhere. By doing so with the find of this bowl we can gain a clearer understanding of the Indigenous cultural knowledge and the archaeological perspectives of landscape and how “pieces of those places” fit into the broader record (Bradley 2000). These synergies between cultural and scientific perspectives allow for a holistic use and understanding of multiple lines of data, offering insights about stone bowls that may not have been considered before (Atalay 2006:280–301; Colwell-Chanthaphonh et al. 2010:228–238; Nicholas and Andrews 1997; Watkins 2001, 2011:46–62). We present a systematic path of the various lines
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