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Power, Practice, Anarchism and Warfare in the Coast

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Power, Practice, Anarchism and Warfare in the Coast "THEY RECOGNIZE NO SUPERIOR CHIEF" POWER, PRACTICE, ANARCHISM AND WARFARE IN THE COAST SALISH PAST by WILLIAM O. ANGELBECK M.A., The University of Missouri, 1997 B.A., Southwest Missouri State University, 1992 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Anthropology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2009 © William O. Angelbeck, 2009 ABSTRACT This inquiry focuses on warfare in the Coast Salish past. Located in the Northwest Coast of North America, the Coast Salish practiced warfare as a basic component of their culture, and warfare manifested in two main periods. Archaeologically, fortified defensive sites were constructed from 1600 to 500 BP. According to ethnohistoric documents and oral histories, conflicts also erupted in the decades after Euroamerican contact, about AD 1790. For this study, I incorporate archaeological, ethnographic, ethnohistoric, and oral historical data for an investigation of warfare, including Coast Salish practices, protocols, and ideology. I assess the types of settings in which warfare occurred and evaluate the motivations for conflict. Finally, I examine these practices for insights into Coast Salish sociopolitical organization and how it altered through time. To evaluate the array of data, I employ a theoretical framework integrating power, practice, and anarchism. For power, I implement Eric Wolf’s modes of power to assess the intensity of conflicts and scales of defensive site construction. For practice, I harness Pierre Bourdieu’s materialist approach to culture, which is focused on historical, human actions, or practices; moreover, Bourdieu’s multiple types of capital provide a rubric for assessing motivations for warfare as individuals pursue and exchange various forms of capital. The theory of anarchism provides principles for evaluating the dynamics of societies without formal governments. These include an emphasis on local autonomy, voluntary association, mutual aid, network organization, and the decentralization of authority (and resistance to concentrations of authority). This framework illuminates how these principles varied throughout the Coast Salish past and highlights significant differences in defensive structures between precontact and colonial periods. –– ii –– Both periods of warfare appear after phases of increasing entrenchment of elite power and hegemony (2400 - 1600 BP and ca. 500 to 200 BP). Both periods also exhibit a broader expanse of elites, or nouveau riche. I conclude that warfare was an anarchic practice implemented by Coast Salish factions to destabilize elite power structures and allow non-elites to gain wealth and prestige. These practices resulted in the decentralization of power––a heterarchy of chiefs, rather than a centralized chiefdom. –– iii –– TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ..........................................................................................................................ii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................iv List of Tables .......................................................................................................................vii List of Figures ......................................................................................................................viii Acknowledgments .........................................................................................................................x Chapter I: Introduction ................................................................................................................1 The Subject of Warfare .....................................................................................................4 Nested Levels of Analysis: Power, Practice, and Anarchism....................................6 The Theoretical Approach and Argument ....................................................................7 Chapter II: The Theoretical Framework––Power, Practice, and Anarchism ...................15 Power ........................................................................................................................15 Practice Theory ...............................................................................................................22 Anarchism........................................................................................................................27 Core Principles of Anarchism ................................................................................28 Individual and local autonomy .......................................................................29 Voluntary association........................................................................................29 Mutual aid...........................................................................................................30 Network organization .......................................................................................32 Decentralization and antiauthoritarianism....................................................34 Justified authorities............................................................................................35 An Anarchist Theory of History ............................................................................36 Integrating Anarchism, Practice, and Power ..............................................................39 Chapter III: The Anthropology and Archaeology of Warfare............................................40 The Concern with Origins .............................................................................................40 Scalar Approach to Power ......................................................................................43 The Concern for Causes .................................................................................................49 Anarchist Theories of Warfare ......................................................................................53 Interrelating Scales through Alliance Formation ................................................58 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................65 Chapter IV: Histories of Warfare from Documents and Oral Histories...........................69 Early Accounts of Warfare.............................................................................................69 The Fort Langley Journals.......................................................................................73 Accounts from the 1840s and 1850s.......................................................................75 The Memoirs of Samuel Hancock..........................................................................77 A Scalar Approach to Accounts of Warfare................................................................79 Expressions of Increasing Modes of Power..........................................................79 (i) Power as an attribute of a person, or individual power..........................80 (ii) The ability of one to impose its will on another, or relational or interpersonal power....................................................................................80 (iii) The control of social settings, or organizational power .......................81 (iv) The ability to establish or demolish the settings themselves, or structural power. .......................................................................................83 A “Continual State of Fear”: The Power of the Lekwiltok........................................88 Colonist and Coast Salish Conflict ...............................................................................94 –– iv –– Conclusion .......................................................................................................................96 Chapter V: Welfare and Warfare: Modes of Production and Destruction.......................99 Weapons, or the Means of Destruction......................................................................101 Melee Weapons ......................................................................................................102 Projectile Weapons.................................................................................................103 Equipment and Appurtenances for Warfare ............................................................105 Armour ....................................................................................................................105 War Canoes .............................................................................................................106 Defensive Architecture and Head Poles.............................................................108 Warriors ......................................................................................................................109 Leaders for Defense ...............................................................................................114 Roles for Defense....................................................................................................116 Women and Warfare .............................................................................................117 Organization of Defense .......................................................................................118 Warriors and Fighters............................................................................................119 Leaders for Offense................................................................................................121
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