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Home , French India

1498, Vasco Da Gama, Calicut

Basic Info First @ Calicut by Pedro Alvarez Cabral

Important trading centres: Calicut, Cannanore, Kochi

1st Portuguese governor Fransisco Almeida Blue Water Policy: To make Portuguese the master of Indian Ocean

real founder of Portuguese power in

Governors Albererque abolition of Sati

captured Goa from Sultan of Bijapur

shifted capital from Cochin to Goa Nino da Cunha obtained Bassein from Bahadur Shah

Portuguese (1498) Introduced Printing Press

Contribution Spread Christianity in the Malabar area

New Crops- Cashew Nuts, Tobacco, Lady's Finger

To promote Christianity and persecute all Muslims

Initially quite tolerant towards Hindus, later persecuted them Religious Policy as well

Rodolfo Aquaviva and Antonio Monserrate ​- 1st Jesuit Mission in the court of Akbar

No able leader after Alfonso

Stiff competition from the Dutch Decline Hostility from natives

Discovery of Brazil deviated their attention

First factory @

1600- Elizabeth's Charter to EIC for trade monopoly with the east

1609- Willian Hawkins visited Jahangir's court but couldn't convince him to permit setting up a factory at Surat

1612- Battle of Swally; English forces u/d Thomas Best defeated Portuguese

1613= Jahangir permitted British to set up factory @ English Surat

1632- Golden Farman from Sultan of Golconda

Magna Carta for the company

exempted from additional customs duty except annual payments as settled 1717- Farrukh Siyar's Farman company could issue "dastaks" for duty free transportation of goods

coins minted by company will have currency throughout the

1602- of Netherlands

First factory at Masulipatnam(AP) in 1605

Advent of Europeans HQ at Nagapattnam, TN Principal factories in Surat, , Chinsura, Baranagar, Kasimbazar, , Nagapattam, Cochin Dutch (1602) Decline due to Anglo-Dutch rivalry and a compromise in 1667; British withdrew claims in Spice Island, Indonesia while Dutch left for the British- India and SL

Battle of Hooghly ​ 1759 (3rd Anglo​Dutch War) ​ Also, Battle of Bidara/Chinsura- ​ Ended Dutch presence in Indian trade/politics

1616 -​ Danish East India Company

1620 ​- Factory at Tranquebar, Principal settlement was Danish (1616) Serampore near Calcutta

1845-​ Danish factories were sold to British

last Europeans to come to India

1667 ​ Francois Caron headed an expedition to India

first factory set up in Surat Basic Info was founded in 1674 when Sher Khan Lodi gave a site for settlement to Francois Martin; it was captured by Dutch in 1693 but restored to French in 1697 through the Treaty of Ryswick

Pondichéry

Karikal

French

Mahe

Chandernagore

Governor General of French India and rival of

first European to interfere in internal politics of the Indian Dupleix rulers

Started the Subsidiary Alliance- ​ placed a French army at at the expense of the Subahdar French (1667) Result: Inconclusive

ended with the Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle in 1748 which also concluded the Austrian War of Succession 1st Carnatic War (1746-48) French commander: Dupleix

Battle of St. Thome: French vs Anwar-ud-din ( of Carnatic) in which French emerged victorious; battle fought on banks of river Adyar

Result: British Victory

ended with Treaty of Pondicherry which recognized 2nd Carnatic War (1749-54) Muhammad Ali Khan Walajah as the Nawab of Carnatic

French commander: Dupleix (after this war was replaced by Charles Godeheu )

Result: British Victory

ended with Treaty of wherein Chandernagore and Pondichéry were returned to , and French were 3rd Carnatic War (1756-1763) allowed to have "factories" (trading posts) in India but forbade French traders from administering them

Sir Eyre Coote defeated the French, commanded by Comte de Lally at the in 1760

Black Hole Tragedy - Siraj-ud-Daulah imprisoned 146 British in a small room, and 123 died

Clive vs Siraj ud Daulah

Siraj lost since his nobles conspired against him with Clive (1757) Significance: British monopoly over trade and commerce in

Mir Jafar was made the Nawab of Bengal

Mir Jafar also got irritated after some time with the British and concluded a deal with the Dutch but they were defeated by the British in third Anglo-Dutch war at Bidara Advent of (1759) In 1760, Mir Jafar was replaced by as Nawab of Bengal by the British Europeans and Bengal Mir Qasim irritated by English misuse of dastaks & Pre-1857 Wars exemptions; fled to Awadh and formed** alliance (Hector Munro) vs (Mir Qasim + Shah Alam II + Shuja-ud- dauilah) (1764) British won

Treaty of Allahabad (1765): Mughal Emperor surrendered sovereignty of Bengal to the British and granted them the diwani of the region introduced by Clive; meant rule of Company + Nawab (puppet) company acquired the diwani as well as nizamat rights of Bengal Dual Government (1765-72) Period of open plunder and it proved disastrous for people of Bengal

Warren Hastings did away with dual govt system in 1772

Battle of Talikota (1565) in which defeated Vijaynagar Kingdom resulted in emergence of many small kingdoms on its ruins

Hyder Ali took over as commander-in-chief of Mysore kingdom in 1761 ; became the de-facto ruler

Versed in Arabic, Persian, Kanarese, Urdu

Well organized army and Navy on European lines

Pioneer of rocket tech

Tipu Sultan pioneer of introducing sericulture

Member of Jacobin Club

planted Tree of Liberty at Seringpatnam

built the Daria Dault Bagh at Srirangpatna

Mysore (u/d ) vs EIC Mysore Result: Mysore victory (Treaty of Madras) 1st Mysore war (1767-69) Ended with Treaty of Madras which had terms that each would support the other if attacked

Mysore (u/d Hyder Ali) vs British (u/d

2nd Mysore war (1780-84) Result: Inconclusive (Treaty of Mangalore)

Hyder Ali died and Tipu sustained the war Anglo-Mysore Wars Mysore (u/d Tipu) + Arrakal kingdom vs EIC (u/d Cornwallis) + Travancore + Marathas + Hyderabad

3rd Mysore War (1790-92) Result: Mysore lost (Treaty of Seringapatam)

Ended with Treaty of Seringapatam with Mysore ceding half of its territories to its opponents

Mysore u/d Tipu vs British (u/d Wellesley) 4th Mysore War (1799) resulted in fall of Seringapatam and death of Tipu with Wodeyars accepting Subsidiary Aliiance

ruled u/d name of King Shahu

Maratha Confederacies Bhonsle (Nagpur); Peshwa (Pune); Holkar (Indore); Gaikwad ​ (Baroda); Scindia (Gwalior)

Marathas vs EIC (u/d Hastings) 1st Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82) Expansion of British Result: British were humiliated and 20 years peace treaty was signed (Treaty of Salbai)

Marathas B/w Bajirao II & British (u/d Wellesley)

Result: EIC won (Treaty of Bassein) Anglo-Maratha Wars 2nd Anglo-Maratha War (1803-05) Treaty of Bassein: Bajirao ceded territory for the maintenance of a subsidiary force

Maratha Confederacy vs EIC (u/d Lord Hastings)

3rd Anglo-Maratha War (1817-19) Result: Domination of British over regional powers as well; Peshwaship was abolished and made a pensioner of the EIC

Treaty of Eternal Friendship (1807) ​: Both Sindh and British agreed to exclude French from Sindh ​

Tripartitie Treaty (1839) b/w British, Ranjit Singh, Shah Sindh Shuja (Sindh); Shah Shuja gave up his sovereign rights on Sindh and accepted Subsidiary Alliance

1843 - Sindh was merged into the under Ellenborough

1716 ​- Banda Bahadur executed by Farrukh Siyar

Sikh polity got divided into Bandai (liberal) and Tat Khalsa (Orthodox)

1784- ​ Kapur Singh Faizullapuria organised Sikhs under Dal Khalsa

Backgrounder 1763​-73 - Sikhs were organised into misls ​ military brotherhoods with a democratic setup

Ranjit Singh united these Misls into a kingdom of Punjab

Treaty of Amritsar / Treaty of Perpetual Friendship (1809) - Signed b/w Ranjit Singh and EIC where Ranjit Singh agreed to Punjab limit his kingdom to North of Satluj

Sikh Empire vs British (u/d Hardinge)

Caused due to Sikh Army violating Treaty of Amritsar 1st Sikh War (1845-46) Result: British Victory (Treaty of Lahore)

Transferred Kashmir to Gulab Singh (who had helped British Sikh Wars against the Sikh Empire); he founded the royal Dogra dynasty

Sikh Empire vs British (u/d Dulhousie)

2nd Sikh War (1848-49) Result: Decisive British Victory and fall of the Sikh Empire

Punjab was annexed

Bhutan War (1864-65): ended with Treaty of Sinchula, signed Bhutan in 1865, u/d which Bhutan ceded territories in the Assam Duars and Bengal Duars

Nepal War (1814-1816): ended with Treaty of Sagauli (1816) Nepal u/d which Nepal withdrew from Sikkim and accepted a British resident in the court

1st Anglo-Burma War (1824-26): Treaty of Yandaboo u/d which Burma ceded parts of Assam and recognized Manipur as independent state

2nd Burma war (1852): British est. control over Lower Burma Burma 3rd Burma War (1885): Annexation of upper Burma

Burma was separated from India in 1935

became independent in 1948

Neighbors Treaty of Lhasa (1904): Indian Govt. would occupy Chimbi Tibet Valley; Tibet won't grant concessions to any foreign state

1st Anglo-Afghan War (1839-42) : Resulted in British Withdrawal from Afg,

2nd Anglo-Afghan War: British Victory and Treaty of Gandamak was signed; permanent British resident at Kabul

Auckland's ​ Forward Policy ​- Company had to take steps to protect British India from Russia ​through treaties or annexation Afghanistan Lawrence's Policy of Masterly Inactivity: Advocated for non- interference in Aghansitan

Lytton's Policy of Proud Reserve: aimed at having scientific frontiers and safeguarding "Spheres of Influence"

Durand Agreement (1893): A Durand Line b/w British and Afghan territories was agreed upon