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Advent of Europeans and Pre-1857 Wars

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Advent of Europeans and Pre-1857 Wars 1498, Vasco Da Gama, Calicut Basic Info First factory @ Calicut by Pedro Alvarez Cabral Important trading centres: Calicut, Cannanore, Kochi 1st Portuguese governor Fransisco Almeida Blue Water Policy: To make Portuguese the master of Indian Ocean real founder of Portuguese power in India Governors Albererque abolition of Sati captured Goa from Sultan of Bijapur shifted capital from Cochin to Goa Nino da Cunha obtained Bassein from Bahadur Shah Portuguese (1498) Introduced Printing Press Contribution Spread Christianity in the Malabar area New Crops- Cashew Nuts, Tobacco, Lady's Finger To promote Christianity and persecute all Muslims Initially quite tolerant towards Hindus, later persecuted them Religious Policy as well Rodolfo Aquaviva and Antonio Monserrate ​- 1st Jesuit Mission in the court of Akbar No able leader after Alfonso Stiff competition from the Dutch Decline Hostility from natives Discovery of Brazil deviated their attention First factory @ Surat 1600- Elizabeth's Charter to EIC for trade monopoly with the east 1609- Willian Hawkins visited Jahangir's court but couldn't convince him to permit setting up a factory at Surat 1612- Battle of Swally; English forces u/d Thomas Best defeated Portuguese 1613= Jahangir permitted British to set up factory @ English Surat 1632- Golden Farman from Sultan of Golconda Magna Carta for the company exempted from additional customs duty except annual payments as settled 1717- Farrukh Siyar's Farman company could issue "dastaks" for duty free transportation of goods coins minted by company will have currency throughout the Mughal empire 1602- East India Company of Netherlands First factory at Masulipatnam(AP) in 1605 Advent of Europeans HQ at Nagapattnam, TN Principal factories in Surat, Karaikal, Chinsura, Baranagar, Kasimbazar, Patna, Nagapattam, Cochin Dutch (1602) Decline due to Anglo-Dutch rivalry and a compromise in 1667; British withdrew claims in Spice Island, Indonesia while Dutch left for the British- India and SL Battle of Hooghly ​ 1759 (3rd Anglo​Dutch War) ​ Also, Battle of Bidara/Chinsura- ​ Ended Dutch presence in Indian trade/politics 1616 -​ Danish East India Company 1620 ​- Factory at Tranquebar, Principal settlement was Danish (1616) Serampore near Calcutta 1845-​ Danish factories were sold to British last Europeans to come to India 1667 ​ Francois Caron headed an expedition to India first factory set up in Surat Basic Info Pondicherry was founded in 1674 when Sher Khan Lodi gave a site for settlement to Francois Martin; it was captured by Dutch in 1693 but restored to French in 1697 through the Treaty of Ryswick Pondichéry Karikal French Colonies Yanam Mahe Chandernagore Governor General of French India and rival of Robert Clive first European to interfere in internal politics of the Indian Dupleix rulers Started the Subsidiary Alliance- ​ placed a French army at Hyderabad at the expense of the Subahdar French (1667) Result: Inconclusive ended with the Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle in 1748 which also concluded the Austrian War of Succession 1st Carnatic War (1746-48) French commander: Dupleix Battle of St. Thome: French vs Anwar-ud-din (Nawab of Carnatic) in which French emerged victorious; battle fought on banks of river Adyar Result: British Victory ended with Treaty of Pondicherry which recognized Carnatic Wars 2nd Carnatic War (1749-54) Muhammad Ali Khan Walajah as the Nawab of Carnatic French commander: Dupleix (after this war was replaced by Charles Godeheu ) Result: British Victory ended with Treaty of Paris wherein Chandernagore and Pondichéry were returned to France, and French were 3rd Carnatic War (1756-1763) allowed to have "factories" (trading posts) in India but forbade French traders from administering them Sir Eyre Coote defeated the French, commanded by Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 Black Hole Tragedy - Siraj-ud-Daulah imprisoned 146 British in a small room, and 123 died Clive vs Siraj ud Daulah Siraj lost since his nobles conspired against him with Clive Battle of Plassey (1757) Significance: British monopoly over trade and commerce in Bengal Mir Jafar was made the Nawab of Bengal Mir Jafar also got irritated after some time with the British and concluded a deal with the Dutch but they were defeated by the British in third Anglo-Dutch war at Bidara Advent of (1759) In 1760, Mir Jafar was replaced by Mir Qasim as Nawab of Bengal by the British Europeans and Bengal Mir Qasim irritated by English misuse of dastaks & Pre-1857 Wars exemptions; fled to Awadh and formed** alliance (Hector Munro) vs (Mir Qasim + Shah Alam II + Shuja-ud- dauilah) Battle of Buxar (1764) British won Treaty of Allahabad (1765): Mughal Emperor surrendered sovereignty of Bengal to the British and granted them the diwani of the region introduced by Clive; meant rule of Company + Nawab (puppet) company acquired the diwani as well as nizamat rights of Bengal Dual Government (1765-72) Period of open plunder and it proved disastrous for people of Bengal Warren Hastings did away with dual govt system in 1772 Battle of Talikota (1565) in which Deccan Sultanates defeated Vijaynagar Kingdom resulted in emergence of many small kingdoms on its ruins Hyder Ali took over as commander-in-chief of Mysore kingdom in 1761 ; became the de-facto ruler Versed in Arabic, Persian, Kanarese, Urdu Well organized army and Navy on European lines Pioneer of rocket tech Tipu Sultan pioneer of introducing sericulture Member of Jacobin Club planted Tree of Liberty at Seringpatnam built the Daria Dault Bagh at Srirangpatna Mysore (u/d Hyder Ali) vs EIC Mysore Result: Mysore victory (Treaty of Madras) 1st Mysore war (1767-69) Ended with Treaty of Madras which had terms that each would support the other if attacked Mysore (u/d Hyder Ali) vs British (u/d Warren Hastings 2nd Mysore war (1780-84) Result: Inconclusive (Treaty of Mangalore) Hyder Ali died and Tipu sustained the war Anglo-Mysore Wars Mysore (u/d Tipu) + Arrakal kingdom vs EIC (u/d Cornwallis) + Travancore + Marathas + Hyderabad 3rd Mysore War (1790-92) Result: Mysore lost (Treaty of Seringapatam) Ended with Treaty of Seringapatam with Mysore ceding half of its territories to its opponents Mysore u/d Tipu vs British (u/d Wellesley) 4th Mysore War (1799) resulted in fall of Seringapatam and death of Tipu with Wodeyars accepting Subsidiary Aliiance ruled u/d name of King Shahu Maratha Confederacies Bhonsle (Nagpur); Peshwa (Pune); Holkar (Indore); Gaikwad ​ (Baroda); Scindia (Gwalior) Marathas vs EIC (u/d Hastings) 1st Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82) Expansion of British Result: British were humiliated and 20 years peace treaty was signed (Treaty of Salbai) Marathas B/w Bajirao II & British (u/d Wellesley) Result: EIC won (Treaty of Bassein) Anglo-Maratha Wars 2nd Anglo-Maratha War (1803-05) Treaty of Bassein: Bajirao ceded territory for the maintenance of a subsidiary force Maratha Confederacy vs EIC (u/d Lord Hastings) 3rd Anglo-Maratha War (1817-19) Result: Domination of British over regional powers as well; Peshwaship was abolished and made a pensioner of the EIC Treaty of Eternal Friendship (1807) ​: Both Sindh and British agreed to exclude French from Sindh ​ Tripartitie Treaty (1839) b/w British, Ranjit Singh, Shah Sindh Shuja (Sindh); Shah Shuja gave up his sovereign rights on Sindh and accepted Subsidiary Alliance 1843 - Sindh was merged into the British Empire under Ellenborough 1716 ​- Banda Bahadur executed by Farrukh Siyar Sikh polity got divided into Bandai (liberal) and Tat Khalsa (Orthodox) 1784- ​ Kapur Singh Faizullapuria organised Sikhs under Dal Khalsa Backgrounder 1763​-73 - Sikhs were organised into misls ​ military brotherhoods with a democratic setup Ranjit Singh united these Misls into a kingdom of Punjab Treaty of Amritsar / Treaty of Perpetual Friendship (1809) - Signed b/w Ranjit Singh and EIC where Ranjit Singh agreed to Punjab limit his kingdom to North of Satluj Sikh Empire vs British (u/d Hardinge) Caused due to Sikh Army violating Treaty of Amritsar 1st Sikh War (1845-46) Result: British Victory (Treaty of Lahore) Transferred Kashmir to Gulab Singh (who had helped British Sikh Wars against the Sikh Empire); he founded the royal Dogra dynasty Sikh Empire vs British (u/d Dulhousie) 2nd Sikh War (1848-49) Result: Decisive British Victory and fall of the Sikh Empire Punjab was annexed Bhutan War (1864-65): ended with Treaty of Sinchula, signed Bhutan in 1865, u/d which Bhutan ceded territories in the Assam Duars and Bengal Duars Nepal War (1814-1816): ended with Treaty of Sagauli (1816) Nepal u/d which Nepal withdrew from Sikkim and accepted a British resident in the court 1st Anglo-Burma War (1824-26): Treaty of Yandaboo u/d which Burma ceded parts of Assam and recognized Manipur as independent state 2nd Burma war (1852): British est. control over Lower Burma Burma 3rd Burma War (1885): Annexation of upper Burma Burma was separated from India in 1935 became independent in 1948 Neighbors Treaty of Lhasa (1904): Indian Govt. would occupy Chimbi Tibet Valley; Tibet won't grant concessions to any foreign state 1st Anglo-Afghan War (1839-42) : Resulted in British Withdrawal from Afg, 2nd Anglo-Afghan War: British Victory and Treaty of Gandamak was signed; permanent British resident at Kabul Auckland's ​ Forward Policy ​- Company had to take steps to protect British India from Russia ​through treaties or annexation Afghanistan Lawrence's Policy of Masterly Inactivity: Advocated for non- interference in Aghansitan Lytton's Policy of Proud Reserve: aimed at having scientific frontiers and safeguarding "Spheres of Influence" Durand Agreement (1893): A Durand Line b/w British and Afghan territories was agreed upon.
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