Smart Mobility –– CHANGING APPROACHES, TECHNOLOGY

www.autotechreview.com February 2016 | Volume 5 | Issue 2 Now, Also available on

It’s on 14 Interview Keita Muramatsu, President & CEO, Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India (HMSI)

18 study Adoption of Biofuels for Vehicle Use in India – I

68 new Vehicle Ford Endeavour – Japanese Giant in American Crosshair

smart mobility ––

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Editorial

THE SMART PROMISE

Dear Readers,

In the first phase of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s grand vision of setting up 100 smart cities in the country, an amount of ` 50,802 cr has now been lined up for investment in 20 selected cities over the next five years. These cities are projected to offer good quality of life to the citizens through smart solutions. Assured power and water supply, adequate sanitation and solid waste management, connected solutions through the use of internet, e-governance and an efficient urban mobility and public transport system are top on the government’s agenda.

In the current context, the Indian transport infrastructure is hugely inadequate. While the demand for a sustainable solution to the urban mobility woes has been doing the rounds for years, any integrated approach has yet not seen the light of the day. In fact, a ‘smart’ city can benefit tremendously from enhanced mobility and transportation solutions, including reduced congestion, improved air pollution, shorter times spent on the road and increased productivity.

I believe there is promise in the thought of developing smart cities in India. This idea, together with the rightful implementation of the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020, might just be the right mix for finding solutions to the urban nightmares in our country currently. That a step has been taken towards creating urban spaces that would be environmentally-friendly and technologically integrated to improve speed and efficiency is positive, and welcome.

That said, rapid urbanisation and increasing population means mobility will continue to be one of the toughest challenges for cities world over. The usual practice thus far has been to add new capacities in city infrastructure to accommodate the demand, but experts believe that approach is not sustainable in the long-run. Future mobility demands seamless travel, with services available at the click of a button or better still, a touch. A city will be smart when technology becomes an enabler – for its citizens and for the system – not just in physical terms, but also in operational terms.

There is serious intent in the government’s drive to make our cities smart. It’s for the other stakeholders now to raise their hands up and deliver.

Deepangshu Dev Sarmah Editor-in-Chief New Delhi, February 2016

@deepangshu autotechreview.com February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 1 Cover Story smart mobility — changing approaches, technology

24, 30, 36, 42 | Mobility being a complex domain requires key elements including the driver, vehicle, infrastructure and traffic to communicate with each other to find out the most efficient solutions in real time, enhancing efficiency and safety. Achieving this requires a seamless communication between a number of systems, both on and off-board the vehicle. Creation of this ecosystem is what will underpin the future of smart mobility. In this issue, Auto Tech Review takes a look at such technologies, which will play an important role in turning mobility smarter.

guest commentary

12 Connected Cars & IoT – Emerging Trends and Predictions RAHUL DEV, Partner at Tech Corp Legal LLP; a patent attorney and international technology business lawyer

INTERVIEW

14 “Request Govt for a Long-Term Roadmap on Safety & Emissions” Keita Muramatsu, President & CEO, Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India (HMSI)

2 contents

NEWS Cover Story Shopfloor

04 Interactions 24 Smart Mobility – How We will Be 64 Mithabhi Lamps – Illuminating 10 News Travelling Tomorrow Growth with Technology Andreas Burkert New vehicle 30 Intelligent Networking of study Chassis, Driveline, and Driver 68 Ford Endeavour – Japanese Giant Assistance Systems in American Crosshair 18 Adoption of Biofuels for Gerhard Gumpoltsberger, Joachim Cichy, Vehicle Use in India – I Stephan Pollmeyer, Alexander Neu DECODING TECHNOLOGY

36 V2X Communication for Road Safety 72 Mobility: Intelligent and Smart and Efficiency Arun Jaura Christian Ress, Martin Wiecker

42 Managing Diversity in The Drivetrain others of The Future Uwe Wagner, Hartmut Faust, 01 Editorial Martin Scheidt, Manfred Kraus 03 Imprint

technology

50 Regeneration of The Particulate Filter by Using Navigation Data TORSTEN GRAHLE, MATTHIAS TONNE, ANDRE WIEDERSBERG, THOMAS ZSEBEDITS

56 Harley-Davidson 2016 Range – Minor Updates for Major Gains

Imprint

Editorial & Business Office: Editor-in-Chief: Deepangshu Dev Sarmah Publisher & Managing Director: Springer India Pvt Ltd [email protected] / @deepangshu Sanjiv Goswami 7th Floor | Vijaya Building | 17, Barakhamba Road Assistant Editor: Arpit Mahendra For Editorial Contribution, write to the Editor-in-Chief at New Delhi – 110001 | India [email protected] / @arpitmahendra3 [email protected] + 91 11 4575 5888 (P) | +91 11 4575 5889 (F)

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Chief Designer /Photographer: Bharat Bhushan Upadhyay [email protected] INTERACTION VARROC LIGHTING, FREUDENBERG GROUP

VARROC LIGHTING | mainstreaming TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION is the KEY STRATEGY

would continue to use bulbs, but smart LED ap- multiple times. We have to do the right thing at plications are likely to steadily become more the right time, and at one go,” he said. mainstream. Customers do see value in Daytime The company uses the same software to Running Lamps (DRLs) and position functions in design a Bentley Bentayga or a Mahindra, using LED. While it’s got a lot to do with appearance, identical methodology, analysis, and tools. Projec- performance also plays an equally important tors, for instance, have been localised for the Ma- role. Morgan talked about how low-cost LED ap- hindra Scorpio and XUV500 SUVs. They come with plications for headlamps are a great alternative identical halogen projectors, which is yet another to HIDs, which are going to move out of the example of modularity in our product innovation, market soon. The Mahindra Scorpio, he said, is a noted Morgan. good example design signatures evolving among Indian OEMs. ROUND-UP But to take advanced technologies or innovation and produce cost effective solutions isn’t an LEDs are certain to remain a major source of easy game. Morgan agrees, and gives us an lighting in times to come, said Morgan, adding insight into his thought process. “The first thing that high-intensity discharge (HID) lights are on is to build a strong technical expertise in India. their way out. LED headlamps, in fact, are getting Having the ability to apply technology in India cheaper than HIDs, which might be looking at The Varroc Group’s acquisition of the global light- for Indian customers is absolutely critical. As a small pockets of opportunity in the 25 W segment ing division of Visteon Corporation on August 1, team, we need to be able to migrate advanced only. Trends suggest LEDs are going to be main- 2012 was considered to be among the most sig- technologies from other regions, and bring them stream both for front and rear lights. nificant global acquisitions for an Indian automo- into India,” he said. At the same time, Morgan is There is definitely a drive towards weight and tive supplier. It was a decision well thought keen to take learnings from India to other power savings, as well as energy conservation. through, and the results in over the last three markets globally. He cited the example of Dacia, Material research plays a key role in this, and VLS years prove how strategically aligned it is to the a cost conscious global brand, where Indian in- is in the thick of things here. The company is Group’s overall growth ambitions. novations can be applied on a global scale. working on using white reflectors that gives Varroc Lighting Systems (VLS) today is one of Currently, VLS has a technical centre in Pune almost 96 % reflection – even better than metali- the leading Tier I global automotive exterior light- with 53 engineers, and is looking at setting-up a sation, Morgan pointed out. “The trick is to dis- ing suppliers. While the company continues to new technical centre in the same city, adding perse light. With white reflectors you get a white, expand its wings across global markets, the around 100 more engineers to VLS rolls. The idea homogeneous appearance, but unlike metalisa- Indian market offers it a unique challenge – that is to combine with the parent group to ensure tion, which helps one control the direction of light, of marrying advanced technologies with afforda- additional synergies across other product lines. white reflectors let light go everywhere. We have bility. That is the key strategy for the company Expanding technical capability in India is be- to develop that material,” he said. White reflec- today, said Todd C Morgan, Senior VP, Global coming important considering a lot of work is tors are apt for signal lighting. Product Development, Varroc Lighting Systems moving from other regions into India. Morgan The key message Morgan wanted to leave us in a recent interaction. said the company is looking at using the creative with was about the new tech centre in India with Indian mentality to look for cost effective ways to design capabilities, and his efforts in taking inno- MAINSTREAMING INNOVATION do things. vation mainstream. Towards that, the company is building a strong manpower base with expertise VLS has been at the helm of advanced product MODULARITY IN PRACTICE in addressing future needs, and innovating to innovation in the lighting area. Matrix technolo- keep them cost effective. That truly is the chal- gies, lasers or organic LEDs are popular technol- Highlighting one of the Indian centre’s strong ca- lenge Morgan is looking to address. ogies in Europe, but the key is to see how we can pabilities, Morgan said the company has proprie- apply these advanced technologies in the mass tary software, and it writes its own software algo- market, said Morgan. That is important from a rithms. A light guide is a good example. “We have volume and business perspective for the special software that first designs the surfaces, company. “India is a very cost conscious market giving a nice homogeneous look. Then, we have and the challenge is to drive these innovations, other optical software that analyses this. This is take the cost out, and apply them in a smart and all to ensure efficiency and be more reliable. The intelligent way.” other thing is about time. Lifecycles are shrinking, In the foreseeable future, the Indian market and we don’t have time to do light guide designs text: Deepangshu Dev Sarmah

4 www.autotechreview.com FREUDENBERG Group | Efficiency & Reliability To Drive Technology

Freudenberg, a German global technology group UPCOMING PRODUCT TRENDS dealing in chemical specialties, filtration products, nonwovens and seals supplies to major About 25 % of sales of Freudenberg come from automotive OEMs in India through its subsidi- the automotive sector globally, which includes ary companies. The Freudenberg Group of com- customers that seek to manufacture highly-effi- panies are said to offer a number of solutions cient cars, Graf said. This requires Freudenberg for the mobility and transportation sector, with Group to carry out high levels of local research most OEMs being its customers. and development (R&D) activities at the regions Georg Graff, Head, Freudenberg India, told it is present in. In the Indian perspective, the us about the Group’s participation at Auto Expo roads and other infrastructure conditions pose 2016 – Components Show, its latest products challenges to components, requiring robust solu- and solutions, and importance of the Indian tions to extend the life of components. market. He also shed light on Freudenberg There are a few key trends that are causing a Group’s collaboration with institutions, as well change in the way solutions are developed for as its role in the Make in India policy. The components, as well as OEMs. One of these is Group has four research and development the efficiency of components and products, (R&D) centres and 14 manufacturing sites in which are expected to offer higher performance the country. Some of the group companies than earlier. Another trend is in the increase of include Freudenberg Performance Materials electric vehicles that is expected to grow, requir- had about 400 students passing out till date. (FPM), Freudenberg Filtration Technologies ing solutions in terms of dampening and in- The company has also set up its Freudenberg (FFT), Klüber Lubrication, OKS and Chem-Trend. creased efficiency of components. India Entrepreneurial Leadership Development Graf said that automotive component manu- programme (FIELD), which identifies students AUTO EXPO SHOWCASE facturers are also looking at ways to manufac- from colleges and imparts training to make them ture products with reduction in weight, and management trainees. The Freudenberg Group companies will show- Freudenberg Group companies provide solutions case products including new damping greases, that help suppliers achieve these goals. LOCALISATION & ROUND-UP lightweight microfilament nonwoven materials and air filters for passenger vehicles at the R&D, TRAINING Freudenberg Group has always utilised India as Auto Expo 2016 - Components Show. Addition- a location to manufacture products for the local ally, it will display a new range of aerosols and Freudenberg Group invested about 4 % of its market, which differentiates it from competitors, greases for trucks and commercial vehicles, revenues into R&D activities in 2014 globally. said Graf. The company looks at adapting global mould release agents, tyre paints and casting The four R&D centres in India are spread across products for the country, as many of these solu- aids at the show, said Graf. two facilities in Mysore, and one each in Pune tions may be over-engineered for India. A major The new damping greases are used for and Mohali, with over 100 employees across all limitation of producing locally is in the availabil- smoother interior quality and noise reduction, centres. This number changes on the basis of ity of appropriate raw materials for specialities. and have been developed as a result of cus- the number of projects that are taking place in For this, Freudenberg carries out the task of tomer feedback and demands. The lightweight the company, Graf noted. The Mysore centres identifying relevant vendors and ensuring they microfilament nonwoven is suitable for a wide predominantly work on tribology, while the other adhere to required quality standards, noted Graf. range of applications such as sound absorp- centres focus on sealing technologies and seal- A number of group companies also export their tion, technical packaging, sun protection and ants of the Freudenberg Group companies. These products across the globe, but this is still not too window treatment. In addition, the new micro- centres also receive support from R&D teams substantial when compared to domestic sales, nAir filters are used by major OEMs in India to present across the globe. observed Graf. He said the reason for this is that help keep polluted air from entering the cabin The company’s training centre was initially there is a high level of demand for the companies’ of the car. was set up as a corporate social responsibility solutions and production in India itself. One of the group companies will showcase (CSR) activity of the company after the Tsunami its recently-launched aftermarket range of aer- disaster in Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu. The osols and greases for commercial vehicles, company currently offers four technical vocation- which ensure good performance, durability and al trainings – welding technician, industrial long service life of components. This product fitter, motor mechanic and machinist, and is in was completely developed in India, and is an the process of adding its fifth trade training example of the Make in India initiative. course of an electrician. The training centre has text: Naveen Arul

autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 5 INTERACTION Raaj Unocal Lubricants

Raaj Unocal Lubricants Ltd | Synthetic Lubricants The Way forward

While fuel is required to run the vehicle, different cations. The company is said to use more high lubricants form the integral life stream of vehicles quality base oils, which result in extended drain in- that keeps them going. Raaj Unocal Lubricants terval, extended mileage, and enhance performance Ltd (RULL) manufactures the entire range of lubri- of the vehicle. In addition, RULL works closely with cation requirements of an automobile except additive manufacturers who provide these oils in a brake fluid, irrespective of size or segment. In dual-fuel application, suitable for use in both com- conversation with Madhav Rajgarhia, CEO, Raaj pression and spark engines, he said. Current syn- Unocal Lubricants Ltd, we find out about the thetic oils are claimed to be ideal for either com- changes in the lubrication industry, the impact of pression or spark engines. adopting newer emission norms, as well as new manufacturing techniques. TECHNOLOGY, R&D Surface transport business comprises about 80 % of the total animated sales of RULL, with RULL uses patented Air Purging Technology, which the rest being from industrial sales, said Raj- blends the lubricants in tanks that do not have garhia. The Industrial segment includes the agitators or stirrers. This ensures that the product non-OEM sector comprising of steel, cement, is not separated, but remains as a homogenous textile and pharmaceutical industries, as well as mixture. This technology cuts down the batch pro- an OEM sector that covers automakers. This OEM cessing time by 50 %, as well as results in a of the oil or lubricant is lost once it leaves it origi- sector within the Industrial segment is claimed to better final product in many aspects. This tech- nal package. This technology has been received be a major focus area for the company. nology uses air to circulate and mix the compo- from an international partner, and will be intro- nents together in the process of blending. duced as a standard across all its products. Oil TRENDS IN LUBRICATION The company carries out its own development Detac is a tracer detection system that can be with the help of its in-house laboratory. A unique made to give a specific colour glow to the oil Rajgarhia said that as per leading industry critics feature of RULL’s R&D is in the development of its under ultra-violet light. Rajgarhia said this tech- and reports, after 2019, Americas and other devel- mobile laboratory, which provides education to cus- nology has two main advantages, the first being oped countries are going to show de-growth in their tomers at their place. There are two such mobile that OEMs can fix on a specific colour for their ex- lubrication requirements. Meanwhile, countries like laboratories - one for fresh oil comparison, and the clusive use and traceability. The second benefit is India and China are going to drive growth, with In- other for used oil testing. Rajgarhia said that RULL that it can be used as a substitute to under-body donesia expected to show the largest growth. The currently invests back between 5 and 7 % of its rev- inspection of heavy commercial vehicles that trends of synthetic and biodegradable oils are enues into R&D, and expects this to increase expo- cannot be lifted easily. gaining ground steadily, but are not holding any nentially. major share of the market at present. It is definitely ROUND-UP seen that the synthetic oil segment will show a UPCOMING TECHNOLOGIES phenomenal increase in demand in the coming RULL used to export its products to neighbouring years, noted Rajgarhia. RULL is working on two technologies that will be countries, but is now looking to approach interna- With regards to India, the government’s plan of exhibited at the Auto Expo – Lubistrands and Oil tional markets in a more strategic manner. The advancing the implementation of Bharat Stage VI Detac. Lubistrands is focussed towards the auto- company is looking mainly to enter markets in Asia, emission norms in 2020 would lead to OEMs using mobile sector that is seasonal in nature, leading where it has its presence, and where it can drive more of synthetic oils than conventional mineral to the engines of these vehicles being stationary the growth independently. Rajgarhia said RULL oils. This is because lubrication also contributes for long periods of time. These include heavy expects to begin exports to at least two countries by largely to emissions, Rajgarhia observed. In line earthmoving equipment, agriculture equipment the end of 2016, with initial exports to comprise 10 with this change, RULL is devoting more of its re- and pump sets, which have the risk of engines % of the business. search and development (R&D) efforts on develop- facing issues like oxidation and rust elevation. The company is awaiting the approval of a ing cost-effective and commercially-viable synthet- The Lubistrands technology enables the oil to number of automakers, and is looking at approach- ic oils across segments. bond between the engine body, critical parts and ing vehicle OEMs across all segments of the indus- While all the product lines of companies pro- the lubricant itself, thereby repelling the force of try. Rajgarhia also noted that RULL works with the ducing synthetic oils are governed by standards gravity, explained Rajgarhia. This will result in academia in encouraging upcoming talent through issued by the American Petroleum Institute, RULL is prolonged lubrication of the engine when com- sponsorship activities. differentiated in a couple of ways, Rajgarhia said. pared to regular lubricants. The first being the base oil used, while the other is Oil Detac caters to the inherent problem of the in manufacturing synthetic oils for dual-fuel appli- industry where the originality of the identification text: Naveen Arul

6 www.autotechreview.com

INTERACTION UNIVERsAL ROBOTS

UNIVERsAL ROBOTS | COBOTS - THE FUTURE OF ROBOTS

said. However, the features of lower cost, more flexibility and higher number of applications would help increase sales of cobots, and more so into various industries other than automotive. There is a need for a different thought process and a move away from traditional means, in terms of the applications that cobots can be used for, noted Friis. He added that the company’s robots need to be looked upon as advanced tools that enhance production operations. In India, cobots are used for processes including manufacturing three- wheelers, logo-pressing, headlight machining, fuel tank machining, screwing applications, crankshaft manufacturing and seat assembly screwing application. While all major car makers are users of cobots, UR finds SMEs to have the best potential In the present day and age, almost every manufac- enable humans working alongside robots without usage for these robots. Friis said the pricing of turing industry makes use of some form of automa- the need for fencing or special safety features, and cobots are minor when compared to the efficiency tion or robotics to improve their production quality. this is going to be the next step of automating pro- and output that can be derived out of them. Addi- However, these forms of automation and robots duction, said Friis. He added that UR is one of the tionally, cobots offer a plug and play solution. The always seem to take away the jobs of human first companies to tap into the collaborative robots company has also formed UR Caps, which is a web beings, or at least reduce the headcount of workers. market, and needs to be the one setting bench- forum on its website, where application developers The newest technology in automation is the dawn of marks by identifying and developing ways to use for UR robots can upload their applications, and robots that work in collaboration with human coun- the robot. share it with other users. terparts, with a high level of safety and efficiency. Cobots result in the optimisation of operations UR is aligned with the Make in India initiative, Universal Robots (UR) is a company that has in production, since there is no necessity for spe- noted David. He added that the company contrib- been in the automation and robotics business for cialised safety requirements and also they can be utes to the initiative by offering manufacturers with about 10 years. We spoke to Daniel Friis, Chief moved from one operation to another easily. This is the scope of keeping jobs in India through the use Commercial Officer, Universal Robots, and a result of the fact that cobots are easily program- of cobots. The cobots help companies to be more Pradeep S David, General Manager, India, Univer- mable, which is a part of the idea that an operator efficient and quality-conscious, with reports sal Robots, about automation of industries, and on the production floor can program the robot. An showing that production has been tripled with the the company’s ‘Cobots.’ example of the usage of cobots is in gluing appli- help them. Additionally, China has a larger pene- While the traditional market for UR is centred cations while manufacturing cars at BMW. David tration of robots in their manufacturing, which re- on Germany and the US, the company expects said that cobots are good pace setters, with quires India to begin adopting more robots and in- biggest growth from China, India and the APAC studies showing that robots and operators crease manufacturing. region, said Friis. This can also be seen in the com- working together are much more productive that pany’s strategy of pushing the global growth robots alone or operators alone. UR carries out DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES agenda. The office in India is one of nine offices complete development of its cobots, including elec- that UR will inaugurate in the first quarter of 2016. tronics and control systems, and they feature con- UR carries out research and development (R&D) ac- UR has doubled its business year-on-year since trollers specifically-designed for robots. Due to their tivities at Denmark. Friis said about 18-20 years it started operations, and in 2015, has doubled the high level of in-house development, the cobots also ago, the University in Denmark spent a lot of re- number of employees. In 2016, the company is have a number of intellectual property (IP) patents sources building a robot line, which has resulted in planning to increase its R&D investment between on them. For example, the company’s UR 3 cobot the cropping up of many robotics industries from 50 - 60 %, which was the case in 2015 as well. has about 15 patents on safety alone. there. UR is claimed to be one of the big companies that has come out of that investment. About one- COBOTS AUTOMATION IN INDIA third of the engineers in the company are in the R&D team, said Friis, not mentioning how much the Industrial robots have been used in car manufac- India has one of the lowest penetrations of robots company invests back into development. turing for the last 30 years, but cobots, or ‘Collabo- in the automation of manufacturing facilities, but rative Robots’ are designed to allow robots and there have been heavy investments for larger humans to work together, noted David. Cobots robots, especially in the automotive sector, David text: Naveen Arul

8 www.autotechreview.com Research and Development, Hasle-Rüegsau, Switzerland

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Blaser Swisslube India Pvt. Ltd. Gurgaon, Pin – 122002 Phone 0124 – 4994000, [email protected] News MISCELLANEOUS

Mahindra | Launches KUV100 At ` 4.42 Lakh

Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd (M&M) has launched its segment with its first petrol engine being de- charged mFALCON D75 diesel unit puts out 77 hp ‘Young SUV,’ KUV100 in petrol and diesel variants, signed and developed in India. of power at 3,750 rpm, with a peak torque output with prices starting from ` 4.42 lakh, ex-show- The KUV100 is powered by the new mFALCON of 190 Nm from 1,750 to 2,250 rpm. The diesel room Pune. The KUV100 diesel variant has prices family of engines. The 1.2 l, dual VVT, mFALCON variant offers two engine modes – Power and starting from ` 5.22 lakh. It is available in a total G80petrol engine delivers a maximum power of 82 ECO. It is also claimed to be India’s most fuel effi- of seven variants each, in petrol and diesel. This hp at 5,500 rpm, and 115 Nm of peak torque cient diesel SUV with an ARAI-certified fuel also marks the entry of M&M in to the petrol between 3,500 and 3,600 rpm. The 1.2 l, turbo- economy of 25.32 km/l. The KUV100 is built on a new monocoque platform and designed in-house with contempo- rary urban crossover cues. It also features a Cayman Dynamics-tuned suspension that is claimed to deliver car-like ride and handling. It features ABS and EBD as standard across all variants, with dual airbags available as option from the base variant. It also meets upcoming 2017 safety regulations. Dr Pawan Goenka, Executive Director, M&M, said launch of KUV100 is a defining moment in the automotive journey of Mahindra. KUV100 is the company’s first foray into the ground-up development of a petrol engine, with which it is defining a new SUV sub-segment and targeting a new customer group, he added.

Optare | New Project To Increase Electric Bus Range

Optare, a subsidiary of Ashok Leyland and leader said this project will double the range of these of the project is how high-performance motors for electric buses, announced its project to in- models. He added that the range extension project and transmissions are matched, while the crease the range of its MetroCity and Solo electric is supported by Ashok Leyland, but at the moment company is also looking at battery technology and vehicles (EVs). This project by Optare will increase is managed by Optare. However, phase two of the how they are packaged. Optare confirmed that the the range of the MetroCity and Solo to 200 miles plan will include joint-collaboration between the electric MetroDecker double-decker is expected to (about 320 km), without any gain in net weight, two companies, he noted. Munro also said much debut towards the end of 2016. and no intrusion into passenger space. Optare said that a key part of extending the range of EVs is in the management of on-bus heating, which can make a large difference to energy consumption. A part of the project is in engineering components correctly, in order to use energy in the best way possible. This could be extended to pre-heating the bus during its overnight charge and adding insulation. Another important factor is in keeping costs low during the entire life of the vehicles. High- performance batteries can be fit into the bus, but that would significantly increase the purchase price. Therefore, it is a balancing act between weight, passenger capacity and how much the operator is prepared to spend, Optare noted. Alastair Munro, Engineering Director, Optare,

10 www.autotechreview.com Michelin | Launches Scooter, Radial Royal Enfield | Superbike Tyres In India Himalayan Adventure French tyre major Michelin has launched Michelin motorcycle Unveiled City Pro tyres for scooters and motorcycles up to 150 cc, marking its entry into the scooter tyre Royal Enfield (RE) recently showcased its much- market in India. The company also launched two awaited Himalayan adventure motorcycle through a premium ranges of radial two-wheel tyres, aimed at page showcasing the evolution of the motorcycle on motorcycles with engines bigger than 600 cc. the company website. The Himalayan features a The MICHELIN Pilot Road4 and MICHELIN Pilot brand new engine from RE, as well as a newly-de- Power3 are designed for high-performance, cover- veloped chassis and suspension, among other coming a broad range of super-sport motorcycle models comfortable in-city ride experience. Michelin is de- ponents. The company has been testing the Hima- that are used differently, for both road and track lighted to bring Pilot Road4 and Pilot Power3 to the layan over a long period of time and hence has usage. The radial superbike tyres can be used on discerning Indian consumer, he added. Michelin’s been making news. models from companies including Kawasaki, motorcycle tyre portfolio is claimed to cover the The Himalayan is powered by a newly-devel- Ducati, Aprilia, Benelli, Yamaha, Hyosung, and widest possible range of motorcycles in India, high- oped LS400 single-cylinder, overhead cam (OHC), Honda. Meanwhile, the City Pro range is claimed to performance or the daily commute segment. oil-cooled, 410 cc engine, which is claimed to be best-suited for daily commute. The Pilot Road4 range features XST+ technol- develop 25 hp of power, and about 30 Nm of peak The City Pro range has been developed using a ogy, which is specially designed for wet weather torque. RE said the Himalayan’s new engine fea- combination of Michelin Overlap Technology (MOT), braking, and the 2CT technology with 100 % tures improved endurance levels, leading to service three reinforced plies and a layer of rubber beneath silica compounds help in creating optimum intervals of 10,000 km. the tread. This reduces the risk of punctures, while balance between grip and longevity. The Pilot Design, development and testing of the a new tread pattern with large circumferential Power3 is primarily intended for road use (85 %) chassis and suspension of the Himalayan were grooves aids in better wet grip, the company said. and has been developed with a combination of carried out by UK-based Harris Performance Prod- Pradeep G Thampy, Commercial Director, Two 2CT and 2CT+ technology. This aids better stabili- ucts Ltd, which RE has acquired in 2015. The Wheels, Michelin Asia, Africa and Middle East, said ty when cornering, especially under strong accel- chassis design and suspension setup have been Michelin City Pro will offer daily commuters with a eration, said the company. developed to cater to the off-road capabilities of the motorcycle, while accommodating the engine and keeping with the overall design of the motorcycle. The motorcycle has been designed to offer the Continental | ABS, ESC Manufacturing In right compromise between seat height and ground clearance, the company said. This is the reason the India By 2016 End Himalayan features a 21-inch front wheel to cover The Chassis and Safety division of Continental has has also announced that local production of Elec- rougher sections easily. announced localisation of Anti-lock Brake Systems tronic Control Units (ECU) is planned to begin from The RE Himalayan has been seen in various (ABS) and Electronic Stability Control (ESC) 2018 in Bangalore. parts of the country over the past many months systems in India, by the end of calendar year 2016. The Indian market is one of the largest markets running tests in varied weather and road condi- The components will be produced for passenger for compact cars and two-wheelers, noted Felix Bi- tions. Testing of the motorcycle was also assist- cars at the Continental Automotive Brake Systems etenbeck, Head, Vehicle Dynamics business unit, ed by CS Santosh, professional motorcyclist and plant in Gurgaon, Haryana. Continental. By producing these systems in the one of India’s most accomplished off-road Continental said it will be setting up a new as- market for the market, Continental is matching its racers. Santosh said the Himalayan is not intim- sembly line for these products for passenger cars, portfolio to the requirements of local customers, idating for a common rider, but remains good for and later ABS for two-wheelers will also be pro- while keeping its technologies affordable, he said. off-road capabilities. duced in the existing Gurgaon plant. The company Claude d’Gama Rose, Managing Director, Conti- nental Automotive Components India, said widespread use of ABS, airbags and ESC can contribute considerably to reducing the number of serious in- juries and fatalities on Indian roads. He added that Continental offers a portfolio of high performance, advanced products which can contribute to greater road safety, with decades of experience in this area.

autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 11 Guest commentary

RAHUL DEV is a Partner at Tech Corp Legal LLP; a patent attorney and international technology business lawyer

CONNECTED CARS & IoT – EMERGING TRENDS AND PREDICTIONS

Tesla founder Elon Musk recently confirmed that he believes Vehicle infotainment and digital dashboards are generating Apple is working on producing a car, during an interview with enormous revenues due to the constant need of people to stay the BBC. So when Elon, who commands great authority in the connected. A leading example of such innovation is justDrive electric car industry, confirms that a technology giant like Apple by Jaguar Land Rover, which turns apps and services from is working towards building a car, it seems likely that we might smartphone into a voice-activated experience. This allows the see innovative vehicles strapped with Apple logos running on driver to bypass the struggle of searching through multiple apps roads in the near future. as justDrive can seamlessly search apps, and perform other Elon’s predictions may not be true, but one cannot ignore tasks such as sending a text or tweet through natural speech, or the possibility of path-breaking innovations revamping the au- playing a desired song. JLR has filed a patent with the US pat- tomobile industry in coming years. We have already experi- ent office (USPTO) titled “Touch System and Method” that de- enced testing of driverless cars by Google. However, autono- scribes a multi-user touch system and a method of controlling a mous cars becoming mainstream is still a distant reality due to touch system. various challenges. At the same time, present day innovations It is common for major companies to cross-license their re- are providing excellent solutions relating to in-car entertain- spective patents and technology to each other, which allows ment and communication technologies. them to use each other’s patents at reasonable terms. Technology trends and predictions are best analysed by re- Digital innovations by the likes of Apple (CarPlay) and viewing patents filed by companies across the globe. Patent of- Google (Android Auto) are yet to gain traction but once that fices worldwide usually publish the patent applications after fil- happens, smartphones will act as bridging tools to revolutionise ing (pre-grant publications) and subsequently after the patents automobiles. Moreover, subsequent innovations could potential- are granted. This can provide insights into future technology ly eliminate the need of smartphones considering the need of trends, as filing patents is essential to ensure that R&D activities users to expect better capabilities from the dashboard. are duly protected from being copied. Innovators get appropri- In 2015, Apple was granted a patent by the USPTO pertain- ate royalties for their R&D efforts. ing to “Accessing a Vehicle Using Portable Devices”, which dis-

12 www.autotechreview.com closes a primary portable device that can access a vehicle by the consumers. transmitting an activation message including a vehicle access Innovations in IoT will provide significant push to automo- credential to the vehicle. As disclosed therein, the primary port- bile sector as connected cars possessing multiple features are able device can additionally enable a secondary portable device expected to contribute majorly to upcoming technology trends. to access the vehicle by transmitting the vehicle access creden- Such innovations will include consumer-oriented embedded de- tial to the secondary portable device. In use, the connections vices such as infotainment, telematics, and digital cluster sys- between the primary portable device, secondary portable de- tems, along with safety and navigation features. Automakers vice, and vehicle can be based on a short-range wireless proto- have realised that IoT is capable of pushing automotive systems col, such as Bluetooth or Bluetooth LE. A wide variety of porta- to become more connected within and outside of the car, ble devices can embody this technology. through the use of software. In addition to the above, it would be correct to predict that innovations in automobile sector will drive research and devel- CHALLENGES opment in other sectors, such as aerospace and defence, and vice versa. Innovations across embedded software combined One potential challenge that automakers and technology com- with rich technology expertise will showcase an intersection of panies can face is to integrate technology with product lifecycle these diverse industries, each of which may be driven to ex- and consumer’s buying cycle. For example, in-vehicle entertain- treme heights due to IoT transformation. ment will require constant addition to new content, and such An ideal cockpit of a future automobile exploiting IoT inno- new content will need regular software updates for seamless us- vations would be packaged with essential elements, including er experience. Bugs can spoil the consumer’s interest and hence an integrated connectivity framework for extending user experi- automakers would need to be more proactive in recalling faulty ence to the IoT devices and landscape, including the cloud; vehicles or providing software improvements. To achieve this, firmware and software management modules that are capable companies will further need strong back-office operations and of managing and updating software in real-time; a flexible plat- optimisation of supply chain, so that novel driving-centric ser- form to allow functioning of various services; and long-term vices can be rolled out in a timely manner, thereby providing support to allow for extensibility over time with evolving IoT better monetisation schemes for the companies. developments. It would be needless to state that such systems To ensure that the connected cars match the needs of all us- will have inbuilt security for safe data handling throughout the ers, companies are aggressively integrating design, research and entire process beginning from the boot up. manufacturing efforts with customer experience, branding and Another trend that would be commonly observed will be marketing. To provide better experience to the customers, the the convergence of other technology areas with cars. For exam- dealer network also needs to be engaged. ple, users who are savvy about new age innovations in the field With the ever-increasing smartphone penetration, consumer of home automation and health wearables would prefer cars behaviour has undergone rapid changes and it is not just about with similar capabilities. This would mean connected cars will buying a vehicle anymore. Consumers foresee car buying as an have data processing capabilities so as to provide a coherent ex- experience and companies are quick to adapt to changing perience to users by connecting smoothly with such gadgets, trends. In the past, interaction of potential buyers with vehicles thereby improving overall IoT landscape. was limited to test drives, which now begins months or some- In near future, consumers will expect much more from their times years in advance. vehicles once driverless vehicles are offered to them, including Consumers begin the car-buying process by doing online re- more focus on car safety, creating a more personalised experi- search and speaking to dealers, which gets a boost through ence behind the wheel, and in-vehicle productivity. Yes, eventu- technologies such as augmented and virtual reality. This can ally consumers will take work on the road, as a realistically via- provide consumers with a real life look and feel of the entire ex- ble option once there exists logical and practical partnerships perience of owning a vehicle of their choice. With more con- between connected cars and the automotive, consumer, and en- sumer devices such as smart-watch, wearable gadgets and vir- terprise markets. tual reality gears, this trend will become mainstream globally. To conclude, it wouldn’t be wrong to state that cars will Consequently, automakers that used to focus on B2B aspects by evolve sooner than expected and users would be able to com- catering to the needs of the dealers will divert their attention to municate with cars uniformly via wearable devices, smart- B2C aspects as well because the consumer is at the forefront of phones, mobile apps, and the like. It would be normal routine new age car-buying experience. for a user to set navigation, lock doors, turn on the heat, flash the lights, or sound the horn through the wearable or the smartphone and its compatible app. ROLE OF THE INTERNET

Internet of things (IoT) is a term that is used to refer to every- day consumer devices and how these devices communicate with each other and the users via the Internet. Future automobile cockpits will be designed using technology and IoT land- Read this article on scape as communication will become primary requirement of www.autotechreview.com autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 13 interview HMSI

“REQUEST GOVT FOR A LONG-TERM ROADMAP ON SAFETY & EMISSIONS”

The year 2015 would count as one of the most aggressive years for Honda Motorcycle & Scooter In- dia (HMSI), with the company going on a product offensive launching 15 products through the year. For HMSI though, this was just about building a foundation strong enough to ensure the future growth targets become easy to achieve. We recently interviewed Keita Muramatsu, President & CEO, HMSI for a deeper insight into the Japanese two-wheeler maker’s future roadmap. Also with us was Yadvinder Singh Guleria, Senior Vice President – Sales & Marketing, HMSI. Excerpts:

An auto enthusiast since his childhood, Keita Muramatsu the position of President & CEO, Honda Motor India. Motor- started his association with Honda more than three decades sports remains close to his heart. In 1997, he helmed the Mot- back from its headquarters in Japan, where he rose from being orsports Division of Honda in Japan as its General Manager. In a Sales Officer to be the motorcycle Product Planning Officer India, he has been personally involved in advocating the sport’s within 10 years. He joined Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India as popularity through initiatives like the Asia Dream Cup to pro- its President & CEO on April 1, 2011 and currently also holds mote young talent in India.

14 www.autotechreview.com ATR _ You took charge of HMSI at an emission regulations, be it for Europe, global aspirations? interesting time, post the termination of China, Japan or the United States. It’s not KM _ India clearly is the most exciting the joint venture with the Hero Group. easy to work on country-specific technol- and core two-wheeler market for Honda, What were your immediate challenges and ogies. We are, for instance, ready with with promised growth over the next 10 priorities? technologies for the next level of emission years. China is big, but there is a large KEITA MURAMATSU _ I was in a differ- regulations. In India though, the pace of electric two-wheeler market in China that ent assignment during the JV termination implementing emission regulations is very can’t be accurately estimated. Earlier, with the Hero Group. This came to me as fast. We need proper intervals between Europe used to import two-wheelers from a sudden assignment, and my immediate introduction of emission standards. We Japan and the United States, and now priority was to ensure expansion of our have the capabilities, but we need further imports from South Asian countries like operations. We focussed hard on improv- discussions on market introduction. Vietnam and Thailand. India could be the ing quality of our product and operations, Honda is very good at racing, but we next country to supply to the world. I expand our network and capacity. To don’t want the Indian government to understand the government’s thought pro- ensure our associates had better access to move at a higher pace than Honda devel- cess. By moving to Euro V technologies, us, we decided to open regional offices. opment (laughs). India can quickly become the export hub There were many challenges, but for me for the world. But doing that in four years the most important was to improve not While Honda is prepared to meet future is going to be very difficult. just the quality of our hardware, but also regulations, it is also critical that the sup- software. Secondly, I wanted a larger pliers develop simultaneously. Are you In pure volume terms, where does India focus on safety activities, which is an happy with the pace of development of stand for Honda globally? obligation for a manufacturer. the Indian suppliers? KM _ Last calendar year, we were second KM _ In the current two-wheeler market behind Indonesia. This year, depending There have been major changes in the in India, over 90 % of the products are on our plans, we will be number one external environment in the country in carburettor-based. So, there is great manufacturer of two-wheelers in all of the last few years – the economy went opportunity to move to fuel-injection tech- Honda. With our fourth facility in Gujarat into a slide, a new government came to nology in India, but we need to check if now, our production capacity has power. How do you view your tenure the customers are willing to pay for increased to 5.8 mn. here thus far? expensive technologies. Our suppliers also KM _ I agree with what the new govern- need to improve their capabilities to meet You went on a product offensive last year. ment is trying to bring in, in terms of new the market and regulatory demands. This How has this strategy worked in your policies related to safety and environ- is a big challenge. Maybe we can source quest to be the leading two-wheeler player ment. Honda Motor Co, especially in the components from other countries, but in the market? automobile area, has traditionally been that is not the direction we are taking. KM _ We were constrained by capacity in very strong in these areas. We have the Importing parts would mean further the past year. With the commissioning of potential to address the next level of envi- increase in price of the finished product. the Gujarat scooter facility, we can pro- ronmental issues. Our R&D set-up in India We should avoid that. Our objective is to duce more motorcycles this year in our currently has 300 people, and they are increase localisation. other plants. Our target is to maximise working on developing and improving sales of all the new products we launched new technologies in the safety and envi- Where does India stand in Honda’s in 2015. ronment domains. I can understand the government direction, and manufacturers like us need to develop solutions for the next phases. Our hardware needs to be a guarantee for the customers. But development needs time, and we need intervals to introduce technologies. My request to the government is to give us a long-term roadmap, and once that is decided, please don’t change it midway. The recent announcement of the government’s intention to skip one stage of emission standards is a big challenge.

In the Manesar tech centre, what is the kind of focus on developing environment- friendly technologies? KM _ Globally, Honda works on various Our suppliers need to improve their capabilities to meet market and regulatory demands autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 15 interview HMSI

from a 100 cc motorcycle to the 1,832 cc Gold Wing – and that is a key differentiator we offer to the market. The customer profile is very different in these categories, and the quality of service requirement is also different. From a dealer point of view, it’s difficult to pick up how to meet the customer’s requirements. While this is unique, it’s also a great challenge.

Are electric scooters an option for you in the short- or long-term? KM _ As far as technology is concerned, we have electric vehicle technology within Honda Motor Co, but from a busi-

We need to build our strength in all the categories, and also ensure that our dealers’ ness perspective, we have to see how the business grows and remains viable infrastructure develops in the country, and if there indeed is demand for e-bikes YS GULERIA _ Since we have to move to capacity, and yet we launched new prod- or e-scooters. The need really is to move BS IV, the existing line-up, except the CBR ucts. That means we compromised on to cleaner combustion technologies, and 650 and Hornet that are BS IV-compliant, some models to make these new models. adoption of solutions like fuel-injection we have to re-work the model strategies But this was the only opportunity. Once systems. That will happen with stringent for the other products. At the same time, the new factory comes up, production is emission regulations coming in. we want to create a new segment, a new just the turn of a switch. But the market category. responds at its own pace. So, 2016-17 is In sales terms, HMSI has registered a supposed to be the year we realise the 1.94 % growth in the April-December Do we see a larger focus on the Hornet fruits of the hard work we did in 2015. timeframe in 2015. Are you brand? Next year, we expect very good business disappointed? YSG _ You’d recall that in August 2015, from both our scooters and motorcycles. YSG _ We knew our growth would be lim- we announced that we want to bring in ited to around two per cent because of the fun DNA of Honda and the flagship It is important that your reach in rural our capacity constraints. It would be a model for announcement was the CBR India also increases. matter of concern if we are not producing 650F. Thereon, all the models – the Livo, KM _ Absolutely, the rural markets offer to our capacity, but we are. At 4.6 mn Shine SP or the Hornet 150R – are more big potential. And to tap that potential, capacity, this is exactly the growth we of aspirational models and appealing to we’ll need to expand our reach rapidly. expected. At the same time, we had the the youth, targeted at mainly urban and It’s not easy competing against our com- homework lined-up in terms of develop- semi-urban markets. petitors, who already have a strong pres- ments of new products, R&D, vendor, pur- ence in rural markets with established chase and manufacturing. From a sales You have an enviable position in the products. In terms of overall reach, we are perspective, we were preparing for the scooter market. What will it take for HMSI far behind our competitors. By March 31, next big jump. to be the leader in the motorcycle seg- 2016 we’ll have a network size of 4,500 ment as well? but compared to about 6,000 outlets that Are there gaps in your motorcycle line-up KM _ Last year, we launched products in our closest competitor has, we still have that needs to be plugged? all the targeted category of products – to do a lot of catching up. YSG _ During the last festival season, we scooters, 100 cc, 125 cc and above 150 cc. did feel there was an opportunity in the This year, we have to increase our pene- How have Indian consumers evolved in 125 cc segment. We put more stakes on tration in each category. India being a terms of what they expect from you? the 100 cc segment, and didn’t estimate huge country, there are different demands KM _ We do analyse customer prefer- well for the 125 cc segment. That is one from different products in different mar- ences, and have realised that Indian con- gap we will address for sure. kets. We need to build our strength in all sumers want a product that depicts a the categories, and also ensure that our macho image, offers high mileage and is dealers’ business grows and remains via- reliable. We’ve also realised that customer ble. Although we launched 15 products demands and expectations are increasing Text: Deepangshu Dev Sarmah last year, variants wise, we have about 40 rapidly, keeping pace with India’s urban Photo: Vasu Anantha variants to look after. life. Our pace of development has to catch YSG _ 2015-16 was a foundation year for up to meet their expectations. us, and internally we call this a base YSG _ Today, we offer the widest range of Read this article on camp. All our plants were running full products to the Indian consumer – right www.autotechreview.com

16 www.autotechreview.com study SUSTAINABILITY ADOPTION OF BIO-FUELS FOR VEHICLE USE IN INDIA – i

Swedish commercial vehicle maker Scania recently presented a whitepaper to Nitin J Gadkari, Union Minister of Road Transport and Highways, spotlighting the benefits of biofuel adoption in India. The whitepaper highlights the key learning from Scania’s experiences in Sweden, discusses the challenges India faces and outlines a possible future for biofuels in India. In the first part, we bring to you edited excerpts on the background of the study, an executive summary and a discussion on the challenges.

18 www.autotechreview.com EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Total floor space (commercial and residential) Total power demand (commercial and residential) Billion m2 Te rawatt hours +66% 41 +72% As the world debates sustainability and 3,870 new energy, it is clear that the international biofuels economy has come of age. 1,050 Embraced in many countries, biofuels 14 help secure energy independence, provide 2013 2030 2013 2030 substantial opportunities to cut transpor- 1 Expected infrastructure growth in india[2] tation costs, curb emissions dramatically and create millions of new jobs. Between 2000 and 2010, global biofuels for a considerable amount of its energy the air in towns and cities; and production quadrupled, mainly due to the use. India’s import of gasoline and petro- :: Effectively manage solid waste and growth of ethanol production. The biofu- leum products has outgrown consumption waste water. els market is expected to continue to grow demand in the last decade. India is 80 % from 31 bn gallons today to approximately import dependent to meet its oil demands. 66 bn gallons in 2021. Sustainable trans- Because of heavy dependency, a large India is on the path to building port or green transport is a form of trans- chunk of the country’s income is spent on a sustainable solution portation which is not dependent on the procuring crude oil from offshore markets. shrinking natural resources such as fossil In 2012-13 alone, India had paid a record Biofuels have a great potential in the fuels. Instead, it relies on non-conven- $ 144.293 bn on import of 184.79 mn Indian public transport domain. Given the tional sources of energy. As a result, it has tonnes of crude oil. country’s dynamic economic growth and a low or negative carbon footprint for the modernisation, the need for energy will environment as it utilises the sustainable increase with each passing year. Despite energy resources. Sweden, a frontrunner in having considerable fossil fuel resources, Biofuel is one of the upcoming global sustainability, has India imports 80 % of its oil and more resources of energy, which is used as a shown the way than 40 % of natural gas. These two transport fuel. According to a report pub- sources account for 37 % of total energy lished by International Energy Agency in Between 1992 and 2006, Sweden’s GDP consumption which is by far the largest 2011, biofuels can provide transport fuel grew by 40 %, but the country’s emis- cost of commodity on the Indian import with substantially lower CO2 emissions sions reduced by 9 %, proving that sus- bill, directly impacting the fiscal balance. than conventional gasoline or diesel, tainability and growth are not mutually Theoretically, if India shifts up to 14% when comparing the entire “life cycle” of exclusive. At the heart of this develop- of its current fossil-based energy mix to production – that is, from the field to the ment was a shift from fossil fuels (mainly biofuels in the next decade, it would be vehicle. Further, it states that the global oil). Biofuels played a critical role in this an impactful advantage in the build-up of share of biofuel in total transport fuel shift and today, around 30 % of the Swed- the next decade of the Indian economy, could go up to 27 % by 2050. With India’s ish energy use comes from biofuels. Swe- supporting the country’s target of sustain- present government’s ambition of creating den has shown that it is possible to able development and inclusive growth. 100 smart and sustainable cities in the decouple GHG emissions growth from India can gain energy independence from country, it is imperative that the urban economic growth through use of hydro- the import of fossil fuel, coal and oil and governance provide a high quality of life power, solar, wind, to its netizens. Therefore, biofuels can nuclear, bioenergy and Correlation between emissions and wealth is not linear play a significant part in achieving this biofuels. 1.6 dream of the government. :: Job creation in this India 1.5 The Indian transport sector continues new leg of the to rely on petrol and diesel – this overreli- economy is signifi- 4.2 ance comes at a great cost – both to the cant – only ethanol Sweden 58 exchequer and our environment. India is could generate up 6.1 expected to be the world’s fastest growing to 1 mn job oppor- China economy in FY2015-16 (April-March) at tunities by 2020; 7 7.5 %. Growth is expected to further :: The economic ben- 9.2 accelerate to 7.9 % in FY2016-17 and 8 % efits of this would Germany 45 in FY2017-18. India’s economic growth largely accrue to will further drive its energy consumption farmers and waste across all major sectors, and will continue handling operators, USA to be the fourth largest primary energy making this an consumer, trailing only China, the United inclusive growth Tonnes CO 2 /capita GDP/Capita(KUSD) States, and Russia (Source: U.S. EIA). strategy; But India continues to rely on imports :: Help in cleaning up 2 Relation between GHG emissions and economic growth[4] autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 19 study SUSTAINABILITY

Outdoor air pollution caused deaths Swedish State for the A PERSPECTIVE ON THE CHALLENCE Breakdown by disease construction of a biogas INDIA FACES plant in Nagpur, which Lung Acute lower inhabits 2.5 mn people. While India stands at the starting position cancer respiratory The biogas will be used 6% infections in biofuels where Sweden was a couple of (children) as an automotive fuel, decades back, the differences in chal- 3% especially to run the city lenges are also considerable. Recognising Ischaemic buses. The biogas will that India’s immediate priorities are COPD, 11% heart be produced from increased manufacturing, reduced fiscal disease, digested sludge from and current-account deficit, and creating 40% one of the city’s waste- high-quality job opportunities for its vast water treatment plants population, the approach that Sweden Stroke, 40% in collaboration with took cannot be copied straight off. local companies. Nagpur Though, India has one key advantage in is a part of the Govern- this context – the ability to build right ment of India’s initiative from the start. India is still far below its to improve the environ- long-term potential in infrastructure and ment and transport sys- assets. Of the infrastructure India will 3 Health effects of air pollution[8] tems in the country’s have in 2030, 70 % of it does not yet exist 100 largest cities. and will be built between now and 2030[1] Manufacturing of Green Buses: Scania 1. With such a starting position, India turn its current account deficit to a sur- is committed to the manufacture of should take the opportunity to leapfrog plus with these shifts. green buses such as Scania Metrolink old, polluting, and inefficient technolo- Apart from being costly to import, coal and Scania Citywide LE from its Indian gies, much like India did when moving and oil are also large sources of global manufacturing unit. Scania’s aim is to immediately to mobile telephony net- greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. If India localise components on the chassis to works and largely skipping the wired would follow an industrialised path, the the level of 40 % and the body to 100 telephony infrastructure of the old world. emission levels are likely to grow in line %. Also, all the buses would run solely with GDP, and possibly double in the near on biofuels like bioethanol, biomethane future. (bioCNG) or biodiesel. This would Securing Energy Independence The technology behind biofuels is result in substantial reduction in pollu- mature. Domestic solutions exist to a large tion levels as compared to the vehicles, As the world’s 4th largest consumer of extent, and transfer of established tech- which run on conventional fuels. Fur- energy, securing energy for the growing nology from abroad could plug specific thermore, trucks manufactured by Sca- economy is a constant priority for India. capability gaps. In the past years, Sweden nia would be localised to the level of 65 Today, coal is the principal source for has been collaborating with India on bio- % and would also run on the above- power supply but is not a suitable fuel for fuels by sharing its thoughts, experiences mentioned biofuels. road transport for various reasons. Oil, and recommendations. We are convinced As free-trade area agreements have and to a certain extent natural gas, are the that the governmental and business rela- improved with countries in Asia, Middle- conventional sources of fuel for road tionship between Sweden and India will East and Africa, this will result in sub- transports. Considering the trade partners be centred on this topic in the coming stantial increase in export volumes to of these commodities, careful manage- decade. these markets. All these steps illustrate ment of these capital flows are also of There is a need to set incentive that Scania is dedicated towards the Prime importance to the national security. schemes and long-term targets for renew- Minister’s vision of ‘Make in India’. able fuels like ethanol and biodiesel in the The Indian government has recog- transport sector if an efficient introduction nised the need for development in this Curbing Global GHG Emissions of biofuels is to be achieved. Taking this industry and supported the initiative. & Cleaning Up the City Air belief forward, in 2014, Scania launched Additionally, there continues to be a the nation’s first ethanol-run bus in Nag- need to set incentive schemes and long- Apart from being costly to import, coal pur with the help of the Minister of Road, term targets for renewable fuels like eth- and oil are also large sources of both GHG Transport and Highways and the city MP, anol and biodiesel in the transport sec- emissions and emissions of local pollut- Nitin Gadkari. Scania views ethanol as the tor if an efficient introduction of biofu- ants, such as particulates, nitrous oxides future for public transport as it reduces els is to be achieved. “Biofuels can be and sulphur oxides. Burning coal emits

GHG and local air pollution. socio-economic change agents as it 965,000 tonne CO2eq/TWh generated, Local Waste, Local Fuel, Local Trans- would address crucial issues of farmer almost twice as much as compared to nat- port: In addition to this, Scania has signed suicides, agri surpluses in the sugar, ural gas [3]. a memorandum of understanding with wheat and rice industries and fuel econ- Still, India in an international context Swedfund – the development financier of omy,” said Gadkari. is a relatively low emitter of GHG due to a

20 www.autotechreview.com large rural population with low consump- bustion takes place in the vehicle engine. ing systems. As shown in 4, existing eth- tion levels. The per-capita emissions lev- Epidemiological studies have demon- anol and biogas heavy-duty (HD) engines els of India is only one-fifth compared to strated an association between different fulfil the most stringent emission levels. China. If India would follow the same levels of air pollution and various health As the lack of significant volumes of industrialisation path as China, the emis- outcomes including mortality. WHO esti- cleaner diesel qualities makes it difficult sion levels are likely to grow in line with mates that air pollution today is linked to to move to better emission levels for die- GDP, and possibly double in the near one in eight deaths and that over 7 mn sel vehicles in India today, a move to bio- future, 2. This development is not prede- people in the world die prematurely due fuels makes it possible to leapfrog to the termined. As Sweden has shown, it is to air pollution [6] 3. It has been esti- ultra-clean emissions standards of Euro 5, possible to decouple GHG emissions mated that 620,000 people die each year EEV and Euro 6. The ethanol ED95 engine growth from economic growth through from air pollution-related causes [7], and is EEV certified (an EU emission standard use of hydropower, solar, wind, nuclear, there is possibly a significant underreport- level between Euro 5 and Euro 6), but is bioenergy and biofuels, in parallel with ing in this figure. actually even cleaner as is illustrated in initiatives to curb energy use. Of the air pollutants generated by ④. The HD biogas engine fulfils the Euro Transport is at the heart of both the motor vehicles, diesel exhaust particles 6 emission criteria. global and the local emission problems. account for a very significant percentage Shifting to ethanol and biogas would

As a population’s disposable income of the particles emitted in many towns imply a 90 % emission cut in NOx and grows, their consumption of transport and and cities [9]. It has been estimated that PM compared to the BS III emission communications increase exponentially. the particulate emission from diesel standard in the average diesel bus fleet of In India, studies have found that a 4x engines per travelled distance is over 10 India today. higher income translates into 10x times higher than the emission from pet- A report from the Faculty of Medicine, increased spend on transport [5]. This is rol engines of equivalent power running University of São Paulo, Brazil, evaluating exactly what is happening as India’s 400 on unleaded petrol [10]. In cities, it is com- the introduction of the first ethanol bus mn poor people are upwardly moving mon that around 50 % of local emissions fleet in São Paulo estimated the improved towards a middle-class lifestyle. While are caused by heavy diesel vehicles, like air quality from replacing diesel buses power plants can be remotely located, buses, lorries and trucks [11]. with ethanol buses to be worth R$ 15,600 emissions from transport will always be Biofuels provide an opportunity to dra- (` 380,000) per bus and year, due to the close to urban areas as long as the com- matically curb emissions inside the exist- savings from improved health alone [12].

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KOMAX_Alpha530_Autoexpo_e_175x110.indd 1 22.12.15 10:37 autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 21 study SUSTAINABILITY

Emission level DC9 E02 (Ethanol Euro5/EEV) European emission standards 1992-2014 According to certification measurements

Euro 4 Euro 5 EEV ED95 Euro 6 EEV NOx Diesel and Ethanol Local Emissions (g/kWh) engine 8 g/kwh Euro 1 1992 Euro 2 1996 Diesel CO 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.0 1.5 Euro 2 6 Euro 3 2001 HC 0.46 0.46 0.25 0.06 0.13 4 Euro 4 2006

Euro 5 2009 NO2 3.5 2.0 2.0 1.8 0.4 2

Ethanol EEV Euro 6 2014 0 PM ESC 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 Particulates g/kwh ETC 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01

4 Emission standards – Ethanol vs Diesel

Effectively managing solid Maximising financial yield from References: waste and waste water agricultural produce [1] Source: “India’s Urban Awakening”, McKinsey Global Institute (2010) The growing affluence and urbanisation Farmers in India have traditionally a [2] Source: Ibid. of India also brings a waste management tough life. Low productivity by interna- [3] Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration problem. Urban India represents 70 % of tional standards and oversupply pushing [4] Source: Ekonomifakta (2014), International around 200,000 tonne of solid waste India down produce prices makes it hard to Monetary Fund (2013) [5] Source: Euromonitor, 2012. generates every day. Only generate enough income to provide for a [6] Source: UN Daily News, March 25th 2014 70 % of this waste is collected, and a family. Biofuels offer several avenues of [7] Source: Hindustan Times, December 1st, 2013 majority of what is collected is put into an opportunity for farmers: [8] Source: WHO, Tarik Jasarevic [9] Source: Health effects of diesel exhaust emis- [13] landfills . Contrast this with Sweden, :: Energy-rich biomass such as straw, sions, European Respiratory Journal, vol. 17 no. 4 where practically all household waste is husks, biogases, often classified as 733-746 collected and less than 1 % is put into waste or residues, can serve as per- [10] Source: ibid [11] Source: EU BEST project final report, www. [14] landfills , instead being recycled or fectly suitable feedstock for fermenta- best-europe.org used as feedstock for energy generation tion into bioethanol or digestion into [12] Source: Paulo Saldiva, Faculty of Medicine, through incineration or conversion to fuel. biogas; University of São Paulo, 2011 In addition, there’s the waste water :: Waste lands not suitable for cultivating [13] Source: Mint, Economic Times of India, The Hindu – all press clips from 2013-14. problem. A city like Bangalore today gen- food crops can serve as agricultural [14] Source: Avfall Sverige, ”Svensk Avfallshanter- erates around 1 bn l of waste water today, land for growing oil-rich high-energy ing 2014” of which only 40 % is treated [15]. This crops that can be processed into [15] Source: BWSSB [16] Source: Scandinavian Biogas and Stockholm will increase by about 30 % each decade biodiesel; Water Company, 2014 for the foreseeable future, putting an enor- :: Rotating between food crops and [17] Similar yields have been calculated in an Indi- mous pressure on municipal agencies to energy crops can increase the overall an context, e.g. a concept paper delivered to BWSSB in 2014 described a potential for a 120 expand and build new treatment plants, yield of a land plot, and mitigates the MLD STP to provide fuel for 40 citybuses, provided as well as increase capacity to provide risk of depleting the nutrition in the a depot could be provided in proximity to the STP. adequate amounts of water for their pop- soil; and ulation and industries. :: Where supply permits, sugarcane, Experience from existing biogas pro- sugar beets, and certain grains can (Part 2 of this study will appear in our duction (at Stockholm’s Waste Water serve as feedstock for ethanol plants, March 2016 edition) Treatment Plant in Henriksdal) shows that where the value to the fuel-generating waste water from approximately 780,000 buyer may prove higher than for an city citizens could supply around 15 mn agricultural produce marketer. cubic metre of biogas of vehicle gas qual- Any larger initiative diverting direct agri- ity. This corresponds to the use of 500 city cultural produce to fuel instead of human buses [16]. Additional flows of organic foodstuff must be carefully managed from waste (from restaurants, etc.) and other a food security perspective. However, substrates can be added to further improving the livelihood of farmers increase the biogas production in the should be high on the political agenda as Read this article on existing facilities [17]. well. www.autotechreview.com

22 www.autotechreview.com

Cover Story SMART MOBILITY SMART MOBILITY – HOW WE WILL BE TRAVELLING TOMORROW

The individual mobility solutions of the future will not only be networked and emission-free, but will also have a minimal CO2 footprint, in order not to waste the scarce and expensive space in megacities. In future, we will be travelling in small, purpose-designed mobility units. General Motors ©

24 www.autotechreview.com Authors MOBILITY CONCEPTS NEEDED complete rethink of product attributes and a modified usage concept. But how The number is certainly impressive. In will form and function have to change in south-east Asia and China, the first order to meet the requirements of a megacities with populations of up to 42 smart city? And isn’t it the residents of mn are emerging. Without sophisticated these cities, who are in the best position infrastructure and city architecture solu- to design a vehicle of this kind? What are DIPL.-ING. (FH) ANDREAS BURKERT tions, there is the potential for chaos on the chances for a real people’s car? is a correspondent with a daily basis in these cities. In order to the ATZ magazine. prevent this, experts like Dr Chirine Etez- adzadeh from the Smart City Institute in THE CHANCES FOR A PEOPLE’S CAR Ludwigsburg are calling not only for a major redesign of public transport sys- Mike Ableson, Vice President Strategy tems, but also for “new approaches to be and Global Portfolio Planning at General taken to individual mobility”. Many Motors, believes that a project of this transport specialists believe that the kind is ultimately realistic. But it is all mobility options currently available in about “creating a form of transport, large cities will not be able to meet the which will gain customers’ full accept- challenges of the future. ance”, as he explained to us on the The current traffic situation in Asia’s fringes of the international CityLab con- metropolises demonstrates the conference [1], held at the end of October sequences of inadequate transport 2015 in London. The event, which was policies and technical solutions. And this hosted by The Atlantic, in partnership is where the calls for an almost total with the Aspen Institute and Bloomberg reorganisation of transport are coming Philanthropies, focused primarily on from. “In particular in an urban context, questions of modern urban develop- completely new, space-saving, almost ment. And because individual mobility environmentally-neutral and highly-effi- is an essential part of this, General cient transport solutions are needed,” Motors became involved in the explains Etezadzadeh. conference. Ultimately, a purpose-designed solu- As one of the main sponsors, the US tion of this kind will be reflected in smal- car manufacturer is developing appro- ler mobility units, new drive concepts priate concepts that will “shape the way and body shapes, new space concepts, a in which people move about in cities in

One of the vehicles suggested as part of the People’s Car Project (© Volkswagen) autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 25 Cover Story SMART MOBILITY

the future”, according to Ableson. In the STRIKING A CHORD big success. Almost 33 mn website visit- lobby of the St Pancras Renaissance, the WITH CUSTOMERS ors took part in the online survey and venue for the event in the heart of the more than 119,000 design suggestions British capital, the company presented Four years ago, Volkswagen in China were submitted. Many of them are the photo of its red, egg-shaped Electric began an attempt to find out what the impossible to implement as things cur- Networked-Vehicle (EN-V) designed to future form and function of a car might rently stand, such as the “hover car”, a transport two people. In Ableson’s view, be if it were to be designed only by cus- two-seater, zero-emissions city vehicle the EN-V will “perfectly meet the needs tomers. Together with students at Tongji that hovers over electromagnetic road net- of customers, who live and work in University, Luca de Meo wanted to works. But for Simon Loasby, Head of large cities”. “launch a new era in vehicle design” [3]. Design at Volkswagen Group China, “the The vehicle is not only small, but also De Meo is Head of Marketing for the creative ideas give an important insight networked with its surroundings (V2V, group and the Volkswagen car brand. In into the wishes of Chinese drivers” [3]. V2G), which is an essential requirement future he wants to “make cars not just But what additional benefits did the for urban mobility [2]. It was developed in for, but also with customers”. project bring? “Some of the ideas from the collaboration with Shanghai Jiao Tong In the “People‘s Car Project” (PCP), People’s Car Project were incorporated University (SJTU) and presented for the Chinese customers were asked as part of a into our production models. For example, first time at Expo Shanghai in 2010. The direct dialogue to explain their “design car key functions are now available via a second generation of the EN-V is now on preferences, needs and requirements”. As smartphone app,” explains a Volkswagen the test track. Ableson was not prepared the company explains, the project was a spokesperson. But is that all? to say more than that. 108 MINIMAL FOOTPRINT FOR INDI- VIDUAL MEANS OF TRANSPORT

Ableson explains that the urban vehicle 95 95 concept is all about ensuring in future

that “the footprint of individual mobility 88 solutions is as small as possible”. He is 83 certain that a car of this kind will have a purely electric drive, which only leaves the question of how small the car or per- 75 sonal transport unit of the future will be. 72 He warns that despite the many ideas and 65 wishes expressed by customers, it will be conventional engineers from the automotive industry, who will be designing the people’s car. The road safety and handling 53 requirements of the vehicle are too complex for non-specialists, even when, as is 44 the case with the EN-V, the top speed is 42 only 50 km/h.

Transport researcher Lukas Necker- 34

mann also feels that it is not constructive 31 28 28 to allow only customers to decide what 27 26 25

the function and form of the city car 23 should be. “People think that they know 21 what they need,” he said and added in the same breath, “but they have to be g prompted with creative and feasible solutions and demonstrations.” If manufactur- ork City

ers of cars and public transport systems oronto Montreal Londo n Chicago Stockholm T New Y Nairob i Beijin g Shenzhe n Mexico City Madrid Paris Los Angeles Buenos Aires Singapore Milan Moscow New Delh i Bangalore Johannesbur decide to develop completely new autonomous driving concepts, “the designers will have to focus even more Less pain More pain closely than in the past on the different The commuter pain index 2013 was produced on the basis of a survey of 8042 commuters in situations in which the vehicles are used,” 20 different cities all over the world; it shows how painful commuters in the various cities find their journey to added Etezadzadeh. work (source: IBM)

26 www.autotechreview.com PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN THINKING

And how constructive is it to survey several hundred thousand customers? Neck- ermann’s down-to-earth conclusion is that “unprompted creativity does not work on a mass scale”. In his opinion, customers often do not become involved in a useful way during the early stages of development. “If you ask the wrong questions at the wrong time, you may end up inhibiting the innovation process. Google has patented the ability to recognise driving patterns; this means that the autonomous car will drive in a Customers didn’t want seatbelts or familiarly human way (source www.google.com/patents/US8965621) airbags and many of them are unim- pressed by autonomous cars,” he explained and recommended the prin- The small town is not only the setting ation [4] produced by the Heinrich Böll ciples of design thinking, which were for the film “The Truman Show” with Foundation. And because he believes developed by the founder of the design Jim Carrey, but also the first pilot for that “public transport, cycling and walk- company Ideo. “Don’t ask customers, the new urbanism principle of town ing will become much more important”, simply watch what they do.” This design. If you want to test an idea the future culture of mobility “is likely to applies, in particular, in the case of rede- quickly, “you should start with smaller include new individual means of trans- fining our concepts of mobility, when it towns as your test areas”. port without combustion engines”. is important to analyse habits. Given that many large cities such as “The mobility concept must be suit- London, Paris, Dublin, Florence, Hel- able for the people, for the geographic EASIER FOR NEW PLAYERS sinki and Oslo are on the way to becom- situation and the overall concept,” ing car-free areas, time is short. The warned Neckermann, who has just In small towns and megacities alike, “the futuristic FCV Plus city car, recently returned from a conference on the sub- mobility solutions of the future do not presented by Toyota at the Tokyo Motor ject of mobility which was held in Sea- involve fossil fuels”. This is the view of Show, is Japan’s answer to the problem side, a planned community in the US Engelbert Lütke Daldrup, who analysed of zero-emissions transport. state of Florida. The choice of Seaside the challenges of urban development However, Etezadzadeh believes that as the location was a deliberate one. policy for the Urban Futures 2050 public- new players from outside the industry

Two Questions for …

The urban transport solutions of tomor- In future, critical interaction with cus- row will have a completely different form tomers will be more important than ever. and function. Can you tell us about Why not let the people decide and them in more detail? design a car for themselves? I’m afraid I can’t reveal any details, but You’re absolutely right when you say it’s all about creating a means of trans- that we will need to make even greater port, which will be fully accepted by efforts in future to hold detailed dia- customers and which leaves a minimal logues with customers. The egg-shaped footprint. There will be more than one concept car that seats two people came answer to this question, because custom- out of our collaboration with Shanghai ers’ needs are so different. This is why Jiao Tong University. It is a pure electric we are investigating different mobility vehicle and meets many of the require- concepts. In my view, the Electric Net- ments of residents of large cities. But I Andreas Burkert

worked-Vehicle (EN-V) is a successful don’t think it will be possible for the © example. It’s definitely not the final public to design a car, simply because MIKE ABLESON, answer, but the concept car that we have they do not have the necessary tech- Vice President Strategy und Global Portfolio, developed will stimulate discussion. nical experience. Planning, General Motors

autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 27 Cover Story SMART MOBILITY

now have the opportunity to become involved in the individual mobility market. “Their advantage is that they do not have to take any technological path dependencies into consideration during the development process.” And as they have no experience of making cars, “they can buy that in. But I would like to see our German OEMs make the most of the opportunity to become heavily involved in this segment,” said the Head of the Smart City Institute, which focuses on research into all aspects of the city of the future. Neckermann compares the change in the industry with the move to a new sport. “Traditional car manufacturers are talented football players, but now rugby is being played in towns – a different sport with new rules. New teams and new players have the best chances of introducing new concepts during this mobility revolution,” Neckermann said.

GROWING MARKET FOR DIFFERENT VEHICLES

So the only question remaining is the size of the mobility solutions. For Eteza- dzadeh, smaller vehicles are not the first choice for urban transport. Instead they are “a necessary and sensible comple- ment to the other means of transport in the city,” she explained. Digitisation will Several years ago Toyota presented a car with a minimal footprint at the bring permanent changes to transport. Bangkok motor show (© Andreas Burkert) And this takes us to autonomous mobility via improved public transport and intelligent transport systems (and automated driving). “In the future, there will be a mix of different vehicle types,” said Abelson. REFERENCES He believes there will be a growing mar- What Do We Think? [1] N. N.: City Lab conference. www.theatlantic. com/live/events/citylab/2015/ ket for very different vehicle concepts. “Purpose-designed small mobility [2] Burkert, A.: Das große Geschäft mit den These could be similar to the Lutz Daten. In: ATZelektronik 10 (2015), No. 4, p. 8 ff. units” Pathfinder or Google Car, which trans- [3] N. N.: Chinese showcase concept for the Big SUVs will continue to be manufac- port one or two people, or look more Volkswagen of the future. May 2012, www.volk- tured in future, but they won’t be swagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/ like the Tesla or Mercedes F015, which allowed into inner cities, where com- news/2012/05/car_project.html can seat three to seven people. “Groups [4] Lütke Daldrup, E.: Herausforderungen der pletely different forms of transport are of 10 to 50 would use autonomous city Stadtentwicklungspolitik. In: Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung needed. Urban mobility solutions in (ed.): Urban Futures 2050 – Szenarien und transport concepts such as Next or cities of all sizes will be emission-free, Lösungen für das Jahrhundert der Städte. Meridian Shuttle,” said Neckermann. He Schriften zur Ökologie, volume 18, p. 61 small and flexibly designed to meet is certain that the concept of autonom- different requirements. Vehicle owner- ous driving will be introduced to all ship will become unimportant in cities. types of transport. Public acceptance Purpose-designed solutions are an will depend on the appearance of the important guarantee of acceptance. vehicle and Google has deliberately Read this article on designed its car to look unthreatening. www.autotechreview.com

28 www.autotechreview.com Head Office:- Northern Region:- Western Region:- Southern Region:- Mr. Hari.E Mr. Aditya Shandilya Mr. Kiran Naik Mr. Chithambaran +91-94422267678 +91-9442267678 +91-94421165044 +91-9442237126 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Cover Story SMART MOBILITY INTELLIGENT NETWORKING OF CHASSIS, DRIVELINE, AND DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS

Around the globe, more and more people are moving to cities, creating the same challenges for rapidly growing megacities everywhere: too little space for too many cars. People are demanding not only holistic mobility solutions, but also vehicle concepts for urban private transport, which enable mobility in the long run and reach future CO2 standards down to zero local emissions. Therefore, ZF developed the Advanced Urban Vehicle, a test vehicle that meets all these requirements: it is locally emission-free, extremely manoeuvrable, and networked with driver and environment.

30 www.autotechreview.com Authors ZF ADVANCED URBAN VEHICLE 2015 the compact and sub-compact segments. The all-electric rear axle drive eTB (elec-

The reduction of CO2 emissions against tric Twist Beam), which is mounted close the background of growing urban traffic to the wheel, lies at the heart of the is among the biggest challenges the auto- concept vehicle. This drive enables the motive industry is facing today. In drive- basic layout of the Advanced Urban line technology, in particular, innovative Vehicle to be redesigned. The front axle DR. GERHARD GUMPOLTSBERGER is Head of Testing, Innovation concepts are needed to maximise effi- is also new, with steering angles of up to Management in Corporate Advanced ciency, reduce fuel consumption, and 75° increasing the agility and manoeuv- Engineering at ZF Friedrichshafen AG increase ranges. In recent years, ZF has rability of the prototype. in Friedrichshafen (Germany). demonstrated with several innovation vehicles that a plus in functionality can be achieved by developing existing tech- INTELLIGENT ASSISTANCE nologies and systems further and networking them in the vehicle. The basic vehicle concept is augmented The ZF concept vehicle 2013, for with intelligent assistance functions. With instance, demonstrated the potential that Prevision Cloud Assist, ZF has incorpor- DIPL.-ING. JOACHIM CICHY is Head of Innovation Management can be tapped, in particular, by combining ated the concept study on a in Corporate Advanced Engineering electromobility and lightweight design semi-autonomous driver assistance func- at ZF Friedrichshafen AG in strategies [1]. With the Innovation Truck tion into the vehicle concept. This func- Friedrichshafen (Germany). 2014, ZF presented a prototype truck that tion could increase safety, efficiency, and approached the loading bay with zero comfort in road traffic. To this end, the local emissions being remote-controlled cloud-based system uses experience from via a tablet app from outside the vehicle. previous drives and, for instance, reduces This was enabled by the combination of the drive torque in good time before the Traxon Hybrid transmission system, entering a corner, or uses the electric the telematics of Openmatics, and an elec- motors for additional braking. DIPL.-ING. STEPHAN POLLMEYER [2] is Development Engineer in tric steering system . This has a positive effect on the elec- Corporate Advanced Engineering at With the innovation vehicle of 2015 tric vehicle’s range and the wear of the ZF Friedrichshafen AG and Project called Advanced Urban Vehicle 1, ZF is service brake. Unlike purely map-based Manager Electric Twist Beam for the demonstrating the potential inherent in systems, Prevision Cloud Assist not only Advanced Urban Vehicle in Friedrichshafen (Germany). intelligently networking individual takes into account geometry data and chassis, driveline, and driver assistance information on the permissible top speed, systems, and is presenting an exemplary but the system additionally stores data on solution for urban private transport in every journey in the cloud, including the

DIPL.-ING. ALEXANDER NEU is Development Engineer in Corporate Advanced Engineering at ZF Friedrichshafen AG and Project Manager Front Axle System for the Advanced Urban Vehicle in Friedrichshafen (Germany).

1 Extremely manoeuvrable, locally emission-free, and networked with driver and environment: the ZF Advanced Urban Vehicle (© ZF) autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 31 Cover Story SMART MOBILITY

with the second driver assistance function, Smart Parking Assist, which has been implemented in the concept vehicle. The system assists the driver not only in recognising suitable parking spaces, but can also park the vehicle fully automatically in parallel or perpendicular spaces – even from outside the vehicle, if a smart device is used, 2. The parking assist in the ZF concept vehicle is essentially based on the inter- play between the electric drive unit with torque vectoring and the specifically designed front axle with a wide steering angle. The system chosen by ZF enables parking manoeuvres in very small parking spaces slightly larger than 4 m in a single move (two changes in direction), whereas a conventional vehicle without the innovative axle kinematics and torque vectoring needs 10 moves (20 changes in direction). 1 Smart Parking Assist combines innovations in chassis, driveline, and electronics (© ZF)

TURNING RADIUS OF LESS THAN 6.50 M

With the objective of significantly improving manoeuvrability in the test vehicle, considerations focused on the front axle and, in particular, the steering angle of the front wheels. It was clear right from the start that steering angles of the wheels wider than the conventional 40° could not be achieved with the typical McPher- son design due to its layout of the control arms. Having analysed common alternative front axle designs, ZF opted for a double control arm wheel suspension that was to be combined with a steering system with a wide steering angle. The basic idea in this design was to integrate a relay lever into the upper link level that is attached to the upper control arm and links the movement of two tie rods during steering manoeuvres. The effect of the crescent-shaped relay lever corresponds to a transmission ratio that transmits the motion on the inner tie rod, which is triggered by the steering manoeuvre, to an outer tie rod via an event chain, enabling a wheel angle of 75°, 3.

3 The new front axle kinematics enables turning and parking manoeuvres in the One innovative element in this is the smallest of spaces (© ZF) design and connection of the relay lever that must master the vertical motion of normal axis stroke kinematics on the one driven speed as well as lateral and longit- ing corner, for example, on the basis of hand and, on the other, performs essential udinal acceleration. If the driver follows these empirical data. functions for steering kinematics, 4. A the same route again, the system calcu- The advantages of the new front-axle good driving and steering experience is lates the optimum speed for an approach- kinematics come to the fore in particular only enabled by the special layout of the

32 www.autotechreview.com components of the wheel suspension and above the wheel; the control arms are method patented by ZF TRW. In addition, steering system. This is reflected not only therefore attached at connection points the steering wheel features a small display in high tracking stability, but also in a above the gooseneck wheel carrier. ZF has with OLED technology positioned at 12 wide steering angle. During parking, in tested the entire design in practice using o’clock in the steering-wheel rim. In the particular, the steering system of the not only modern simulation methods, but test vehicle, this display is used to provide Advanced Urban Vehicle takes optimal also the road simulation test bench as the driver with information on the control advantage of the wide steering angle. well as experimentation vehicles. status of the Prevision Cloud Assist. In The innovation lies not only in the The steering system used is a standard their direct field of view, the driver is thus design of the components and their con- volume-production Column Drive EPS notified when the assistance system nection points, but also in their integra- made by ZF TRW, i.e. an electric power reduces the drive torque, for instance. tion into the whole axle design. All con- steering system, whose actuator and control arms and wheel carriers must be trol unit are located inside the steering arranged such that they cannot come into column. The assistance torque of the elec- ZERO-EMISSION REAR-WHEEL DRIVE conflict with each other. The wide steer- tric power steering system has been adap- WITH TORQUE VECTORING ing angle also necessitates modifications ted to meet the specified requirements. to the lower control arm. It is shaped in The maximum steering wheel angle has The special front-axle design is ideally such a way that it will not come into con- been slightly increased, which is a pre- complemented with the rear-wheel drive tact with the rim or tyre, when the max- requisite for realising the wider steering that ZF chose for the vehicle concept – imum steering angle is reached. angle and the consequentially smaller the electric Twist Beam (eTB) drive unit Equally, the upper control arm and the turning radius. that is mounted close to the wheel and spring-and-damper unit were designed The multifunctional steering wheel integrated into the axle, 5. The left and such that the required clearance of the comes with a hands-on detection function right wheels include a compact drive unit, individual components is ensured and the (HOD) with separate sensors for the left- which combines a transmission and an available installation space is optimally hand and right-hand side of the steering electric motor in a single lightweight alu- used. The entire steering suspension is wheel. Such a system is a prerequisite for minium housing. Each of the two electric secured to the upper part of the control driver assistance systems such as Smart motors supplies 40 kW, totalling an over- arm in such a way that the steering forces Parking Assist. The capacitive sensor sur- all performance of 80 kW. With an axle produced by the driver are applied from face function is based on the CIHS torque of 1,400 Nm and a maximum

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KOMAX_Alpha530_Autoexpo_e_175x110.indd 2 22.12.15 10:37 autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 33 Cover Story SMART MOBILITY

the eTB avoids the undesirable torque steering effect when accelerating out of a curve, which commonly occurs in high- torque front-wheel drives. Just like other electric drive systems, the electric machines of the eTB enable a changeover to generator mode within milliseconds, thus recuperating electric energy. The deceleration effect can be integrated into brake management. The creeping function when setting off – which is also essential for the Smart Parking Assist – is also based on the general characteristics of electric drives such as the eTB. In the test vehicle, the eTB also functions as a driving dynamics control system. With the help of sensors for yaw rate, steering angle, accelerator pedal, and wheel speed, the desired driving 4 Wheel angle of up to 75°: The effect of the crescent-shaped relay lever corresponds to a transmission ratio that transmits the motion on the inner tie rod, which is triggered by the steering manoeuvre, behaviour is compared to the actual to an outer tie rod via an event chain (© ZF) vehicle performance. If necessary, the eTB intervenes and corrects the behaviour. The eTB thus enables highly agile 21,000 rpm, the eTB-equipped vehicle Setting-off with the full steering angle and neutral driving – another advantage reaches a top speed of 150 km/h. without torque vectoring would only of the torque vectoring system. The What is more, these two separate work to a limited extent as the drive combination of integrated slip control- drive units enable torque vectoring. would only push against the almost lers for each wheel and the load-altera- Thanks to the targeted torque distribu- transversely positioned front wheels, tion compensation contributes to con- tion for each individual wheel, the rear which would make setting off much stant vehicle stability. axle is able to perform steering move- more difficult. Also, due to the wide ZF has intensively tested and con- ments. In the Advanced Urban Vehicle, steering angle, it is hardly possible to tinuously improved the eTB for its prac- this assists the front axle’s steering implement side shafts at the front axle. tical application in the Advanced Urban movement in such a way that the system The best solution therefore seems to be Vehicle. In the design and configuration can even use the full steering angle of to combine this front-axle solution with a phase, numerous optimisations have 75° from a stationary position. A drive rear-wheel drive. been made, the prototypes have been solution without torque vectoring would tested intensively on test benches and be able to use a steering angle of only in driving tests, and, in this context, 30° from a stationary position; the full SYSTEM-SPECIFIC ADVANTAGES extreme load and strength verification steering angle would only be reached at tests have been conducted as well. With a later point in the driving manoeuvre. The eTB offers even more system-specific regard to the specific requirements of a advantages for the ZF Advanced Urban sub-system that fulfils both driveline Vehicle. The moved unsprung masses are and chassis functions, ZF was able to lower in the eTB than in electric wheel- draw on its expertise in these two fields hub motors (which also enable torque of competence. vectoring). Since the electric drive is integrated into an axle that uses the same REFERENCES chassis connection points as a conven- [1] Domian, H-J.; Ketteler, K-H.; Scharr, S.: Elec- tric Axle Drive Module for High Speeds. In: tional rear axle, the drive unit can also be ATZworldwide 115 (2013), No. 12, pp. 10-13 integrated more easily into the vehicle. [2] Weinmann, O.; Bitzer, F.; Boos, N.; Burkhart, What is more, the eTB is lighter than a M.: Manoeuvring of Long Trucks by Remote Con- drive unit that is used with a combustion trol. In: ATZworldwide 116 (2014), No. 9, pp. 4-9 engine because no differentials or side 5 The electric axle drive eTB (electric Twist Beam) shafts are necessary. mounted close to the wheel features a torque vector- Equally, no axle carriers or input ing function at the rear axle, which assists the steer- housings are needed because the electric ing movements of the front axle – ideal for automatic parking in a single move even in the tightest parking drive uses the twist-beam rear axle as a Read this article on spaces (© ZF) housing. As a rear-wheel drive system, www.autotechreview.com

34 www.autotechreview.com ECOCAT INDIA PVT. LTD.

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DOC / VIKPIC VICAT-H VICAT-SCR VICAT-DPF X, L & F

Ecocat India is an exhaust gas catalyst manufacturer supplying after treatment system to vehicle & engine manufacturers to meet Euro IV/V/VI emission norms. We supply complete catalysts with substrate, coating and canning for different applications e.g. Petrol, Diesel, CNG, LPG, Bi-Fuel, SCR & Urea Mixers, VOC Catalyst, Particle Oxidation Catalyst & DPF. In addition to Catalysts we enable efficient System design with our expertise in selection, design & calibration of system elements. Our Mission: Clean the environment for the World by providing Innovative technological solutions to reduce pollution.

CHEMICAL COATING SYSTEM RAW METTALIC ON METTALIC & CANNING MATERIALS SUBSTRATES CERAMIC FOR EURO 4/5 INTEGRATION Integrated knowhow Substrate Coating & Canning DIESEL/GASOLINE/CNG

VIKPIC-B : Brazed Substrates VIKPIC - S Substrates (CNG & Gasoline) Ecocat India manufactures as highly efficient flow-through straight channel CNG catalysts for both stoichiometric and lean burn engines are available . The substrates with varying cell densities (CPSI). Foil thickness are choosen company has developed a unique coating method called Differentiated depending on application demands (40~100 microns). Brazing is done in Chemistry Technology to enhance catalyst selectivity. New generations wash vaccum furnace. coat technologies have shown excellent results and resistance to sulphur poisoning. LPG and Bi Fuel Catalysts are also available. High flexibility in VIKPIC- D : Turbulent flow Substrate diameter, length & shape. Cell densities from 50 to 1250 cpsi are available. A highly efficient manufacturing method is employed for the production of VIKPIC - D substrates. The gas flow through the substrate channels is forced Ceramics Substrates : Coated into the swirling motion which provides the increased residence time for Advanced coating technologies for Ceramic Substrates of all shapes, particulate matter inside the substrate, thus enhancing product efficiency. dimensions & cell densities. The turbulent flow ensure better heat & mass transfer. VICAT-DPF VICAT DPF is based on a silicon carbide / cordierite / AT filter material with a VIKPIC X, L & F (Particulate Oxidation Catalyst) thin special solgel type wash coat on pores to provide longer regeneration VIKPIC is a catalyst concept designed and developed for diesel engines to interval & lower regeneration temperature. Pt & Pt/Pd are added as active achieve EURO IV, V & VI emission limits by trapping and oxidizing the material on coating. We can also do coating and canning for the customer’s particulates. The substrate channels are made from corrugated screen layers selected DPF substrates. forming a nonblocking element. The reduction of particulate matter (PM) significantly exceeds its volatile organic content with 50%- 75% PM VIKPIC - M conversions being achieved. This passively regenerated particle filter does Special X layer foil structure with maximum mechanical durability and with not require any complicated diagnostics to be used for the installation & use excellent flow distribution and mixing properties. Used as Urea Mixer Substrate in on vehicles. SCR systems, as modular and rectangular. Substrate for Locomotive, Marine & Stationary applications.

VICAT Coating for various application Canning · Three-way catalysts (Pt/Pd/Rh) for Gasoline, CNG & LPG · Diesel oxidation catalysts (Pt/Pd). Canning system (VIKPIC-D) with built in tongues and · Catalyzed VIKPIC-X, VIKPIC-L, VIKPIC-F (Pt/Pd). grooves - only two components needed here. No design · Coated DPF (Pt), (Pt/Pd). limitation for overlaps or end deforming like V-Clamp · CNG catalysts (ʎ=1, lean), (Pt, Pd, Rh etc.) installation. Welding are allowed throughout the whole · Urea hydrolysis catalysts canning surface. Weight saving by using 1.5 mm thick · Vanadia based SCR catalysts material up to 360 mm in diameter. The assemblies can · Tailor made formulation for each applications. be fitted directly on the vehicle exhaust. · State-of-the-art coating technologies like Zone Coating, Layered architecture, Decentralized Chemistry etc.

ECOCAT INDIA PVT. LTD. Plot No - 4, 20th Mile Stone, Mathura Road, Faridabad-121006 Haryana, India Tel + 91-129-4266500, Fax + 91-129-4042163 email : [email protected] web : www.ecocatindiavikas.com Cover Story SMART MOBILITY V2X COMMUNICATION FOR ROAD SAFETY AND EFFICIENCY

Vehicles these days are able to connect to the cloud and provide personalised information to the driver. As a next step, vehicles are expected to use V2V and V2X communication to allow safer, more efficient and more comfortable driving. The drive could be safer because the vehicle will recognise hazardous situations pre-empt- ively, even if these are out of sight due to a bend or other vehicles ahead. One example is the electronic brake light, which warns the driver about a hard braking vehicle ahead. The potential effect of this function, together with other cooperative driver assistance features, has successfully been evaluated in field operational tests across Europe. Ford reveals some of the results from these FOTs and outlines the potential of V2X communication for road safety and efficiency. © Ford

36 www.autotechreview.com Authors CONNECTED VEHICLES data, such as speed, acceleration, and brake pedal status, etc; The surge of connected vehicles in the :: Decentralised Environment Notifica- market today is driven by two forces: tion Message (DENM): an event people are using mobile devices to stay triggered message to notify about connected with each other and the potential hazards, such as vehicle internet, outside and even inside the breakdown or slippery road DIPL.-ING. CHRISTIAN RESS is Technical Expert Connectivity car. In addition, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) conditions. and V2X Communication, and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) com- ITS G5 allows low latency communica- Department Automated Driving munication is expected as the next evol- tion, typically below 10 ms, which is Europe at Ford Research & Advanced utionary step of driver assistance sys- required for active safety applications, Engineering in Aachen (Germany). tems. Both together are named V2X such as Emergency Brake Light. communication technique. Connecting In addition, cellular networks are vehicles to each other and to an intelli- expected to provide complementary gent road infrastructure allows inform- connectivity for non-time critical ing and warning the driver about a information, which might be used for potential hazard in advance. The wide- example for driver awareness. This tech-

DIPL.-ING. MARTIN WIECKER spread Wireless-LAN-Standard IEEE nology has also proven feasibility in a is Research Engineer, Department 802.11 (WLAN or WiFi) has been couple of research projects [1, 5]. Typical Automated Driving Europe at Ford enhanced for automotive use, i.e. latency for cellular communication is Research & Advanced Engineering in 802.11p, and has proven feasibility in below 500 ms for 3G and 100 ms for Aachen (Germany). various studies [1, 2]. 4G/LTE networks. An application Two examples of cooperative driver example here is road works warning. assistance systems are electronic brake Both communication technologies light (EBL) and road works warning can be combined in a hybrid communic- (RWW), which are described in the fol- ation system, which has been imple- lowing paragraphs. Both features, together mented in prototype vehicles by Ford. with other cooperative functions, have These vehicles contributed to large scale been successfully evaluated in field opera- field operational tests of cooperative tional tests (FOTs) across Europe. Other systems across Europe. applications using V2X technology are addressing traffic efficiency. For example, the driver will continuously receive real- FIELD OPERATIONAL TESTING OF time trip related information such as cur- COOPERATIVE SYSTEMS rent and forecasted traffic status and individual detour recommendations. In the recent past, a couple of FOTs have been conducted in order to test and validate V2X-communication tech- V2X COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY nology on a large scale. One of the world’s first FOTs on cooperative sys- In the past, various wireless communica- tems was the Safe Intelligent Mobility – tion technologies have been investigated Testfield Germany (simTD). Here, more for V2X communication and ultimately than 20 functions were validated by the vehicle ad-hoc network using WLAN uninstructed drivers under every day (IEEE 802.11p) has turned out to meet conditions and in various defined traffic the communication requirements best. In scenarios. For a period of six month, Europe, a frequency band of 30 MHz at 120 vehicles with more than 500 drivers 5.9 GHz has been exclusively allocated were underway on public roads. In for ITS communication. Based on the total, more than 1.6 mn km were driven IEEE Standard 802.11p, a comprehensive and about 30 TB of log data needed to set of standards has been released, for be analysed. example, by the European Telecommu- The simTD test area around Frank- nications Standards Institute (ETSI) for furt/Main in Germany was furthermore cooperative ITS [3, 4] (ITS G5). Two types included in pan-European validation of wireless messages are specified: tests of V2X technology in order to cre- :: Cooperative Awareness Message ate and harmonise a European-wide (CAM): a periodically sent message testing environment for cooperative sys- including vehicle position and status tems. The Drive-C2X project ran from autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 37 Cover Story SMART MOBILITY

2010 to 2014 and conducted field operational test (FOTs) on seven test sites across Europe, 1. A wide set of functions was implemented within the framework of Drive- C2X, such as emergency brake light, road works warning, traffic jam ahead warning, car breakdown warning, weather warning, approaching emergency vehicle warning, in-vehicle signage, and green light optimal speed advisory. Based on the ETSI standards, a har- monised European ITS system has been developed and implemented. First tests have been conducted at the system test site in Helmond. After successful system integration and demonstration in Hel- mond, this reference system has been adapted to local needs and rolled-out within the various European test sites. The testing process on each test site was supported by a test management centre, which played the threefold role of an active element of cooperative applications in controlled tests, a data collector for the test sites and a monitoring system of the on-going trials. At each test site a wide range of data was collected and stored in the vehicles: 1 Test sites of Drive-C2X across Europe (© Drive C2X) :: log files describing the internal states of the vehicle and general information available on the CAN bus; :: the basic GPS data (latitude, longit- ude, speed, heading, altitude and position fix modem, indicating the availability and roughly the quality of positioning); :: all the information sent to the vehicle’s HMI devices, mainly to the display, complemented with logs of what was finally displayed on the screen and user settings, such as mute; :: the content of the CAM and DENM messages; and :: log function-related data especially for technical evaluation purposes. Both simTD and Drive-C2X projects successfully prove feasibility and scalability of V2X technology for use under every- day conditions. Ford Research and Advanced Engin- eering took the lead for developing, testing and evaluating two of the features under test: electronic brake light and road works warning. The following paragraphs reveal some results from the FOTs and outline the potential of these 2 Electronic brake light: warning about a hard braking vehicle ahead even if obstructed due to a van (© Ford)

38 www.autotechreview.com 3 EBL testing in lab environment (at TNO’s VeHIL test facility, Helmond, NL) (© TNO)

cooperative systems in order to improve about a hard braking vehicle ahead, even ing the vehicle’s deceleration and trans- road safety and efficiency. if out of sight, 2. EBL is useful for mitting a DENM or setting a flag in the drivers traveling on highways or rural next periodic CAM to inform other roads, when they might overlook a hard vehicles. The message contains the EMERGENCY BRAKE LIGHT braking vehicle due to inattention or can- braking vehicle’s position, deceleration not see the hard braking vehicle behind a level, trace and speed. The emergency brake light (EBL) targets curve. Alerting of the driver is triggered The receiving vehicles recognise the mitigation or even potential avoidance of at a speed above 50 km/h. difference between the hard braking rear-end collisions by warning the driver This function is realised by monitor- vehicle’s speed and their own. When it is detected that the hard braking vehicle and the approaching vehicle are on course for a potential rear-end collision, a visual and acoustic warning signal will be delivered to the driver in the approaching vehicle, ②. Ford developed and implemented EBL in its prototype vehicles. Within Drive-C2X, EBL has been tested in a lab environment, 3. Within the lab environment, the performance of the ITS-G5-communication channel and the EBL algorithm was analysed. EBL was validated as part of the driving tests at test site Germany. In order to avoid any potential hazards, the EBL tests were performed on an enclosed test area. EBL had been tested in various scenarios with different numbers of equipped vehicles. Here a positive effect on drivers’ safety could be elaborated: The time-to collision (TTC) is enlarged and the vehicle brakes even harder, 4. In fact, the TTC is enlarged in dense traffic situations with at least one vehicle in-between sender and receiver:

4 Time-to-collision at platoon driving on a motorway in heavy traffic: red – with EBL, grey – without EBL the braking vehicle is invisible. If the (© simTD) vehicle is just following the braking one, autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 39 Cover Story SMART MOBILITY

5 Average vehicle speed while approaching road construction (© DriveC2X)

the effect is not significant and might be to inform and warn the driver in a mean- demonstrated in order to be extrapol- even negative. This effect needs to be ingful distance to an event on the road ated for future market deployment. further investigated and to be con- ahead. The performance of RWW was sidered for a future deployment. excellent: no false positives were gener- REFERENCES ated and the driver information on the [1] Glaeser, S. et al.: simTD Project Deliverable D5.5 „TP5-Abschlussbericht – Teil A“, 2013 display (HMI) was always activated, [2] Schulze, M. et al.: Drive-C2X Deliverable ROAD WORKS WARNING whenever it was expected to do so dur- D11.3 “Report on FOT Operations”, 2014 ing more than 1200 analysed events. The [3] ETSI TS 102 637-2: Intelligent Transport Sys- The purpose of the road works warning activation of the display mainly depends tems (ITS); Vehicular Communications; Basic Set of Applications; part 2: Specification of Cooperat- (RWW) application is to inform the on the correct matching of the vehicle on ive Awareness Basic Service driver about road construction ahead. the trace defined in the DENM. In gen- [4] ETSI TS 102 637-3: Intelligent Transport Sys- The application presents a warning of an eral, the defined traces did work well tems (ITS); Vehicular Communications; Basic Set of Applications; Teil 3: Specifications of Decentral- upcoming road works site and a distance and activated the display, but it could ized Environmental Notification to the beginning of the road works. Road also be investigated, that short traces, [5] Wiecker, M.; Rembarz, R. et al.: CoCarX pro- works information is encoded in DENMs with only two points or an inaccurate ject deliverable D3 – ITS Services and Communic- ation Architecture, 2011 with a sign code, the location, and relev- position of the first trace point caused a ance area. If there is additional data delayed activation of the display. The about the road works area available, for accuracy of trace definition should be instance, from a traffic management supported by tools allowing an exact centre this could be encoded as Event event and trace point definition. Specific Data within the DENM. The Besides the technical evaluation, the driver shall be prepared for an upcoming analysis of the driver behaviour revealed event, which means reduction of lanes or a decrease of the vehicle speed, when speed limits, and may already slow down approaching a construction zone, 5. Thanks the vehicle. The function could inform about stationary road works as well as about moving road works, which are CONCLUSIONS The research work leading to these results has common on motorways. received funding from the European Union’s Within the framework of the Drive- The potential effects of V2X functions Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007- C2X project Ford has overseen the tests have been successfully validated on a 2013) under grant agreement n° 270410. and validation of RWW. RWW was eval- large scale in FOTs across Europe. uated by analysing log-files and visual- Although the total number of vehicles in isation of the events on a map. the FOTs was still limited compared to a In summary, the RWW application full rollout scenario, technical feasibility Read this article on successfully demonstrated its capabilities and scalability have successfully been www.autotechreview.com

40 www.autotechreview.com Moving energy made easy ... for robotics Please visit us

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Igus_Feb2016.inddIGUS.indd 1 1 29-01-201621-11-2014 18:56:4315:02:52 Cover Story SMART MOBILITY MANAGING DIVERSITY IN THE DRIVETRAIN OF THE FUTURE

In order to fulfil future requirements, the range of technical solutions for combustion engines, electric motors, transmissions and chassis is becoming more diverse. In future, efficient measures towards reduced consumption will particularly emerge through developments that optimise the interaction between individual components. For automotive suppliers like Schaeffler, this represents a significant opportunity.

42 www.autotechreview.com Authors MORE COMPLEX DRIVETRAINS This article illustrates the opportunities and challenges facing suppliers of driv-

Reduction of CO2 and other harmful etrain components. emissions will remain one of the dominant trends in automotive development over the coming years. The main drivers APPROACHES TO INCREASE of this trend are the increasingly strict EFFICIENCY IN THE DRIVETRAIN UWE WAGNER is Senior Vice President R&D legal requirements — not only in Europe, Automotive and Member of the but worldwide. To achieve the ambitious The main approaches that can be taken Management Automotive at emissions targets, technical solutions are to optimise the energy balance, 2, can Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. required that increase overall efficiency. be roughly divided into three categories: tKG in Herzogenaurach (Germany). The electrification of the drivetrain will :: consistent reduction of losses caused play a pivotal role in this regard. At the by undesirable friction and mass in same time, other trends like automated the entire drivetrain; driving offer additional opportunities to :: right-sizing with turbocharging of the

reduce CO2 emissions, such as through combustion engine and increasing predictive control strategies that use variability in order to achieve a very

DR. HARTMUT FAUST route information. efficient, specific fuel consumption in is Senior Vice President R&D Against this backdrop, the prognoses a wide area of the engine map; this Transmission Systems at LuK GmbH for drivetrain technology point clearly in also includes optimisation of the & Co. KG in Bühl (Germany). one direction: The drivetrain is becoming downstream transmission, so that the more complex and increasingly electri- combustion engine can be run in its fied, 1. However, car buyers are not optimal range; and fully prepared to share the resulting addi- :: increasing electrification of the tional costs, meaning all technical solu- drivetrain to use the energy that is tions are under enormous cost pressure. generated by load point shifting and

DR. MARTIN SCHEIDT is Senior Vice President R&D 2 % 1 % Engine Systems Division at 100 % Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. 9 % KG in Herzogenaurach (Germany). 19 %

35 %

DR. MANFRED KRAUS is Senior Vice President R&D Chassis Systems at Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG in 98 % Herzogenaurach (Germany). Share [%] 80 %

56 %

0 % 2013 2020 2030 Year [-]

Combustion engine Hybrids Electric

Source: IHS 2013; University of Duisburg-Essen 2012 1 Development of drivetrain concepts worldwide up to 2030 (© Schaeffler) autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 43 Cover Story SMART MOBILITY

recuperation, for boosting and point adjustment: bocharging of the engine all lead to the electric driving. :: optimisation of thermal operating point attainment of increasingly high peak and enhanced warm-up through intelli- combustion pressures and thus resulting gent thermal management; also in increased rotational irregularity. POTENTIAL AND MEASURES TO- :: optimisation of pumping losses, charge In addition, the intrinsic damping of the WARDS INCREASED EFFICIENCY motion and combustion through a transmission is permanently diminished complete range of variable valve con- by reduced friction, which increases There are several fields showing poten- trol systems, from cam phasers and sensitivity to rattling. In recent years, tials to improve the overall efficiency of switchable finger followers to the fully that has led to the torsional vibration the drivetrain. These are being dis- variable valve control system UniAir. dampers having a key function in cussed below. These systems enable various operat- increasing the efficiency of the drivetrain, ing strategies like early or late intake as they eventually enable the consump- Engine valve closing at part load and full load tion potential of the engine or transmis- The combustion engine used in ② exhib- (Miller cycle), cylinder deactivation sion to be exploited without significant its a medium effective efficiency of 26.5 and internal exhaust gas recirculation loss of comfort. % in the simulated New European Driv- or retention; and In the process, the vibration isolation ing Cycle (NEDC). This is a very good :: further optimisation of the combustion itself must not be achieved through value, when measured against the current process by variable adjustment of the actual physical damping and thus state-of-the-art engines. However, there is compression ratio. through the dissipation of drive energy, certainly room for improvement. The The size of such technologies’ potential but rather it must primarily be achieved latest estimates from Schaeffler in cooper- has been exemplified by the simulation through intermediate storage of the ation with IAV assume an optimisation work, performed in cooperation with IAV, enormous energy spikes in rotating potential to achieve an average efficiency to optimise valve control strategies on a masses and springs. In the course of con- of over 30 % in the NEDC. charged 1.4 l petrol engine. Through a sumption optimisation and the increas- In addition to reducing friction – for combination of early and late intake valve ing dynamic requirements of the tur- example, through highly efficient coating closing, a high-grade downsizing (pme, max bocharged engines, a further increase in processes in the valvetrain, through = 29 bar) with consumption advantages the inertias was no option, meaning new switching from plain to roller bearings or of 11.7 % was achieved in the NEDC. It solutions were required. through efficient tension systems and was possible to enhance consumption Schaeffler has therefore developed decoupling systems in the front-end potential by a further 3.6 % through an high-performance damping concepts accessory drive to reduce the required intelligent partial load strategy [1]. based on rotational speed-adaptive preload force – Schaeffler is also working damper systems in the form of centrifu- on a wide range of technical solutions Torsional Vibration Damping gal pendulum-type absorbers for use in aimed at achieving a variable operating Start-stop operation, downsizing and tur- dual-mass flywheels, clutch discs and torque converters with exceptional damping properties. When used in torque converters, for example, it was possible to achieve consumption reduc- tions of 3 % through the resulting decrease in lock-up speed [2]. But even with dampers, there are variable systems. For example, for engines with cylinder deactivation, centrifugal pendulum-type absorbers with different orders are used [3]. In the case of suitable hybrid systems, the vibration isolation can be supported by strategies for active damping of the e-motor, 3.

Transmission Although significant progress has been made in transmissions over recent years through the growing use of automation, enhanced efficiency and the increase in usable ratio spread, Schaeffler is still working on optimising efficiency in this area:

2 Energy balance for a C-segment vehicle with 1 l petrol engine in NEDC, acceleration resistance shown as :: reduction in bearing friction, for recuperation potential (© Schaeffler) example, through suitable bearing con-

44 www.autotechreview.com cepts (fixed/ floating bearings instead of preloaded bearing arrangements) or Centrifugal pendulum-type absorber Dual mass Transmission the use of rolling bearings instead of ﬂywheel thrust washers on planet gears; :: reduction in mounting space and weight, for example, through the use

of synchronisation units with integ- Vehicle rated detents (each synchronisation unit results in an axial mounting E-motor space reduction of approximately 10 mm as well as a shifting travel reduction of 1.5 mm); Control strategy :: development of NVH-optimised chain Active damping Clutch slip Power losses through active variators with high efficiency and high damping with e-motor ratio spread for use in continuously variable transmissions (CVT); and Power losses through controlled isolation :: reduction of the average parasitic system power of the electro-mechanical

clutch and gearshift actuation for Power loss at wide open throttle 800 1600 2400 3200 double clutch transmissions in the Engine speed [rpm] NEDC to less than 20 W. These actuator systems can also be used 3 System optimisation through a combination of dual-mass flywheel, centrifugal pendulum-type absorber, to actuate the clutch in manual trans- active damping through the e-motor and controlled slip in the double clutch (© Schaeffler) missions. As well as enhanced comfort, these E-clutch systems enable to implement sailing strategies, which makes it possible to save more than 5 % fuel consumption, depending on the driving cycle [4]. In conclusion, the transmission can still be significantly improved in terms of efficiency, weight, mounting space, auxiliary energy requirements and operation point optimisation through adapted variability.

Chassis Schaeffler is also working on measures towards increasing efficiency of the chassis. Starting points exist in traction resistance and electrical power consumption for the actuating mechanism, which is necessary for intelligent chassis: :: reduction of bearing friction by more 4 Modular solutions and system solutions for all areas of electrification (© Schaeffler) than 25 % through three-row ball bearings with a driving situation-dependent bearing row load, as well as reduction ment. In this concept, the vehicle can considerable potential in addition to the of the seal friction by up to 50 % on be lifted up or lowered via electro-mech- above measures. It is estimated that by wheel bearings through low-friction anically actuated ball screw drives, 2030, nearly half of all vehicles worldwide seals; and depending on the driving condition. The will have an electric motor as a drive :: reduction of auxiliary energy for reduction in aerodynamic drag enabled source. Approximately 9 % of all vehicles chassis actuation by implementing the by this concept results in a potential are expected to be driven exclusively by power-on-demand concept; this means fuel saving of 0.5 to 1.5 % in the NEDC, an e-motor, ①. electro-mechanical actuator systems depending on the vehicle. One of the key criteria in hybrid con- used as anti-roll systems can replace cepts is the arrangement of the e-motor in the hydraulic systems currently in use. the drivetrain. In this area, Schaeffler is Additional potential for chassis systems ELECTRIFICATION focusing on parallel hybrids. This arrange- exists in aerodynamic measures like ment of the e-motor builds on existing electro-mechanical ride height adjust- The hybridisation of drivetrains offers powertrain technologies. It requires only autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 45 Cover Story SMART MOBILITY

one e-motor and covers the widest spec- wheel rims, 4. transmission are regarded as a system, so trum of electrified drivetrain concepts, that solutions can be provided for a deac- from mild hybrids to range extenders. It tivation strategy with the corresponding therefore offers a seamless transition to SYSTEMIC APPROACH damping technology [3, 6]. On hybrid or purely electric vehicles. purely electric drives, transmission The maximum available voltage is a When considered in full, the above areas spread design and number of gears must major factor, when it comes to dimen- of potential to increase efficiency in the be re-evaluated [7]. sioning the e-drive. In the course of the drivetrain for the individual assembly In addition, complete drive concepts transition to the 48 V on-board net sys- areas are strongly dependent on the cycle are also simulated for the purpose of tem, opportunities exist for mild hybrid- in which they are measured. In this defining development strategies and eval- isation that would enable savings in fuel regard, the WLTC (Worldwide Harmon- uating components and sub-systems in consumption of between 8 % and over ised Light Duty Vehicle Test Cycle) in par- the drivetrain. For the drivetrain shown in 15 % in the NEDC, depending on the ticular will lead to another significant ②, consumption was reduced from 5.1 to vehicle, concept and electrical power. In change. In addition, practically all of these 3.6 l/100 km by combining a mild 48 V P2 addition to components for belt altern- measures display strong interactions and hybridisation with the application of cor- ator starter systems, Schaeffler is devel- multiple conflicting aims with regard to responding measures to the engine, trans- oping concepts for high-performance 48 comfort, efficiency and harmful emis- mission and chassis. V P2 hybrid modules in parallel and sions. In determining a complete concept, Different concept cars are being con- coaxial designs and even 48 V electric the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), which structed to verify the simulations, 5. axle systems, which can be expanded on decides the purchase for the end cus- These are often focused on specific mar- a modular basis into two-speed systems tomer, must be taken into consideration – kets and regions in their conception and with torque vectoring [5]. the lower fuel costs resulting from one design, such as the Efficient Future Mobil- Full efficiency, and thus full consump- measure must be weighed up against the ity China Car. The drivetrain in this tion reduction potential of well over 20 acquisition costs. vehicle was completely converted to a 1 l % in the NEDC and WLTC, can only be It is therefore clear that, in future, petrol engine with a powerful Schaeffler achieved by the hybrid systems with cor- drivetrain technologies must be evalu- high-voltage hybrid module and double respondingly powerful e-motors, and ated and defined at the drivetrain level, clutch transmission with dry double therefore with high-voltage systems. In and not only at engine or transmission clutch. This means that in the chosen this area too, Schaeffler provides solu- level. As a result, Schaeffler is increas- configuration, savings in consumption of tions for modular designs of hybrid mod- ingly evaluating technologies from this up to 65 % can be achieved in the NEDC, ules and electric axle systems as well as perspective. For example, when develop- with an electric range of approximately 30 electric wheel hub drives built into the ing cylinder deactivation, the engine and km in plug-in mode, 6.

5 Schaeffler concept cars (© Schaeffler)

46 www.autotechreview.com

Cover Story SMART MOBILITY

6 Drivetrain and fuel consumption of the Schaeffler China Concept Car (© Schaeffler)

Schaeffler Symposium, Baden-Baden (Germany), SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK methodical expansion of the develop- 2014 ment processes will also be necessary, [6] Schamel, A.; Scheidt, M.; Weber, C.; Faust, H.: Zylinderabschaltung für aufgeladene 3-Zylin- In the coming years, the demand for for example, regarding functional safety. der-Motoren – machbar und sinnvoll? [Cylinder reduced fuel consumption and emissions With the Mobility for Tomorrow Deactivation for Charged Three-Cylinder Engines – will be the dominant trend in drivetrains. strategy, Schaeffler has optimally posi- Feasible and Sensible?], 36th International Vienna Motor Symposium (Austria), 2015 Targets will increasingly be based on real tioned itself in recent years and will [7] Gutzmer, P.: Die Zukunft des Motors kommt driving emissions (RDE). Approaches to continue to develop these skills so that über das Getriebe [The Future of the Engine Lies technical solutions are highly diverse and these complex demands can be met in the Transmission], 36th International Vienna Motor Symposium (Austria), 2015 range from friction reduction to increased through expertise from systems down to [8] CO2-Emissionsreduktion bei Pkw und leichten variability, electro-mobility and alternat- the last detail. Nutzfahrzeugen nach 2020, Dienstleistungsprojekt ive fuels. 59/12 [Reduction of CO2 Emissions from PCs and Light Commercial Vehicles beyond 2020], study It must also be taken into account REFERENCES commissioned by the Federal Ministry for Eco- that when purchasing a car, customers [1] Scheidt, M.; Brands, C.; Kratzsch, M.; Gün- nomic Affairs and Energy ther, M.: Kombinierte Miller-Atkinson-Strategie für are primarily concerned with the life Downsizing-Konzepte [Combined Miller-Atkinson cycle costs, and less so with environ- Strategy for Downsizing Concepts], International mental aspects. Although reduced con- Engine Congress, Baden-Baden (Germany), 2014 [2] Dorfschmid, J.; Döpper, W.; Jäggle, G.; Heuk- sumption leads to lower running costs, elbach, K.: Evolution zum Siebengang-Automatik- this can eventually be cancelled out by getriebe 7G-Tronic Plus [Evolution towards the the higher acquisition costs, depending 7G-Tronic Plus Seven-Speed Automatic Transmis- sion], ATATZ 112 (2010), No. 12, pp. 900-907 [7] on the development of oil prices . Con- [3] Faust, H.: Antriebssysteme der Zukunft – Mo- sequently, the cost factor will be a key tor-, Getriebe- und Dämpfersysteme für Downsiz- Thanks differentiator in the selection of technolo- ing, Downspeeding und Zylinderabschaltung [Driv- etrain Systems of the Future – Engine, Transmis- gical solutions. sion and Damper Systems for Downspeeding, The authors would like to sincerely thank Against the backdrop of these increas- Downsizing, and Cylinder Deactivation], 10th Schaeffler Symposium, Baden-Baden (Germany), Tobias Eckl and Dr Christian Gabriel, ingly stringent requirements on the one 2014 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG, for their hand, and increasing technical complex- [4] Müller, N.; Strauß, S., Tumback, S.; Christ, A.: support in developing the valuable contribu- Segeln – Start / Stopp-Systeme der nächsten Gen- ity on the other, it is no longer enough tions to this publication. eration [Coasting – the Next Generation of Start- for system providers to work at only one Stop Systems], MTZ 72 (2011), No. 9, pp. 644- level above the system level of their own 649 products. System suppliers must increas- [5] Smetana, T.: Wer hat Angst vor 48 V? Der Minihybrid mit E-Achse nicht! [Who’s Afraid of 48 ingly develop expertise on a drivetrain V? Not the Mini-Hybrid with E-Axle!], 10th Read this article on level. On top of the technical demands, www.autotechreview.com

48 www.autotechreview.com

TECHNOLOGY DIESEL ENGINE REGENERATION OF THE PARTICULATE FILTER BY USING NAVIGATION DATA

Increasing connectivity is having a major effect on the driving experience as well as on the car’s inner workings.

For instance, connected software functions have the potential to further reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. For the diesel engine, Bosch has developed a new system for controlling the regeneration of the diesel particulate filter. This system links engine management to the data provided by the electronic horizon about the route ahead.

50 www.autotechreview.com Authors OPTIMAL REGENERATION TIME

Since the Euro I emissions standard was introduced in 1992, particulate emissions from diesel vehicles have been cut by some 97 %, with any remaining particulates removed almost completely by a TORSTEN GRAHLE is Section Head Exhaust-Gas diesel particulate filter (DPF). The latest Treatment in Software Development filters work at over 95 % efficiency, and at Bosch Engineering GmbH in can efficiently filter out even the smallest Abstatt (Germany). of nanoparticles. Once the DPF is full, the deposited particulates are burned-off, regenerating the filter so that it is once again fully functional. To trigger the regeneration process, the engine management system increases the exhaust temperature – for example, by MATTHIAS TONNE is Calibration Engineer Diesel means of post-injection and adjusting the Particulate Filters at Robert Bosch throttle valve. The result of these meas- GmbH in Stuttgart (Germany). ures is a massive rise in exhaust gas temperature, which burns off the particulates. Other action can be taken additionally, such as adjusting the exhaust gas recirculation control. However, intervening in engine management moves the engine © Bosch © away from its optimum operating point, ANDRE WIEDERSBERG making it function less efficiently. This is Section Head Calibration, Diesel Particulate Filters at Robert Bosch has particularly negative consequences, GmbH in Stuttgart (Germany). when the regeneration takes place on unsuitable segments of the route, such as in city traffic or traffic jams. If DPF regeneration is carried out pre- dictively with the help of a route preview, then it happens only on those sections of the route conducive to such an operation. THOMAS ZSEBEDITS This not only reduces fuel consumption is Expert Exhaust-gas and pollutant emissions, but also lessens Treatment in Software Development at Bosch Engineering GmbH the thermal load on the components dur- in Abstatt (Germany). ing the regeneration process.

CONVENTIONAL REGENERATION STRATEGY

Today’s DPFs are already optimised by engine management and sensors, 1. The engine management system monitors the DPF loading conditions using a differential pressure sensor, which measures the pressure of the exhaust gas before and after filtering. Software functions in the engine management system evaluate the sensor information and set the intervals for regeneration depending on need. Com- pared to periodic regeneration, in which the particulate matter is burned-off in pre- set intervals, demand-based regeneration takes place at longer intervals, which in autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 51 TECHNOLOGY DIESEL ENGINE

see. It draws on three-dimensional navigation data to deliver detailed, far-sighted information about road layout, inclines, speed limits, and traffic on the road ahead. This map data, plus the vehicle’s current position, is forwarded via stand- ardised interfaces to other control units, such as engine management, which can use this predictive information for their own functions. The ECU receives the navigation data, processes it, and provides it as physical values with the 1 Conventional regeneration strategy (© Bosch) help of an interface, 2. The form, resolution, and scope in which this information must be available depends on the use case. For shorter drives, it is irrelevant whether the navigation system’s route guidance function has been activated or not: without active route guidance, the control unit continuously calculates the vehicle’s most probable path. Yet the longer the route, the less precise the most probable path is, making predic- 2 Signal flow and processing of navigation data (© Bosch) tions of the upcoming road no longer reliable. This is why active route guidance is preferred for longer-term use turn reduces fuel consumption. optimum operation point during DPF cases, a function that in this case cor- As the central control unit, the engine regeneration, the soot is not burned com- responds to the electronic horizon. management system decides when to pletely off the filter, more fuel is con- To this end, the driver inputs the regenerate the DPF depending on its load- sumed, and a greater thermal load is put planned destination and the engine con- ing condition and on the engine’s operat- on the exhaust gas treatment components. trol unit receives information about the ing point. Once the optimum operating This scenario can occur when the car entire route to be driven. The unit can point has been reached, the engine man- leaves the highway, arrives home, sits in determine, for example, when the car agement system launches the regenera- traffic, or in other situations. will be on the highway and how much tion, which can take up to 20 min. In of the route remains before the car determining the point at which to start reaches its destination. Connecting to regeneration, however, current systems do ELECTRONIC HORIZON the highly dynamic information from not take the route ahead of the vehicle the navigation system also helps the into account. Today’s navigation systems provide an unit recognise where on the route there In other words, if the regeneration pro- electronic horizon that expands the route may be traffic. The engine management cess kicks-off and the engine leaves preview far beyond what the driver can system can use this data to help it choose the optimum section of the route for performing complex operations such as diagnostics, adjustments, or exhaust gas treatment functions.

PREDICTIVE STRATEGY

The newly developed DPF regeneration control system is based on the electronic horizon with active route guidance. Using the route preview, the engine management system dynamically calculates the state of the DPF and evaluates the route characteristics to determine, where the 3 Comparing conventional and predictive regeneration strategies (© Bosch) engine operating points will be optimum

52 www.autotechreview.com of DPF regeneration with further operating strategies, such as a hybrid control system in a diesel hybrid, serves to strengthen the positive effects. It avoids unintentional activation of the internal-combustion engine in electric drive mode, while artificially generated higher loads – for example, to charge the batteries – increase the efficiency of the regeneration. Driving becomes more comfortable, when the engine management system takes more account of the driver’s wishes.

PREDICTIVE SOOT LOAD MODEL

With a conventional DPF regeneration strategy, the filter’s soot load is either estimated depending on the engine’s operating point (load and speed) or measured 4 Algorithm for selecting regeneration segments (© Bosch) in a stationary state by a differential pressure sensor. Furthermore, the increase in the soot load depends on the fact that the for regeneration. Based on this informa- optimum sections of the route, particulate filter works more efficiently as tion – and by weighing up further factors for example highway, cross-country the soot load increases. The ratio of nitric

– the regeneration process is planned and routes; oxide (NO) to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in carried out in consideration of the :: Before entering a city, the DPF should the exhaust gas also serves to reduce the following: be empty to avoid regeneration in an soot load at certain speeds, a phe- :: Regeneration is carried out as fre- urban area, 3. nomenon referred to as “passive” regener- quently as needed, but as seldom as This predictive control system makes it ation (CRT effect – continuously regener- possible; possible to reduce fuel consumption and ating trap). :: Regeneration is carried out only when pollutant emissions as well as the thermal When developing the new regenera- the DPF can be cleared completely in load on the DPF during regeneration, tion strategy, these effects were factored one regeneration interval; thereby protecting the components. into the predictive soot load model. :: Regeneration is carried out only on Supplementing this predictive control Using the navigation data makes it possible to determine the expected loading condition of the particulate filter on every section along the planned route. This means that three questions can be settled right at the start of the drive. One: should regeneration happen at all along the planned route? Two: will the soot load on the DPF surpass a critical threshold and therefore make regeneration necessary? And three: can the regeneration be delayed until the vehicle reaches an optimum section of the route?

SELECTING THE OPTIMUM ROUTE SEGMENT

Ideally, once DPF regeneration has begun it should be carried out completely. This means that the regeneration has to last long enough to clear a minimal threshold 5 Comparing predicted and actual soot load (© Bosch) value of the soot load so that the engine autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 53 TECHNOLOGY DIESEL ENGINE

adapted to the road ahead can reduce fuel consumption, emissions, and wear and tear on the components. In the future, further development of this function will focus on weaning it off of its reliance on active route guidance. The goal is to expand the predictive management of DPF regeneration to include standard routes as well, on which route guidance has not been activated. Once the engine management system gets to know the profiles of fre- quently driven routes, it can file them away for future reference. Then it can plan operating points on the daily commute, for example, without accessing navigation data. The advantage of this 6 Comparison measurements of the conventional and predictive regeneration strategies (© Bosch) solution is that it can be integrated into existing systems without needing any additional hardware. management system recognises the partic- turn, has to follow a detour, or inputs a In addition, the predictive informa- ulate filter as “clear.” That is why the pre- new destination – is immediately incor- tion is also to be used for other exhaust diction of the soot load within the new porated dynamically into the prediction gas treatment functions and compon- control strategy was expanded to include to reflect the new conditions. ents; these can have a negative impact determining possible soot burn-off for Comparing conventional (demand- on fuel consumption and emissions each segment of the route. based) and predictive DPF regeneration thanks to their long lifetimes and com- In this way, planning DPF regenera- showed that the former took place much plex interventions in engine manage- tion takes into account whether the earlier on than in the comparison drive, ment. A similar plan foresees coordinat- chosen route is long enough for regener- 6. Regeneration using a predictive ing the processes of these new, as-yet ation or if the regeneration process will strategy took place in plenty of time undeveloped functions. take several route segments. The new before the vehicle reached its destination management system takes other factors and at an optimum engine operating into consideration as well. For example, point. When this result is extrapolated, it it can postpone DPF regeneration to the confirms the assumption that the new latest possible route segment, so that the regeneration strategy lengthens the inter- vehicle can park at its destination with a vals between regenerations, thereby clear filter. Similarly, the system can reducing fuel consumption, emissions, avoid executing two regenerations in too and the thermal load on the components. short a space of time. To determine which section of the route is ideally suited for regeneration, SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK multiple factors are weighed against each other for each section to produce a Connecting the powertrain to data from “favourability value”: the higher this the electronic horizon opens up a host of value is, the more favourable the route new functions that make driving a car segment is for DPF regeneration, 4. The more efficient, safer, and more conveni- most favourable segment is calculated ent. In addition to those described here, using an efficient search algorithm. No Bosch Engineering is developing further approval is given for the DPF regenera- functions that process, provide, and in tion until the vehicle reaches this seg- some cases use navigation data. Predict- ment on the planned route. ive cruise control, cornering assistance, The predictive models, the weighting, and braking assistance are just a few and the determination of the regenera- areas, where a route preview can be tion segments are updated cyclically. applied. If a far-sighted route preview is With each update, the accuracy of the available, hybrid vehicles can use pre- soot load prediction increases, 5. What dictive battery management thus optim- is more, any change made to the planned ising energy recuperation. In addition, Read this article on route – when the driver makes a wrong predictive exhaust gas treatment that is www.autotechreview.com

54 www.autotechreview.com Böllhoff...

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Bollhoff_ATR_Feb'2016.indd 1 29-01-2016 19:18:29 TECHNOLOGY HARLEY-DAVIDSON HARLEY-DAVIDSON 2016 RANGE – MINOR UPDATES FOR MAJOR GAINS

INTRODUCTION motorcycles to find out the difference revised braking system on both wheels. these changes have brought to the motor- As a result of the upgrade, the disc size Since its launch, the Street 750 has expec- cycles after the Dark Custom treatment. has been upped to 300 mm for both the tedly become the largest-selling model in wheels. The braking system too has been Harley-Davidson’s India line-up, and also improved to offer improved stopping the largest-selling 500 cc+ motorcycle in STREET 750 power. The upgraded callipers offer the country. Achieved through a radical increased initial bite and higher stopping departure from the company’s product When we rode the Street 750 in 2014, we power. Other changes to the braking sys- philosophy, the Street 750 helped the were impressed by the engine and chassis tem include re-worked all-aluminium company scale up in terms of sales. The but didn’t find the brakes and finishing master-cylinders, the rear being an integ- product, however, wasn’t perfect and quality to be of the famed HD level. On a rated unit with reservoir and the front some of the issues were widely reported. motorcycle that goes seriously quick, with lower-friction and stainless steel As a natural evolution of the product, good brakes are imperative. Harley-David- braided lines. ABS is still not being offered Harley-Davidson introduced the 2016 son has taken that feedback from the disappointingly, but more on that towards Street 750 along with the new Iron 883 media and its customers and has the end of this article. and Forty-Eight. We rode the first two endowed the 2016 Street 750 with a On the road, these changes do speak

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TECHNOLOGY HARLEY-DAVIDSON

out loud in form of significantly better ini- made up of cartridge dampening shockers tial bite from the brakes. One doesn’t and emulsion technology finds its way need to pull the lever with force to stop into the rear units, making it possible to the motorcycle now and just two-fingers adjust the rear for pre-load. The seat is will do the job, even during panic-brak- also a new inclusion and aimed at enhan- ing. While the older brakes on the Street cing rider comfort. There are also new 750 offered no feedback at all, the new cosmetic updates like the wheel, paint ones provide considerable feedback. One shades and exhaust pipes, all of which can now somewhat gauge an upcoming give the Iron 883 a pinch of freshness. wheel-lock, but not accurately. This in our Out on the road, the Iron 883 view isn’t entirely the braking system’s doesn’t behave too differently from Better brakes offer safer stops during panic braking fault as the quality of tyres plays a crucial the earlier model except for the ride role on how any motorcycle’s brakes work quality. Going over bumps and craters and communicate with the rider. HD’s was bone-jarring earlier and continues of ABS on the Street 750 is surprising choice of sticking with MRF rubber is that to be the same, albeit the extent of it has and might come in only when the new reason, as the tyres continue to get easily reduced considerably. rule mandating the technology comes overwhelmed by the motorcycle’s pace. into effect next year. While things are fine on dry surfaces, a The Street 750 continues to be a great more than expected loss of grip on wet CONCLUSION powertrain and chassis package and now surfaces calls in for a much cautioned rid- has better brakes too, making it a joy to ing style. Running out of grip also hap- Feedback is critical for evolution of ride but as an overall motorcycle it still pens quickly and unexpectedly with little any vehicle, more so when they’re a isn’t perfect. The Iron 883 too has chances of catching it back. lifestyle choice and not a necessity. received and important upgrade in the Other changes to the Street 750 include Harley-Davidson has utilised this feed- form of a better suspension but we new brake and clutch levers, which are back to improve the competitiveness would’ve liked to see a new six-speed better to look at and easy to use. The and appeal of its key models in the right gearbox instead of the present five-speed paint quality also seems to have improved manner. The Street 750 is already a suc- unit, which feels a bit outdated. However, along with introduction of new blue and cessful model and with these upgrades the Iron 883 is still a better motorcycle to red shades. The visible wires below the the order books should fill up even enter the Harley-Davidson brand and tank too have been tucked in but they’re quicker. The extent of success for these experience what it really stands for. still visible and continue to attract atten- improvement though is mixed from a The 2016 Dark Custom Street 750 is tion for the wrong reasons. Beyond this, technical and value perspective. priced at ` 4.52 lakh, while the Iron 883 is the impressive 749 cc Revolution X engine The company selected the right mod- priced at ` 7.38 lakh, both prices being and the frame and suspension remain the els and approached the right improve- ex-showroom, Delhi. At these prices, both same. Closer to the redline, there are ment areas but took a long duration to motorcycles are priced competitively and vibrations from the motor and foot pegs roll out these upgrades. We say long offer good value-for-money. but these are significantly lesser than time because nearing two years of sales, other motorcycles of the company. From a the changes are only those that are gen- low-engine speed, there is ample torque erally expected to be sorted issues on available, helping drivability in traffic and the first model itself, especially from a Text: Arpit Mahendra the higher redline makes for easier and global manufacturer. This also high- Photo: Bharat Bhushan Upadhyay quick overtaking manoeuvres. All of these lights the initial challenges global qualities make the Street 750 a versatile brands face within the Indian supply and fun to ride motorcycle. chain. The fit and finish although better on the Street 750 now, is still not up to the standards IRON 883 expected at this price-point. Cost-cutting is still evident on The Iron 883 is the second motorcycle we the motorcycle in rode that has been given the Dark Custom functional areas treatment. Mechanically, the Iron 883 such as head- hasn’t undergone any major changes but lamp illumina- features a reworked suspension, which is tion, which is a good thing. Anyone who’s ridden the lesser than that older Iron 883 would understand when offered by some we say that the Iron’s suspension is 200 cc motorcycles sprung just like its name. In order to costing much lesser than the Read this article on change this, the front suspension now is Street 750. In addition, the absence www.autotechreview.com

58 www.autotechreview.com

APPLICATION STORY (A MARKETING FEATURE)

COMPACT THERMAL IMAGING CAMERA FROM FLIR CONTINUOUSLY MONITORS PACKAGING QUALITY

Presentation and delivery are critical parts of product quality. Recochem, a Canada-based manufacturer and distributor of chemical products and fluids understands this all too well. That’s why the company is using thermal imaging to continuously monitor the quality of its package sealing.

Combining thermal and visual cameras in a small, affordable package, the AX8 provides continuous temperature monitoring and alarming capabilities.

Recochem is a Canadian owned, privately protect our products must be maintained not only very time-consuming, it was also held company with a global reputation for at all time.” quite expensive.” In their search of an effi- quality products and outstanding customer One of the most cost-effective ways of cient glue monitoring solution, Recochem service. Recochem’s Americas Division is a sealing cartons is to use hot melt adhesive decided to try a single-spot IR sensor. producer, formulator, contract packager and on the carton flaps. However, in the online “Because the glue is heated, we can use tem- wholesale distributor of household chemical process, the glue can sometimes be applied perature information to inspect the glue products and automotive fluids from five loc- inaccurately or inadequately. That is why spots,” he says. “However, we did not man- ations in Canada. Recochem needed a solution to allow them age to install IR sensors in a position in which to inspect whether the glue had been they could look at the bottom carton flaps. PACKAGING AND PRODUCT QUALITY applied or not, and whether it was applied Also, the IR sensor was only able to look at “Packaging is something that is really on the right position. the applied glue on the open flaps.” important in terms of product quality and safety,” says Adam Wolszczan, Plant Engin- QUALITY INSPECTION THERMAL IMAGING SEEING THROUGH eering Manager at Recochem. “Our wind- “In the past, the carton integrity was determ- CARDBOARD shield fluid products come in jugs, which in ined by periodically taking boxes from the Recochem’s quest for an effective monitoring turn are put in cardboard boxes. The integ- production line and destroying them for fur- solution finally reached a breakthrough with rity of these cartons that overwrap and ther inspecting,” says Wolszczan. “This was thermal imaging. “I already knew thermal

... Continued on page 62 60

APPLICATION STORY (A MARKETING FEATURE)

imaging as a technology,” says Wolszczan. “The company has a contractor for roof maintenance and inspection of our electrical panels, and so I knew that the technology can be used effectively to search for mois- ture, missing insulation and much more. I purchased a FLIR TG165 thermal imaging camera to see whether the technology could be fit for our purpose. And that appeared to be the case indeed!” Wolszczan used the TG165 to have a look at some of the boxes that come off the production line and the camera clearly showed him where the hot glue spots were located. What’s more, the FLIR TG165 thermal The AX8 camera is set up to look at predefined areas of the flaps where glue should be applied, and verify spot imaging camera was able to “see” through sizes and their temperatures.

the cardboard and check the pattern and size box moves along the sensor without any fur- of the applied hot melt adhesive. This meant ther information. We are not only able to that it was no longer necessary to destroy offer a better product to our customers; we the boxes for inspection. also save a lot of time. If you consider that It convinced Wolszczan that thermal previously, our operators needed to destroy imaging technology was the path to be a box every 10 to 15 minutes for further followed. “We contacted FLIR Systems and inspection, and if you know that our produc- found a suitable solution with the FLIR AX8 tion line is operational five days a week, for thermal imaging sensor. The AX8 is very a good portion of the year, then you realise affordable and very compact – just what we the amount of time and money we save is needed for our application.” very significant.”

COMPACT AND EASY TO INSTALL The AX8 camera is now set-up to look at predefined areas of the flaps where glue should be applied, and verify spot sizes and their temperatures. Thanks to its compact THERMAL IMAGING CAMERA The FLIR TG165 proved to Recochem that thermal size, the AX8 thermal imaging sensor can be FOR CONTINUOUS CONDITION imaging cameras can see through cardboard and installed in such a way that it can look at the check the pattern and size of the applied glue spots. AND SAFETY MONITORING This meant that it was no longer necessary to destroy bottom of the box. And since the AX8 can the boxes for inspection. see the heat through the carton, it is no FLIR AX8 is a thermal sensor with ima- longer needed to destroy any more boxes ging capabilities. Combining thermal for inspection. The acquired video images and visual cameras in a small, afford- can be viewed by an operator on a dedic- able package, the AX8 provides con- ated screen. “If you look at the AX8 thermal tinuous temperature monitoring and images, then you clearly see the hotter alarming for of critical electrical and spots where the glue has been applied. mechanical equipment. The AX8 helps Whenever a glue gun is delayed, you see a you guard against unplanned outages, position shift of the hot spots, so you service interruptions, and equipment instantly know when something is wrong. failure. You’ll get the benefits of con- It’s very straightforward and very effective.” tinuous condition monitoring and hot spot detection without the need for IMPROVED PRODUCT QUALITY periodic manual scans. The AX8 meas- “The big advantage is that thermal imaging ures only 54 x 25 x 95 mm, making it now allows us to spot quality problem much easy to install in space-constrained If you look at the AX8 thermal images, then you faster and more efficiently,” says Wolszczan. areas for uninterrupted condition mon- clearly see the hotter spots where the glue has been “The thermal image is very convenient for itoring of critical electrical and mech- applied. Whenever a glue gun is delayed, you see a position shift of the hot spots, so you instantly know our operator, whereas a single-spot IR anical equipment. when something is wrong. sensor just gives you an on/off switch as the

62 www.autotechreview.com January 2016 | Volume 5 | Issue 1

14 INTERVIEW Arvind Balaji, President, Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India (ACMA)

18 COVER STORY Connected Transportation – What The Future has in Store

60 NEW VEHICLE Zica – Dawn of A New Era for Tata Motors?

CONNECTED TRANSPORTATION ––

HOLISTIC AND EFFICIENT SYSTEMS POWERED BY EACH

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Subscription_ATR_Jan'12.inddATR-Subscription_full page_feb 2016.indd1 68 24-12-201129-01-2016 16:24:4119:45:54 SHOPFLOOR MITHABHI LAMPS MITHABHI LAMPS – ILLUMINATING GROWTH WITH TECHNOLOGY

From helping a Sea Harrier land on the INS Viraat to ensuring the braking and turn signals on a Honda Activa are visible to traffic – Mithabhi Lamps Pvt Ltd services a wide spectrum of lighting requirements, both for the Indian Air Force and the automotive industry. A home-grown company, with its base in Faridabad, Mithabhi relies on technology to offer innovative solutions to its customers. We recently visited the company to understand their story.

64 www.autotechwww.autotechreview.comreview.com COMPANY BRIEF & PRODUCTS

Lighting, a critical safety aspect for automobiles is also an area, where many Indian suppliers have found global promi- nence. Multiple companies in India are today part of supply chains for lighting solutions on global platforms, owing to competitive cost and technical strength. One such company is Mithabhi Lamps, which started out as JS Lamp Industries for automotive bulbs. The Faridabad plant, Mithabhi’s older facility was commissioned in 1999, and presently manufactures bulbs for two- wheeler and defence applications. We also visited the new plant of the company in Palwal, Haryana, which will drive the closed customers. company’s financial and product growth The present production capacity stands in the coming years. Sumit M Sinha, at about eight crore bulbs per annum and Director, Mithabhi Lamps showed us is expected to grow to about 10 cr by through the Palwal shopfloor, and gave us 2018. This growth will primarily be on the insights into the company’s growth story back of the new Palwal plant, which and technical roadmap. began operations about five months back. The company currently supplies to air- Daily capacity is rated at about 350,000 crafts such as the Sea Harriers, Jaguar and units right now and will undergo a grad- the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), while in ual increase as the new facility ramps up. the two-wheeler space, it supplies to Hero The company has witnessed steady MotoCorp, Honda Motorcycle & Scooter growth through the last five years, grow- India, Yamaha, Suzuki, Bajaj, TVS, Mahi- ing at average of 14-15 % pa. Revenues in ndra and Piaggio. Bulbs manufactured FY2014-15 stood at ` 53 cr and is expected include all lighting applications on two- to grow to ` 65 cr by the turn of the cur- wheelers except headlamps, which the rent fiscal. Sinha expects this pace of company has no immediate plans to growth to continue over the next decade make. Once the new plant goes fully oper- or so, on the back of new products the ational by March 2016, the company will company plans to introduce and the pro- venture into the four-wheeler space for jected growth in the Indian automotive which it is already in talks with undis- sector. The current revenue split is heavily

High automation rate keeps the manpower less, and improves manufacturing quality autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 65 SHOPFLOOR MITHABHI LAMPS

lopsided in favour of the automotive sec- ers and is then heated, formed and cut. tor, which accounts for 97 % of Mithab- Post inspection these glass pieces are fed hi’s total revenue. Sinha mentioned that into the stem machine, wherein five wires the defence business isn’t aimed at driv- of specified length are automatically ing the company’s financial growth. placed into the already cut tubes. Hereon, Instead, it’s more of a statement of the the next step is to pass the product into a company’s technical capabilities because mount-making machine, wherein the on fighter planes, there is no room for a wires inserted in the previous step are bulb to fail before its rated life. shaped and then two filaments are placed one after the other. Here onwards, the glass structures MANUFACTURING resembling a bulb pass through a sealex machine, which puts the top cover in The Palwal plant is spread across an area place and importantly removes the air and of 70,000 sq ft, of which 40,000 sq ft is fills the desired gases. In the following dedicated to manufacturing; 16,000 sq ft process, the bulb goes through manual houses the office block and the remaining inspection, despite the fact that all is empty space marked for future expan- machines have quality checks built into sion. During our visit we were taken them. Once the check is done, the bulb through the assembly line for tail lamp moves onto the threading machine, which bulbs as there are different assembly lines opens the inserted wires and places them for each product. Glass tubes for making appropriately. Next up, it places the base the glass is sourced from external suppli- cap and this is where the bulb is illumi- Sourced glass tubes for making bulbs nated for the first time. If all goes well, the soldering process is carried out and the bulb is then sent for a final inspection and thereafter for dispatch. Interestingly, for a company of this size the focus on automation was impressive. All the processes explained above are entirely automated with human interven- tion only limited to feeding the products into the machines. Sinha told us that going forward this process too will be automated, allowing for further improvement in quality and manufacturing pace. In addition, since the lines are specific to a product, constructing them is a time- intensive process requiring around eight months for one line to become operational from start of construction. There are 15 machines present at this plant, and the next step of expansion will take place in about two years, for which space is already available in the built-up area. A machine deserving special mention is the shell blowing machine, which gives the glass top for indictor bulbs a desired shape by a combination of heat passages and rotations. For other types of bulbs, glass tops are sourced externally.

TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP

The technical evolution of Mithabhi was pretty interesting to get versed with and The company plans to enter the four-wheeler sector once the new plant becomes fully operational contrary to what many would expect, the

66 www.autotechreview.com Each machine has in-built checks to ensure no process error or faulty material passes through the line

technology in the automotive sector has R&D division, which is currently in the ROUND-UP no co-relation with that from defence. process of being shifted from the older Lamps used in aircrafts use an entirely Faridabad plant. R&D as a separate divi- Indian companies getting into technical different technology, which cannot be sion started about eight years back with a agreements with foreign partners to man- trickled into automotive as usage require- single vibration machine. Having grown ufacture components locally has been an ments and tolerances vary vastly. at a rapid pace, the department today is old practice. Mithabhi, on the contrary, The bulbs produced right now are of capable of carrying complete product has taken a different route altogether by conventional type but the company plans development and testing in-house. Sinha focussing on technology development to progress to LED technology in the next believes the company’s testing capability rather than being a manufacturing organi- 18 months or so. During this progress, is one of its key strength as all tests com- sation only. Putting into consideration the Mithabhi aims to skip the xenon technol- pliant with Indian as well as ECE regula- projection for growth in the two-wheeler ogy altogether as its usage is limited and tions in Europe can be carried out in- segment, especially scooters, Mithabhi’s Sinha believes LED is the future. Also, the house. This not only saves the cost of growth targets seem modest. With tech- technology used presently has been devel- testing at external vendors but also speeds nology being the company’s tour de force, oped completely in-house and this up product development, Sinha added. Mithabhi will soon have the capability to approach will continue for upcoming R&D presently comprises of 14 engineers get involved into vehicle programmes products as well. The company procures and is open to expansion, if business from a design stage, strengthening its all materials locally. demands. business relations. In a few years after The Palwal plant will house Mithabhi’s new technologies such as LED and four- wheeler solutions are put in production, the company can look at developing solutions and pitching them to customers. All these are signs of an innovation-driven company. Historically, technology-driven companies have fared better than those lacking it, especially in turbulent times. Our outlook for Mithabhi points towards a brighter future engineered by local technology.

Text: Arpit Mahendra Photo: Bharat Bhushan Upadhyay

Read this article on There's ample space available for expansion within the built-up area. Next expansion planned in about two years www.autotechreview.com autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 67 NEW VEHICLE FORD ENDEAVOUR

68 www.autotechreview.com FORD ENDEAVOUR – JAPANESE giant IN AMERICAN CROSSHAIR

Kick-starting the premium SUV segment in the country, the Ford Endeavour stayed in action for more than a decade in its last generation. Now though, Ford has brought in an all-new Endeavour to take on the likes of Toy- ota Fortuner, Chevrolet Trailblazer and Mitsubishi Pajero Sport. Ford claims it’s the most technically advanced SUV in its segment in multiple areas. Naturally, we put that claim to test to check if the Endeavour has the goods to rattle the segment.

INTRODUCTION The side profile does a good job of our ability to go off-road. The 4x2 variant maintaining the brute element of design is powered by a 2.2 l Duratorq TDCi Endeavour is an important model for Ford through large doors, 225 mm ground engine developing about 158 hp and a India, considering the premium SUV seg- clearance and meaty six-spoke alloy healthy 385 Nm of torque. Power is trans- ment is growing at a terrific pace. When wheels. The rear design is once again ferred to the rear wheels through either a the old Endeavour was launched, this seg- modern yet robust aided by a chrome six-speed manual or a six-speed auto- ment was sized at about 500 units per strip merging into the tail lamps in a simi- matic transmission. Our test car was annum. Last year, this segment had lar fashion to the design upfront. From a equipped with the automatic unit, which grown to about 18,000 units and is design perspective, there isn’t anything is a standard offering on the 4x4 variant. expected to grow to about 100,000 units that seemed out of place and all the lines The 2.2 l engine is aimed at offering a by 2024. This kind of growth provides a and creases come together very well. The balance between power, efficiency and great opportunity for OEMs to grab a slice only little thing, which we thought cost and does its job satisfactorily. The of this pie, which also offers higher profit- could’ve been avoided, was the chrome turbocharged engine utilises tried & ability. While Ford India will launch more finish on the ORVMs. tested diesel powertrain technologies SUVs in the coming time, the Endeavour with modifications to serve the purpose. is its only bet right now. This unit offers acceptable grunt but has POWERTRAIN some lag below 2,000 rpm. The lag also becomes a bit more evident due to the DESIGN Of the 4x4 and the 4x2 variants on sale, transmission, which is a bit slow to our test vehicle was the 4x2 one, limiting downshift. Once past 2,000 rpm though, Big is better, and more macho the design, even better it is for Indian consumers. And the new Ford Endeavour scores amply on these expectations. The Endeav- our’s large size, along with a robust design, helps it exude the kind of rugged image that many people buy such SUVs for. The large chrome grille merges in a triangular manner with the headlamps, which are equipped with Daytime Run- ning Lights (DRL). Beyond adding a modern appeal to the design, these elements help retain the character of a boxy and large SUV, something not all of Endeav- our’s competitors have successfully managed. Despite this, the Endeavour cuts through the air with good efficiency, something the low drag coefficient of 0.389 testifies. 2.2 l Duratorq TDCi offers acceptable performance but lag is evident below 2,000 rpm autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 69 NEW VEHICLE FORD ENDEAVOUR

Endeavour. Driving the Endeavour through the city and on highways, however, had us doubting Ford’s claims. While it’s natural to expect Ford vehicles to offer good dynamics, the Endeavour’s performance was a bit unexpected since it didn’t feel like a ladder-frame chassis. Feeling more like a newly-evolved version of ladder-frame, the Endeavour displayed little body-roll and pitch motion for its size. With a few minutes behind the wheel the Endeavour was responding to our inputs seamlessly and was tackling corners with aplomb. Ride quality was fantastic since the cabin remains largely unaffected even when going over roads with lunar surface quality. Modern and well-appointed interiors are effected only by the relatively lower quality plastic in lower dashboard This impressive balance between handling and ride quality is a result of a stiff chassis and perfectly optimised suspen- the engine offers decent acceleration but which deliver precise fuel-metering. Help- sion characteristics. Talking of suspen- the transmission’s slow pace to upshift ing efficiency further is the variable vane sion, the front unit comprises of inde- takes away some of the performance. turbo technology, also known as variable pendent coil spring with anti-roll bar and Reaching triple digit speed is easy and geometry turbocharger. at the rear, one can find a Watts linkage overtaking on highways was never a Ford India is trying hard to convince suspension with anti-roll bar. This is an problem for us. Drivability is impressive people of it shedding the high-mainte- interesting choice of suspension but with the transmission ratios spaced out nance tag and this is where things hasn’t been used for the first time by perfectly to handle stop-go traffic. such as the variable pressure oil pump Ford. In this type of suspension the cen- Refinement is another ace up the comes in to the picture by reducing tral moving point is forced to travel in a Endeavour’s sleeve and even around wear and extending service intervals. straight line up to a defined length. This 4,000 rpm there are hardly any vibrations. There’s also a 3.2 l engine on offer, allows the axle to travel vertically while Ford claims a fuel economy of 12.62 km/l which we’ll do a technology analysis preventing sideways motion. This is the and during our test, we got a figure of 9.8 of, in our next edition. key reason why the Endeavour feels so km/l, with around 50 % of the driving planted around corners. done on highways, 35 % in cities and the While off-roading too, the 225 mm remaining in places, where there were no DYNAMICS ground clearance comes in handy and the roads to be found. These are good num- suspension allows a generous articulation bers for an SUV of this size and this has In order to retain the rugged qualities as well. Since our test vehicle was a 4x2 been made possible partially due to the associated with an off-road SUV, Ford has drive variant, we couldn’t do serious off- usage of piezoelectric diesel injectors, used the ladder-frame chassis for the roading but on sand and on stones the Endeavour was comfortable and will cope well with most of the regular stuff buyers will throw at it.

CABIN

The cabin of the Endeavour is largely an impressive place and looks thoroughly modern and upscale. An area where the Endeavour literally walks over the competition is noise vibration & harshness (NVH) levels. Equipped with noise-cancellation technology, similar to that found in headphones, there are three microphones mounted in the headliner. These microphones transmit a signal to 225 mm ground clearance allows for a fair amount of off-roading even in the absence of a 4x4 system the Active Noise Cancellation control

70 www.autotechreview.com While the overall design exudes a dynamic, rugged and old-school character, elements such as LEDs in the lights add a modern touch

module in real time and this module The steering wheel is good to hold and feels like cost constraints came into effect then generates opposing sound waves, has a myriad of buttons making it possi- by the time sourcing for this part of the cancelling any potentially objectionable ble to control almost all important func- dashboard began. sound within the range of 30 Hz to 180 tions without having to take the eyes off Hz. The effect of this technology is easy the road. Ergonomics are of top order and to experience and only when accelerating finding the desired button was easy after ROUND-UP hard, the diesel clatter can be heard just a few minutes behind the wheel. inside the cabin. While cruising at triple The dashboard got a mixed response The new Endeavour is everything the digit speeds the cabin is so quiet, one is from everyone in our editorial team pri- consumer of a premium SUV would ask hard pressed to believe a diesel engine is marily due to the changing quality of it for, and then there’s a bit more to have powering the vehicle. within the three layers it sports. The top fun with. With an impressive design, the The seats in front are large and sup- part of the dashboard is of premium qual- Endeavour is right up there with the portive and offer good comfort and exter- ity and has a soft touch to it. Below it is a competition, and a bit ahead in terms of nal visibility. The rear seats too offer good glossy plastic surface and an eight-inch interiors & refinement. It offers the best- legroom and headroom along with decent colour display flanked by chrome-finished in-segment driving pleasure by a fair under-thigh support. The last row is air-vents. This part again boasts of good margin. The Endeavour scores high on expectedly less spacious but should be quality and design, but problems start the safety quotient with dual-front, side fine for seating two average-sized adults appearing in the beige-coloured third sec- and curtain airbags, ABS with EBD, Hill for a short while. Flexible seating on the tion. The hard plastic along with the Launch Assist, ESP and Traction Control second and third-rows are good enough matte black finish on the centre console System. With two engine and gearbox for accommodating everything ranging do not match the quality seen on the options, the Endeavour also meets vary- from bags to bicycles. upper parts of the dashboard. It almost ing needs of SUV buyers. All of this sounds like a winning rec- ipe, and at a price range of ` 23.64 lakh to ` 28.15 lakh, it surely is. The only test for the Endeavour is Ford India’s ability to effectively market it and convince buyers that it’s as reliable and easy on the pocket as its key Japanese competitor.

Text: Arpit Mahendra Photo: Bharat Bhushan Upadhyay

Read this article on Design, equipment, engine, cabin and dynamics are impressive, lending Endeavour a competitive edge www.autotechreview.com autotechreview February 2016 Volume 5 | Issue 2 71 DECODING TECHNOLOGY

MOBILITY: INTELLIGENT AND SMART

DR ARUN JAURA Board of Directors, SAE International With nine billion habitants predicted Many of the flexible powertrain fea- on the planet by 2050 and a 2.2 bn tures have been in place for a long dura- vehicle parc, the need for smarter and tion. The multi-fuel powertrains, the shared mobility is rather urgent. In the XEVs and non-conventional fuels have nectivity on wheels and location ser- last about 200 plus years, the distance created an ecosystem that is intelligent. vices. Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to- travelled per person per day has Powertrains are partially smart in hybrid Remote connectivity will be mandatory expanded 1,000X. From personal con- vehicles; they can switch to an electric to serve big data needs. Though some ventional mobility, the ecosystem is mode when required, and back to telematics features were first introduced expanding to XEVs, autonomous vehi- engine-assisted driving. However, the in vehicles in the 90s, the rapidity of cles and shared ownership of mobility. charging infrastructure is yet to get acclimatising to digital with big data in The ecosystem is moving to more smart though it is intelligent. Vehicles the backdrop is still to catch up. autonomy in transportation. are yet to be smart enough to suggest Many autonomous vehicle projects Smart mobility tends to be innocu- driving modes to the naive driver, based in mature markets are in the pipeline of ously equated to autonomous driving on the driving environment around research and development. On the con- and that can be risky. An intelligent them. The virtual transferring of power trary, is India ready for autonomous vehicle is equated to a smart vehicle but in an engine for up-scaling or downsiz- vehicles? There are many aspects to be in reality they are very different. Over ing remains a fantasy. addressed in the ecosystem before the years, intelligent features in a vehi- Intelligent materials that retain autonomy on the main streets or cle have grown due to driving behav- memory and adapt to the torso of occu- expressways can be unleashed. Of iour, technological gizmos, safety and pants for ergonomic seating are yet to course, autonomous vehicles for niche efficiency norms and the increasing gather mass market traction although applications are under development in number of vehicles. Smartness in few of few of the memory materials have the country and some are being used the features has been implemented but slowly percolated in vehicles. for specific requirements. there are many waiting to go. With more digital travellers, smart Going forward, smart mobility will The advent of better infrastructure vehicles will be a natural choice. The be the norm. For mobility practitioners, has translated into high speed transpor- post-millennium Generation Z’s its expansion to shared smart sustaina- tation and more number of private demands are pretty radical. They ble mobility will be the winning solu- and public vehicles on the roads. This demand access to data, perennial con- tion to celebrate. necessitates ensuring safety for vehicles and pedestrians, and protection of the infrastructure. OEMs have changed the design paradigms with intelligent product design specifications to meet newer customer demands and stringent regulations. Vehicles are being designed with intelligence to meet better ergonomic, emissions and stricter safety requirements. Vehicles are being developed to deliver adaptable and flexible solutions for customers. Features such as automatic cli- mate control, seat adjustment for different drivers, driver interfaces, maintaining driving distance between vehicles, while on cruise control, and other features are just not intelligent but also smart. Many of these features sense the environment and make necessary adjustments. Most importantly, active and passive safety features are implemented smartly to aid the driver and occupants.

72 www.autotechreview.com

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