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Digging up a Buried Past: Reconciling the Historical Injustices of Unethical Medical and Anthropological Research with Current Indigenous Studies of the Ainu Peoples

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Digging up a Buried Past: Reconciling the Historical Injustices of Unethical Medical and Anthropological Research with Current Indigenous Studies of the Ainu Peoples DIGGING UP A BURIED PAST: RECONCILING THE HISTORICAL INJUSTICES OF UNETHICAL MEDICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH WITH CURRENT INDIGENOUS STUDIES OF THE AINU PEOPLES Item Type Electronic Thesis; text Authors Ilyas, Hibah Citation Ilyas, Hibah. (2020). DIGGING UP A BURIED PAST: RECONCILING THE HISTORICAL INJUSTICES OF UNETHICAL MEDICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH WITH CURRENT INDIGENOUS STUDIES OF THE AINU PEOPLES (Bachelor's thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA). Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 24/09/2021 21:56:26 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/651035 DIGGING UP A BURIED PAST: RECONCILING THE HISTORICAL INJUSTICES OF UNETHICAL MEDICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH WITH CURRENT INDIGENOUS STUDIES OF THE AINU PEOPLES By HIBAH FAISAL ILYAS ____________________ A Thesis Submitted to The Honors College In Partial Fulfillment of the Bachelors Degree With Honors in East Asian Studies THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA M A Y 2 0 2 0 Approved by: ____________________ Dr. Joshua Schlachet 1 Abstract In light of the upcoming 2020/2021 Tokyo Olympics, Ainu activists are demanding indigenous recognition and political rights, putting pressure on the Japanese government to recognize diversity in their nation. Historically, Japan has perpetuated notions of Japanese uniqueness, or Nihonjinron, via the facilitation of nationalism-fueled medical and anthropological research. The Ainu peoples, subjects of such research, have withstood the seizure of basic human rights to land, intellectual property and self-identification as history has written them off as a “vanishing ethnicity.” Today, they fight for repatriation of the physical remnants of such atrocities: the pillaged skeletal remains of their ancestors. This paper will analyze the history of research across STEM and Humanities disciplines that have contributed to the cultural erasure of the Ainu peoples. After considering interviews of Ainu individuals about the state of their relationship with their own community, researchers and the Japanese government, I will then suggest solutions to synthesize protocols from these contrasting fields of study: the indigenous right to self-representation in academic and social spheres can be restored by clarifying research goals, increasing engagement of indigenous peoples in research and discussing the social effects of publishing data. 2 Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Who Are the Ainu? ..................................................................................................................... 4 Project Inspiration ....................................................................................................................... 5 The Dawn of Ainu Anthropological Research ............................................................................... 6 History Written by the “Superior” Race ......................................................................................... 9 Entering the Land of the Barbarians (Ezochi)........................................................................... 10 Shakushain’s War ................................................................................................................. 11 Trade Dependency ................................................................................................................ 12 Naming the North Sea Circuit (Hokkaido) ............................................................................... 14 The Prophecy: A Vanishing Ethnicity .......................................................................................... 15 To Be, or Not to Be Ainu .......................................................................................................... 17 Digging up a Buried Past .............................................................................................................. 19 Calling All Ainu Activists ............................................................................................................ 23 Redefining Ainu Activism ........................................................................................................ 24 Ainu in Politics ......................................................................................................................... 26 Repatriating Remains .................................................................................................................... 28 The Urakawa Lawsuit ............................................................................................................... 30 A Symbolic Space for Ethnic Harmony.................................................................................... 34 Framing Future Research .............................................................................................................. 35 Ainu Voices .............................................................................................................................. 36 Reconciling Fields of Study ...................................................................................................... 42 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 47 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 49 3 Introduction Hokkaido winters are known for their hostile beauty. In the freezing temperatures of 10°C below zero, nature claims what’s its own. As the harsh weather drives humans to escape into an indoor refuge, the plush snow envelops everything it touches; nature reigns all. Fleeing from the piercing cold, Hokkaido University students and staff can be seen trudging towards the shelter that was their offices and classrooms when suddenly, they catch sight of an intimidating figure. Had a bear made it on campus? Guarded by his thick fur coat, he wasn’t bothered by the weather as he lazily rested his back against a tree. A frenzy commences. Wasn’t this the season for hibernation? How did he find his way onto campus? And, why? Some gather the courage to take a closer look at the being. Expecting flesh-tearing fangs, instead, the spectators find themselves peering into the fervent eyes of a familiar face. It was none other than Yuki Shoji, an Ainu activist fighting the lengthy history of discrimination of his people. This was the first of many days that he passed in protest, stubbornly withstanding the harsh weather for all passersby to see, the snowfall powdering his coat, his face paling into the same shade of white that surrounded him. Many called him crazy, a lunatic, while others silently cheered him on, hailing him as a hero. Perhaps no other sane human would voluntarily subjugate themselves to such extreme weather or the harsh criticism of strangers, but Yuki had a strength and resolve fueled by the plight of his people. As the founder of the Ainu Liberation League in 1972, Yuki’s activism aimed to restore Ainu dignity be reclaiming his peoples’ language and culture—to reverse a prophecy that cursed them: becoming a “dying ethnicity.” 4 Who Are the Ainu? The Ainu are a group of peoples originating from the northernmost island of Japan, now known as Hokkaido. Not many recognize the word “Ainu,” nor can they fathom that a contrasting culture exists simultaneously in a nation highly regarded as “homogeneous.” This notion has been historically abetted by the Japanese government. Originally, the Ainu did not have a written language, which is why the beginnings of their historical record begin with what the Wajin (ethnic Japanese) had documented. Upon first contact, the Wajin referred to the Ainu’s homeland as Ezochi, or “barbarian land,” providing early insight of what the Japanese thought of the native people and supporting the fact that Ainu history has been largely written by another entity intent on affirming its greatness. As a society that lived in harmony with nature, the Ainu lifestyle included hunting and fishing, living off what the Earth provided for them. Despite their “barbaric” way of life, their knowledge of the land and its resources was valuable, something worth taking—a common trend in colonial and indigenous history. Of course, colonial history would not be complete without the discussion of ethnic rivalry as, the Ainu, despite their geological proximity to the Wajin, have more Caucasian features, such as lack of an epicanthic (Japanese) eye fold and more body hair.1 These phenotypic differences have begged the question, “what are the origins of the Ainu?” However, research aiming to find answers to this question has been driven by more than simple curiosity. Larger themes like Japanese nationalism and competition of economic power that accompanies colonial periods have contributed to the history of anthropological and medical research that have stripped the Ainu people of their independence
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