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Downloaded for Personal Non-Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] THE NEW TOWNS OP ISRAEL - origins, development and implementation Kirsty E. Towler. Submitted as part of Department of the requirements for Town and R egional the Degree of Master Planning, University of Philosophy of Glasgow. A p ril 1979 ProQuest Number: 10754031 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10754031 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 S ynopsis Israel is not generally perceived as a highly urbanized country y e t 86 % of its population now live in urban areas. The dominance of the anti-city Zionist ideology of the pre-1948 pioneers stressing the value of rural society and agricultural labout overshadowed the reality of urban development and growth. Shortly after independence, demographic and defense pressures necessitated a policy for population dispersal and immigrant absorption. The dispersal of population policy utilized two approaches namely the creation of new towns and to a lesser degree the establishment of rural settlements. The new towns have been described as ‘planted* or * administered* communities because of the highly centralized, externally imposed and paternalistic style of planning and administration. They were conceived of as regional, urban service centres in their respective rural areas. Primary emphasis was upon settlement, with' economic goals and social planning as secondary considerations. The policy of rapid urbanization led to a very rapid filling-up of the countiy especially in the first 10 years. Thirty new towns were created. The growth of the Tel Aviv area has been limited and its share of the national population reduced. The urban hierarchy was modified by the creation of intermediate sized settlements and in general, the policy of population dispersal has been a significant accomplishment. But there are problems and failures. Many of the planned new towns are neither economically nor socially viable. Many are too small and too few have acquired urban characteristics or become regional centres as intended. Economic benefits have lagged despite tax benefits, loans, grants, and other fiscal incentives. Too great an emphasis on spatial and physical development, on the rapid settlement of people without providing for economic and social infrastructure has generated an exodus of the younger, more upwardly mobile, able and energetic residents. Those left behind in the towns are the least able to cope with the difficulties. The vast majority of the outmigrants have left the new towns which had been assigned to them, despite their ineligibility for housing and employment assistance in their next community. The volume of the exodus is testimony to the perception by many of the unsuita­ bility of the new towns. In spite of the apparent shortcomings, little remedial action has been taken to rectify the situation. Since the mid-1960fs no new towns have been founded and apart from one notable though unfinished study there has been no significant large scale research initiated by the Israeli Government into the present state of the towns. This study suggests that by recognising the deficiencies and by adopting measures to overcome the problems, the new towns programme could be resuscitated. The programme may at present be a political failure which the Government is loath to admit. Further avoidance of the issues can only compound the failure. Detailed research and action are needed immediately. CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 C h ap ter 1 PRE-1948 SETTLEMENT 4 1.1 The Anti-City Element in Zionism 4 1.2 The Reality of Urban Growth and Settlement 8 1.3 Immigration (1882-1948) 17 1.4 Conclusion 25 C h ap ter 2 THE NATIONAL SITUATION AT INDEPENDENCE 30 2.1 Problems 33 2.2 Aims and Motives 38 2.3 The Population Dispersal Policy 40 2.4 Why New Towns? 42 2.5 Conclusion 44 C h apter 3 THE NEW TOWNS - THE FRAMEWORK 47 3.1 Definition 47 3.2 The Application of Central Place Theory in I s r a e l 51 3.3 Location Factors 55 3*4 Land Ownership 59 3*5 The Legal and Institutional Background 60 C h apter 4 THE NEW TOWNS - IDEOLOGY AND FORM 68 4*1 Ideological Approaches to New Town Development 68 4*2 Urban Forms in the New Towns 72 4*3 Conclusion 77 C h ap ter 5 THE NEW TOWNS - SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS 82 5*1 Social and Cultural Development 82 5.2 Economic Activity and Employment 97 5.3 Conclusion 108 5.4 Some Considerations 109 Summary and Conclusions 119 Appendices 128 Bibliography 138 LIST OF TABLES Page IA. P o p u la tio n o f Some S m aller C o a sta l P la in Towns 14 IB. Population Growth: Selected Years 1845-1948 18 IC. The Jewish Population by Settlement Type 1882-1967* 19 ID. Immigration by Period, Origin and Settlement Propensity. 26 2A. Population Distribution by District, 1948 51 2B. Population of Major Metropolitan Areas, 1948. 31 2C. Number and Origin of Immigrants, 1948-50 36 3A. New Towns, by Y ear o f F i r s t Jew ish Settlement and District 49 3B. The New Towns, According to Selected Sources 50 5A. Immigrants in New Towns by Country of O rig in ( 1967) 83 5B Population Distribution in New Towns According to Period of Immigration 1967( ) 84 5C. Percentage of the Population Belonging to Large Families in New Towns (1975) 86 5D. Dependency R a tio in th e New Towns (1967) 87 5E. Percentage of Population in New Towns of Families in Receipt of Welfare (1975) 88 5F. Migration Rates - New Towns (1975) 92 5G. New Town P o p u la tio n 1972-75 93 5H. Industrial and Service Employment (end 1967) 98 5J. Size of Plants and Employment Rate in New Towns and the Country as a Whole (end 1967) 98 5K. R e lie f Work by S ize o f New Towns (end 1967) 104 5L. Employees in Productive Work by Activity ( 1968) 104 MAPS AND DIAGRAMS Map 1 . Jewish-Owned Land in Mandatory Palestine (1942) Map 2. Israel: Key Areas Map 3« Israel: D istrict Boundaries Map 4* New Towns: Definition and L o ca tio n Diagram 1 A Schematic Model of Towns and Rural Settlements in the Lachish Region Acknowledgements My thanks must go to the many people who helped in diverse ways.... to Doug McCallum for acting as supervisor.... to Brian Spence for producing the m aps.... to Ian Bremner who supplied material otherwise unobtainable.... to Ian Dreyer in Tel Aviv and Eli Dayan, Major of Ashkelon, who provided me with official documents, unofficial opinions and undocumented insight... to Professors Nathaniel Lichfield, Tony Travis and Arie Shachar for suggesting sources.... to Fay for typing.... to Shimon who endured endless discussion •••• to those at Kibbutz Amiad who offered advice and were willing to visit several new towns with m e.... and to all others, too numerous to mention individually who contributed in some way o r a n o th e r. "Nations, no less than persons, want to keep up with the Joneses, and the Joneses of the minute are sometimes the votaries of fashions that give them no real subjective pleasure apart from that of display, and may, like Victorian tight-lacing, be extremely discomforting" F.J. Osborn and A. W hittick (19&9) The New Towns London: Leonard H ill. Introduction Throughout the ages new towns have been founded to meet specific objectives and to perform particular functions. The most common reasons for their establishment include a) to serve as capital cities b) to fulfil stratetic or military needs c) to exploit natural resources and open up under-developed areas d) to relieve urban congestion or to control and direct metro­ politan growth e) to absorb large population changes or population movements. The Israeli new towns programme is of considerable interest because the reason for the programme does not fall into categories a) to e) though individual towns do so. The adoption of a new towns programme in Israel was envisaged as the preferred means by which a national policy for urbanization and settlement structure was to be accomplished. In this respect, Israel is unique in having utilized a new towns policy to achieve national, regional and local aims and objectives. Central­ ized decision-making was used as a means of achieving a m ultiplicity of planning goals in relation to the new towns.
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