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Canker-Disease-Slideshow.Pdf Marion Murray Utah State University IPM Program Pathogen (fungus or bacteria) grows in bark and cambium Localized necrosis Variable in disease severity Pruning stub Freeze injury Dead twig Narrow branch crotch Fresh pruning cut Fungal spores or bacteria spread by rain Concentric rings may form; or pathogen or branch dies Fruiting structures or bacterial ooze forms on existing canker Biggs & Grove, Leucostoma Canker of Stone Fruits Disease Cycle; APS Annual cankers Perennial Target cankers Perennial Diffuse cankers Fusarium canker on birch Pathogen is active for only one season, then dies Stressed or injured trees can get multiple cankers Little impact on tree growth Penn State Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology Archives, Penn State University, Bugwood.org Nectria target canker Balanced interaction of fungus and host Pathogen grows when tree is dormant https://twitter.com/HereBeSpiders11 Cryphonectria parasitica, cause of chestnut blight Often opportunistic fungi that can survive as saprophyte Can become aggressive pathogens Host unable to respond or produce a callus wall Expands during the growing season George Hudler, Cornell University, Bugwood.org Sanitation – remove existing cankers Proper pruning practices Improve tree vigor trees stressed by drought or nutrient deficiencies more susceptible When pruning out cankers, remove the entire diseased area 4 - 12 inches below canker margin Failure to callus/heal = early warning of continued infection 50% Remove diseased limbs 4 - 12 inches below margin of canker Disinfect between cuts during growing season pruning of annual or diffuse canker types Proper pruning can result in 50% fewer cankers Make clean cuts and angle flat cuts Prune non-hardy trees after threat of severe cold temps Do not prune in wet weather no effect Over 500 different species of Cytospora Over 60 trees and shrub hosts “Gummosis” environmental stress • severe summer pruning • excessive irrigation • planting too deep • wound • over-bearing of fruit borers Survives for many years on dead bark as pycnidia Spores may be released year- round Sanitation Good pruning practices Maintain tree health with optimal watering and fertilization Fungicides? Research from Colorado State University, Dr. Ioannis Minas GOAL: Reduce cytospora population and prevent further spread Paint trunks with 50% - 80% white latex paint plus Captan or Topsin – at planting; repeat at least 3 years 50% - 80% white latex paint mixed with Captan or Topsin OR Surround mixed with lime sulfur Fungicide application (Topsin, captan, lime sulfur) after pruning to protect fresh pruning cuts Copper may actually promote canker infections Pseudomonas syringae Prunus spp. (ornamental cherry, Manchurian apriocot, plum,etc.) bacteria survive as epiphyte on plant and other surfaces James Kremer and Sheng Yang He via Howard Hughes Medical Institute Bacterial Canker Cytospora Sanitation – remove existing cankers Proper pruning practices Improve tree vigor trees stressed by drought or nutrient deficiencies more susceptible Copper applied at budbreak in spring or fall has limited effect Phytophthora cactorum, P. megasperma, P. cambivora, more maple, horsechestnut, birch, beech, others Nevada Department of Agriculture Reduce soil compaction Excise trunk canker Agri-Fos as trunk spray (plus Pentra-Bark) on bleeding cankers Fungal disease (Geosmithia) vectored by walnut twig beetle Arizona walnut is native host theorized that beetles recently “jumped ship” to black and other walnut species walnut twig beetle (native) Ned Tisserat, CSU 23,040 Ned Tisserat, CSU Black walnut Butternut Japanese walnut Persian/English walnut Wingnut Curtis Utley, et al. 2013. Susceptibility of Walnut and Hickory Species to Geosmithia morbida Plant Disease 97:5, 601-607 Trunk sprays and injections not very effective Effective twig beetle lure indicates presence Prevention of spread: remove infected trees before 50% mortality do not move untreated walnut lumber chip wood or remove woodpiles check your state for firewood quarantine Opportunistic fungi Can grow as saprophyte in dead wood Colonize wounds and cause disease on drought- or nutrient-stressed plants Thyronectria austroamericana and/or Nectria spp. Orange-brown, sunken bark Secondary borer attacks Susceptibility: . Skycole, Holka, and Shademaster least susceptible . Imperial, Moraine,and Skyline moderately susceptible . Sunburst most susceptible Botryosphaeria spp. Over 200 hosts, including dogwood redbud apple cherry beech elm horsechestnut madrone maple oak Hypoxylon mammatum Canker disease of aspen also causes white rot of oak and other species in eastern U.S. Trees may live many years with infection USDA Forest Service - North Central Research Station , USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Marion Murray [email protected] Utah State University, Logan 435-797-0776.
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