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The Electrical Writings of Benjamin Franklin and Friends As Collected by Robert A

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The Electrical Writings of Benjamin Franklin and Friends As Collected by Robert A Benjamin Franklin: Papers on Electricity collected by R. A. Morse 2004 page i The Electrical Writings of Benjamin Franklin and Friends as collected by Robert A. Morse, 2004 This is a collection of Benjamin Franklin’s papers on electricity, made as part of a project to develop a teacher workshop on Franklin’s electrical experiments while I was a Fellow at the H. Dudley Wright Center for Innovation in Science Teaching at Tufts University, Medford, MA. The workshop materials, which allow you to recreate many of Franklin’s experiments, are available from the Wright Center at <www.tufts.edu/as/wright_center>. Experiments on Electricity: Many of Franklin’s works including his Autobiography can be found on the Internet, but only a few of his letters on electricity are available there. Franklin’s book, Experiments and Observations on Electricity, made at Philadelphia in America appeared in five English editions. The first was published in three parts from 1751-1754, the second in two parts in 1754 and the third in three parts from 1762-1765 were published without Franklin’s direct involvement. Franklin edited and directed the publication of the fourth edition in 1769 and the fifth in 1774. Today, Franklin’s book is accessible in print in three editions to my knowledge: A scholarly version of the fifth edition (1774) edited by I. Bernard Cohen and published in 1941, with a comprehensive introduction by Cohen can be found in some university libraries. A few copies may be available in used book stores. Anyone seriously interested in Franklin’s work should read Cohen’s introduction. A facsimile of the second edition (1751) is available on CD in PDF format from Octavo Press, complete with introductory material by I. Bernard Cohen <www.Octavo.com> for a cost of about $25 as of 2004. A leather bound facsimile of the fourth edition (1769) is available from Gryphon Press as part of its Classics of Science Library <http://www.gryphoneditions.com/> for about $80 as of 2004. Collections of Franklin’s work-Sources of this collection. A comprehensive modern edition of Franklin’s papers continues to be issued by the Yale University Press, with the first volume printed in 1956. There are presently over 40 volumes in this series, which is available primarily in university libraries. Several earlier editions of Franklin’s works were published. Most of the letters and papers in this collection were transcribed from a collection published in 1904 as The Works of Benjamin Franklin, compiled and edited by John Bigelow, the Federal Edition, in 12 volumes. The works in that edition are for the most part arranged by their dates as known at the time. Because this edition was most accessible to me, it is the basis for this collection, and I have kept to the layout of the pages in Bigelow, giving his numbering of letters and papers at the beginning of each. Bigelow does not always include material written by Franklin’s associates that appeared in the editions of his book, and the letters on electricity are spread throughout the volumes. An earlier edition of The Works of Benjamin Franklin by Jared Sparks was published in 1837 by Hilliard, Gray, and Company, Boston. Volume V contains a section on Franklin’s Electrical work, essentially a copy of Franklin’s book. Where material was missing from Bigelow, I have taken it from Sparks, and given volume and page numbers accordingly. Another edition, cited by Cohen, is The Writings of Benjamin Franklin, edited by Albert H. Smyth in 10 Benjamin Franklin: Papers on Electricity collected by R. A. Morse 2004 page ii volumes, published during 1905-1907. I have not consulted this edition, but Cohen considers it more accurate than that of Sparks. Organization. The table of contents gives the beginning of each letter, with date as given by Bigelow, and is generally chronological. I have used Cohen’s edition to organize some of the material and the contributions that do not come from Franklin, which are taken from the Sparks collection. I have included page references to Bigelow, Sparks and Cohen’s edition. The two columns on each page of this document represent, with few exceptions, two facing pages in the original books. I have deviated from this scheme on occasion to place a figure near the text that refers to it, rather than putting many figures together on one plate as in the original texts. I have also occasionally placed a long explanatory footnote on a separate page. In a few cases, Bigelow gives only Franklin’s side of a correspondence and places the letter to which Franklin is replying as a footnote. I have moved some of these, where they are sufficiently complete, to precede Franklin’s reply. My wife, Mary-Margaret Morse, has kindly supplied translations of the longer French sections, untranslated in the sources. In those cases, I have placed the French text in one column and the translation in the other. Typographical errors. A considerable effort has been made to transcribe the text verbatim, but errors have crept in. I have reviewed the text many times, but still find an occasional error. Reports of errors may be emailed to [email protected], so that they may eventually be fixed. Note: This text is intended to be accessible, but does not pretend to be a scholarly edition of Franklin’s electrical experiments. I defer to Cohen and to the Yale University Press editions for that. However, the material reproduced here is offered free of copyright, as my intent is to make Franklin’s fascinating writing on electricity available to all. I would ask you to do the courtesy of acknowledging the source if you use the material presented here in other publications. Robert A. Morse, Physics Master, St. Albans School, Washington DC Completed at H. Dudley Wright Center for Innovation in Science Teaching, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 2004 Benjamin Franklin: Papers on Electricity collected by R. A. Morse 2004 page iii Morse page Bigelow nmbr Bigelow date Bigelow page Sparks page Cohen page TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 TITLE PAGE FROM 1769 EDITION OF FRANKLIN Page 2 TITLE PAGES FROM BIGELOW AND SPARKS to Peter CollinsCollinsono SIR:–Your kind present of an electric tube, with directions for using it Page 3 XLIII 3/28/1747 B: II: 170-171 S: V: 180 C: I: 169-170 to Peter CollinsCollinsono SIR:–In my last I informed you that in pursuing our electrical inquiries Page 4 XLIV 7/11/1747 B: II: 180-188 S:V: 181-188 C: II: 171-178 to Peter CollinsCollinsono SIR:–The necessary trouble of copying long letters, which perhaps, Page 9 XLVII 9/1/1747 B: II: 197-205 S:V: 189-195 C: III: 179-186 to Peter CollinsonCollinso Sir: There will be the same explosion and shock if the electrified phial Page 16 LXI 1748 B: II: 237-253 S:V: 196-210 C: IV: 187-200 to Peter CollinsCollinsono Sir: – Non-electric bodies, that have electric fire thrown into them Page 25 LXII 4/29/1749 B: II: 253-266 S:V: 211-222 C: V: 201-211 to Peter CollinsCollinsono Sir:–Mr. Watson, I believe, wrote his Observations on my last paper Page 33 LXXI 7/27/1750 B: II: 283-286 S:V: 223-225 C: VI:241-244 to Peter CollinsCollinsono Sir:–As you first put us on electrical experiments by sending Page 36 LXXII 7/29/1750 B: II: 286-287 S:V: 226 C: 212 Opinions and Conjectures concerning the Properties and Effects Page 36 LXXII cont. 7/29/1750 B: II: 287-317 S:V: 227-252 C: 213-236 ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS Proving that the Leyden Bottle Page 55 LXXII cont. 7/29/1750 B: II: 317-319 S:V: 253-254 C: 237-238 to James BowdoinBowdo Enclosed with this I send you all my electrical papers, fairly transcribed Page 57 10/25/1750 S:V: 255 to a friend in Boston I have lately made an experiment in electricity that I desire never Page 58 LXXVI 12/25/1750 B: II: 325-326 S:V:255-256 to James BowdoinBowdo Introducing Mr. Kinnersley as a Lecturer on Electricity Page 60 9/5/1751 S:V: 257 Benjamin Franklin: Papers on Electricity collected by R. A. Morse 2004 page iv Morse page Bigelow nmbr Bigelow date Bigelow page Sparks page Cohen page To Cadwallader Colden SIR:—I enclose you answers, such as my present hurry Page 61 LXXVII 1751 B: II: 327-328 S:V: 258 C: VII: 245-246 Queries and Answers Referred to in the Foregoing Letter Page 62 LXXVII cont. 1751 B: II: 328-332 S:V: 259-263 C: Q&A: 246-249 from J. Bowdoin On the Causes of the crooked Direction of Lightning Page 65 12/21/1751 S:V: 263-268 C: 311-315 to James BowdBowdoino I am glad to learn by your favor of the 21st past, that Mr. Kinnersley’s Page 69 LXXXIV 1/24/1752 B: II: 358-363 S:V: 269-272 C: XIV: 316-319 From Ebenezer Kinnersley Sir:—I have the following experiments to communicate Page 72 LXXXV (footnote) 2/3/1752 B: II: 363-364 S:V: 273-274 C: VIII: 250-251 to Ebenezer Kinnersley Sir:—I thank you for the experiments communicated Page 72 LXXXV 3/2/1752 B: II: 363-364 S:V: 275 C: IX: 252 to Ebenezer Kinnersley SIR:—Having brought your brimstone globe to work Page 73 LXXXVI 3/16/1752 B: II: 365-367 S:V: 280-282 C: X: 253-255 from James Bowdoin Effect of Lightning on Captain Waddel’s Compass Page 75 3/2/1752 S:V: 276-278 C: XV: 320-323 from James Bowdoin Remarks on Dr.
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