Georgia Historic Preservation HANDBOOK

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A Layman’s Guide to Historic Preservation in the State of Georgia

Published by The Fox Theatre Institute, The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation, and the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Historic Preservation Division The Fox Theatre Institute The Fox Theatre Institute (FTI) is an outreach program of Atlanta’s Fox Theatre that offers historic preservation Publication Coordinator and operations expertise, consultation Carmie McDonald and education to performing arts venues throughout Georgia and the Southeast. Research Assistants http://www.foxtheatreinstitute.org/ Elizabeth Decker Kimberly Harbrecht Justin Hutchcraft Contributors Mark McDonald The Fox Theatre Institute Heather Miller The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation Emily Taff Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Historic Preservation Division Designed by Emily Taff

Funders The Fox Theatre Institute 2012 The Fox Theatre Institute The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation Any parts of this publication may be Georgia Department of Natural Resources, reproduced without permission for Historic Preservation Division educational and non-proﬁt purposes if the The National Trust for Historic Preservation source is acknowledged. Table of Contents

Introduction 7 The Georgia Historic Preservation Handbook 8 History of Historic Preservation in Georgia 9 Preservation Partners 13 National Preservation Partners 13 State Preservation Partners 16 Statewide Nonproft Preservation Organizations 17 Local Preservation Partners 24 Preservation Tools 27 Recognizing Historic Properties 27 Protecting Historic Properties 36 Economics of Historic Preservation 44 Research and Documentation 52 House Types in Georgia 53 Styles of Architecture in Georgia 68 Guide to Historical Research 87 Technical Information 95 Restoring a Historic Structure 95 Repair and Maintenance of your Old House 98 Building Exteriors 102 Conservation of Building Materials 108 Building Interiors 140 Common Repairs for Historic Buildings 160 Appendix 165 Additional Resources 163 Glossary 165 Glossary of Preservation Acronyms 168 Frequently Asked Questions 169 Preservation Directory 173

v 1. Savannah, c. 1909. Introduction

GEORGIA HAS A RICH history that can They reflect the impact of progress and be traced from 16,000-18,000 BC and the invention—the development of the cotton earliest native inhabitants of the coastal gin, railroads, electricity, automobiles, plain, through the founding of Savannah technology and our obsession with moder- as a colonial port city in 1733, to Atlanta’s nity. They capture the essence of everyday rise as a center of commerce and trans- life—They are the places where Georgians portation in the nineteenth and twentieth lived, worked, worshipped, socialized centuries. Cities and towns across the and honored those who had gone before state boast cultural resources as diverse as them. These places tell stories of Georgia’s Georgia’s natural landscape. These his- development and the changes we have toric resources reflect the times in which faced throughout our history. they were built, displaying the technology, Georgians have long taken pride in building materials, artistic movements, and our collective history, and there is a political beliefs of the period. strong and demonstrated preservation Examination of Georgia’s unique ethic throughout the state. In 1951, the built environment reminds us that the Georgia General Assembly established the experiences and lessons of the past are Georgia Historical Commission, which led still relevant today. Our buildings, cities, the statewide preservation movement for sacred sites and cultural landscapes bear more than 20 years. Shortly thereafter, the witness to cycles of economic prosperity loss of a beloved city market, along with and recession. They reflect the attitudes of threats to other Savannah landmarks, led our country, over time, towards gender and to the establishment of Historic Savannah race and the influence of other cultures. Foundation in 1955 and the beginning, in

7 8 INTRODUCTION earnest, of Georgia’s preservation movement. Cities across the state faced similar The Georgia Historic development pressures throughout the Preservation Handbook post-war boom years uniting preservationists in a common cause. The near loss of Partnerships are a valuable part of the Atlanta’s iconic Fox Theatre in the 1970s work of preservation. This publication, for galvanized preservationists within the city, example, is a collaborative effort of The as well as the state, who banded together Fox Theatre Institute, The Georgia Trust to save the local landmark. In the decades for Historic Preservation and the Historic since, historic preservation has gained Preservation Division, Georgia Depart- momentum at both state and local levels ment of Natural Resources. These partners and its impact in Georgia is being mea- developed the Georgia Historic Preserva- sured in numerous ways. tion Handbook in response to the need for Preservation positively impacts our an introductory guide to preservation in economy by creating jobs, increasing the state. property values and generating revenue. The purpose of the Georgia Historic It impacts our environment by reducing Preservation Handbook is to provide a waste, conserving energy, and decreasing comprehensive resource for the state of our greenhouse gas emissions. Preservation Georgia that promotes citizen involvement enhances quality of life by creating vibrant, and explains preservation practices. This distinctive communities that attract handbook seeks to deﬁne the roles of vari- residents and visitors who contribute to the ous federal, state and local organizations, local economy. Preservation not only tells outline guidelines and regulations, and the story of Georgia’s past, it also provides create a directory of historic preservation a foundation for Georgia’s future. partners. We hope that this handbook will enhance the reader’s knowledge of historic preservation, the organizations and individuals that contribute to making preservation work, and how to become part of this vital movement.

How to Use This Handbook

The Georgia Historic Preservation Hand- book is divided into six sections: Introduction, with a history of historic preservation Preservation Partners Preservation Tools Research and Documentation Technical Information Appendix INTRODUCTION 9

In the Introduction the History of Historic Preservation section provides a History of Historic brief overview of the roots of the historic Preservation in Georgia preservation movement in America and Georgia, including important acts of government and the events, concerns, and Preservation in America efforts that prompted action. During the nineteenth century, the Preservation Partners gives an overview American government began to recognize of various national, statewide and local pres- its duty to protect the country’s significant ervation departments and organizations, resources, but the focus of these initial and how they can be of service to individu- preservation efforts was on the natural als and their communities. A directory of rather than built environment. Because of preservation partners is also included. this lack of national collaboration, historic The Preservation Tools section outlines preservation began as a matter of private programs that provide for the recognition interest. Individuals, primarily wealthy and protection of cultural resources includ- women, banded together to save historic ing designation for historic properties and resources of personal significance. In 1853, local preservation ordinances. Also dis- Ann Pamela Cunningham, founder of the cussed in the section are preservation tools Mount Vernon Ladies Association, peti- including tax incentives and other economic tioned Congress to preserve and protect benefits that impact historic preservation the Virginia estate of our nation’s first for individuals and communities. president, George Washington. Although The Research and Documentation her request of Congress was denied, section serves as a guide for individuals Cunningham persisted in her efforts, rais- and communities interested in learning ing enough money to purchase and restore how and where to begin researching and Mount Vernon for the enjoyment of future documenting preservation resources. generations. The Mount Vernon Ladies Included are sections on the identification Association served as a model for many of building types and styles as well as early preservation organizations. historic resources surveys. In the first half of the twentieth cen- In Technical Information, the reader will tury, the United States government passed find a brief overview of historic building a number of statutes for the protection of materials and their unique qualities, as well the country’s historic places. The National as common repairs for historic buildings Park Service Organic Act, or “The Organic and information on building maintenance. Act,” established the National Park Service This section is intended to provide the in 1916 as an agency of the United States reader a starting point for restoration Department of the Interior. The agency was projects, and links to additional resources charged with supervising and maintaining on specific topics are provided. all designated national parks, battlefields, Finally, the Appendix contains a glos- historic places, and monuments. In 1935, sary of preservation terms and acronyms, the Historic Sites Act established a national and answers to frequently asked questions preservation policy that allowed the about historic preservation. It also contains Secretary of the Interior to create programs a Preservation Directory for preservation in support of preservation. organizations national, statewide, and local. 10 INTRODUCTION

It was not until the latter half of the Preservation in Georgia twentieth century that preservation achieved national awareness as a result of In the same way our national historic the establishment of the National Trust for preservation movement began with the Historic Preservation. The National Trust efforts of individuals, so preservation got helped to frame the National Historic its start in Georgia. The Georgia Histori- Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), our cal Commission (GHC), established in country’s most significant preservation 1951 for the purpose of identifying places legislation. The NHPA, strengthened and of historical significance, was Georgia’s expanded by several subsequent amend- earliest statewide preservation author- ments, is the basis of America’s historic ity. Yet, despite the work of the GHC, preservation policy. It established the Georgia’s cities were faced with the Advisory Council on Historic Preserva- same post-war development pressures tion, the Section 106 review process, the as the rest of the country, and the task State Historic Preservation Office, the of preserving historic places rested on National Historic Landmarks list, and individuals and groups of committed local the National Register of Historic Places. preservationists. Threats to Savannah’s Later amendments provided protection for historic resources led to the establishment lands surrounding historic resources and of Historic Savannah Foundation (HSF) for resources that are eligible for listing on in 1955 and the expansion of the grass- the National Register of Historic Places. roots constituency in Georgia. Today, the NHPA continues to serve as the The National Historic Preservation guiding document for preservation activity Act of 1966 was the catalyst for new local in the United States. preservation groups and a stronger role for the state. In 1968, citizens of the City of Savannah voted by a margin of five to one to amend the constitution of the state of Georgia to allow the city to adopt a 2. Georgia Trust Ramble in Augusta. INTRODUCTION 11 historic zoning ordinance. Five years later the City of Savannah City Council passed Georgia’s first historic preservation ordinance, which gave legal protection to the downtown Savannah Historic District and set standards for new construction in most of the district. The Georgia Historical Commission filled the role of state historic preservation office from 1969 until 1973 when reor- ganization of state government abolished 3. Georgia Trust Ramble in Sparta. the board of private citizens. The role of the state historic preservation office and the operation of state-owned historic sites were assigned to the new Department of In the decades since the passage of Natural Resources. The Georgia Trust for the Georgia Historic Preservation Act, Historic Preservation was founded in the the field of historic preservation has seen same year out of the need for a grassroots many developments. In fact, the ever- group to focus attention on the historic changing economic and political forces built environment. in Georgia present new challenges and In 1980, the Georgia General Assembly opportunities for preservation each year. passed the Georgia Historic Preservation Yet preservationists remain steadfast in Act, which enabled Georgia cities and their efforts to preserve Georgia’s unique counties to establish historic districts and resources for the benefit of generations to to appoint historic district commissions come. Historic preservation is not simply a that would regulate changes to historic movement about buildings and the past–it buildings and review new construction is also a movement about people and the within these districts. future.

Preservation Partners

There are numerous organizations at the national, state and local levels that can be National Preservation of assistance in planning and executing a Partners preservation project. In fact, in order to utilize some preservation programs, it is essential to involve these organizations and National Park Service, U.S. obtain their approval or certification before Department of the beginning a project. The following partners Interior provide services and support for a wide variety of preservation projects. The National Park Service preserves and administers the 394 units of the National Park System as well as administers affiliated sites, the National Register of Historic Places, National Heritage Area, National Wild and Scenic Rivers, National Historic Land- marks, and National Trails. Its purpose, as established in 1916 in the “Organic Act,” is to conserve the natural and historic scen- ery and objects in the wild for the enjoyment of future generations. As a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Interior, the National Park Service is led by a director who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. The National Park Service manages the National Register of Historic Places, the official list of places in the nation worthy of preservation. More than 80,000 properties are listed in the National Register, and they include 1.4 million individual buildings, sites, districts, structures, and

13 14 PRESERVATION PARTNERS objects. Almost every county in the U.S. National Trust for Historic has at least one listing in the National Register. The National Register was autho- Preservation rized in 1966 by the National Historic Preservation Act and helps coordinate The National public and private efforts to recognize Trust for His- and protect historic and archeological toric Preservation is a non-profit organiza- resources in the nation. States, tribes, and tion that provides leadership, education, other federal agencies nominate properties resources, and advocacy for the preserva- and resources for the National Register tion of historic properties and resources to the National Park Service for review. across the country. The Trust was estab- The bureau offers guidance in this process lished in 1949 and is headquartered in through the National Register Bulletin Washington, D.C. It has a membership publication and the National Register Fun- base of 270,000 members and regional damentals resource guide, which includes offices that work with local communi- information on how to determine your ties and the 29 historical sites it owns to property’s eligibility, how to work with prevent the loss of historic properties and your State Historic Preservation Office revitalize America’s communities. to start a nomination, the listing process, The National Trust produces an annual and the effects of the listing. A listing national conference, national recognition in the National Register is the first step awards, an industry magazine, and online towards eligibility for federal preservation resources that provide members and the tax credits. These National Park Service- general public with the information and administered credits have resulted in more interaction necessary for successful preser- than $45 billion in private investment and vation efforts. The Trust acknowledges and grant programs, such as Save America’s awards outstanding preservation efforts Treasures and Preserve America. in the nation each year with the National Preservation Awards and brings light to Additional programs administered by the historic places in danger and communi- National Park Service include the National ties that have a strong commitment to Historic Lighthouse Preservation Program preservation with the 11 Most Endangered and the Cultural Resources Diversity Pro- Historic Places and Dozen Distinctive gram. The National Historic Lighthouse Destinations programs. One of the Trust’s Preservation Programs safeguards historic main public outreach sources is their lighthouses by transferring ownership Web site, Preservation Nation. It provides to new holders who are able to maintain members with preservation resources and and preserve the properties. The Cultural connects the general public with other Resources Diversity Program diversifies preservationists to educate them on a vari- historic preservation and cultural resource ety of preservation issues. The Trust also management through new programs and advocates for preservation to governmental approaches. bodies and officials as well as provides legal advice with the National Trust Defense Fund. Financial support is an important element of preservation, and the National PRESERVATION PARTNERS 15

Trust for Historic Preservation aids proj- management, budget, legislative policy, ects in this regard. Matching grants and and prominent Section 106 cases. There intervention funds for preservation emer- are also three committees that directly gencies are awarded to non-profit estab- correspond to the ACHP’s program areas, lishments for preservation education and including Preservation Initiatives; Com- planning. The National Trust Community munications, Education and Outreach; and Investment Corporation Subsidiary, a for- Federal Agency Programs, which include profit division of the organization, secures the National Historic Preservation Act’s credit and loans for projects and funds that Section 106 review process. preserve America’s historic properties. Another resource provided by the Trust is National Trust Insurance Services, Preservation Action LLC, an insurance agency offering comprehensive insurance solutions to historic Preservation property owners as well as preservation Action was organizations and businesses. Through established their partnership with insurance agency in 1974 to serve as the national grassroots Maury, Donnelly & Parr, the Trust pro- lobbying nonprofit organization for historic vides thousands of historic properties preservation. The organization advocates throughout the United States with com- to all branches of the federal government prehensive insurance solutions. to make historic preservation a national priority. Preservation Action encourages sound preservation policies and programs Advisory Council for through a grassroots constituency empow- Historic Preservation ered with information and training and through direct contact with elected repre- The Advisory Council sentatives. for Historic Preservation (ACHP) was established in 1966 as an independent federal agency to promote the preservation, enhancement, and productive use of the nation’s historic resources affected by federal projects. It is the primary federal policy advisor to the President and Congress on national historic preservation policy and is legally responsible for encouraging federal agencies to consider historic preservation when planning projects. The 23 members of the ACHP meet four times each year to discuss policy issues and make preservation recommendations to the President, Congress, and heads of other agencies. Operations are governed by an Executive Committee, who oversees 16 PRESERVATION PARTNERS

State Preservation Partners

State Historic Preservation Ofce SHPO to address the special character and needs of their state and complement the The Historic national program. In Georgia, the General Preservation Assembly authorizes or mandates a number Division (HPD) of specific preservation programs such as a of the Depart- state property tax freeze, state rehabilita- ment of Natural Resources is Georgia’s tion grants, archaeology protection and state historic preservation office, or SHPO. stewardship of state-owned buildings. Every state has a SHPO, established by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, Programs as amended, often referred to simply as the NHPA. HPD has several key functions Historic Resources Surveys identify exist- as part of the national historic preserva- ing historic properties. This is an essential tion program. First, through the Section first step in a community’s preservation 106 compliance program, HPD functions efforts and facilitates wise decisions about as a watchdog over federal agencies doing preserving individual buildings and neigh- business in the state, helping to insure that borhoods. they respect our most important historic National and Georgia Registers of His- resources. Second, HPD administers toric Places Listing provides recognition various economic development programs of a property’s architectural, historical or that leverage private capital to encourage archaeological significance. It also identi- business growth, especially in Georgia’s fies historic properties for local, state and many smaller towns and communities. federal planning purposes and encourages Finally, through programs like the National their preservation through public aware- Register of Historic Places, Certified Local ness and preservation incentives, including Governments, and others, HPD works preferential tax treatments and grants. with partners both inside and outside state government to encourage regional and State and Federal Grants are available on a local planning, neighborhood conservation, statewide competitive basis to local govern- downtown revitalization, heritage tourism ments and nonprofit organizations for proj- and archaeological site protection. ects that aid in the preservation of historic Each state’s historic preservation office properties and for preservation planning. receives financial assistance through the State and Federal Tax Incentives are avail- Historic Preservation Fund of the National able to private property owners to encour- Park Service, Department of the Interior, age the adaptive use of historic buildings and provides matching state funds to carry and the revitalization of historic neighbor- out the national historic preservation pro- hoods and commercial areas. gram. The National Park Service establishes broad policies, programs and standards for Architectural Technical Assistance pro- state and local participation in the national vides guidance on rehabilitation issues by program. Each state then tailors its own distributing technical information, par- PRESERVATION PARTNERS 17 ticipating in project consultations, making presentations and undertaking site visits. Statewide Nonproft

Archaeology Protection and Education Preservation programs provide technical advice, informa- Organizations tion, and educational opportunities related to all aspects of archaeology. We strive to Statewide nonprofit preservation organiza- protect sites throughout Georgia by review- tions collaborate with state agencies and ing development projects that are required local groups to coordinate preservation under state and federal laws to consider efforts at the state level. These groups their impacts to archaeological resources. advocate for historic preservation, inter- Environmental Review and Compliance vene in preservation projects and provide process provides a planning framework education to the public through programs that balances historic preservation values and publications. with the needs of federally and state funded projects, as well as federally licensed, or permitted projects. HPD’s The Georgia Trust for Historic role in these review processes is advisory Preservation as outlined in the relevant legislation, with the final determination of project imple- The Georgia Trust mentation being the decision of the federal for Historic Preser- or state agency involved. vation is one of the country’s largest statewide nonprofit pres- Certified Local Governments can be any ervation organizations. Founded in 1973, city, town, or county that enacts a historic the Trust works for the preservation and preservation ordinance enforced through revitalization of Georgia’s diverse historic a local preservation commission and has resources and advocates for their apprecia- met other outlined requirements. Status as tion, protection, and use. a CLG qualifies the local government for Through various programs, The federal grants. Georgia Trust generates community Historic Preservation Planning ensures revitalization by encouraging and providing that Georgia’s historic resources are pro- aid for property rehabilitation, education, moted and included in planning activities and recognition. In addition, The Georgia throughout the state by coordinating with Trust administers two historic house other agencies and organizations. museums including the organization’s headquarters at Rhodes Hall, “the castle on African American Programs provide Peachtree” in Atlanta. technical assistance to anyone interested in preserving Georgia’s African American historic resources. The coordinator also pro- Programs vides staff support to the Georgia African Revolving Fund for Endangered American Historic Preservation Network Properties provides The Georgia Trust volunteer Steering Committee and produces with the ability to save architecturally and their quarterly publication, Reflections. historically significant properties by pur- (more information can be found on the chasing and reselling or enabling current website georgiashpo.org) owners to connect with buyers who will 18 PRESERVATION PARTNERS be able to provide the care necessary to renderings to help business owners and rehabilitate and maintain a historic build- downtown managers rehabilitate and reuse ing. When properties are sold through The their historic resources since the Main Georgia Trust, protective covenants and Street program’s start in 1980. Supported easements are attached to the deeds to by the Department of Community Affairs’ ensure that the historic integrity of each (DCA) Office of Downtown Develop- property is retained, and purchasers are ment, the program has assisted more than required to sign rehabilitation agreements 3,000 business owners in 105 Main Street based on the work to be performed on the cities across Georgia to encourage the structure. rehabilitation of historic downtown commercial buildings. Historic Preservation Easements are legal interests which regulate changes to Talking Walls is a heritage education a historic building and its landscape and program that has trained more than 1,700 may be given or sold by a property owner teachers, who have reached more than to a charitable organization. An easement 370,000 students in 61 school systems in remains with the property deed in per- Georgia since 1991. The program’s teacher petuity, thus binding not only the present workshops and ongoing local support trains owner who conveys it but all future owners educators to use local historic resources as well. The easement holder (preserva- such as photos, maps, oral histories and tion organization or public agency) is historic buildings as teaching tools in responsible for periodical inspections and Georgia’s mandated curriculum. enforcement of the easement’s guidelines. Georgians for Preservation Action (GaPA) Donating an easement also provides was founded in 1987. The statewide income and tax advantages for the donor, coordinating council for historic preserva- and the usual reduction in property value tion advocacy encourages laws, programs means a lower property tax in Georgia. and policies that promote the preservation Annual Preservation Awards have been of Georgia’s historic resources by mobiliz- presented by The Georgia Trust for more ing grassroots preservationists across the than 30 years. The awards recognize state. The program provides members preservation projects and individuals in the with information on national preservation state who have made significant contribu- issues with news from the National Trust tions to the field of historic preservation. for Historic Preservation and Preserva- Awarded on the basis of the contributions tion Action, the national lobbying arm for of the person or project to the community historic preservation. and/or state and on compliance to the Sec- Places in Peril is a program that identifies retary of the Interior’s Standards for the significant historic, archaeological and Treatment of Historic Properties, the Pres- cultural properties that are threatened by ervation Awards are presented each year in demolition, deterioration or insensitive a ceremony is held at a spring event. public policy or development, and have a Main Street Design Assistance Program demonstrable level of community interest, has offered design assistance, on-site commitment and support. The Georgia rehabilitation consultations, hands-on Trust releases an annual list of endangered presentations and hand-drawn and digital historic sites throughout Georgia. Through PRESERVATION PARTNERS 19 the Places in Peril program, The Trust Programs encourages and assists owners, organiza- Restoration Assistance is offered by FTI to tions and communities to employ preser- qualified theatres though its annual grant vation tools, partnerships, and resources program. FTI shares the expertise of the necessary to preserve and utilize the Fox Theatre’s restoration department with selected historic properties in peril. selected theatres, and provides matching funds to further specific theatre restora- The Fox Theatre Institute tion efforts. Past projects range from paint and plaster restoration, to historic materials conservation and historic theatre organ The Fox Theatre Institute restoration. (FTI) is Georgia’s pre- mier resource for historic Georgia Presenters is a program developed theatre preservation, by FTI as a statewide booking consortium, education and advocacy. to meet the needs of historic theatres FTI serves as a model for and arts presenters throughout the state. linking communities and Georgia Presenters provides a vehicle for historic performing venues collective programming where present- by providing preservation and operations ers, theatres, and communities can work experience and expertise. Since its launch together to increase cultural opportunities in 2008, FTI has focused largely on the in their respective communities and state- preservation and growth of the more than wide. Georgia Presenters’ members take 260 historic theatres across the state of part in quarterly meetings that enable them Georgia. In doing so, FTI helps to promote to save up to half of an artist’s asking fee. historic preservation and the arts as eco- Block booking grants are awarded annually. nomic engines throughout Georgia’s com- Professional Development education is at munities while educating historic theatre the core of FTI’s programs. Professional professionals within the region. development seminars on topics ranging The Fox Theatre is owned by Atlanta from board development and engagement, Landmarks, Inc., the not-for-profit organiza- fundraising, and marketing to historic tion established to save the Fox Theatre preservation and sustainability are offered from demolition in 1974. Through Atlanta regularly and are open to the general Landmarks, the Fox Theatre created FTI to public. FTI’s message of revitalization has fulfill its long range vision to lead by exam- reached historic theatres as well as other ple and inspire others by sharing its wisdom non-profit and governmental agencies, and resources. FTI delivers services to Geor- arts presenters, tourism development staff gia’s historic theatres through programs and state and local historic preservation specially designed to meet their needs. FTI organizations. works to address questions common to all theatres participating in its programs while Consulting FTI’s consulting services enable providing technical assistance on specific theatres to make informed decisions about issues facing individual theatres. issues common to historic theatres. From To learn more about the following FTI governance to operations and restoration, programs please visit www.foxtheatreinsti- FTI helps to put clients on the path toward tute.org or call (404) 881-2100. sustainable progress. 20 PRESERVATION PARTNERS

Georgians for Preservation Georgia Historical Society Action Georgia Georgians for Preservation Action (GaPA) Historical was founded in 1987 as the statewide Society (GHS) is the independent state- coordinating council for historic preserva- wide institution responsible for collecting, tion advocacy. GaPA mobilizes grassroots examining, and teaching Georgia his- preservationists in the state to advocate for tory. Founded in 1839, GHS is the oldest laws, programs, and policies that promote continuously-operated historical society the preservation of Georgia’s historic in the South. Headquartered in Savannah resources. with an office in Atlanta, GHS has over GaPA annually develops and advocates 6,000 members and nearly 200 affiliates in a legislative agenda representative of the 80 counties. key leaders in preservation, regularly As an educational and research institu- communicates with historic preservation tion, GHS teaches Georgia history through advocates about critical issues before the a variety of public programs, scholarly General Assembly, and provides GaPA publications, and research services. It members with news and information from publishes the award-winning Georgia the National Trust and Preservation Action Historical Quarterly (Georgia’s journal of about national preservation issues. record since 1917), maintains a library and GaPA is administered by The Georgia archives, manages the Historical Marker Trust for Historic Preservation and has Program for the State of Georgia, produces played an important role in many positive the daily television and radio program legislative actions for preservation in Geor- Today in Georgia History (in partnership gia, including the creation of the Georgia with Georgia Public Broadcasting), orga- Heritage 2000 grant program, property tax nizes the annual K-12 education program incentives for historic buildings, the start Georgia History Festival, provides teacher of the Georgia Register of Historic Places, training, and annually inducts the Georgia and the addition of preservation issues I Trustees in conjunction with the Office of the Georgia Comprehensive Planning Act the Governor. and the Georgia Environmental Policy Act. Georgia Historical Society is also For more information about Georgians the oldest publisher of Georgia history. for Preservation Action’s services, please Beginning in 1840, GHS began publishing call 404-885-7817 or visit their website at books containing transcriptions of its most www.georgiatrust.org. significant manuscripts. A year later, Wil- liam Bacon Steven’s two-volume History of Georgia was published. Since its inception, GHS has published more than 100 books and pamphlets, including more than 20 volumes in its GHS Collections series. In 1917, The Georgia Historical Quarterly was launched as a scholarly publication featur- ing articles, book reviews, photo essays, and edited primary materials related to PRESERVATION PARTNERS 21

Georgia history. GHS recently began pub- Statewide and Local Main Street lishing history newsmagazine dedicated to examining the ongoing presence of the past Programs called Georgia History Today. GHS is a major research center and The National houses the oldest and most distinguished Trust for His- collection of archival materials related toric Preserva- exclusively to Georgia history in the tion established the National Main Street nation. In the Society’s library and archives Center in 1980 to provide state, regional, are more than 4 million manuscripts, and local programs with a network for 100,000 photographs, 30,000 architec- sharing preservation-based comprehensive tural drawings, 15,000 rare and non-rare strategies for revitalizing historic commer- books, and thousands of maps, portraits, cial districts. and artifacts pertaining to Georgia his- Local Main Street programs are tory from the founding to the present. independent of the National Main Street The manuscript collection contains family Center and are established, managed, papers, military and legal records, colonial funded, and run locally. Main Street account books, diaries, plantation records, programs may be a non-profit entity or African American and Native American part of a city agency and affiliated with a documents, business records from the statewide Main Street organization. These eighteenth through the twentieth century, larger organizations are directly responsible and the papers of some of the state’s most for technical services, networking, and distinguished leaders of the twentieth training opportunities for their affiliated century, such as Vince Dooley, Griffin Main Street programs. Bell, Mills B. Lane, Jr., James Blanchard, Main Street programs are initiated Leah Ward Sears, and Bernie Marcus. The by business owners, local government, library and archives are open to the public civic clubs, historic preservationists, or Tuesday through Friday from noon to 5pm. concerned citizens with a common goal. Many of the library and archive resources When the interested parties have gathered are available and searchable online through information and sparked interest within the Georgia Historical Society’s website at the community, they contact the state- www.georgiahistory.com/containers/2. wide or citywide Main Street organiza- For more information on the Georgia tion to begin the application process and Historical Society, please visit their web- establish an official Main Street program site at www.georgiahistory.com/ with a director, strong volunteer base, and board of directors. The programs are not funded by grants, but by investments from local entities that have a stake in the district, local government, businesses, and the public. The Main Street program then develops long-term goals and strategies to address the district’s needs based on the Main Street Four-Point Approach, an economic development tool that leverages local assets to strengthen commercial 22 PRESERVATION PARTNERS activity and improve the buildings in the If unprepared to establish an official district. Its four points include organiza- program, a community can encourage local tion, promotion, design, and economic leaders and government to apply the Main restructuring. This approach, combined Street approach in their current work and with strong local funding, encourages build a case for a program in the future. community involvement and leads to Georgia is home to multiple Main programs that are more likely to succeed Street cities that receive technical assis- on a long-term basis. tance and resources from the Georgia The National Trust Main Street Center Main Street program. It is administered by offers a membership program that provides the Office of Downtown Development of services and support to Main Street organi- the Georgia Department of Community zations. An annual subscription provides Affairs and helps revitalize downtown programs with consulting services, sup- areas. Another resource for Main Street port, training, materials, networking, and cities is The Georgia Trust Main Street information to assist the organization in Design Assistance program. It provides its growth. The Center may work with design and rendering assistance as well as the local or statewide programs and offers educates the public on how structures, technical assistance on a fee-for-services historic or not, contribute to a com- basis. munity’s character. The Trust’s design There are additional options if a com- manager conducts site visits at the request munity is unable to afford the services pro- of local programs and provides technical vided by the National Trust Main Street information on preservation techniques Center or is not yet prepared to become an and products. Site plans, renderings, and official Main Street program. Membership design concepts of the building’s exterior with the Center is a different process than can be produced for a nominal fee. becoming a Main Street organization, and being a part of one does not require involvement in the other. PRESERVATION PARTNERS 23

The National Main Street Approach to Downtown Revitalization™

Main Street is a philosophy, a program and a proven comprehensive approach to downtown commercial district revitalization. This approach has been implemented in over 1,800 cities and towns in 44 states across the nation with the help of the National Main Street Center and statewide downtown revitalization programs. The success of the Main Street approach is based on its comprehensive nature. By carefully integrating four points into a practical downtown management strategy, a local Main Street program will produce fundamental changes in a community’s economic base. 4. Downtown Thomasville has beneftted greatly Organization involves building a Main from the Main Street Program and boasts many Street framework that is well represented thriving businesses today. by business and property owners, bankers, citizens, public ofﬁcials, chambers of commerce and other local economic develop- colorful banners, landscaping and light- ment organizations. Everyone must work ing all improve the physical image of the together to maintain a long-term effort. downtown as a quality place to shop, work, Promotion creates excitement down- walk, invest in and live. Design improve- town. Street festivals, parades, retail events ments result in a reinvestment of public and image development campaigns are and private dollars to downtown. some of the ways Main Street encour- Economic Restructuring involves ages customer trafﬁc. Promotion involves analyzing current market forces to develop marketing an enticing image to shoppers, long-term solutions. investors and visitors and also positioning Recruiting new businesses, creatively the downtown in the market place. converting unused space for new uses and Design enhances the attractiveness sharpening the competitiveness of Main of the business district. Historic building Street’s traditional merchants are examples rehabilitation, street and alley clean-up, of economic restructuring activities. 24 PRESERVATION PARTNERS

Local Preservation Partners Historic District Commissions Local Nonproft Preservation Organizations Historic District Commissions are governing boards appointed or elected to control Historic preservation at the local level development within historic districts. Also ranges from individual preservation of a known as Architectural Review Boards or community landmark to the revitalization Historic Preservation Commissions, they of a historic neighborhood or downtown. operate on a local level and have a range It may take the form of a preservation of responsibilities as determined by state component in a comprehensive plan or the and local legislation. Common practices of passage of a preservation ordinance and the Commissions include conducting surveys, creation of a Preservation Commission by administering permits, and designating a city council or county commission. All landmarks. Additionally, Commissions these activities are initiated within the local often decide whether to allow the altera- community but are encouraged and assisted tion or demolition of historic structures by regional and state organizations. Georgia based on local zoning laws, ordinances, and is fortunate to have many strong local pres- other factors. ervation organizations. For a complete list Local historic preservation programs of local organizations and contact informa- were enabled through the Historic Preser- tion, please consult the Preservation Direc- vation Act of 1980 and the Certiﬁed Local tory in the Appendix of this publication. Government program. This strengthened the relationship between local and federal preservation programs by creating a link Other Local Preservation Eforts to the State Historic Preservation Ofﬁce (SHPO). There are approximately 2,500 Local museums and libraries house archi- local historic preservation programs in the val collections and genealogical resources nation, including more than 100 Commis- and present exhibits on local history. Local sions in Georgia. historical societies are also often keepers of historic resources and publications. Mean- while, countless individuals are active in local issues that impact historic resources, including owners of historic buildings who, by maintaining and rehabilitating their property, are the backbone of the preservation movement.

5. In-town Macon Historic District

Preservation Tools

A NUMBER OF TOOLS and incentives have been created to promote preservation Recognizing Historic efforts. These tools range from federal des- Properties ignation of historic properties to protection of historic buildings and landscapes in Georgia cities and towns. The following National Register Program tools provide various levels of recognition The National Register is the country’s and protection for historic resources. official list of historic buildings, structures, sites, objects, and districts worthy of preservation. The Historic Preservation Divi- sion (HPD) nominates eligible properties in Georgia to the National Register so they can receive preservation benefits and incentives. Currently, more than 75,000 historic buildings, structures, sites, and objects in Georgia are listed in the National Register. The National Register is maintained nationally by the U.S. Department of the Interior. Being listed in the National Register helps preserve historic properties. It provides formal recognition of a property’s historical, architectural, or archaeological signifi-

National Register plaques are not issued to designated sites, but are available for purchase through private companies.

27 28 PRESERVATION TOOLS cance based on national standards used in be significant in the areas of archi- every state. National Register designation tectural history, landscape history, or identifies significant historic properties that engineering; or can be taken into account in a broad range have the potential to yield information of preservation and development activities. through archaeological investigation It also insures that these properties will be that would answer questions about our considered in the planning of state or feder- past. ally assisted projects. Properties listed in the National Reg- ister may qualify for specific preservation The National Register Does . . . benefits and incentives, including: Identify signifcant buildings, struc- state and federal preservation grants for tures, sites, objects and districts accord- planning and rehabilitation ing to the National Register Criteria. federal investment tax credits Encourage the preservation of his- preservation easements to nonprofit toric properties by documenting their organizations signifcance. local property tax abatements Provide information about historic fire and life safety code compliance resources for planning purposes. alternatives Facilitate the review of federally reviewing permits for surface mining funded, licensed, or permitted projects to determine their efects on historic National Register listing does not place properties. obligations on private property owners, nor Assist state government agencies in does it place restrictions on the use, treat- determining whether their projects will ment, transfer, or disposition of private afect historic properties. property. National Register listing does not lead to public acquisition of property nor Make owners of historic properties does it require public access to property. eligible to apply for federal grants for To be eligible for listing in the National historic preservation projects. Register, a property must meet the Provide federal and state tax benefts National Register Criteria for Evaluation. to owners of taxable historic proper- These criteria require that a property ties if they rehabilitate their properties be old enough to be considered historic according to preservation standards. (generally at least 50years old) and that it Insure that listed properties are con- still look much the way it was in the past. sidered in decisions to issue surface In addition, the property must: mining permits. be associated with events, activities, or Allow consideration of fre and life developments that were important in safety code compliance alternatives the past; or when rehabilitating historic buildings. be associated with the lives of people List properties only if they meet the who were important in the past; or National Register criteria for evaluation. PRESERVATION TOOLS 29

owners, historical societies, preservation The National Register organizations, civic and business associa- Does Not . . tions, governmental agencies, and other individuals or groups who are interested in Provide a marker or plaque for regis- using the National Register to preserve his- tered properties (property owners may toric properties. Individuals, organizations, obtain markers or plaques at their own and agencies requesting National Register expense). nominations carry out research and provide Restrict the rights of private property supporting documentation meeting state owners or require that properties be and federal standards with guidance and maintained, repaired or restored. assistance from HPD. Automatically invoke local historic Proposed nominations are reviewed by district zoning or local landmark des- HPD and the Georgia National Register ignation. Review Board. Approved nominations are submitted by Stop federally assisted government HPD to the U.S. Department of the Inte- projects. rior in Washington, D.C., for ﬁnal review Stop state assisted development and listing in the National Register. Prop- projects. erties listed in the National Register are Guarantee that grant funds will be automatically listed in the Georgia Register. available for all properties or projects. Properties entered in the Georgia Register Require property owners to follow are not included in the National Register preservation standards when working unless they are separately nominated on their properties, unless they wish to through the National Register process. qualify for tax benefts. Automatically stop the permitting of surface mining activities. National Historic Landmarks

Mandate that special consideration be National Historic Landmarks are build- given to compliance with life safety ings, sites, districts, structures, and objects and fre codes. that have been declared by the Secretary List individual properties if the owner of the Interior to be nationally signiﬁcant objects, or districts if the majority of by illustrating important contributions to property owners object. America’s historical development. The process of nominating and selecting National Historic Landmarks begins with Certain kinds of properties, such as studies conducted by the National Park moved or reconstructed buildings, are Service. They analyze properties in relation generally not eligible for National Register to a speciﬁc area of American history, then listing; exceptions are made if these proper- meet twice yearly with the National Park ties meet special criteria. System Advisory Board in public settings to evaluate the historic importance. The In Georgia, properties are nominated to the Advisory Board, consisting of national and National Register by the HPD. The HPD community leaders in historic and cultural invites nomination proposals from property areas, presents its recommendations to the 30 PRESERVATION TOOLS

Be associated with the lives of persons nationally significant to American history; or Represent a great idea or ideal of the American people; or Embody characteristics of an architectural specimen worthy of study; or Be integral parts of the environment that collectively embody exceptional historic significance; or Yield information of major scientific importance by revealing a new culture or shedding light upon periods of occu- pation over large areas of the nation.

6. The Hay House in Macon is a National Historic Properties that have achieved signifi- Landmark. cance within the past 50 years or cemeteries, birthplaces, religious properties, Secretary of the Interior, who makes the or structures moved from their original final decision. Occasionally nominations locations are generally not eligible for may come from other federal agencies, National Historic Landmark status. They such as the State Historic Preservation do qualify, however, if they fall within one Officers, or individuals. There is a 60 day of the following categories: period before the official nomination is A religious property with national sig- made during which the owners and high- nificance primarily from architectural est local officials may comment on the distinction; or potential nomination. If a private owner, or the majority of private owners, objects A building removed from its original to Landmark designation, the Secretary location but its architecture or associa- cannot designate the property. tion with a person or event is of tran- There are multiple criteria that a nom- scendent importance; or inated property must meet to become a A site of a building that is no longer National Historic Landmark. A property standing but the person or event associ- must possess exceptional value in demon- ated with the property is of transcen- strating or interpreting American history, dent importance; or architecture, archeology, technology and A birthplace, grave or burial of a histor- culture, and it must also possess a high ical figure of transcendent significance degree of integrity of location, design, and is the only existing site directly materials, workmanship, and association. associated with the person; or Additionally, it must: A cemetery with graves of people of Be associated with events that made a sig- transcendent significance, a distinctive nificant contribution to or are identified design or is associated with a significant with American history and from which event; or an understanding may be gained; or PRESERVATION TOOLS 31

A reconstructed building accurately restored when no other buildings with the same association exist; or A commemorative property with its own national historical signiﬁcance; or A property that achieved national signiﬁcance in the past 50 years with extraordinary national importance.

Once a private property achieves Landmark designation, the owner still 7. Oakland Cemetery in Atlanta, is on the National retains ownership rights to the property Register of Historic Places and is designated a Land- and is not prohibited from making changes mark District by the City of Atlanta. to the property. The National Park Service may recommend preservation actions, but owners are not obligated to carry these out. the State Historic Preservation Officer and As long as federal funding, licensing and the Council to agree on how the activities permits are not involved, owners are free will proceed. This process includes iden- to make any changes they wish. However, tifying and evaluating historic properties state laws or local ordinances may affect that may be affected, assessing the effects National Historic Landmarks, and owners of the federal activity, and resolving any should research this in their own commu- adverse effects that would occur. If the nity. Landmark designation also does not federal activity is determined to “directly require owners open their property to the and adversely affect” a Landmark, Section public. 110(f) calls for agencies to undertake plan- A Landmark property is generally only ning actions necessary to minimize harm affected by federal laws and regulations to the Landmark. These regulations are if it is a government-owned property or available at no cost from the Council. receives federal funding. This may include Many property owners have found the non-profits, private schools and institu- Section 106 process useful in ensuring tions. Private properties are less likely to be incompatible federal development projects directly affected, unless federal construc- are reviewed and modified when possible to tion projects are involved. In these cases, avoid or minimize harm to historic proper- activities are regulated by Sections 106 and ties. Examples of undertakings that would 110(f) of the National Preservation Act. receive Section 106 review might include These sections state that federal agencies flood control measures that could destroy must “take into account” the effects of archeological sites; construction of a new the activities on historic properties and four-lane, limited-access road through provide the Advisory Council for Historic a rural historic district; and demolition, Preservation an opportunity to comment alteration, repair and rehabilitation of dete- on the activities and its effects. Guidelines riorated homes in a historic neighborhood for how to implement regulations of the funded by Community Development Block Council may be listed in 36 CFR Part 800, Grant monies to local governments. “Protection of Historic Properties,” which Limited federal funds are available for establishes a consultation process between preserving or protecting National Historic 32 PRESERVATION TOOLS

Landmarks. Resources include the Historic Preservation Fund, the local State Historic How do I Get a Plaque for Preservation Ofﬁcer, the National Register, my Historic Building? and tax incentives available through the federal government. Many owners of local, state, or national Additional beneﬁts to achieving registered houses mount a plaque on National Historic Landmark status include the property to recognize the designa- a complimentary bronze plaque for the tion. The National Register of Historic property and technical preservation advice Places does not issue plaques as a result from the National Park Service. Other of the listing, so the choice to have a forms of assistance include access to the plaque or not is left to the owner. These National Park Service publications catalog, plaques are manufactured by a number site visits to assess the condition of the of private companies. The Georgia HPD property, and possible in-depth site inspec- can help you fnd a local frm in your area tions to monitor the property’s condition to produce the plaque. Consult with your and eligibility for funding assistance. state and local historical commission to More information about National His- fnd out if they have plaque programs toric Landmarks and research are available and any special funding opportunities. through the National Historic Landmark Be extremely careful when attaching the online documents database. plaque to the historic house to avoid any damages to the building material. There are no formal requirements as Georgia Register of Historic Places to what phrasing is engraved on plaques, but here are some acceptable examples: The Georgia Register of Historic Places This property has been placed on the uses the same criteria and documenta- National Register of Historic Places by tion procedures as the National Register the United States Department of the of Historic Places. Properties listed in Interior. the National Register are automatically (Historic name of your house) has been listed in the Georgia Register. Conversely, placed on the National Register of properties in the Georgia Register are Historic Places by the United States not included in the National Register Department of the Interior. unless they are separately nominated. The Georgia Register is the state designation This property is part of the Cool Spring referenced by state laws and regulations Park Historic District, placed on the regarding state grants, property tax abate- National Register of Historic Places by ments, the Georgia Environmental Policy the United States Department of the Act, the State-owned Historic Properties Interior. Act, and other state preservation and envi- The (historic name) House, part of the ronmental programs. Cool Spring Park Historic District, has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior. PRESERVATION TOOLS 33

Georgia Historical Marker Program

The Georgia Historical Marker Program has been administered by the Georgia Historical Society since 1998 and is an important tool to educate residents and visitors about important historic sites and resources throughout the state of Geor- gia. The mission of the Georgia Historical Marker Program is to recognize historically signiﬁcant people, places, and events in 8. A historic marker at the Jackson County Court- Georgia history and to educate the public house in Jeferson. about them. To qualify for a marker, buildings, sponsors through a cost-share arrange- structures, and sites of special events typi- ment. Under this system GHS has been cally must be at least 50 years old. Nomi- able to ensure that the program continues nations devoted to people generally require with the installation of at least 12 markers the subject to have been deceased 25 years per year. However, budget reductions have or more. Nominations must be sponsored necessitated changes in the administration by at least one entity such as a historical of the program. All applications reviewed organization, church, school, government will be placed in one of the following or corporation. The application and appli- categories: cation instructions can be found at: www. Approved and eligible for full program georgiahistory.com/containers/141. support. Sponsoring organizations respon- All markers are two-sided and free sible for $1500 toward the overall cost of standing. They are black with silver let- marker administration. tering and display the Georgia Historical Society’s seal. Approved and eligible for partial pro- The historical marker program oper- gram support. Sponsoring organizations ates through cost-share relationships with responsible for $3000 toward the overall marker sponsors. Approved marker spon- cost of marker administration. sors contribute toward the cost of casting Approved but not eligible for program and delivering and the Georgia Historical support. Sponsoring organizations respon- Society contributes the remaining funds. sible for total cost of marker administra- In addition, the sponsor accepts responsi- tion, currently $5000 per marker. bility for the maintenance of the marker. Sponsor names accompany the Society’s at Deferred with request for new informa- the bottom of each marker. tion. Applicant is requested to clarify certain points within the application (perhaps submitting new research and/or refocused Cost of a Historical Marker historical document) and resubmit in a The cost is approximately $5000 per later round of review. marker erected. Since 1998, the program Rejected. Applications rejected by the has been supported by the State of Georgia committee (and not deferred at the com- with additional funds provided by marker 34 PRESERVATION TOOLS mittee’s request) may be resubmitted in Natural Resources should be contacted one additional round of review (the com- for information about historical markers mittee will review such an application a erected prior to 1998. total of two times). Applicants are strongly urged to work closely with GHS program staff in the resubmission of rejected appli- Awards cations. There are a number of awards programs Prior to 1998, the Georgia Historical available both nationally and locally that Marker Program was administered by celebrate historic preservation efforts and the Georgia Department of Natural accomplishments. The National Trust for Resources. Markers erected under that Historic Preservation recognizes the best program remain the property of GA DNR. of preservation each year with the Richard The Georgia Historical Society does not H. Driehaus National Preservation Awards. maintain records of these older markers These are awarded to individuals and orga- or maintain or repair pre-1998 markers nizations whose contributions demonstrate themselves. The Georgia Department of outstanding excellence in historic preserva-

A Brief History the Georgia Historical Marker Program

1930s–1940s: The frst organized efort to create historical markers in Georgia is funded by the Federal Works Progress Administration. 1951: The Georgia General Assembly creates the Georgia Historical Commission. 1952–1968: The Commission begins to erect markers, reaching its peak between 1952 and 1959. These early markers are made of cast aluminum and painted olive green with gold lettering. The program is discontinued in 1968; the Commission felt that nearly everything of historical signifcance had been recognized. 1973–early 1990s: The Georgia Historical Commission is dissolved and its functions are transferred to the Department of Natural Resources. DNR erects few new markers during this period, focusing instead on repairing existing ones. DNR’s markers are very similar to those placed by the Historical Commission, with a few notable diferences. Most conspicu- ously, DNR maintenance staf frequently painted a brown area in the center of the historical marker to simulate the appearance of metal long exposed to outdoor conditions. Early–mid 1990s: The Historical Marker program is shifted to an out-of-state private contractor. Mid-1990s–1997: Responsibility for the program is transferred back to DNR. 1998–present: Responsibility for erecting new markers is transferred to the Georgia Histori- cal Society. Approximately 20 markers have been erected each year. While similar in shape to their state predecessors, the new GHS markers are painted black with white lettering and replace the Georgia state seal with the GHS seal. Responsibility for the maintenance of existing markers remains in DNR.

Taken from www.gashpo.org/content/displaycontent.asp?txtDocument=473 PRESERVATION TOOLS 35 tion. Speciﬁc awards include the National Preservation Honor Awards, Louise du Pont Crowninshield Award, The Ameri- can Express Aspire Award: Recognizing Emerging Leaders in Preservation, The Trustees’ Award for Organizational Excel- lence, Peter H. Brink Award for Individual Achievement, The National Trust/HUD Secretary’s Award for Excellence in His- toric Preservation, and The National Trust/ Advisory Council for Historic Preservation Award for Federal Partnerships in Historic Preservation. 9. Hardman Farm in White County recieved The The Georgia Trust’s Preservation Georgia Trust’s esteemed Marguerite Williams Award Awards are presented every year at the and an award for Excellence in Restoration in 2011. The site is owned by HPD. Trust’s Preservation Awards ceremony. The Georgia Trust’s Preservation Awards Com- mittee and the Trust’s Board of Trustees including the Governor’s Award for Excel- review projects that are three years old or lence in Historic Preservation and the newer for outstanding excellence in the Governor’s Awards for Historic Preserva- categories of Restoration, Rehabilitation, tion Stewardship. These awards recognize Stewardship, and Preservation Service. outstanding leadership or achievement The Georgia Trust may also present the of, or projects relating to, state-owned or Camille W. Yow Volunteer of the Year administered properties. It also administers Award, the Mary Gregory Jewett Award, the Georgia Centennial Farm Program and the Marguerite Williams Award. Awards, which recognizes family farms that These awards are selected by the ofﬁcers of have contributed to preserving Georgia’s The Georgia Trust Board of Trustees and agricultural history by maintaining working may not be presented annually. family farms for more than 100 years. Georgia’s Historic Preservation Divi- Check with your local historic founda- sion (HPD) of the Department of Natural tion for more information about additional Resources also presents statewide awards, awards that may be available in your area. 36 PRESERVATION TOOLS

Protecting Historic Properties

Historic Preservation Planning be collected and organized to define these relationships. Many communities have realized the value This organizational framework is called of the historic and cultural character they a “historic context.” The historic context have to offer and the importance of plan- organizes information based on a cultural ning so that this character is not dimin- theme and its geographical and chronologi- ished. Historic preservation is a significant cal limits. Contexts describe the significant part of a comprehensive planning process. broad patterns of development in an Preservation planning provides a valuable area that may be represented by historic framework for the identification, evalua- properties. The development of historic tion, registration and recommended treat- contexts is the foundation for decisions ment of historic properties. Preservation about identification, evaluation, registra- planning can occur at the federal, state- tion and treatment of historic properties. wide or local level, with varying degrees of detail depending on the scope of the STANDARD II. Preservation Planning project. Regardless of the level of historic Uses Historic Contexts to Develop Goals preservation planning, it is most effective and Priorities for the Identifcation, when based on the following standards Evaluation, Registration and Treatment of published by the Secretary of the Interior. Historic Properties.

A series of preservation goals is systemati- STANDARD I. Preservation Planning cally developed for each historic context Establishes Historic Contexts. to ensure that the range of properties Decisions about the identification, evalua- representing the important aspects of each tion, registration and treatment of historic historic context is identified, evaluated and properties are most reliably made when treated. Then priorities are set for all goals the relationship of individual properties identified for each historic context. The to other similar properties is understood. goals with assigned priorities established Information about historic properties rep- for each historic context are integrated to resenting aspects of history, architecture, produce a comprehensive and consistent archeology, engineering and culture must set of goals and priorities for all historic contexts in the geographical area of a plan- Communities can be shaped by choice, or ning effort. they can be shaped by chance. We can keep The goals for each historic context may on accepting the kind of communities we get change as new information becomes avail- or we can start creating the kind of commu- able. The overall set of goals and priorities nities we want. are then altered in response to the changes —Richard Moe, National Trust in the goals and priorities for the individual for Historic Preservation historic contexts. Activities undertaken to meet the goals must be designed to deliver a usable prod- PRESERVATION TOOLS 37 uct within a reasonable period of time. For more information on creating a The scope of activity must be defined so preservation plan for an individual prop- the work can be completed with available erty, please consult the Technical Assis- budgeted program resources. tance guidelines produced by the Historic Preservation Division, Georgia Depart- ment of Natural Resources. The guidelines STANDARD III. The Results of can be accessed online at georgiashpo.org/ Preservation Planning Are Made technical_assistance Available for Integration Into Broader Planning Processes.

Preservation of historic properties is one Historic Preservation Ordinances element of larger planning processes. Plan- A preservation ordinance is local legislation ning results, including goals and priorities, created to protect historic resources from information about historic properties, and inappropriate development by establishing any planning documents, must be trans- a process for the designation of properties, mitted in a usable form to those respon- design review and enforcement of pres- sible for other planning activities. Federally ervation standards. In general, local laws mandated Historic Preservation Planning are stronger than federal laws and provide is most successfully integrated into project more protection against threats to historic management planning at an early stage. properties and districts. Local preservation Elsewhere, this integration is achieved by ordinances do not prevent new construc- making the results of preservation plan- tion in a historic district, nor do they ning available to other governmental plan- require that historic properties be restored. ning bodies and to private interests whose Rather, they provide guidelines for new activities affect historic properties. development to ensure the protection of a Speciﬁc guidelines and technical district’s historic character. information on the preservation planning Historic District Preservation Commis- process are available in the Secretary of sions are charged with the administration the Interior’s Guidelines for Preservation of preservation ordinances at the local Planning. For more information on how to level. Sometimes referred to as the Archi- create a preservation plan for your commu- tectural Review Board or Historic Preser- nity please visit the National Park Service’s vation Commission, the Commissions are website at www.nps.gov/history/local-law/ typically appointed by the mayor and have arch_stnds_1.htm#coord a range of responsibilities based on state and local laws. The principal roles of the Commission are the designation of local landmarks and districts and the review of proposed development activities. Commissions use design guidelines to determine the appropriateness of proposed changes to existing buildings and new construction within designated districts. Many Commissions use the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines 38 PRESERVATION TOOLS

for Rehabilitation as a foundation for their arises. It is important to note, however, that decisions. Design guidelines often reflect Design Guidelines usually have no legal the unique character of a local district and authority unless otherwise noted. provide guidance for property owners as Design Guidelines tend to follow a well as members of the Commission. The fairly standard layout. The Introduction purpose of design guidelines is to ensure often contains an overview and history of that elements such as building height, the community, explanations of zoning scale, spacing and materials fit within and districts, and legal information for the context of the district. Each historic the property owner. The actual guidelines Preservation Commission has a unique set themselves are divided into sections to of design guidelines, and it is important cover various aspects of Residential and to understand the local regulations before Commercial properties and possibly Site planning a project. Design, which includes local guidelines regarding the hardscape of a property such as fences, walls, and driveways. Design Guidelines Working with a Historic Preservation Design Guidelines are key in directing the Commission visual impact of growth in a community. They serve as a tool for property owners to The chart on the following page provides a make decisions in rehabilitation, additions, general overview of the process of work- new construction and site design that are ing within a Historic District. Your local appropriate and in keeping with the char- Historic District Commission should be acter of the district. Guidelines help to pre- contacted for specifics of the process in serve the integrity and character of an area your community. by discouraging inappropriate construction and design. They also provide a basis for the preservation review board (see p.37) to Certifed Local Government pass rulings and look to when controversy Program (CLG)

Steps for adopting a historic district ordi- Any historic resource is important in nance, appointing a Historic Preservation the history of a particular community. Commission, identifying historic resources, Preservation activity occurs ﬁrst at the establishing local districts and drafting local level; therefore, a community is in design guidelines are available from the the best position to identify and protect Georgia Department of Natural Resources, its own resources. The Certiﬁed Local Historic Preservation Division. Please visit Government (CLG) program assists local georgiashpo.org/community/hpo for more governments with integrating historic detailed information. preservation concerns into local planning decisions. Joining the CLG program is an The National Alliance for Preservation important and effective way to preserve Commissions is a non-proft organization Georgia’s historic places. that supports the work of local Historic Historic preservation has been a part Preservation Commissions. For more of local government planning in this information please visit napc.uga.edu country since the 1930s. However, only a few communities took advantage of this PRESERVATION TOOLS 39

Process for working within a Local Historic District

Is the property located within a locally designated historic district? NO

YES

Will the work involve a change to an exterior feature? site changes NO rehabilitation additions new construction

YES

Apply for a Certifcate of Approval (COA) Applications are usually available at City Hall or the Planning Ofce and must be returned by the specifed deadline before the Historic Preservation Commission’s (HPC) scheduled meeting HPC Meeting Applicants should attend

Denial Approval with APPROVAL Conditions

Applicants are encouraged to reapply Apply for a Building Permit. with revised applications meeting the Proposed work must also comply with design guidelines and/or suggestions of all applicable zoning, building, sign, the Commissioners. However, applicants and landscape ordinances, etc. may appeal the decision in the manner provided by the law. BEGIN WORK 40 PRESERVATION TOOLS early opportunity to include preservation as part of their planning process. With the Benefts of becoming a CLG National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, Once certifed, a local government a federal and state partnership was initiated becomes eligible to apply for federal that developed into a nationwide preserva- historic preservation grant funds that tion program. As this program matured, are available only to CLGs. the need for relating federal and state A CLG participates directly in the activities to local efforts became apparent. National Register of Historic Places pro- The CLG program extends the federal gram by reviewing local nominations and state preservation partnership to the prior to their consideration by the Geor- local level. It enhances the local govern- gia National Register Review Board. ment role in preservation by strengthening Opportunities for technical assistance a community’s preservation program and in historic preservation are available in its link with HPD. In Georgia, the CLG the form of training sessions, informa- program builds upon the longstanding tion material, statewide meetings, working relationship between HPD and the workshops and conferences. local governments by expanding the scope Communication and coordination of local responsibilities and opportunities are increased among local, state, and for preservation. Any city, town, or county federal preservation activities, as well that has enacted a historic preservation as with other CLGs. ordinance, enforces that ordinance through a local preservation commission, and has met requirements outlined in the Proce- 3. Maintain a system for survey and inven- dures for Georgia’s Certified Local Govern- tory of historic properties that furthers ment Program, is eligible to become a CLG. the purpose of the National Historic Preservation Act. A survey identifies There are five broad standards that must properties that have historic significance be met by a local government in order to and are therefore worthy of protection. become a CLG: The survey is the basis for the identifi- 1. Enforce appropriate state or local cation, designation, and protection of legislation for the designation and local historic districts and properties. protection of historic properties. A 4. Provide for adequate public participation local government must adopt a preser- in the local historic preservation pro- vation ordinance that complies with the gram, including the process for recom- Georgia Historic Preservation Act, the mending properties for nomination to state’s enabling legislation for designat- the National Register of Historic Places. ing and protecting historic buildings, A local government must encourage the sites, and neighborhoods. public’s participation in its preserva- 2. Establish an adequate and qualified his- tion efforts by having meetings that are toric preservation review commission open to all local residents, by sponsor- by state or local legislation. A preser- ing community-wide information and vation review commission is a locally education activities and by encouraging appointed board that reviews design National Register nominations. changes in designated historic districts 5. Satisfactorily perform the responsibili- in order to maintain the district’s spe- ties delegated to it under the National cial and irreplaceable qualities. PRESERVATION TOOLS 41

Historic Preservation Act. HPD works the market value of a property because it closely with a CLG to help it meet restricts development rights. local needs and interests and to fully For federal income tax purposes, the participate in the CLG program. most important benefit of easements is that the value of the donated easement is For more information, visit www.gashpo.org deductible as a charitable contribution, gen- or contact Leigh Burns, Certified Local erally not to exceed 30% of the taxpayer’s Government Coordinator at 404-651-5181 adjusted gross income, thereby reducing the or [email protected] donor’s taxable income; the value in excess of 30% may be carried over for five succeeding tax years. In some cases the ceiling on Easements deductibility can be increased to 50% of Façade and Conservation, how-to adjusted income, with a five year carry-over. make, how-to work with For federal estate tax purposes, the value of the estate will be reduced because of the A preservation easement is a legal inter- easement’s development limitations. est which regulates changes to a historic For Georgia state income taxes, the building in order to protect the property Georgia Conservation Tax Credit Program from inappropriate development and altera- allows a tax credit equal to the value of the tions. The easement is a binding agreement easement donation, capped at 25% of the between a property owner and the ease- fair market value of the donated property, ment holder, which can be a governmental and not to exceed $250,000 for individual body or non-profit organization that assigns owners and $500,000 for corporate the easement holder the right to conduct an owners. An easement also may decrease a annual inspection of the property to ensure property’s local tax assessment and thus its that the agreement is not violated and to local property taxes. pursue legal recourse to compel compliance The Tax Treatment Extension Act of if necessary. Once recorded, an easement 1980, implemented by federal regulations becomes part of the property’s chain of title issued on January 14, 1986, made perma- and ‘runs with the land’ in perpetuity, thus nent the federal income, gift, and estate tax binding not only the present owner who deductions for charitable contributions of conveys it but all future owners as well. partial interests, such as easements, in real Donating a preservation easement to a qualified organization not only enables preservation organizations and public agencies to protect properties against adverse changes through acquisition of a partial interest rather than assumption of the full burden of property ownership, it also provides income, gift, estate and property tax advantages for the donor. Valuation of an easement is made by a professional appraiser and is typically the difference between the fair market value 10. These buildings on Broad Street in Augusta of the property before and after the grant are protected by easements held and enforced by of an easement. An easement may reduce Historic Augusta. 42 PRESERVATION TOOLS property. Restrictions must be granted in perpetuity. Gifts of “qualified real property REVOLVING FUNDS: interests” must be made to a “qualified orga- How are properties acquired? nization” and be “exclusively for conserva- Donations and Bargain Sales (sales tion purposes,” which include preservation of real estate to a non-proft organiza- of a “historically important” land structure. tion at less than fair market value): These A “certified historic structure” is a build- methods ensure that threatened historic ing, structure, or land area, depreciable properties are preserved and provide or nondepreciable, listed in the National much-needed capital to the Endangered Register of Historic Places or located in a Properties Program. Property donors and registered historic district and certified as individuals who transfer property owner- being of significance to the district. ship by bargain sale to a non-proft are The Georgia Conservation Tax Credit eligible for tax deductions. Program provides a financial incentive, in the form of a state income tax credit, Options: If an owner is interested in selling to landowners who place a permanent a property, the organization will acquire conservation easement on their property an option to purchase it. An option is and make that donation to a qualified obtained for a nominal fee and gives The charitable nonprofit organization. Trust exclusive rights to purchase the prop- There are multiple qualified easement erty during a specifc time at an established holding organizations in Georgia. To learn price. This assures the owner that the Trust more about the benefits of donating a will work to locate a qualifed buyer who preservation easement, visit The Georgia will agree to preserve the property. Trust for Historic Preservation at www. Fee Simple Purchase: This outright georgiatrust.org/ or contact your local purchase of a property is done only in rare preservation organization. circumstances. Property ownership ties up the Endangered Properties Program’s capital and may limit the Fund’s ability to Sale and Acquisition of Historic participate in other pressing projects. Property its Revolving Fund for Endangered Proper- The sale and acquisition of historic prop- ties Program. Established in 1990, the erty is similar to that of contemporary Endangered Properties Program promotes structures. Working with a qualified real rehabilitation of these properties, enables estate agent may make the process easier, owners of endangered historic properties to but in Georgia, one of the best places to connect with buyers who will rehabilitate begin your search for historic property is their properties, and monitors the preserva- with a non-profit organization that special- tion of these properties in perpetuity. More izes in this area. than 20 properties have been successfully The Georgia Trust is a comprehen- revolved since the Fund was established. sive resource for historic property sales The Endangered Properties Program and acquisitions in Georgia. It provides utilizes The Georgia Trust’s mission, effective alternatives to the demolition involvement, and expertise in real estate as a or neglect of architecturally and histori- magnet for purchasing options or donations cally significant properties in the state by of endangered historic properties. Eligible acquiring or purchasing properties through PRESERVATION TOOLS 43

properties for the Endangered Properties rehabilitation plans, and financial informa- Program are selected by The Georgia Trust’s tion. Protective covenants, in the form Endangered Properties Revolving Fund of preservation easements, are attached Committee based on the following criteria: to the deeds to ensure that the historic integrity of each property is retained, and Endangered: The property is threatened purchasers are required to sign rehabilita- by development, demolition, or vacancy. tion agreements based on the work to be Significant: The property is either listed or performed on the structure. Rehabilitation is eligible the National Register of Historic agreements identify what projects need Places. to be done within a reasonable timeframe and ensure that the historic property will Obtainable: The property’s current owner be brought back to good condition and is willing to sell or donate the property to preserved. Owners are obliged to follow the Fund. the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards Marketable: The Trust believes a sympa- Rehabilitation for all restoration work, thetic buyer can be realistically located for and The Georgia Trust monitors both the the property, considering building type, protective covenants and the rehabilitation condition, location and price. measures for the properties. The Revolving Fund is not intended to Locally supported: The project has the be income-producing, but option sales do support of local government and/or com- have a small profit margin. Any marketing, munity groups willing to help market and easement, legal, or select repair costs, up safeguard the property. to an agreed-upon amount, are reimbursed After approving a prospective property by the seller at the time of sale. Major for inclusion in the program, The Geor- expenditures for stabilization and repair gia Trust seeks to acquire the property are paid for by the seller when the work is through an outright donation, an option completed. Any proceeds from the sale are at a bargain or market price, or, in certain returned to the fund, “revolving” the use of instances, a fee simple purchase. The the initial capital. properties are then marketed nationally The Trust does not offer grant money to locate buyers who agree to preserve for rehabilitation projects. However, there and maintain the structures. The Trust are grants available through the federal maintains a list of individuals interested in government for structures rehabilitated purchasing historic properties and noti- for income-producing purposes. For such fies them each time a property becomes properties (commercial and residential available. In addition, advertisements are rentals), substantial rehabilitation work placed in publications, which cater to the may qualify for federal and state tax incen- preservation-minded. In this manner, the tives. For homeowners, the state tax credit Trust provides a unique service by match- and tax abatement programs may apply. ing threatened historic structures with Additionally, gifts of historic properties are interested and qualified buyers. tax-deductible. For the Trust to make an educated Other local non-profit organizations selection, prospective purchasers are manage endangered property sales as well. asked to submit a statement of intent that Contact your local organization for more specifies their interest and experience information if you are interested in pur- in preservation, a summary of intended chasing a historic property. 44 PRESERVATION TOOLS

Economics of Historic Preservation

THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL benefits of which incorporate appropriate green historic preservation are evident in com- measures with their Standards for Reha- munities throughout Georgia and across bilitation. These Guidelines illustrate the country, and new studies suggest that the recommended treatment of historic these benefits represent only a part of pres- properties and offer insight into the use of ervation’s potential value. Historic preser- specific materials as a means of conserving vation is now being evaluated in terms of energy. Not only can preservation reduce its environmental and economic impact in costs to our environment, but it can reduce addition to its effects on quality of life in operating expenses as well. (www.nps.gov/ Georgia. tps/standards/rehabilitation/sustainability- The rise of the green building move- guidelines.pdf) ment in the twenty-first century has engaged preservationists in a new dialogue The value of historic preservation can also about the environmental implications of be measured with regard to its economic historic preservation. Programs such as the impact. Donovan Rypkema, founder of U.S. Green Buildings Council’s Leadership in Place Economics, has spent his career Energy and Environmental Design, or LEED, quantifying the economic benefits of his- have raised national awareness of the toric preservation. In his 2011 study, Good need for more energy efficient buildings. News in Tough Times: Historic Preserva- While in many ways the green building tion and the Georgia Economy, Rypkema and historic preservation movements share demonstrates the positive impact historic common goals, preservationists believe preservation has on Georgia’s economy. that reusing an existing building poses less Preservation creates jobs, increases tax of a negative impact to the environment revenue, attracts investment and builds than new energy efficient construction. In strong local economies. These preserva- a recent study conducted by the National tion related activities are instrumental in Trust for Historic Preservation’s Preserva- the revitalization of communities, making tion Green Lab, researchers found that them more desirable places to live, work although green buildings may operate and visit. more efficiently than existing structures The following statistics from Good of approximately the same size, it would News in Tough Times provide a snapshot of take between ten and eighty years to offset preservation’s significant impact on Geor- the negative impact to the environment gia’s economy. resulting from new construction. (www. During the last decade preservationnation.org/issues/sustain- Over 10,000 jobs have been created ability/green-lab/lca/The_Greenest_Build- through the rehabilitation of historic ing_lowres.pdf) structures.

The National Park Service recently Those jobs have meant $420 million in released the Guidelines on Sustainabil- household income for Georgia citizens. ity for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings, 5,100 net new businesses have opened PRESERVATION TOOLS 45

their doors in Georgia Main Street and FINANCIAL INCENTIVES Better Hometown downtowns. Businesses in those downtowns have There are a number of financial incentives added 23,000 net new jobs. for historic preservation available in Geor- Historic preservation has effectively gia. Tax incentives, including tax credits leveraged scarce local dollars through and property tax assessments, as well as the effective use of federal programs for grant and loan programs can have a signifi- transportation, local government, and cant impact on the economic feasibility of heritage tourism. a preservation project Every year the heritage portion of Georgia’s tourism industry sus- tains 117,000 jobs, generating Federal Incentives nearly $204,000,000 in wages, and $210,000,000 in local tax revenues. Federal Tax Incentive The non-profit sector, from the Georgia Currently the only federal tax incentive for Cities Foundation to the Garden Club historic preservation is for the rehabilita- of Georgia, Inc., to the Fox Theatre, tion of income-producing (commercial, have seen the wisdom of investing their industrial, or rental residential) buildings resources in historic preservation. included on the National Register of His- toric Places (or those within a National Reg- The full report is available online at ister district). Contact your State Historic georgiashpo.org/incentives/development. Preservation Officer (SHPO) for federal rehabilitation tax credit information. Note that the rehabilitation of income-producing buildings must follow the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation to be eligible for federal tax credits. The National Trust Community Investment Corpora- tion’s website includes helpful information on the rehabilitation tax credit. In addition, the National Park Service’s website provides useful information about the federal tax incentives program, which can be accessed at www.cr.nps.gov/hps/tps/tax/index.htm.

11. These buildings in Roswell beneftted from Historic Preservation Federal Tax Historic Preservation tax credits. Incentive Programs Two federal tax incentive programs (Public Law 99-514) currently apply to preservation activities: the Rehabilitation Investment Tax Credit program (RITC), and the charitable contribution deduction. The RITC effectively reduces the costs of rehabilitation to an owner of a historic income-producing 46 PRESERVATION TOOLS property. The charitable contribution toric Preservation Certification Application deduction is a donation of the historic value and supporting documentation to HPD for of a structure and is available to owners of review and comment. After HPD reviews residential and income-producing proper- the work, the project is forwarded to NPS ties, through a non-profit agency, not the for final certification. Historic Preservation Division. The application has three parts: Part 1 requests documentation that the building Rehabilitation Investment is a historic structure, listed or eligible for Tax Credit (RITC) listing in the National Register of Historic The RITC program provides an opportunity Places. Part 2 requests a detailed descrip- to owners of certified historic structures, tion of the rehabilitation work supple- who undertake a certified rehabilitation, a mented with before rehab photographs and federal income tax credit equal to 20% of proposed floor plans. The Part 2 should the qualified rehabilitation expenses. Only be submitted to HPD before work begins properties utilized for income-producing to ensure compliance with the Standards. purposes can take advantage of the credit. Part 3 is the Request for Certification of Completed Work. This application is sub- To be eligible for the 20% tax credit: mitted after the rehabilitation is complete The building must be listed, or eligible and requests photo-documentation of for listing, in the National Register the rehabilitation in compliance with the of Historic Places, either individually Standards for Rehabilitation. or as a contributing building within a There is also a 10% federal income tax historic district. credit available to property owners who The project must meet the “substantial rehabilitate non-historic buildings built rehabilitation test.” This test means before 1936. that the cost of the rehabilitation must To be eligible for the 10% tax credit: be greater than the adjusted basis of the property and must be at least $5,000. The building must be built before 1936 Generally, projects must be finished and be non-historic. A non-historic within two years. building is one that is not listed in the National Register, either individually After the rehabilitation, the building or as a contributing building within must be used for an income-producing a historic district. If the property is purpose for at least five years. located in a National Register Historic The rehabilitation work itself must be District, a Part 1 must be submitted done according to The Secretary of the and reviewed by HPD and NPS for cer- Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation; tification of non-historic significance. these are common-sense guidelines for A building must meet the physical appropriate and sensitive rehabilitation wall retention test. At least 50% of All rehabilitation tax credit projects the building’s walls existing before the must be reviewed by the Georgia Historic rehab must remain as external walls, at Preservation Division (HPD) and certified least 75 % of the external walls must by the National Park Service (NPS). A remain in place as either external or property owner interested in participating internal walls, and 75% of the internal in the RITC program must submit the His- structure must remain in place. PRESERVATION TOOLS 47

The project must meet the “substantial State Incentives rehabilitation test.” This test means that the cost of the rehabilitation must Georgia State Income be greater than the adjusted basis of the Tax Credit Program for building and must be at least $5,000. Rehabilitated Historic Property Generally, projects must be finished In May 2002, the Georgia state income tax within two years. credit program for rehabilitated historic The building must be used for non- property was signed into law (O.C.G.A. residential, income-producing purposes Section 48-7-29.8). The Georgia Depart- for at least five years after the rehabili- ment of Natural Resources’ Historic tation. Therefore, properties used for Preservation Division (DNR-HPD) and residential rental income, such as apart- the Georgia Department of Revenue are ments are excluded. administering the program. Owners of historic residential and Charitable Contribution Deduction commercial properties who plan to start The charitable contribution deduction is a substantial rehabilitation on or after taken in the form of a conservation ease- January 1, 2004 were eligible to apply for ment and enables the owner of a “certified the credit. The program, amended effec- historic structure” to receive a one-time tive January 1, 2009, provides owners tax deduction. A conservation easement of historic residential properties, who ensures the preservation of a building’s complete a DNR-approved rehabilitation facade by restricting the right to alter its the opportunity to take 25% of the reha- appearance. Qualified professionals should bilitation expenditures as a state income be consulted on the matters of easement tax credit, capped at $100,000. (If the valuations and the tax consequences of home is located in a target area, as defined their donation. in O.C.G.A Section 48-7-29.8, the credit may be equal to 30% of rehabilitation To be eligible for the charitable contribu- expenditures, also capped at $100,000.) tion deduction: For any other income producing, certified The property must be listed in the National structure, the credit is 25% of reha- Register of Historic Places, either individu- bilitation expenditures, with the cap at ally or as a contributing building within a $300,000. This includes rental residential historic district. If a property is located in a National Register Historic District, a Part 1 must be submitted to HPD for review and certification by NPS. Upon request, HPD will offer technical assistance to rehabilitation tax projects by meeting with individuals at HPD’s office or on-site of the project to discuss specific rehab issues. For more information, visit www. georgiashpo.org and click on Tax Incentives 12. Non-proft organizations can help market your historic property to interested buyers. 48 PRESERVATION TOOLS

properties. The credit is a dollar for dollar reduction in taxes owed to the State of What properties are eligible? Georgia and is meant to serve as an incen- The property must be eligible for or listed tive to those who own historic properties in the Georgia Register of Historic Places. and wish to complete a rehabilitation To fnd out if a property qualifes, please project. The amended program’s percent- contact the Historic Preservation Division’s ages and caps become effective for projects National Register specialist. completed after January 1, 2009.

Department of Revenue Substantial Does the rehabilitation have to be Rehabilitation Worksheet reviewed and approved? Since it is the applicant’s responsibility to Yes, the rehabilitation must meet DNR’s certify that the substantial rehabilitation Standards for Rehabilitation. The Depart- test has been met when a project is comment of Natural Resources’ Historic plete, it is recommended that the appli- Preservation Division reviews all projects cant determine if this test will be easily to certify that the project meets the met before a project starts. The Georgia Standards according to DNR Rules 391- Department of Revenue developed a work- 5-14. The rehabilitation project must be sheet, included in the application packet, completed after January 1, 2009. in order to help applicants determine if a rehabilitation project will meet the sub- How much does a project have to cost stantial rehabilitation test. After the proj- to qualify? ect is complete, applicants will officially certify on the Part B application that the Every project must meet the substantial substantial rehabilitation test has been met. rehabilitation test and the applicant must certify to the Department of Natural Application Process Resources that this test has been met. The The Rehabilitated Historic Property Appli- substantial rehabilitation test is met when cation is a two-part process: Part A and the qualifed rehabilitation expenses Part B, with supplemental information and exceed the following amounts: amendments when necessary. The program is designed to review Part A Preliminary 1) For a historic home used as a principal Certification applications before rehabili- residence, the lesser of $25,000 or 50% tation work begins; therefore, the earlier of the adjusted basis of the building application materials are submitted to 2) For a historic home used as a principal HPD for review, the better. Early submis- residence in a target area, $5,000 sion of projects allows HPD to consult 3) For any other certifed historic struc- with the applicant if necessary and to com- ture, the greater of $5,000 or the ment on projects in a meaningful way in adjusted basis of the building hopes of bringing them into conformance At least 5% of the qualifed rehabilita- with the Standards. tion expenditures must be allocated Part A—Preliminary Certification to work completed to the exterior of Part A is submitted to HPD to determine the structure. Acquisition costs and costs if the property is listed or eligible for list- associated with new construction are not ing in the Georgia qualifed rehabilitation expenses. PRESERVATION TOOLS 49

Register of Historic Places and to tation has been completed in accordance determine if the proposed work meets the with DNR’s Standards, and that the owner Standards for Rehabilitation. Ideally this is has certified that the substantial rehabilita- submitted to HPD before rehabilitation tion test has been met. begins. An application-processing fee of $50.00 must accompany the Part A Upon request, HPD will offer technical assis- (Preliminary Certification). If you are also tance to rehabilitation tax projects by meeting participating in the Georgia Preferential with individuals at HPD’s office or on-site of Property Tax Assessment program, the the project to discuss specific rehab issues. total fee for both programs is $75.00. A cashier’s check, money order, or official State Preferential Property Tax bank check, made payable to the Georgia Assessment Program for Rehabilitated Department of Natural Resources, are Historic Property the only acceptable forms of payment. During its 1989 session, the Georgia Gen- Personal checks are not accepted. The fee eral Assembly passed a statewide preferen- is nonrefundable. Once all application tial property tax assessment program for materials are submitted, allow at least 30 rehabilitated historic property (Ga. Code days for HPD to review and comment on Annotated Vol. 36, 48-5-2– 48-5-7.2). the rehabilitation project. After the review, This incentive program is designed to HPD mails the applicant the signed Part A encourage rehabilitation of both residen- preliminary certification form. Rehabilita- tial and commercial historic buildings tion work should be completed within 24 by freezing property tax assessments for months, or 60 months for a phased project. eight and one-half years. The assessment of rehabilitated property is based on the Amendments rehabilitated structure, the property on Amendments are submitted to HPD when which the structure is located, and not there is a change in the scope of work more than two acres of real property described in the Part A application. This surrounding the structure. This program allows a certain amount of flexibility as the requires action by the Historic Preserva- project continues to be developed. tion Division (HPD) of the Department Part B—Final Certification of Natural Resources (DNR) through Part B is submitted to HPD after the Rules 391-5-11 and by the appropriate project is complete. Once all application local county tax commission. materials are submitted, allow at least 30 Requirements to Participate days for HPD to review and certify the The property must be listed or eligible for rehabilitation project. After HPD reviews listing in the Georgia Register of Historic the Part B application and approves the Places either individually, or as a contribut- rehabilitation, the certified Part B form is ing building within a historic district. mailed to the applicant. The applicant is The cost of rehabilitation must meet then responsible for filing the DNR certi- the substantial rehabilitation test. This test fied Part B application with the appropriate is met by increasing the fair market value schedule when filing the State of Georgia of the building by the following percent- income tax forms. The DNR-approved ages. The county tax assessor is the official Part B application certifies to the Depart- who makes this determination. ment of Revenue that a certified rehabili- 50 PRESERVATION TOOLS

Residential (owner-occupied residential Ideally this is submitted to HPD before property): rehabilitation must increase rehabilitation begins. An application the fair market value of the building by processing fee of $50.00 must accompany at least 50% the Part A (Preliminary Certification). If you are also participating in the Georgia Mixed-Use (primarily owner-occupied State Income Tax Credit program, the residential and partially income-pro- total fee for both programs is $75.00. A ducing property): rehabilitation must cashier’s check, money order, or official increase the fair market value of the bank check, made payable to the Georgia building by at least 75% Department of Natural Resources, are the Commercial and Professional Use only acceptable forms of payment. Personal (income-producing property): rehabilita- checks are not accepted. The fee is non- tion must increase the fair market value refundable. Once all application materials of the building by at least 100% are submitted, HPD has 30 days to review 1. The property owner must obtain and comment on the rehabilitation project. preliminary and final certification After the review, HPD mails the applicant of the project from HPD. the signed preliminary certification form. The applicant is then responsible for filing 2. Rehabilitation must be in accor- the Part A certified form with the county dance with the Department of tax assessor to initiate the assessment Natural Resources’ Standards for freeze period beginning the following tax Rehabilitation and must be com- year for two years. pleted within two years. Amendments Application Process Amendments are submitted to HPD when The Rehabilitated Historic Property Appli- there is a change in the scope of work cation is a two-part process: Part A and submitted in the Part A application. This Part B, with supplemental information and allows a certain amount of flexibility as the amendments when necessary. The program project continues to be developed. is designed to review projects before work begins; therefore, the earlier the applica- Part B—Final Certification tion materials are submitted to HPD for Part B is submitted to HPD after the review, the better. Early submission of project is completed and must be certified projects allows HPD to consult with the by HPD and submitted to the tax asses- applicant if necessary and to comment on sor within two years of filing the Part A projects in a meaningful way in hopes of preliminary certification form. Once all bringing them into conformance with the application materials are submitted, HPD Standards. has 30 days to review and certify the rehabilitation project. Part A—Preliminary Certification HPD is the final certification authority Part A is submitted to HPD to determine concerning all state rehabilitation appli- if the property is listed or eligible for list- cations. After HPD reviews the Part B ing in the Georgia application and approves the rehabilitation, Register of Historic Places, and to the certified Part B form is mailed to the determine if the proposed work meets the applicant. The applicant is then responsible Standards for Rehabilitation. PRESERVATION TOOLS 51 for filing the Part B certified form with the Potential finding sources include, but county tax assessor in order to maintain are not limited to: the assessment freeze for an additional Department of Housing and Urban 6 ½ years. In the ninth year, the assess- Development Community Development ment will increase 50% of the difference Block Grants between the value of the property at the time the freeze was initiated and the cur- Department of Housing and Urban rent assessment value. In the 10th year, the Development Rural Housing and Eco- property tax assessment will increase to nomic Development Grants the 100% current assessment value. Department of Community Affairs Downtown Development Revolving Loan Upon request, HPD will offer technical assis- (DDRLF) tance to rehabilitation tax projects by meeting Fox Theatre Institute with individuals at HPD’s office or on-site of The Garden Club of Georgia, Inc. the project to discuss specific rehab issues. Georgia Cities Foundation Revolving For more information on economic incentives Loan Fund (GCFRLF) for historic preservation visit georgiashpo.org/ The Georgia Humanities Council Grant incentives Program The Historic Preservation Fund Grant Program Funding Institute of Museum and Library Services National Trust Preservation Services Funding is an integral component of any Fund Grants successful historic preservation project. Despite widespread cutbacks in recent NEH Preservation Assistance Grants for years, funding is still available for certain Smaller Institutions preservation activities. Grant and loan pro- USDA Rural Development’s Rural grams administered through governmental Business Opportunity Grant (RBOG) agencies, non-profit organizations and program private foundations support a wide variety For more detailed information on fund- of historic preservation projects. ing for preservation projects, please consult the following:

Georgia Department of Community Affairs Georgia Department of Economic Development, Tourism Division Historic Preservation Division, Georgia Department of Natural Resources Research and Documentation Identifying Historic Properties

GUIDE TO BUILDING TYPES House Types in Georgia

Portions of the following guide to building IN ADDITION TO ARCHITECTURAL style, types are excerpts from Georgia’s Living Georgia houses may be categorized by Places, prepared by the Historic Preserva- house type, such as “shotgun,” “bungalow,” tion Division, Georgia Department of or “plantation plain.” This means the over- Natural Resources. For more information all form of the house, the outline or “enve- on building types, please visit georgiashpo. lope” of the main or original part of the org/historic/housing#types. house, as well as the general layout of the interior rooms. Using the name of a house type rather than a lengthy description of the building lets one to efﬁciently commu- nicate to others the main characteristics of the house. Knowing the house type helps in comparing one house to others of the same form and can also tell the general distribution of similar houses throughout the state. The house type can also determine whether a house is a rare or common form and, in some cases, the historical period in which the house was most likely built. The simplest deﬁnition of house type is the formula

plan + height = type

Thus two houses with the same ﬂoor plan and the same height will belong to the same type. In some cases, other architectural traits become part of the deﬁnition of the house type or of subtypes within one house type. Thus the type of roof, the location of doors or chimneys, or the kind of porch may help determine a house’s type or subtype. When determining the type of house, consider only the core, or main part of

53 54 IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: HOUSE TYPES the house and exclude side wings, rear less of the exterior material, the house is service ells, later additions, and attached still a shotgun house if it has the overall outbuildings. Additions may be important, form and plan of the shotgun type. however, if they change one house type House types should not be too closely into another house type. For example, if a linked with particular historical periods. single-pen house was expanded by adding In some cases, knowing the house type can a second pen, or room, on the opposite tell you when the house was built, usually side of the chimney, the resulting house within several decades. Most periods were type would be a “saddlebag.” In this case marked by a predominance of one or two it would be valuable to know that two house types, and these popular types are different house types were involved in the unavoidably linked in people’s minds with evolution of the house, both the single-pen that period. In other cases, however, the and the saddlebag. All of the house types popularity of a particular type over a half described below may have rear ells or side of a century or longer makes this sort of wings, either original to the main block or dating difficult. Sometimes in Georgia, the result of an addition. a house type very common in the early The type or form of a house is fre- nineteenth century was seldom used in the quently confused with its style, even by late nineteenth century, only to reappear experts in the field. “Style” should be in thousands of houses in mill villages in thought of as the external ornament or the early twentieth century. decoration of a house, whereas “type” is the The house types described and illus- unadorned form and interior layout. Ten trated below do not account for all the houses belonging to the same house type houses in Georgia. Many of the houses that may exhibit ten different styles; ten build- do not fit easily into one of the following ings with the same style may illustrate ten types have unusual form and plans that different types. Thus a shotgun house, make categorizing them difficult. Others one of the most common house types in have simply not yet been studied in suf- Georgia, may have been decorated with ficient detail to be recognized as members architectural details from the Queen Anne of a type. The following list does account, style, the Colonial Revival style, or no style however, for the most common, recurring at all. In all three cases, the house would types of houses built in the state before still illustrate the shotgun type, regardless about 50 years ago. of the style with which it is ornamented. Confusing types with styles results in such misnomers as “shotgun style” and “Greek Revival type.” Likewise, the method of construction and the exterior materials should not be confused with house types, the overall form, and plan of a house. A shotgun house may be constructed of load-bearing masonry, wood frame, or logs, and it may be sheathed in clapboards, brick, vinyl siding or permastone. Regardless of the method of construction used and regard- IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: HOUSE TYPES 55

ONE TO ONE-AND-A-HALF STORIES HIGH

Single-Pen Double-Pen

Single-pen houses consist of a single unit, Double-pen houses consist of two rooms, either square or rectangular. The location typically square. As in the single-pen and arrangement of the doors and windows house, the arrangement and location of varies, and the chimney or ﬂue is at the openings varies, but the most easily recog- exterior of one end. Usually the roof is nizable double-pen house has two doors in gabled. Sometimes the rectangular version the main façade. Chimneys or ﬂues may is partitioned into two rooms. Because of be located at either or both ends. Gabled its small size, the single-pen house was roofs are the most common by far. Few usually enlarged by addition, so few houses double-pen houses remain in their origi- of this type remain in their original form. nal form in Georgia. Most of these were Most surviving single-pen houses in Geor- constructed for agricultural or industrial gia were built between about 1850 and workers between the 1870s and the 1930s. 1900, and, although they can be found in Like the single-pen houses, the surviving small towns and rural areas in much of the double pens seem to state, they seem most plentiful in North be most plen- Georgia. tiful in North Georgia. 56 IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: HOUSE TYPES

Hall-Parlor Saddlebag

Named after two old-fashioned uses for One of the most distinctive and easily rooms, the hall-parlor house consists of recognizable house types in Georgia, the two unequal rooms. Entry is into the saddlebag house derives its name from a larger of the two rooms, the hall (not central chimney flanked by two rooms, hallway), which served multiple functions. which seem to hang suspended on either Typically gabled, the hall-parlor house is side of the chimney. The rooms are usu- heated with one or two flues or exterior ally square, and the roof is usually gabled. end-chimneys. Although this house type There are two subtypes, one with an is one of the earliest found in America, in exterior door into each room and one Georgia most of the remaining examples with a single, central door into a vestibule were built in the last half of the nineteenth beside the chimney. The saddlebag houses century and the first three decades of the in Georgia seem to have been built mainly twentieth century. The type was adaptable in three periods, with the examples in each and expandable and was popular for farm period strongly linked to three general set- owners, tenant farmers and mill workers tings. The earliest saddlebag houses, built alike. Farmstead houses of the hall-parlor in the 1830s and 1840s in rural agricul- type are most plentiful in North Georgia, tural areas, are quite rare statewide. In the while hall-parlor houses for industrial last few decades of the century, saddlebags and agricultural workers are were popular for modest housing in outly- spread fairly uni- ing fringes of Georgia’s towns and cities. formly across Far more examples survive today from the the state. great period of mill village construction, from about 1910 to 1930. IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: HOUSE TYPES 57

Central Hallway Dogtrot

This house type has proved a favorite for Famous for both its picturesque name and Georgians throughout the nineteenth for its distinctive appearance (when found century. It consists, as the name suggests, in its rare original state), the dogtrot house of a central hallway or passageway between has an open passage between two rooms. two rooms. It is distinguished from other Like the central hallway house, the dogtrot types with central hallways by being only house is only one room deep and it usually one room deep. The central hallway type has a gabled roof and exterior end chim- most frequently has a gabled roof and exte- neys. Most frequently, the open dogtrot rior end chimneys on both ends. The type was enclosed at a later date, giving the seems to be fairly evenly distributed across house the appearance of a central hallway the state, appearing mainly on average-sized type. Most dogtrot houses in Georgia were farmsteads and on principal residential constructed in the 1840s and 1850s. The streets in Georgia’s towns and cities. Most geographic distribution seems to have been examples of the type were built between fairly uniform, but most of the surviving 1830 and 1930, with clusters occurring in examples are above the Fall Line. the periods from 1840 to 1860 and 1870 to 1890. 58 IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: HOUSE TYPES

Georgian Cottage Sand Hills Cottage

Possibly the single most popular and long- The Sand Hills cottage is one of the few lived house type in Georgia, the Georgian regional house types identified in the state. cottage is named not for the state but for It is linked with the Augusta area and con- its floor plan, associated with eighteenth sists of a one-story house on a raised base- century English Georgian architecture. ment. The floor plan of the house is two The Georgian plan consists of a central rooms deep, either with a central hallway hallway with two rooms on either side. or a hall-parlor plan. The roof is usually The plan shape is square or nearly square, gabled, and chimneys are usually located the roof is usually hipped but sometimes along exterior walls. gabled, and chimneys are sometimes in the The height of exterior walls but usually in the interior the main floor of the house, between each pair of rooms. required a Houses of this type were built in almost all prominent periods of Georgia’s history, well into the flight of twentieth century, but the greatest con- stairs to the centration is front entry. between 1850 and 1890. Most surviving examples are found in the Piedmont Shotgun region. One of the better-known house types statewide in Georgia, shotgun houses are predominantly an urban phenomenon, built mainly for low-income workers between the 1870s and the 1920s. Shotgun houses are one room wide and two or more rooms deep, usually three. There is no hallway, and all doors typically line up front to back. The roof is usually gabled, but hipped roofs were also used. The shotgun house was especially popular in the larger cities of Georgia, but it may be found in small and medium-sized towns as well. IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: HOUSE TYPES 59

Double-Shotgun Gabled Wing Cottage

A two-family dwelling, the double-shot- Of the late nineteenth century house gun consists of two shotgun houses side by types in Georgia, the gabled wing cottage side with no openings in the shared party perhaps has the most examples. In plan, it wall. Usually a single hipped or gabled is T- or L-shaped, and it usually, though roof covers both sections. Like the shot- not always, has a gabled roof. Sometimes gun type, the double shotgun was built called the gable-front-and-wing or the mostly for low-income workers in the late gabled ell house type, the gabled wing nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, cottage consists of a gable-front at one but unlike the shotgun type, the double end of a recessed wing that is parallel to shotgun was limited almost entirely to the the façade. The front door, located in the state’s eight to recessed wing, may lead into a hallway or ten largest directly into the room in the wing. Fairly cities. evenly distributed across Georgia, the gabled wing cottage was popular in both rural and urban areas and in both modest and well-to-do neighborhoods. Its period of greatest popularity was from 1875 to 1915. 60 IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: HOUSE TYPES

Queen Anne Cottage New South Cottage

Although the name of the Queen Anne Named after the turn of the twentieth cottage derives from the architectural century period of great economic growth style with which it is frequently linked, and regional confidence, the New South the house type also occurs with elements cottage was a very popular house type for from other styles or no style at all. It is middle- and upper-middle-income Geor- characterized by a square main mass with gians between the 1890s and the 1920s. projecting gables on the front and side. The Although examples of the type survive rooms are arranged asymmetrically, and statewide, in both rural and urban con- there is no central hallway—two traits that texts, the greatest numbers are in a central distinguish the Queen Anne cottage from band across the state, in the Piedmont and another similar house type, the New South Upper Coastal Plain, and in the state’s cottage. The roof is either pyramidal or largest cities and towns. The New South hipped, and chimneys are usually found in cottage resembles the Queen Anne cottage the interior. Although not as ubiquitous as in that it has a central square mass, usu- the gabled wing cottage, the Queen Anne ally with a hipped roof, and gabled pro- cottage does appear in both urban and jections. The main distinguishing trait of rural areas as popular middle-class housing the New South cottage is its emphasis on of the 1880s and symmetry, the key element of which is the 1890s. central hallway plan. The central hallway is flanked by pairs of rooms, one or both of which might project forward. A pair of gables in the façade, either over projecting rooms or flush with the wall of the main mass, frequently provided additional symmetry to this house type. IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: HOUSE TYPES 61

Pyramid Cottage Bungalow

One of the simplest housing forms in early Sometimes mistakenly referred to as a twentieth century Georgia, this house type style, bungalow house forms are long and consists of a square main mass, typically low with irregular ﬂoor plans within an with four principal rooms and no hallway. overall rectangular shape. Integral porches The most memorable feature is the steeply- are common, as are low-pitched roofs with pitched pyramidal roof. wide overhangs. Bungalows were very Most pyramid popular in all regions of Georgia between cottages were 1900 and 1930, almost as popular in rural built between areas as in cities and towns. The bungalow 1910 and 1930. type is divided into four subtypes based on The house type roof forms and roof orientation: front gable, seems to have side gable, hip, and cross gable. The front- been more popular in and side-gabled versions of the bungalow the regions between the greatly outnumber Fall Line and the Coast hipped bungalows, and in rural sections while cross-gable and on the fringes of bungalows are rare. towns than in urban areas.

Side-Gabled Cottage

Like the pyramid cottage, the side-gabled cottage has a compact square mass consisting of four rooms without a hallway, and, like the pyramid cottage, it was economical to build. It has a more traditional appearance, however, because it has a broad gabled roof with its gable-ends at the sides. Only rarely does it have a hipped roof. The ﬂoor plan has two variants: a hall- parlor plan with a central doorway and a foursquare plan with equal sized rooms, indicated by two front doors. The side- gabled cottage was a popular workers’ house type in mill villages and in small towns, although high-style examples for the well-to-do can be found. This type was most popular in the period 1895 to 1930. 62 IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: HOUSE TYPES

Saltbox English Cottage

This house type is an import from New A picturesque house type usually found England, not a native Georgia type. It is with English Vernacular Revival stylistic rare in the state, limited almost entirely details, the English cottage is most dis- to mill villages, many of which were built tinctive for its cross-gabled massing and by companies based in New England. It front chimney. Unlike in the gabled-wing consists of a rectangular block two rooms house types, the cross-gabled massing wide and deep, one-and-a-half stories in of the English cottage is tightly held in a the front and only one story in the rear. compact square or rectangular block, so The gabled roof has a short slope in the that the front gable projects slightly, if at front and a long single slope in the rear, all. A secondary gable-front or recessed giving the outline of a saltbox. Its period of opening may mark the entry, which is near popularity was about the center of the façade. Occasionally one 1920 to of the front corners of the house contains 1940. a recessed porch. The rooms of the house cluster around the small entrance vestibule, which may contain a stairway to an upper half-story of bedrooms. The English cottage was very popular among middle- class Georgia and in the 1930s and 1940s on the edges of towns and in all the suburbs of larger cities.

Extended Hall-Parlor

Like the temple-front cottage, this house type has a long, rectangular shape with the façade in the narrow end, but there is no recessed front porch. The hall-parlor plan is three or more rooms deep, and the roof may be hipped or gabled. The extended hall-parlor house may closely resemble several of the bungalow subtypes, described above. Most surviving examples date from the 1920s and 1930s. Like most twentieth century house types, they are found uniformly across the state, in both rural areas and the outlying parts of towns and cities. IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: HOUSE TYPES 63

American Small House Ranch House

The American Small House is a small Influenced most visibly in style and form single-family house, built in large numbers, by the structures from Southwestern all across the state, from the mid-1930s to United States in theeighteenth and nine- the early 1950s. Sometimes called minimal teenth centuries, the ranch house has a traditional houses or simply Cape Cods, long, narrow, rectangular shape, with or they represent a unique national response without projections. This type began to to the challenge of providing affordable be built in America and even Georgia as housing during two decades of economic early as the 1930s, but gained prominence hardship brought about by the Great as one of the dominant house forms in Depression, World War II, and post-war post-World War II residential subdivi- recovery. sions. In its most basic form, bedrooms are Architecturally, the American Small clustered at one end, the principal entry House is compact, tightly massed, rectan- and living space near the center, and the gular in plan and often nearly square. They garage or carport is at the other end. More are positioned horizontally to the street, contemporary ranches, evolving in the usually with a gable-end roof structure and 1950s, often feature an open floorplan for simply detailed. Its rooms (a kitchen, living the living areas. The roof is typically very room with adjoining dining area, 2 or 3 low-pitched. bedrooms, and a bathroom) are clustered Subtypes for the Ranch house include: tightly around a very small hall area. There the Compact Ranch, the Linear Ranch (a are almost always two rooms at the front little longer than the compact), Transverse in the main mass of the house and the Linear, Linear with clusters, Courtyard, entrances are often centered or nearly so. L-shaped Ranch, Bungalow Ranch, the Variations include a front-facing though Rambler, and what the Georgia Depart- still tight-fitting gable, additional rooms, ment of Historic Preservation calls the porches, or garages extending off one end, “Alphabet Ranch” to include other varia- dormers, and stoops. tions of the ranch house form.

More information on mid-twentieth century house types in Georgia can be found here: http://georgiashpo.org/historic/ housing#mid-century. 64 IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: HOUSE TYPES

TWO STORIES HIGH

I-House Plantation Plain

So-called because it is such a common Georgians seem to have a special fondness house type in Midwestern state beginning for this house type, which is often mistak- with the letter “I,” the I-House is far less enly referred to as a style. One of the earli- common in Georgia than in other states est house types in Georgia, the plantation in the Southeast. Although it appeared plain is almost strictly a rural phenom- sporadically in Georgia throughout the enon. Most of the few surviving examples nineteenth century, most of the remain- were built between about 1820 and 1850 ing I-Houses were built in the 1840s and in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain regions 1850s, 1870s and 1880s. I-houses are of the state. A plantation plain house has one room deep and two rooms wide. The a two-story block at the front, with either various ﬂoor plans of I-Houses (all found a central hallway or hall-parlor plan, and in one-story houses as well) determine a one-story range of rooms at the rear, the subtype: central hallway, hall-parlor, consisting of either three rooms or, more double-pen, and saddlebag. The I-House commonly, a short rear hallway ﬂanked by type is comparatively rare in many areas a pair of rooms. The rear section is typi- of Georgia, as are two-story houses in gen- cally shed-roofed, the two-story block is eral. Most of the survivors today are found usually gabled, and there is most often a in small towns in the Piedmont and Upper full-width, one-story front Coastal Plain regions, and in rural parts of porch. North Georgia. IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: HOUSE TYPES 65

Georgian House

Except for its two-story height, the Georgian house has all the characteristics of the Georgian cottage. Although the two-story house is less numerous than the one- story cottage, particularly in rural settings, it, too, was popular from the ﬁrst decades of the nineteenth century well into the twentieth century. Most examples of the type, however, were built in the periods Octagon 1850 to 1860 and 1900 to 1930, chieﬂy in the larger towns and cities. This eccentric building form occured between 1840 and 1860. Inspiration for the Octagon form came from O.S. Fowler’s Side Hallway book, A Home for All; or The Gravel Wall and Octagon Mode of Building, 1848. The Octa- Named after the location of the hallway at gon mode follows the plan of a regular the side of the house, this house type is rel- octagon and is usually one or two stories atively uncommon in Georgia. The hallway in height. The roof is fat or low and is often normally contained the staircase, and the topped by a belvedere. Often surrounded house was usually two rooms deep. Because by a verandah, but sometimes only a porch of its narrow façade, the side hallway house to the front door, the Octagon is either was especially suitable for urban housing. plain or embellished with Greek Revival, Most examples of the house type were built Italian Villa, or Gothic Revival details. between about 1820 and 1850 in the oldest During restoration of May’s Folly in Colum- cities of the state, particularly in Savannah, bus, the rear wing was discovered to have where it is the most common house type, been originally octagonal as well, thus and Augusta. There are three subtypes: revealing the structure as a rare double the row house, an attached single-family octagon type and probably the only one in house which shares a party wall with one Georgia, if not the nation. or two other houses; the Savannah house, detached with a raised basement; and the Augusta house, detached without a raised basement.

13. May’s Folly, Columbus, 1863. 66 IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: HOUSE TYPES

Gabled Wing House Queen Anne House

This is the two-story version of the gabled This house type is the two-story version wing cottage. T-shaped and usually of the Queen Anne cottage, and except gabled, the gabled wing house type is far for the height, the traits of the two types less common than the gabled wing cot- are identical. Both house types were tage. Most examples were built in the last popular in the 1880s and 1890s, although quarter of the nineteenth century for well- far fewer Queen Anne houses were built. to-do occupants, more often in Georgia’s While the Queen Anne cottage appeared towns and cities rather than its rural areas. in both rural and urban areas, the two- story version was almost limited to residential neighborhoods of Georgia’s towns and cities. IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: HOUSE TYPES 67

American Foursquare Split-Level

A very popular house type nationwide in Largely because it is a product of the the early twentieth century, the American American suburbs in the 1950s, the split- Foursquare was recognized as a separate level house type is not yet on many pres- type only within the last ten years. In ervationists’ lists of preservable resources, Georgia, the type appears mostly in urban but, as in the case of ranch houses and settings, occasionally in rural areas. The mobile homes, this situation is likely to American Foursquare, consisting of a change. The split-level house consists of cubical mass capped by a pyramidal roof, three levels, two of them stacked and the was reputed to provide maximum interior third to one side, raised above the lowest space for the cost. There are four principal level but below the highest level. The main rooms on each ﬂoor; one of the front two doorway is near the center, in the middle rooms typically serves as the entry and level, and a garage is typically in the lowest stairhall. The American Foursquare was level. popular for only about 15 years, between 1915 and 1930. 68 IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES

GUIDE TO ARCHITECTURAL Styles of Architecture STYLES in Georgia Portions of the following guide to architectural styles are excerpts from Historic 1733–Early 20th Century Preservation Handbook: A Guide for Volun- teers, prepared by the Historic Preservation CLASSIFICATION BY ARCHITECTURAL Division, Georgia Department of Natural styles is one method of inventorying, Resources, 1976. For more information on studying, and enjoying Georgia places that architectural styles in Georgia visit geor- have potential for preservation. For the giashpo.org/historic/housing. purposes of this Handbook, the history of the architectural styles in Georgia begins in 1733 with Oglethorpe and ends in the early twentieth century. During this time span, most of the American architectural styles and building types occurred in some form in Georgia, though not all have survived and are clearly intact. A general guide to the styles, like Marcus Whiffen’s American Architecture Since 1780 can be useful to those who want a broad overview of what happened in the U.S.; but as in most rural areas that are removed from the urban eastern seaboard, somewhat predominantly rural with scattered patterns of settlement, these general guide- books to styles are usually only a means of departure because there have been such varied inﬂuences on the “pure styles” and so many developments of folk types. An exclusively Georgia architecture handbook is especially necessary since the geographical distribution of styles in Georgia prior to 1860 was based on patterns of settlement which were somewhat different from the rest of the Union. Much of Georgia before the Civil War was a sparsely settled frontier; parts were not even settled until after Creek and Cherokee land cessions of the 1820s and early 1830s. With respect to speciﬁc Georgia history, folk building types such as log cabins, farm buildings and plantation plain houses should be IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES 69 carefully studied and are equally as important as the fashionable revivals which are as well represented in Georgia as anywhere in the country.

18th CENTURY STYLES 1733–1800

A general description of the eighteenth century in Georgia is difﬁcult, because not only are there so few documented structures remaining in this period, but standing buildings represent varied cultures and origins. Some of the earliest extant examples are found on the coast and range from fortressed tabby house ruins to coastal raised cottages. Midway 14. Old Rock House, near Thompson, c. 1785. Museum, based on carefully researched Colonial Georgia prototypes, has been reconstructed by the State of Georgia at Midway, south of Savannah. Examples of early homes are traces of northern stone houses or early English half-timbered designs. The Harris-Pearson-Walker House, Augusta, c.1800, is one of the best documented examples and has been restored as a museum by the State. It is similar to Colonial period houses in New England and the Carolina coast.

15. Wild Heron Plantation, Chatham County near Savannah, c. 1756. 70 IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES

STYLES OF THE NEW NATION

Plain Style late 1700s–c.1870

In an unpublished report written in 1938 and sponsored by the Historic American Buildings Society, Harold Bush-Brown ﬁrst hinted that this folk style existed as a separate entity. In 1957 Frederick Doveton Nichols gave the style a name, described and cited a few examples but did not give 16. Traveler’s Rest, c. 1815, near Taccoa is an excel- it a prominent place. Because of the style’s lent example of the Plain Style on a Plantation Plain fundamental importance to Georgia, this house type. Handbook give it equal status with other American stylistic terms and make the following observation: The Plantation Plain Style was the basic “root stock” on which Federal and Greek revival architectural styles were grafted in Georgia. It originated during Colonial times and persisted sometimes even after the Civil war. A deﬁnition of Plantation Plain can best be described by its silhouette and plan. Found in almost all parts of Georgia, this two-story gabled roof from has a one-story, front shed porch 17. Plain Style on a Plantation Plain house type in and shed addition on the rear with two Clinton.. exterior end chimneys. In plan the house is generally a two-over-two room design, but often also is found to have a center hall. Similar, but not of two stories, are the Plain Styles dwellings with one or one-and-a-half stories. Cultural geographers and folklor- ists refer to this two-story, one-room deep house as the Virginia I-house and it is a common feature throughout the Piedmont, up-country South.

18. This primarily Plain Style I-house in Gwinnett County has some Greek Revival architectural elements such as the sidelights and transom, c.1820s-30s. IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES 71

Federal 1785–c.1830

The Federal Style was ultimately derived from the delicate classicism of the Adam style in England. Usually Federal Style details were applied t a Plain style structure but important exceptions to this rule may be found in the work of Daniel Pratt in Milledgeville and that of other builder- 19. The Vann House in Chatsworth is an I-House with architects in LaGrange and elsewhere. As Federal style elements, c. 1804. a general rule, however, the Federal style in Georgia was a simpliﬁed version of what elsewhere would be far more elaborate. In many cases a fanlight over the door and sunburst mantel pieces are all that one can all Federal style about Georgia architecture during this period.

20. The Isaiah Davenport House, Savannah, c. 1820, is a fne example of the Federal style in Georgia.

Federal Style Details

21. The mantle, overmantle and moldings inside the Gilbert-Alexander House (left, Washinton, c. 1808) present a fully realized display of the Federal style on interior architectural elements. Fanlights and sidelights as seen on 22. the Ware-Sibley-Clark House (middle) and 23. Vann House (right) are also key elements of the Federal style. 72 IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES

Regency c.1818–c.1824

This form of late-Georgian, neo-classicism influenced by the work of Sir John Soane most notably occurred in the Savannah work of the English architect, William Jay (1794—1837). Immerging from the Georgian Style in England, Regency tends exhibit more elegant and fluid architectural elements and often a smoother finish 25. The Owens-Thomas House by architect William overall such as the stuccoed exterior of the Jay, Savannah, c. 1816. Owens-Thomas House in Savannah.

Greek Revival c.1830–1860

During the boom years prior to the Civil War, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian columns and other Greek Revival ornamentation transformed the face of Georgia. The style was manifested either as details added to existing structures, temple form porticoes, or as an entire Greek Revival temple form with columns sometimes going around the entire structure. Plain style houses were often adapted to the style as well as such other types as the raised cottage.

Examples above of Greek Revival, top to bottom: 26. 24. The classical simplicity of this door and Greek Revival front on the Toombs House, Washington, sidelights are typical of the Greek Revival 1797; 27. Holly Hill, Roswell, 1837; and 28. Mt. Zion style. Near Powder Springs, c. 1850. Church near Sparta, c. 1813. IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES 73

Gothic Revival c.1840–c.1870

Of the parade of nineteenth century revivals, the Gothic Revival was second only in popularity to the Greek Revival, for it provided a refreshing antidote to the sometimes heavy classicism which dominated the landscape. The symmetry so essential to the classic style gave way during the 29. High-style Gothic Revival, Redd House, Colum- Gothic Revival to a taste for visual pictur- bus, c. 1858. esqueness, and a growing desire for more freedom in laying out ﬂoor plans. Usually, one or more of the following elements occurred: an emphasis on the vertical, with pointed arches, clustered columns, or uneven skylines of spires, towers, turrets and crenellated battlements. As with Greek Revival embellishments applied to plain style houses, Gothic ornament was also added to already existing homes. During this Gothic Revival period, several popular stylistic off-shoots developed. 30. Old Academy of Richmond County, Augusta, Among these are Carpenter Gothic, refer- remodeled in 1856-57. ring to A.J. Downing’s cottage type with gingerbread bargeboard, eaves, etc.; and Steamboat Gothic, characterized by the rhythmical wooden pattern of porch brackets and balustrades, and Tudor Gothic, with castle-like features, an excellent example of which is the Old Academy of Richmond County, pictured.

31. A fairly late example, the main house of the Vance Farmstead is a Georgian House type in the Gothic Revival style, Richmond County, c. 1900. 74 IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES

Italianate c.1855–1870

The nineteenth century was a century of revivals, and the Italianate does not have a better representative in the nation than Macon’s Hay House, a National Historic Landmark. Generally, this style is noted for bold contrasts of irregular, rectangular masses of main house and towers, broad extending eaves, usually bracketed, picturesque combinations of arches, columns, pediments and balustrades that reﬂect the 32. Hay House, Macon, built 1855-59. Italian villa in terms of the Victorian era.

33. (left) Dinglewood in Columbus, c. 1859, and 34. (right) the Paschal- Sammons House in Eaton- ton, c. 1850, are both in the Italian Villa or Italianate style. The Paschal-Sam- mons House was originally a Greek Revival style house, remodeled shortly after the Civil War in the 1860s.

Georgia Courthouses

Georgia’s courthouses were built in a variety of styles. Some of the more elaborate examples include, left to right, 35. the Romanesque Revival Oglethorpe County courthouse in red brick and granite, c. 1887; 36. the Second Empire Hancock County courthouse, c. 1881; 37. and the Neo-Classical Revival Putnam County courthouse, c. 1905. IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES 75

Renaissance Revival c.1850s-1895

Generally this style follows classical dictates of symmetry and detail but on a larger scale than its Renaissance anteced- ents. The emphasis on repetition makes it possible for structures, such as commercial buildings to range widely in size. Examples usually have porticos and loggias, and are made of, or resemble stone or marble, 38. First National Bank, Columbus, 1860. often with imitative use of cast iron for classical details. The cast iron façade of the First National Bank in Columbus is an outstanding, early example of Renaissance Revival in style and material.

39. The Atlanta Fixtures Building, Atlanta, c. 1895, has strong Renaissance Revival elements in the facade as was popular for many downtown commercial buildings.

Renaissance Infuence

The architecture of the Italian Renaissance drew on the ideals of Classical architecture, evolving into a whole curriculae of mathematical and aesthetic ideals. These same ideals have been the basis of architecture ever since. 40. Italian Renaissance pavilion-modeled Peachtree Station, Atlanta, c. 1918.

41. During the Renais- sance in Europe, domes became a feature of grand civic architecture. Renais- sance Revival style, City Hall, Savannah, c. 1905.

42. Strong symmetry, triads, arched openings, arcades, and the use of elements such as the string courses here to give the illusion of additional height on the building, are all elements of Classical Renaissance architecture. Colquitt Tower, Moultrie, c. 1930. 76 IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES

HIGH VICTORIAN STYLES c.1870–c.1900

Victorian architecture, long both ignored Second Empire and misunderstood, is now recognized as a serious building art based upon consistent High mansard roofs, frequently with dor- design principles. Picturesque-eclecticism mers, and boldly modeled buildings elabo- is a term which can be used in a general rated with Italianate pilasters and arches way to describe the approach of nineteenth were typical of this style that is sometimes century asymmetry balanced forms, freely referred to as “General Grant.” composed masses and building elements, and variety in color, pattern and texture. Eclecticism denotes the period approach to past precedent for qualities and elements which they selected and combined to create new styles. Architects, like John Moser and G.L. Norman in Atlanta, W.G. Preston and Alfred Eichberg in Savannah and the unknown architect of the Lapham- Patterson House in Thomasville directed their efforts toward the creation of new styles rather than toward the reproduction 44. Hamilton-Turner House, Savannah, c. 1873. of particular past styles. The style names of the period described below were often only suggestive, referring to selected elements and qualities rather than a speciﬁc set of stylistic elements.

45. Second Empire house in Atlanta, c. 1890s.

43. The grand houses of Atlanta’s Inman Park were built in various elaborate Victorian styles which were fashionable in the the 1890s. Pictured are the 1895 homes of Ernest Woodruf, P.H. Harralson, and J.M. Beath. IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES 77

Romanesque Revival High Victorian Gothic

A round-arched style which in this Standard Gothic elements, pointed arches, period was characterized by large, arched pinnacles, turrets and tracery were used in entranceways and rough stone masonry. bold and picturesque ways and dramatized Frequently, bandings of foliate and geo- by strongly varied colors and materials. metric ornament were inserted into the facades. Designs were often referred to as Richardsonian Romanesque after the 48. Detail of Victo- rian Gothic windows inﬂuential American architect, Henry in Savannah. Hobson Richardson. Additionally, many courthouses and other public buildings are rendered in the Romanesque style, often using red brick instead of granite or a combination of the two.

Victorian Eclectic

Buildings of the late 1800s Victorian era, often displayed multiple architectural styles. The Windsor Hotel in Americus (top, c. 1896), and the Dixie Bottling Company building, built in 1891 as a commercial and residential building in Atlanta are good 46. Rhodes Hall, Atlanta, c. 1904. examples of the eclectic combinations popular at the time. 49.

47. Note the use of red brick and stone on the Dooly County Courthouse, Vienna, c. 1892.

50. 78 IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES

Queen Anne Stick Style

Probably the most widespread and char- Buildings with tall proportions had high, acteristic style of the era, this was a very steep roofs, projecting eaves, and exten- free revival of earlier English architecture sive verandas. Often exposed framing in brick and wood. Building elements were was included in the roof gables. Diagonal composed asymmetrically to create pictur- “stickwork,” an overlay of boards suggest- esque effects and irregular plans. Variety ing the unseen structural frame, was one of in color and texture was created by the the style’s most characteristic features. use of several materials and a multiplicity of details. Windows of many shapes and sizes, steeply-pitched A-line roofs, corner towers, sometimes “Dutch” stepped gables, and rich ornament of terra cotta and wood were characteristic features.

53. Lapham-Paterson House, Thomasville, c. 1884, an excellent example of the stick style.

54. The Wren’s Nest, Atlanta, renovated in 1885 to the present Eastlake style. Eastlake

The Eastlake Movement was a nineteenth 51. Top, Simpler Queen Anne style homes in the century design reform movement started Greene Street Historic District, Augusta. 52. Bottom, the Edward Peters House on Ponce de Leon in by English architect Charles Eastlake. Atlanta, c. 1883, which exhibits many textures and Buildings of this style are part of the patterns often found in this eclectic style. Queen Anne style and are similar to Stick style, in fact it may be referred to as Stick- Eastlake style, but exhibit a distinctive type of spoolwork, turned posts, curved brackets and geometric ornaments. IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES 79

Shingle Style Folk Victorian

This unique American style grew from This style includes the use of Victorian, Queen Anne forms and included a shingle often Queen Anne, ornamentation on a covering of the walls, at least in the upper much smaller scale and on more modest stories. house forms. The decoration is often limited to the porch, spoolwork, turned posts, and brackets, and in the gables and eaves of houses. Part of the reason for the proliferation of ornamentation to all classes was the ability to mass produce and apply architectural details irrespective of the architecture of the building. Nowhere is this better seen than in the mass application of ornament lower class dwellings.

55. Shingles cover most of the structure on the Inman Park Trolley Barn (top), Atlanta, c. 1889, while the house below, in Roswell, just has shingles in the upper portions (56).

57. Folk Victorian elements applied to various simple house types. Top: a double-shotgun in the Old Fourth Ward, Atlanta. 58. Bottom, a bungalow in Decatur. The primary ornamentations on each structure are the porch brackets. 80 IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES

EARLY 20th CENTURY STYLES c.1885–1940s

In order to understand the various archi- Beaux Arts Classicism tectural design approaches, let us consider three aspects termed architectural Most often associated with public build- eclecticism, historicism and revivalism. ings, the major features of this style Architectural historicism is the recreation include extensive use of highly decorative and translation of a well-known or recog- classical details, figure sculpture, coupled nizable foreign or domestic architectural columns, arched openings and symmetri- statement in whole or part into a new cal plans. The Atlanta Public Library (the time and place. One example, the archi- Carnegie Library) is a good example. tect Henry Hornbostel’s Daughters of the American Revolution House in Atlanta, was a twentieth century translation of the Bulloch-Habersham House of 1819 by William Jay. Architectural revivalism may be defined similarly to historicism, but the new architectural example is not dependent on any specific architectural source. Rather, it employs the principle of a single earlier style in the process of adaptation to a modern use. The Swan house, by Philip T. Schutze, in Atlanta is one such 59. The Carnegie Library in Atlanta, c. 1902. Paired example. Architectural eclecticism is the monumental ionic columns, large arched windows, free combination of various architectural and an inscribed entablature under a modillion cor- styles, motifs, materials and details to nice are hallmarks of the Beaux Arts style. The library create a new visual effect. Built in 1929, was demolished in 1977 to make room for the current in a mixture of Byzantine, Arabic and Central Public Library. Egyptian designs is the Fox Theatre, which exemplifies this type. The historic styles, their revivals and new adaptations were numerous in the decades surrounding the early twentieth century. A brief description follows of some of the more common styles used in Georgia.

60. Martha Brown United Methodist Church, Atlanta, c. 1893. IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES 81

Neo-Classical Tudor and English Vernacular

After the Columbian Exposition in 1893 This style exhibits the use of pointed or in Chicago, a resurgence of white painted Tudor arches, decorative use of half tim- structures with classical temple form and bering, tall chimneys with multiple stacks, details occurred. However, this classi- asymmetrical plans, bay windows and cal revival, unlike that of mid-nineteenth stone accents around apertures. Although century Federal and Greek Revival periods, proliferate in many early twentieth century reﬂected largely the rambling Victorian neighborhoods on modest English Cottage plans, greater use of the Corinthian col- house types, Callanwolde in Atlanta is a umns, general use of classical details. Some good example of the austere Tudor-Jaco- examples of Neo-Classicism are found on bethan style and the commercial district Green Street in Gainesville, and in The of Avondale Estates in DeKalb county, Crescent in Valdosta and the J.W. Callahan one of Georgia’s few intentionally planned House in Bainbridge. communities, is an uncommon example of the English Vernacular style in a non- residential setting.

63. Callanwolde, Atlanta, c. 1920.

61. Top, the Callahan-Penhallagon House in Bain- bridge is an example of the elaborate Neo-Classical style on a residence. 62. Bottom, the style is also commonly found on early-mid 20th century apart- 64. This English Vernacular house in Decatur is an ment buildings such as these in Decatur. English Cottage type, a common pairing. Although the style is often interpreted in brick or stucco, wood siding was not uncommon in a modest residential setting. 82 IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES

Colonial Revival Mediterranean Revival

Those buildings translated in the early This style became particularly popular in 1900s from Colonial or pre-Revolutionary the 1910s-30s. It evolved from the inter- designs best define those structures called est in Italian Renaissance architecture of Colonial Revival. The original Colonial palaces and villas and reflects the archi- examples, dating before the American tectural influence of the Mediterranean Revolution or pre-1783 consisted of ethnic coast: Italian, Byzantine, Moorish themes types. The most common of these were from southern Spain, and French. Parapets, reflected in the twentieth century Span- twisted columns, pediments, arches and ish Colonial Revival with interior court- other classical elements are often used. yards, curvilinear shaped gables and deep The most common materials are stucco, verandas; the Neo-Georgian, with massive red tile roofs, wrought iron grilles and rail- forms and acknowledgement of symme- ings, wood brackets, and the use of ceramic try, hip roofs and predimental doorways tile and terra cotta for ornament. Build- crisply defined; and the Neo-Federal or ings range from larger public buildings like Adamesque Revival, more delicate in trans- Peachtree Station in Atlanta to single-story lation of classical form, and noted especially bungalows in middle class neighborhoods. for the use of the elliptical fanlight.

67. Mediterranean Revival/Spanish Mission style house, Dalton, c. 1907.

65. Examples of the Colonial Revival style in Atlanta and Decatur (66).

68. An example of the Mediterranean Revival style in Augusta’s Greene Street Historic District. IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES 83

Commercial Style

Generally of five to sixteen stories high, the commercial style has ornamentation which is subordinated to wide rectangular windows places in regular pattern within framing that reflects the steel skeleton construction. There are flat roofs and usually the base of one or two stories is delineated by entrance detail and overhanging cornice. Examples include the English-American Building and the Candler Building, both in Atlanta. 69. The English-American Building (also known as the Flatiron Building), Atlanta, c. 1897.

Architecture of the Theatre

There are approximately 260 historic theatres in Georgia today. 70. The Neo-Classical DeSoto Theatre is located in Rome. 71. Fitzgerald’s Grand Theatre was built in the Art Deco style. 72. The Fox Theatre, built in the exotic revival style, has been an Atlanta landmark since it was completed in 1929.

70.

71.

72. 84 IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES

Prairie Style Craftsman

The Prairie style was was developed by The Craftsman style was the most popular American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. early 20th-century style in Georgia. Like It is one of the few styles developed in the the Prairie style, it was also American United States and drew its influences from in origin and drew on similar influences. Japanese architecture as well as the English The Craftsman style produced carefully Arts and Crafts Movement that empha- designed houses, in which materials and sized use of materials and picturesque the way in which they were put together irregularity of form. The Prairie style was in a structure were emphasized. The style rarely used in Georgia largely due to the spread rapidly through pattern books and immense popularity of the many revival magazines and Craftsman houses were styles from the turn of the century through built in rural, small town, and urban set- the 1930s. Examples that were built were tings and entire neighborhoods of Crafts- generally constructed during the 1910s and man style houses are common. 1920s in the city neighborhoods. The Craftsman house uses a wide A defining characteristic of the Prairie variety of materials for its structure and style is its emphasis on the horizontal. A detailing. Wide overhanging eaves are open Prairie style house is usually two stories with exposed rafters, and large gables have with one-story porches and wings, a low-pitched roof, and wide overhanging eaves with exposed rafters. The Prairie house as developed by Wright had an open and functional plan that revolved around a central living area, a move toward the development of the modern house plan. In Georgia, most examples simply add exterior Prairie style features to an already established house form. Prairie features may also be combined with other stylistic influences, particularly the Craftsman style.

74. Bungalows like this one in Decatur are frequently built in the Craftsman style. 75. Below, note the low- 73. A Prairie style house in Decatur. pitched roof, neat rows of windows, and exposed eaves brackets, elements of the Craftsman style, Ben Hill, c.1919. IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES 85 decorative brackets at the eaves and may be Art Deco and Streamline Moderne covered with half-timbering. Porches have short square columns set on heavy masonry The linear qualities of these styles were piers. Windows may have a multi-paned sash forerunners for Modern architecture for over a large one-pane sash. The Craftsman the rest of the 20th century. Decoration style is closely associated with the bungalow in the vertical Art Deco style drew on a house type; however, it was popular as orna- variety of historical styles such as Classical, mentation for many different house forms. Egyptian, and Aztec. Streamline Moderne (also Moderne or Art Moderne) came about on the end of the Deco movement, 20th Century influenced by the streamlining of indus- Vernacular/Plain Style trial design for ships, airplanes and automobiles. Horizontal, rather than vertical, Differentiated from the craftsman style, it is defined by smooth surfaces, curved generally by its simplified design and lack of corners, and horizontal emphasis. ornament, the twentieth century vernacular or plain style is exemplified in the mill village house complex. Here it is defined more by use and place in community, but is usually a frame one-story house set in a definite pattern around a mill or factory. Both Cabbagetown in Atlanta and Atco near Cartersville are mill village examples.

78. The verticality and fat, stylized ornamentation of Art Deco is seen on the 1950 addition to the Atlanta Public Library. Demolished 1977.

79. Streamline Moderne and Art Deco features com- bine on the Blair-Rutland Building, Decatur, c. 1942.

Considered Plain style for their lack of ornament, 76. Top, mill worker housing in LaGrange (gable end cottages) and, 77. Bottom, shotgun houses in Columbus, c. 1910. 86 IDENTIFYING HISTORIC PROPERTIES: ARCHITECTURAL STYLES

International Style are flush with the walls, often grouped in bands, and usually are are metal casements. Structural glass block may also be used to The International style provided a radi- let in light. The International style was not cal break with architectural traditions. It popular in Georgia, its radically different was developed in the 1920s and 1930s by approach conflicted with conservative European architects who wanted to take architectural traditions and popular stylistic advantage of modern building materials revivals. Any Georgia examples were gener- and technology. The result was a struc- ally constructed in cities during the 1930s tural skeleton covered with a thin exterior and 1940s and were architect-designed. skin of material. Design was stripped to its basics; the efficient functioning of a building without decorative ornamentation Lustron Houses became the guiding principle. An International style structure consists Lustron houses were developed after World of simple geometric shapes that reflect the War II in response to housing shortages, structural skeleton underneath exterior wall which opened the doors for many new and material. The roof is always flat. Windows innovative techniques in home construction and housing development such as Levit- towns, Eichler homes, and fnally prefabricated housing such as the Lustron houses. Lustron houses were prefabricated enamelled steel, designed to attract modern families who did not have time to deal with the maintenance and repair of a conventional wood and plaster house. The houses included many space-saving and innovative features both inside and out— built-in cabinetry, storage and a downspout 80. Above, the Atlanta Constitution Building, c. 1947, disguised as a porch column. is considered one of Atlanta’s frst International Style There are a handful of these funky buildings. 81. Below, a 1949 apartment complex in Atlanta in the still-new style. prefab houses in Georgia, below is the Farmer Lustron House in Decatur, c. 1949.

82.

For more information on Lustron Houses go to www.lustronpreservation.org GUIDE TO HISTORICAL RESEARCH 87

Guide to Historical Research

RESEARCHING EVENTS, PEOPLE AND to-date information on preservation laws places in history can often be a difficult and regulations and National and Georgia task, especially when information is not Register for Historic Places. accessible on the internet or in a public Universities and Colleges house photo- library. This section will provide research graphic collections, architectural history options as well as guidelines for obtaining collections, map and periodical collections, historical records and information. and manuscripts and archives collections. Specific universities also have preservation Where to Go First societies and architectural programs. Local, regional, and state libraries house Beginning Research collections pertaining to local and regional histories, city directories, genealogical Good Sources for Initial Research collections, photography collections, and into a Building, Person, or Event historic newspapers and directories on microfilm. Abstract of Title. This document provides an abbreviated history chronicling the Local and regional branches of the ownership of a particular parcel of real National Archives house census data, fed- estate. Included are references to mort- eral survey maps, and guides to collections. gages, deeds, wills, litigation, tax sales, Museums (local, regional, county, state and probate records. The abstract lists the historical societies and museum associa- names of previous and current owners, tions) house publications, files, tours, pho- dates and prices of sales and a description tography collections, architectural history of legal boundaries. An abstract of title can collections, and local histories. locate a historically significant individual, establish dates of construction and altera- State Archives and Records Management tions to the property, furnish boundary Offices house county assessor’s property descriptions, and locate a property in the tax records, government and legal records, event that its name changed or a street history and genealogical studies, and state name or number changed during its his- specific historical records. tory. The abstract of title can be found Statewide or national historical and genea- from the owner of a property, office of the logical societies hold books, pamphlets, attorney associated with the title research, articles, genealogical notes, newspapers, or within the files of the title company. periodicals, microfilm, family histories, Architectural and Construction Drawings. and manuscript collections. These drawings can provide general and Statewide historic preservation societ- detailed construction information, dates of ies have information on the preservation construction and alterations, the architects of buildings, landmarks, districts, and name and/or associated firm, plans, and archival resources. They also have up- materials used. They can authenticate the 88 GUIDE TO HISTORICAL RESEARCH

design and appearance of the original build- erty for all years the census was taken. The ing as well as any additions or alterations, names, ages, gender, ethnicity and vocation validate the historic integrity of the prop- of residents found in census records can erty, and establish the period of significance be used to build the history of a particular and significant dates. Architectural and property. Census records have been digi- construction drawings can be found from tized for online research, but researchers the owner of the property, an architectural may be charged a fee to access the com- or engineering firm, the headquarters of plete data. The Federal Records Center in the architectural/construction firm, the tax Suitland, Maryland and state archives such assessor’s office, or newspapers. as the Atlanta History Center have accessible records as well. Architectural Journals. These journals provide architectural articles from the Church Records. Birth, death, baptismal, applicable historic period, architectural and marriage records are provided by most biographies, and/or architectural drawings churches. Biographical details of individu- and photographs. They describe architec- als connected to a particular property or tural designs and features and supply a event may be ascertained. Church records statement of significance about the historic are held in parish or diocesan offices. structure. Architectural journals can be City Council or County Meetings. These found within the archives at specialized recordings provide ordinances and resolu- fine arts libraries or the original architec- tions that may have affected a property, tural publications. district, or neighborhood including dates Building Permits. Building permits provide and descriptions of actions taken. Agendas, the name of the architect responsible for minutes, and auxiliary materials can be initial construction, additions, and altera- obtained by the city clerk or the clerk of tions, the source of architectural drawings, the superior court or county courthouse. the client, the contractor, and the cost and Deeds. Deeds provide the ownership of date of construction. Building permits title (current and historic), value of the often contain information that will assist property, association of important individ- in the determination of significant style uals with the property, and dates of origi- or type of design, identification of the nal construction and subsequent additions. architect, material for description, the These can be found by contacting the clerk integrity of the building, and construction. for the superior court, clerk for the county They can be found at city, county or state courthouse, or in the state archives. archives, city or county records offices, or the municipal building inspector’s office. Directories and Gazetteers. Directories include city directories, which pro- Cemetery Records. These records provide vide alphabetical listings of occupants, biographical detail of individuals associated addresses, and businesses; business direc- with specific properties. Cemetery records tories, which include a list of merchants, can be found at cemetery administrators, addresses, and advertisements; social cemetery offices, churches, rectories, dioc- directories, which include names of a esan offices, city halls and courthouses. community’s social elite listed alphabeti- Census Records. These records provide cally by streets as well as hotel occupants. information about the residents of a prop- Gazetteers provide information on rural GUIDE TO HISTORICAL RESEARCH 89 areas, businesses, and towns. They can be at county courthouses, city hall, local/ found in local and regional libraries and/or regional libraries and historical societ- historical societies. ies, printed books, university and college collections, surveyor general, Library of Interviews and Oral Histories. Personal Congress, and architectural firm records. recollections about a property may provide evidence of the original appearance and Newspapers. Newspapers provide informa- the evolution of the property through tion on the addresses of properties, articles its history. The significance of the prop- pertaining to dates of construction, prices, erty, residents, and owners may also be owner and/or architect, and use of the obtained. Interviews and oral histories property. This can be used in distinguish- can be collected from current or former ing functions of the property, descrip- residents, owners, or observers. tions of the property, building dates, and significance of the owner and/or architect. Maps and Plats. There are multiple types Newspapers can also be found in local/ of maps and plats that provide information regional libraries, state/federal archives, on property location, boundaries, uses, historical societies, online archives, and outbuildings and demolitions, including archive databases. town maps, property plats, land ownership maps, bird’s eye view maps, developer’s Photographs and Postcards. These visual town layouts, tourist maps, landscaping resources provide information on architec- firm layouts, and/or Sanborn Fire Insur- tural and landscape features, alterations, ance maps. These resources can be found and associated structures. They determine

Census data can Sanborn Fire Insurance provide informa- maps are a magnifcent tion on household resource for information residents. about buildings in cities and towns.

83. Postcards were often commissioned by cities or businesses—this postcard view of Adams St., Decatur, shows the intended pattern of the neighborhood including tree plantings. (Joe Lee Postcard Collection, Archives, DeKalb History Center, Decatur) 90 GUIDE TO HISTORICAL RESEARCH the integrity of the structure and possibly A mortgage can indicate improvements the original appearance and any additions made to a building. that may have been added. Photographs Noteworthy increases in the price of a and postcards can be found from property parcel of land may indicate improve- owners, historical societies, antique shops ments or additions to the parcel. and flea markets, local and regional librar- The Bureau of Land Management ies, and state archives. offers General Land Office Records for Tax Records. Information received from parcels in most states in the USA. The tax records includes a description of the website for further research is available structure, dates, the relationship of the at www.glorecords.blm.gov. property to the city limits or county devel- Wills, in most cases, include an inven- opments, drawings and plans, and increases tory of property owned by that person. or decreases in value. The relative value Tax records list the location of land par- of the property, associations with impor- cels or buildings possessed by the owner. tant individuals, and the integrity of the property can be obtained with tax records. City directories provide information on They can be found from the judge of pro- the existence of houses and buildings. bate, city or county courts, tax assessors, If the owner of the property is listed at state archives, and city or county clerks. a different address, it may indicate that the house has not yet been built on the property. Tips for Researching Plat maps, tax parcel maps, bird’s eye a Specifc Building view maps, Sanborn maps, and survey Trace the ownership of the property maps provide information about the through the abstract of title, deeds, or land and the buildings. Sanborn Fire interviews with current owners if pos- Insurance Maps are particularly useful sible. to researchers showing color coding for structural elements, locations and The chain of title is a good place to dimensions, number of stories of the start building a foundation for research. structure, window and door openings, Obtain the current owners name and dates of construction and any addi- address of the property. tions, and the footprint of the building. The chain of title should be traced from Sanborn Maps can be found at local the current owner back to the original historical societies, county records, owner. state archives, and local libraries. The With the current owners name and the Atlanta History Center has some San- legal description of the property, a Deed born Maps available in digital format Index will locate the property transac- and the historic book format. tions listed with the current owner as Photographs determine changes made the Grantee. to the building and surrounding fea- Copy the name of the grant and the tures in the area. If dated correctly, references. they can be very useful research tools. Historic photographs can be found Start this process again by trying to find through colleges and universities, his- the historic owners listed as the Grantee. GUIDE TO HISTORICAL RESEARCH 91

torical societies, and city collections of Researching a Historic District both public and private status. Building contracts for public buildings Building permits were required start- can be found in the city, county, or state ing in the late nineteenth century and archives. They contain the name of the may contain the name of the archi- architect, firm, or contractor, and dates tect, architectural drawings, clients, and costs of the project. contractor, and cost and date of work Newspaper articles dated around the done. These permits can be found with time of construction of a district can the municipal building inspector, city provide valuable information on notices of or county records offices, or the city, initiation or completion of a project and county, or state archives. the architects or builders associated with Census data provides names, ages, the construction. Online archives and races, and occupations of people within historical societies/libraries are the best a household. This can be useful in place to start when looking for newspaper establishing the history of a particular articles. property. Census records exist for pen- Private and public collections may sioners, widows, Confederate soldiers, provide minutes from a corporation or club Masonic lodges, mortality, free black on construction information. populations, African American house- City Prospectuses contain valuable holds, and manufacturers. Many librar- information on public facilities and com- ies, county level archives, and historical mercial establishments, as they were used societies contain census records. to attract businesses to local areas. For information on mills and factories Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps give search the State Archives holds for the invaluable information on the growth and Census of Manufacturers. Corporation change of a district over time. Books found at the county courthouse and newspaper articles provide useful Researching a Religious Building information on factories and mills as well. Building contracts for religious buildings offer the name of the architect and/or con- The American Institute of Architects tractor, dates, and costs of construction. has local and state chapters that contain These contracts can be found in the city, files of early architectural firms and county, state, or church archives. plans for buildings. Private and public collections contain minutes from church meetings that may provide information on construction of a new building or renovations/additions to a previously constructed building. 92 GUIDE TO HISTORICAL RESEARCH

Historic Resources Survey Program Increase awareness of, and interest in, a Information community’s historic buildings To find out if your community has been Historic resources surveys collect and surveyed, check the GNAHRGIS database. record information about extant historic buildings on a county-wide or community- Funding for Surveys wide basis. City or county governments generally undertake surveys for their Currently there are no state funds for communities as a first step in documenting historic resources surveys in Georgia. historic resources for planning purposes. Certified Local Governments may apply A professional preservation consultant is for National Trust Historic Preservation usually hired to complete the survey. This Fund federal grant money to conduct survey information includes an architec- historic resources surveys in their tural description of the building, photo- community. graphs, and field notes on its age, history, setting, and geographical location. Each FindIT! community or county survey includes a final survey report analyzing the findings. FindIT! (findit.uga.edu/) is a historic The survey data is entered into an online resources survey program sponsored by database known as GNAHRGIS–Geor- the Georgia Transmission Corporation in gia’s Natural, Archaeological and Historic partnership with the Historic Preserva- Resources Geographic Information System tion Division and the University of Geor- available at www.gnahrgis.org. gia’s College of Environment and Design. Surveys document the location of cultural resources in Georgia, and the data col- Completed surveys can be used to: lected is entered into GNAHRGIS. Identify buildings and districts for possible listing in the Georgia/ National Other links Register of Historic Places; “Guidelines for Local Surveys: A Basis for Assist preservation efforts of Georgia’s Preservation Planning,” published by the Certified Local Governments; National Park Service, provides guidance Support local designations of buildings to communities, organizations, Federal and districts; and State agencies, and individuals inter- Expedite environmental review by ested in undertaking surveys of historic governmental agencies; resources. The document is available at www. Aid preservation and land-use planning; cr.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb24/. Promote research of the state’s history and architecture; and GUIDE TO HISTORICAL RESEARCH 93

Website Links for Research

Cyndi’s List: a listing of genealogy sites online www.cyndislist.com American Memory at the Library of Congress memory.loc.gov Panoramic maps Photographs Native American history The National Archives www.archives.gov Archival Database Archival Research Catalogue The Georgia Archives sos.georgia.gov/archives Newspaper Archives www.newspaperarchive.com/BrowseLocations.aspx The Internet Public Library www.ipl.org List of map sites www.xmarks.com/site/oddens.geog.uu.nl/ The Making of America digital.library.cornell.edu/m/moa U.S. History and American Studies Research Guide guides.library.yale.edu/ushistory Public History Resource Center www.publichistory.org Architectural Style Guide architecturestyles.org National Register of Historic Places, National Register Information System www.nps.gov/nr/research The American Antiquarian Society’s online collections: www.americanantiquarian.org/digital.htm Kenan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center: www.atlantahistorycenter.com/cms/About+Kenan+Research+Center/154.html Library collections Photographs Georgia and American Archives

Technical Information

Restoring a Historic Structure

HISTORIC PRESERVATION IS A reward- for sensitive preservation projects. Choos- ing practice, and although beginning ing the appropriate methodology for your a preservation project may seem like a property will help you determine how best daunting task, proper planning can help to to approach the project. ensure that your project is a success. The following steps will help get your project Work with a professional off to a good start. Once you’ve determined the scope of your project, you’ll need to find an architect or Get to know your historic building contractor to help you complete the work. Researching a property’s history is a great Research local firms by contacting owners way to start planning a restoration project. of historic homes, historical societies, Learning about the property is a valuable preservation organizations and the State way to determine an appropriate scope of Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) work for your project, as well as under- for references. You can also contact the stand any restrictions that may have been local chapter of the American Institute placed on the property through covenants of Architects (AIA) who can provide you and local historic district designation. with a list of professionals with experi- Working with a trained professional to ence working on historic structures. Once determine the condition of your property you’ve built a list of potential partners, will help you identify and prioritize the visit their websites and/or request materi- challenges and opportunities unique to als from their firms. Once you’ve identi- your historic property. A survey will also fied the firms that fit your needs, set up an help you develop an appropriate budget for appointment to meet with them and ask the project. questions specific to your project. Request the names of former clients you can call for references. Consult the experts

The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards For a complete copy of this checklist, visit for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for the American Institute of Architects at Rehabilitating Historic Buildings provide www.aia.org. great information on the Do’s and Don’ts

95 96 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

TIPS from the American Institute of Architects to consider when hiring an architect or contractor include: 1. Build a list of possible contractors. Research who has designed projects in your area that you like, and ask historical societies, the State Historic Preservation Ofcer (SHPO), home owners in historic districts, and local house museums who they have used in the past. If you already have an architect, he or she may be able to recommend a contractor. 2. Contact the local chapter of the American Institute of Architects (AIA). They will have a list of member-owned frms and companies that are trained in working on historic structures. 3. Call each frm on your list. Ask if they can accomplish your project and request literature on the frm’s qualifcations and experience. If the company is unable to handle your project ask for recommendations for other frms. 4. Interview potential frms. Look for someone you feel comfortable with as you will be working with them for a while. Some frms charge fees for interviews so ask ahead of time. 5. Ask questions. How busy is the frm? Does it have the capacity to take on this project? Who will handle the job? Talk about your budget and fees, ask to see a completed project, and request references. 6. Request Architect’s Qualifcations Statement (B431) or Contractor’s Qualifcations Statement (A305) from your local AIA chapter. These provide you with a way to judge the qualifcations of the architect or contractor you are investigating.

For a complete copy of this checklist, visit the American Institute of Architects at www.aia.org.

Secretary of the Interior’s when choosing a treatment option. One must take into account the building’s Standards for the Treatment of historical significance and degree of impor- Historic Properties tance, current physical condition, proposed use of the building, and all current code The United States Secretary of the Inte- requirements. rior has a set of established standards for responsible preservation practices. These Preservation values a building’s cur- guidelines were formed in collaboration rent condition and existing historic with the National Park Service to protect fabric. Historic features must be repaired the nation’s historic buildings and cultural and conserved, but respectful alterations resources. They note four different treat- previously made to the building may ment options (preservation, rehabilitation, remain intact. New exterior additions restoration and reconstruction), and each are not acceptable; however, upgrades of has its own set of standards. All ten of the systems and other code-required work are Secretary of Interior’s Standards for Reha- acceptable. bilitation must be followed for federal tax Rehabilitation values the retention and incentive eligibility. repair of historic materials but allows for There are many factors to consider some replacement due to deterioration TECHNICAL INFORMATION 97 beyond repair to adaptive use. Rehabilita- recommended practices in the following tion seeks a compatible use for a property areas of rehabilitation: that preserves its historical, cultural, or Planning architectural values. Restoration returns a historic property Maintenance to the way it appeared at a particular point Windows in time, often its original condition. This Weatherization and Insulation includes removing features from another Heating, Ventilating, and Air Condi- time period, reconstructing missing ele- tioning (HVAC) and Air Circulation ments, and upgrading systems and other code-required work. Solar Technology Reconstruction is needed when a Wind Power—Wind Turbines and historic structure no longer exists or is Windmills deteriorated beyond repair. It uses appro- Roofs—Cool Roofs and Green Roofs priate modern materials to build a replicate Site Features and Water Efficiency of the structure at a specific period of time and in its historic location. Daylighting The complete guide to the Secretary of Before installing any energy conserva- the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment tion upgrades, you should asses the build- of Historic Properties can be found at ing’s current characteristics. Analyze the www.cr.nps.gov/hps/tps/standguide/. design, materials, surrounding landscape, climate, construction and size of the historic structure. Research the energy-effi- Standards for Sustainability cient practices of the time period when the structure was built to fully understand the Preserving, rehabilitating, restoring or structure’s inherent sustainable qualities. reconstructing historic structures is an Then you can determine how these natural inherently sustainable process—After elements combined with new technology all, the greenest building is the one that can work together most effectively. already exists. The Secretary of the Inte- rior’s Standards for Rehabilitation include For more detailed information about guidelines that offer specific direction sustainability guidelines, please refer to the on how to make historic buildings more National Park Service’s Illustrated Guide- sustainable while preserving their historic lines on Sustainability for Rehabilitating character. Historic Buildings, which can be found at The Guidelines on Sustainability for www.nps.gov/tps/standards/rehabilitation/ Rehabilitating Historic Buildings detail sustainability-guidelines.pdf. 98 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

BUILDING MATERIALS AND Repair and Maintenance TECHNIQUES of your Old House

The following is an excerpt from Georgia’s THE PURCHASE OF AN old house may Living Places: Historic Houses in Their be the largest investment you ever make. Landscaped Settings, prepared by the It is important to care for this investment Historic Preservation Division, Georgia properly so that it will serve you well, Department of Natural Resources, 1991. maintain its value and act as a tangible link to the history of Georgia. While owning a historic house can be enjoyable, it also can be a challenge to maintain and repair. The following information is designed to assist you in making the correct preservation decision when working on your home. Preservation maintenance and sensible repairs are the keys to protecting your house from costly deterioration. You will own your house for only a short portion of its life, and it is important that the decisions you make about changes or repairs be informed and sensitive to its history. The unique character and irreplaceable features in your old house should be treated with respect. Irreversible design changes should be avoided or have minimal impact on the historic fabric of the building. Repair rather than replace a damaged building element. If it cannot be repaired, it should be replaced with an element that is as close to the original as possible. To better understand the philosophy behind working on historic buildings, the United States Department of the Interior has defined the terminology used in historic preservation. These definitions are used by governmental agencies, non-profit organizations and private individuals to clarify the different preservation treatments possible.

Stabilization is the act or process of applying measures necessary to re-establish the stability of an unsafe, damaged or deteriorated property while retaining the essential TECHNICAL INFORMATION 99 form as it exists at present. (For example, emphasizes that approach. Restoration of providing a temporary support system for a building, however, is certainly justified an unsafe porch roof). if the owner wishes it and the building is architecturally, materially or historically Preservation is the act or process of important. Restoration or partial recon- applying measures necessary to sustain the struction should be attempted only after existing form, integrity and material of finding proper documentation to verify the a historic property. It may include initial proposed changes to the building. stabilization work, where necessary, as well as ongoing maintenance and repair of The condition of the building may dic- the historic materials and features. (For tate stabilization as the proper course example, repainting). until further study is done or resources Rehabilitation is the act or process of are assembled to do additional work. The returning a property to a state of utility information included in this section can through repair or alteration, which makes be helpful in carrying out any of these possible an efficient contemporary use approaches. while preserving those portions or features of the property that are significant to its historical and cultural values. (For Planning example, replacing deteriorated mechanical systems with new ones that cause the One of the most important aspects of any least alteration or damage to the historic significant rehabilitation work on your old material). house is to plan ahead. Careful planning is the best way to prevent a project from get- Restoration is the act or process of accu- ting out of hand, progressing too slowly, or rately recovering the form, features and resulting in a poorly finished product. details of a property as it appeared at a Before starting any rehabilitation proj- particular period of time by means of the ect, photograph the existing conditions of removal of later work or by the replace- your building. These ‘’before’’ photographs ment of missing earlier work. (For exam- can help in putting things back together ple, removing an asphalt shingle roof and the way they were originally. If any parts replacing it with wooden shingles, as were of the house have been stolen, damaged originally on the building). by fire, or accidentally thrown away, these Reconstruction is the act or process of photographs provide evidence for the reproducing, by new construction, the design of replacement parts. exact form, features and details of a Photographs should be general views vanished building, structure, landscape or of each room, the exterior facades of object as it appeared at a specific period of the building and details of the parts of time and on its original site. (For example, the building where work will take place. rebuilding a missing porch and duplicating These details could include mantels, the original by using historic photographs). wainscot, doors, windows or other decora- The majority of work done on historic tive ornaments. “Before” photographs buildings in Georgia falls under the can also help you appreciate the progress definition of rehabilitation. The informa- being made. If you are applying for any tion included in this technical material type of tax incentives based on project 100 TECHNICAL INFORMATION work, ‘’before” photographs are absolutely Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation for necessary. guidance on preservation philosophy. You Become familiar with your house by may want to begin the rehabilitation work learning about its history and physical con- yourself; however, if the project seems to dition. Historical investigation acquaints be overwhelming, contact a preservation you with its style, construction date and architect or a contractor who has this type builder. Check and see if your house has of experience. Remember to ask for refer- been surveyed or is in either a National ences, and be sure to get estimates for the Register or a local historic district. Talk proposed work. with local historians and preservationists to see if they have any information about Before You Begin your building. The physical investigation acquaints To make your rehabilitation easier and you with the current condition of the safer, consider the following items: house and its site. Walk around the yard Temporarily cover or seal any opening and look at the grounds. Are there any to halt water penetration. Most interior remaining gardens or outbuildings? On the deterioration in a structure is caused by outside of the building, examine the roof, water or moisture penetrating from the exterior skin and foundation. Once inside, exterior. Broken windows, leaking roofs begin with the attic and proceed methodi- and missing exterior siding allow excess cally through the house, ending with the moisture inside where it can cause serious basement. Note any signs of deterioration damage. or evidence that the building has under- Remove any fire hazards such as gone changes. The “Building Investigation exposed wiring or overloaded electrical Checklist” that follows should help. circuits. Fix any broken steps, and clean up Before construction begins, find out trash or debris both inside and outside the if your municipality has any local design structure. guidelines that apply to exterior work. Remove and store doors, fireplace Contact your community’s building or mantels, stair railings or special fixtures planning department to see what approv- to keep them out of harm’s way. Before als, permits or certificates are needed. removing an architectural feature, photo- Once you understand the applicable graph it in place, number it, and note its requirements to be followed, develop the location so it can be put back after being actual plan of how and when the work repaired. will be done. Consider the climate, the Cover floors, bathroom fixtures and time of year and what activities need to be ceramic tiles to prevent damage during done where. Consult the Secretary of the rehabilitation. TECHNICAL INFORMATION 101

Building Investigation Checklist

Materials and Tools Necessary: Optional: Comfortable old clothes Binoculars Writing pad and pencil Level Clipboard Pry bar Flashlight Hammer Pocket knife Magnifying glass Screw driver Plumb bob Tape measure Camera with fash Towel

General Information

Construction Date(s): ______Additions: ______Style: ______Number of Stories: ______Exterior ______Roof Type: ______Roof Material: ______Chimney: ______Exterior Wall Construction: ______Exterior Wall Material(s): ______Foundation Material(s): ______Basement/Crawl Space: ______Doors: ______Windows: ______Porch(es): ______Interior

Heating System: ______Plumbing System: ______Electrical System: ______Floor Plan: ______Floor Material(s): ______Baseboard: ______Wainscoting: ______Wall Material(s): ______Ceiling Material(s): ______Picture Molding: ______Cornice Molding: ______Doors: ______Kitchen Cabinets: ______Bathroom Fixtures: ______102 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

BUILDING EXTERIORS

THE EXTERIOR BUILDING ENVELOPE Foundations in Georgia are often made is not only structurally important, but it of brick piers, supporting the base of a also helps define the character of a house. building. Many owners want to fill in the Obscuring or altering the visual impact area between these piers to enclose the of the historic exterior should be avoided. crawl space. The best approach is to use Whether the house is a frame structure a compatible brick infill, set back slightly covered with wood siding or one of brick from the piers so that the original form of construction, exterior material provides the foundation is still visible. If concrete a visual impression of the building, its block is to be used, this should also be set texture, shape and color. The original back and painted or stuccoed a dark color exterior wall surface of your home should to diminish its visual impact. This infill be retained during a rehabilitation. If dete- could also be covered with wood lattice to riorated pieces need to be replaced, where conceal it. The original brick piers, how- possible, the same material as the original ever, should not be painted or covered with should be used. stucco. Aluminum or vinyl siding should not be installed over the original siding of historic homes. Application of these materials can damage the original siding, hide potential problems from view, and obscure the character of the historic house. Synthetic siding materials are not historic and are not appropriate for use on historic buildings.

Application of Synthetic Siding

Adapted from an illustration in Cheraw Preservation and Maintenance Manual TECHNICAL INFORMATION 103

Roofs

Roof maintenance and repair is usually the most important aspect of preserving a historic house. A leaking roof will quickly lead to deterioration of structural and decorative elements.

The form and material of the roof contribute greatly to the character of a house and both should be maintained. Whether a house has a gabled, hipped, mansard or BUILT-IN (BOX CORNICE) flat roof with a parapet (or a combination of these), the original form as well as the pitch of the roof should be preserved. If the roof material, such as slate, clay tile, wood shingles or metal, is a significant feature of the house, replacement should be done using the same materials. In a similar fashion, the design and material used for the flashing, gutters and downspouts that carry water off the roof and away from the building should be replaced in kind. Adding new skylights to the roof WOOD (BOX CORNICE) should be avoided, but if they must be installed, they should not be visible on the primary facades of the building and should be of low profile. “Bubble-top” skylights should be avoided.

FLUSH OR POLE

104 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Entrances and Porches Windows and Doors

A house’s entrance and porch are focal The appearance of a historic house is points of its architectural style. Usually on greatly influenced by its windows and exte- the front or principle facade of a building, rior doors. Original windows and doors are the porch and entryway help character- important design elements that should be ize the building and define its relationship maintained and repaired when necessary. to the sidewalk, landscape and street. These elements are especially susceptible These decorative and functional features, to deterioration and decay due to weather- together with their accompanying steps, ing, so maintenance is often needed. balustrades, columns, pediments and pilas- Original materials that make up ters should be repaired and retained as part windows, doors and shutters include glass of a rehabilitation project. The removal panes, wooden members and hardware. or alteration of an original porch or entry To maintain the historic appearance, these should be avoided. Replacing columns with elements should be repaired rather than ones that are inappropriate to the style replaced during a rehabilitation project. and design of the building should also be These elements help to define the build- avoided. In addition, wood floors should ing’s character. During rehabilitation, not be replaced with concrete, and roof each sash and door should be individually lines should not be altered. inspected for deterioration. Repairs should Features of an entrance, such as the be made on only those elements that doors, fanlight, sidelights or pediment require them. Wholesale repairs are rarely should be retained. The addition of a justified and unduly increase the project screen or storm door should be carried cost. out in a manner that minimizes its visual If windows are missing or severely impact and damage to the historic door- deteriorated, great care should be taken way. to install appropriate new ones. If the Enclosing porches, if done at all, should original sash was wooden, the replacement be carefully designed. The enclosure should be wood, not metal. The size of the should be done in such a way as to visually window opening should not be reduced maintain the original features such as col- or enlarged to accommodate “stock” sash. umns and balustrades. Enclosing materials Custom sized sash are available and should should be either screen or clear glass and be used. be installed behind (inside of) the porch The window pane configuration (the features. number and design of each sash) and size If a porch has already been removed, should be the same as the original window. its replacement design should be based on Tinted or reflective glass and “snap-in” or accurate photographs or remaining physi- applied muntins should be avoided. cal evidence of the original porch. In this Any original hardware or window shut- manner, the replacement will be faithful to ters should be saved, repaired and re-used the form, decorative features and materials if possible. New shutters, however, should originally intended. not be added to homes that never had them. Non-functioning shutters should be avoided. TECHNICAL INFORMATION 105

Exterior Paint cleaning is all that is needed. A soft bristle brush, a light detergent and a garden hose can usually get the cleaning done. Painting the wooden exterior of an old Repainting a house should be considered house is something that must be done peri- when the existing paint surface is crazing, odically as a maintenance and preservation blistering, wrinkling, peeling, cracking technique. New paint, correctly applied, (alligatoring), or the intercoat is peeling. not only protects wood against moisture Intercoat peeling can be caused by and other atmospheric pollutants, it also improper surface preparation before the helps to define the architectural features last repainting or incompatibility between and details that make each historic building paint layers. An example of incompatible unique. Painting on a well prepared surface paints could be when an oil-based paint is and using quality paints can protect and applied over a layer of latex (water-based) enhance your home from five to eight years. paint. The top layer (oil paint) will begin to peel as it hardens and becomes less elas- Surface Preparation tic than the latex paint below it. If a latex paint is to be applied over oil, an oil-based Proper surface preparation before repainting primer should be applied first, to a clean is the key to a good, long-lasting paint job. If surface, free of chalking. the surface of the existing paint is chalking Crazing, or surface cracking, shows up or dirty, it may be that complete repaint- as thin, interconnected cracks in the top ing is not necessary and merely a thorough

PARTS OF DOUBLE- HUNG WINDOW Adapted from illustrations Rehab Right

106 TECHNICAL INFORMATION layer of paint. This usually is the result of appropriate. Fresh paint will adhere just paint becoming hard and brittle with age. as well to clean old paint as it will to It is not able to expand or contract with bare wood. Cleaning and spot scraping or the wood substrate and crazing results. sanding down to a sound, smooth surface is Although crazing is not serious, over time often all that is necessary. it will allow moisture to penetrate into the wall, leading to deterioration. Paint Removal To repaint a wall with crazing paint, the surface should be sanded smooth by hand When paint removal is justified several or with a fine grit paper on a belt sander. methods can be used. Hand scraping and The sanding does not need to get down to hand sanding is a method that is effective bare wood, only to a solid layer. Then the and will cause little damage to the historic wood can be cleaned of dust and repainted. building material. This method is, how- Blistering and wrinkling are the result ever, time-consuming and most effective of moisture trapped under the paint sur- on flat surfaces. face or improper drying of previous coats. On thick layers of paint, thermal In this case, the source of the moisture methods can be used. A heat gun or heat must be eliminated and the wall dried out plate will soften and blister paint so that before the paint is scraped and sanded. it can be easily scraped. A heat gun can Then the wall can be primed and painted. be especially effective for removing paint Paint should never be applied to a building from curved details or crevices. Do not, in direct sunlight or during cold or damp however, use an open flame heat source weather. Sufficient time should be allowed such as a blowtorch. An open flame can for paint to dry between coats. char the wood surface, ignite debris within Peeling or cracking of paint down to the wall cavity and will also vaporize lead bare wood is an indication of moisture in paint, creating a health hazard. the wood underneath the paint. This is Chemical strippers can be effective in sometimes caused by water vapor, migrat- removing paint from small areas of detailing through the wood siding from the ing and from exterior surfaces where paint interior. Before scraping and repainting, build-up is not severe. Brick buildings the source of the excess moisture should can also be safely stripped using chemical be removed. This may involve ventilat- methods, although generally an experi- ing areas of high humidity within the enced professional is required. house such as kitchens, laundry rooms or Paint removal using mechanical meth- bathrooms. In addition, leaking gutters ods is usually too abrasive for older houses. or downspouts should be repaired, and Orbital sanders, however, can be used for vegetation grown too close to the house smoothing or finishing the surface, but not should be cut back. for the removal of multiple paint layers. Generally, it is not advisable to com- Medium grit sandpaper should be used pletely strip your house of paint before to feather the areas where paint has been repainting. Unless there is severe paint scraped. A belt sander can be used, with buildup that obscures important details medium grit sandpaper, but should be lim- or there is widespread paint failure, only ited to flat areas. A light touch is needed partial removal is necessary. Completely and sanding should be done only with (par- stripping a house of old paint is rarely allel to) the grain of the wood. Rotary drill TECHNICAL INFORMATION 107 attachments such as wire strippers and disc Priming and Painting sanders should be avoided. They can shred After all loose paint has been removed, all the wood surface leaving scars that cannot cracks, nail holes or seams should be filled be covered by the new paint. Sandblasting before applying a primer coat. Wood filler or waterblasting should never be used to or exterior grade caulk can be used for remove paint from historic houses. These small areas. Larger voids can be filled with methods will erode the wood or brick sur- auto body putty or epoxy wood fillers. face, permanently damage details and raise Primer should be applied only to areas the grain of the wood. Blasting is the most of exposed wood or new material. Priming damaging of all paint removal methods and the entire building may not be necessary should be avoided. if the existing top coat is not peeling Paint removal can be a health hazard, or chalking. One or two finish coats of so taking appropriate safety precautions oil-based paint should be applied over the is important. Many old paint layers (prior oil-based primer. Oil-based paints gener- to 1970) contain various levels of lead. ally give better adhesion to a previously Lead can be dangerous, especially to young painted building and should last longer children who can ingest the dust or paint than latex paint. chips. When sanding or scraping, always If a latex top coat is being used, an oil wear a dust mask and wash yourself and primer should still be applied first. Latex your clothes afterward. When using a heat paints applied directly over old paint are gun, make sure the area is well ventilated. apt to fail. After the paint has been removed, sweep and vacuum up all debris. 108 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

CONSERVATION OF Masonry: BUILDING MATERIALS BRICK

THE FOLLOWING SECTION INCLUDES Description descriptions of, and repair techniques for, Historically brick was one of the most various materials used historically in resi- widespread materials used in the construc- dential construction. In addition, a bibliog- tion of buildings, largely due to the ease of raphy for each material type is included. its manufacture. Made chieﬂy from clay and sand, materials found in abundance nearly everywhere, the muddy mixture was simply packed into molds, allowed to dry out, and then baked in some type of kiln. The character of the brick varied due to different local manufacturing processes. Brick color is greatly dependent on the content of oxides of iron, lime, magnesia and alumina in the clay. Large percentages of iron oxides lead to a red color; magnesia and alumina produce a buff; lime causes a yellow or greenish-yellow; and manganese gives the brick a brown color. The brick of early American buildings is much different from that made today. Larger quantities of sand made the brick more brittle, and handmade processes created bricks that were lighter and more porous than those made today.

Brief History Brick has been a popular building material in America since colonial times. Bricks were manufactured in nearly every community by brickmakers who brought their skills and practices with them from various parts of Europe. As brickmaking became more efficient, especially with the advent TECHNICAL INFORMATION 109 of machines, the use of brick became more much more damaging and far outweigh widespread. Quality improved, as well the benefits of immediate cleaning. When as the methods of laying up brick. Early brick is fired in the manufacturing process, masonry workmanship was often very it forms a hard, protective crust which poor, especially in walls that were not vis- sandblasting removes. ible. The mortar used was soft and weak by Water rinsing and soft scrubbing today’s standards, being made only of lime (possibly supplemented with non-ionic and sand with no cement. The porosity detergents) are probably the safest meth- of the brick itself often led the owners to ods of cleaning. Water should be applied paint their brick buildings, a consideration under low pressure, as high pressure to bear in mind when thinking of stripping application can be as damaging as sand- the paint off a historic building. Currently, blasting. Chemical cleaning can be a safe brick manufacture is a highly technical and effective method, but caution must field, resulting in better quality and a less be exercised in anticipation of the effects expensive product. of chemicals on all building materials. A thorough rinsing with water must precede Deterioration and Repair and follow chemical washing. Applica- Deterioration problems most commonly tion of professionally prepared chemical associated with historic brick masonry are solutions is the recommended method of generally the result of the high porosity and removing paint. Paint, however, often was softness of the brick and the mortar. High an original feature and removal may be porosity leads to moisture penetration into historically inappropriate. Paint may be the wall, either as liquid or vapor, from protecting very porous brick. Before any exposure to rain, from rising damp, or from treatment is chosen, it should be tested in condensation on the inner face of the brick. an inconspicuous location to determine The absorption of water can cause prob- its effectiveness and whether or not it lems of efflorescence as salts are leached will damage the masonry or surround- onto the surface. Freeze-thaw cycles can ing materials. The safest methods, water seriously damage water-saturated bricks, rinsing and soft scrubbing, should be tested causing spalling and cracking, and making first, progressing to harsher methods until the brick more susceptible to the weather- an acceptable result is achieved without ing effects of erosion. Mortar often erodes damaging historic materials. away before brick, leaving sections of the Waterproof and water repellent coatings wall without structural integrity. In addi- are generally not recommended for historic tion to erosion, soft brick and mortar are masonry. The exception is extremely also susceptible to the deteriorating effects porous brick which may require a protec- of acid rain and other pollutants. tive coat of waterproof paint. Typically, The cleaning of brick should be carried these buildings will have been painted for out with great care. The accumulation of many years. Water penetration is usually large amounts of dirt may be undesirable from sources other than the brick itself, since this increases the potential for water such as leaky gutters, moisture in the absorption into the brick. Some stains ground (rising damp), condensation, or may simply be the result of old age, and it deteriorated mortar joints. Coatings cannot may be best to leave the wall as is. In no stop water penetration from these sources. case should sandblasting be used to clean They usually increase the resulting damage brick. The results in the long run will be by trapping moisture in the wall or causing 110 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

HOW TO REPOINT MASONRY

TYPICAL MORTAR JOINTS

Illustrations adapted from Old-Building Owners Manual

subﬂorescence (salt crystallization below should also be matched. Texture is depen- the surface of the masonry), which can lead dent on the amount and type of sand in the to severe spalling of the brick. mixture, and strength is dependent on the Replacement of damaged units and amount of portland cement. Old mortars repainting are the only two methods of typically had no cement. If repointing is restoring a deteriorated brick wall. Replace- carried out with a harder, cement type ment bricks should be of similar appearance mortar, the historic brickwork could start and physical characteristics to the originals. crumbling due to thermal expansion Perhaps a brick from a less visible area of stresses. The mortar used for repointing the building can be used, replacing that historic brickwork should contain a mini- brick with a new one. Because of weath- mal amount of modem portland cement. ering, it is extremely difﬁcult to match For every part portland cement, about historic brick with new brick. In repoint- two to four times as much lime should be ing, it is important to match the texture, added, and ten to twelve parts of sand. This color, strength and composition of the old soft mortar will allow for expansion and mortar. The tooling and width of the joint contraction of the bricks. TECHNICAL INFORMATION 111

Masonry: limestone, and builders were more able to secure good quality material for the ele- LIMESTONE ments which required it.

Description Deterioration and Repair Limestone is a sedimentary rock, formed Although limestone is durable, it is subject from fossil remains of living creatures. It to many of the same deterioration problems consists of calcium carbonate together with that plague other stone masonry materi- small percentages of clay, iron, magnesia als. Over time, water can have damaging and silica. Limestone has been a popular effects. Limestone, like most stone, is building material due to its durability, somewhat porous and will absorb moisture workability and appearance. The struc- from rain, surface condensation, damp soil tural quality of the stone can vary greatly, and other sources. Water that is absorbed ranging from soft, poorly consolidated into the stone can freeze, causing cracking, types to hard, densely compacted varieties. spalling and serious structural problems. Limestone has been recognized as a fairly Most moisture-related deterioration results weather-resistant stone; however, this can from leaky gutters or similar faulty condi- vary with environmental conditions and tions rather than absorption through the the quality of the stone. It is generally light exterior surface of the wall. The source of in color and can be finished in a number moisture should be identified and elimi- of ways, either chiseled, hammered or nated. Waterproof coatings are generally smooth-cut. not recommended and can accelerate deterioration of the stone. A dampproof course Brief History of waterproof material, near the ground, The first limestone quarry in the United can check the problem of the rising damp. States began operating in 1740 in Har- Air pollution, in the form of acid rain, risburg, Pennsylvania. Limestone has is a serious threat to limestone structures. been used throughout America’s history, Chemicals contained in pollutants can mostly in public and civic architecture, severely deteriorate limestone, causing or in the residential architecture of the pitting, peeling and other forms of dis- more affluent population. Until the mid- integration. No remedy currently exists; nineteenth century, high cost and the lack however, keeping the surface clean will of practical transportation precluded the help minimize damage. widespread use of limestone in “common” Another problem associated with architecture. Even in more monumental limestone is surface delamination. Gener- structures, its use was often limited to ally, delamination is the result of laying such elements as steps, quoins, sills and limestone improperly. All sedimentary pediments. At first, the quality of the stone, including limestone, consists of limestone was dependent on the quality layers which are prone to separation, called of the stone at the nearest quarry, lead- delamination. Stone should always be laid ing to a certain degree of regional styles with the edges of the laminations exposed and construction techniques. However, to the weather, similar to a stack of cards. as transportation and quarrying prac- Otherwise the exterior layer may be split tices improved, more buildings were away by the forces of salt crystallization or constructed of a larger percentage of moisture freezing within the stone. 112 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Many methods of cleaning limestone should always be weaker than the lime- exist, with varying degrees of appropriate- stone which is being repaired. Artificial ness and acceptability. Least acceptable coloring can be added to the mix to match are abrasive techniques. Sandblasting, wire the stone, but most colorings will tend to brushes, rotary wheels, power sanding fade over time. The area to be patched disks, and belt sanders “clean” by abrading should be sound, clean and lightly moist- the surface of the stone; surface texture ened. The edges should be undercut so that and detailed carving can be irreparably the patch will be securely locked in place. damaged. These techniques are never The edges of the patch should never be recommended. feathered as these thin edges will invariably Water washing techniques are much crack and allow moisture to work its way gentler. Both low-pressure and high pres- under the patch. If the patch is large, it may sure techniques may be carried out with be advisable to provide the additional sup- success; however, extremely high pressure port of steel or polyester reinforcing pins. (over 400 psi) can have the same damag- The patch should be finished to match the ing effects as abrasive cleaning methods. texture of the existing limestone. Chemicals or detergents can be used with water to strengthen cleaning power, and scrubbing with natural bristle brushes can Masonry: aid in loosening dirt. Water washing should only be done when there will be sufficient GRANITE time for the limestone to dry out before freezing temperatures are encountered, as Description freezing moisture can cause spalling. Soft Granite is an igneous rock made up of water should not be used to clean lime- quartz, feldspar and mica. The stone will stone because it contains salts. vary greatly in color, depending on the Chemical cleaning should be carried amount and proportions of these three out by experienced professionals, and the components. Granite is strong, hard, and proposed method should be thoroughly dense. It is extremely resistant to the tested in an inconspicuous location. The effects of weathering. In addition, its low limestone should be pre-wetted before the porosity and low water permeability make chemicals are applied. Alkaline cleaners granite ideal for use as building founda- are recommended. After the chemical has tions, water tables and other elements in worked for the specified length of time, contact with soil. the surface should be rinsed in a two-step Granite has been traditionally used for process. First give the surface a slightly high traffic areas such as steps, pavers and acidic wash, and then a thorough water thresholds because of its durability. Due to wash. Poultices can be effective in remov- its coarse grain, however, granite is nor- ing stains without damaging limestone but mally not used for decorative carvings. should be applied prior to general cleaning. Granite is found along the eastern edge Broken and pitted limestone elements of the Appalachian Mountains and in the can be repaired either by replacement mountains of New England and Pennsylva- or patching. Replacement stone can be nia. Georgia granite has been quarried for anchored with mortar or epoxy. Patching more than 100 years. compounds are of a cementitious mix and TECHNICAL INFORMATION 113

Deterioration and Repair natural bristle brush. Water washing should Although granite is quite durable and resis- be done when there is no threat of freezing tant to weathering, over time it is suscepti- temperatures. High pressure water washing ble to the effects of atmospheric pollution, (above 400 psi) should be avoided, as this acid rain and freezing. Although it has low can also abrade the stone surface. water permeability, if exposed to excessive If soap and water are not successful, amounts of water due to leaky gutters or a chemical cleaner may be employed. bad drainage, granite will absorb enough This procedure should be carried out by moisture to cause damage. During cold experienced professionals. For most granite weather, this absorbed water will freeze surfaces, an acidic cleaner can be used within the stone, causing weakness and with good results. If, however, the surface eventual deterioration. To alleviate this is polished, an alkaline cleaner is more problem, the first step is to identify and appropriate. eliminate the source of water by repairing On unpolished granite, acidic cleaner gutters and downspouts, and by providing is applied to the pre-wetted stone surface. positive drainage away from the building. After a period of time (as short as pos- This will generally prevent further deterio- sible), the chemical is rinsed from the ration of the stone, after it has sufficiently surface. Hydrofluoric acid can be used dried out. successfully on granite in concentrations Air pollution may cause dirt and chem- ranging from 0.5% to 5.0%. Test patches icals to be deposited on the outer surface should always be done when applying a of the stone. These surface deposits can chemical cleaner, varying the length of hold water and harmful chemicals against time the chemical is in contact with the the stone, leading to flaking and the peel- surface and the concentration. ing off of the stone surface. Unchecked, On polished granite, an alkaline this can lead to exfoliation or delamination cleaner, not an acidic one, should be used and eventual failure. To repair this type of to retain the polished surface. damage, remove all soft or deteriorating If a piece of granite is severely damaged portions of the stone surface. With proper or deteriorated, a replacement stone that periodic cleaning, damage can usually be exhibits the same visual qualities can be avoided. Waterproof coatings, however, are not recommended for use on granite. The cleaning of a granite surface should only be undertaken when surface accumu- lations are such that it is necessary to avoid potential stone deterioration. As with all cleaning processes, the gentlest means possible is recommended. Sandblasting or other abrasive cleaning methods such as wire brushing, rotary grinders or power sanders should not be used on granite or any other masonry material. 84. This house in Roswell has granite foundation and When choosing a cleaning technique, columns. Granite is a particularly popular material in areas where it is readily available. start with simple methods such as low pressure water wash, detergents and a 114 TECHNICAL INFORMATION inserted or the stone can be patched. This the amount of dirt on the stone. Dirt tends should only be undertaken when the stone to hold the pollutants in contact with the is broken or deterioration is extensive. If marble, leading to deterioration. not, the original stone should be stabilized Because it is an acid sensitive material, and retained in place. marble should be cleaned with either a A replacement stone should match the water and detergent wash (applied with a original as closely as possible. Stone from soft bristle brush) or an alkaline cleaner. If the same quarry is preferred. If the repair is an alkaline cleaner is applied, it should be small, a new piece of stone can be mechani- used by professionals, and only after several cally attached to the existing with non- test patches have been done to determine rusting pins and epoxied in place. Another the length of exposure of the chemical on repair technique is to use a composite patch the stone surface and the concentration of visually compatible stucco that can be to be used. (See “Limestone” section for applied to the damaged stone surface and details.) As with all masonry materials, worked to mimic the original appearance. abrasive cleaning methods such as sandblasting, rotary grinders, power sanders or wire brushes should not be used. Masonry: Broken marble pieces can be re-attached using non-corrosive rods (nylon, stainless MARBLE steel) and polyester resin, but this process should be carried out only by trained Description professionals. If large portions of a stone are Marble is stone that has been metamor- missing, new marble (matching in color) phosed from limestone. It has been a can be attached to the original stone in the highly valued building material due to its same manner. beauty, durability and ability to be highly In cases when small voids have occurred polished. With its fine, consistent grain, in the marble, a composite patch can be marble is easily worked and carved. Marble applied. The patching material must be has been used for centuries for both exte- compatible with the stone in strength, color, rior construction (because of its resistance texture and water permeability. These to moisture) and interior decoration. patches generally consist of lime, white Certain marbles, however, are sensitive to portland cement and marble dust. When it atmospheric pollutants and acid rain and dries, this mixture forms a simulated stone, are not suitable for exterior use. matching the original. Again, this proce- Marble has been quarried in Georgia dure should be performed by professionals since the 1840s and has been a significant experienced with this type of work. natural resource for the state. Georgia marble has been used extensively as a building material and for monumental use.

Deterioration and Repair Acid rain and other atmospheric pollutants can be extremely harmful to exposed marble. It is important that the marble surface be cleaned periodically to reduce TECHNICAL INFORMATION 115

Masonry: Boston, New York and Chicago. Exterior walls of these rowhouses were constructed SANDSTONE entirely of the durable stone. Current use of sandstone is somewhat limited, being Description restricted to more monumental structures Sandstone, like limestone, is a sedimentary and individual building components. rock composed of the reconsolidated debris of igneous rocks. Specifically, it contains Deterioration and Repair grains of quartz cemented by silica, alu- The single most frequent culprit in the mina, iron oxide, clay or other substances. deterioration of sandstone is water. Sand- The cementing material has a great deal to stone is a somewhat porous material and do with the character of the stone, affect- tends to absorb water upon prolonged ing its color, texture and hardness. If this exposure. If water then goes through cementing material is mostly silica, the freeze-thaw cycles, the stone can crack and stone will be light in color and very hard break-up. If salts are leached through the to work. An abundance of iron oxides, on stone and deposited on or near the surface, the other hand, will result in a reddish spalling can occur, a condition in which or brownish coloring and a stone that is the outer layer or layers begin to break off soft and very workable, but more highly unevenly. It is important to understand susceptible to weathering. Texture can that sandstone is configured in layers and also vary greatly, ranging from very finely has a grain. The correct way to lay the grained stones in which the grain is almost stone is with the edge-grain facing the imperceptible, to those having a coarse, weather. Laying it with the face of a single sandy texture. Brownstone, which is a class layer exposed to the weather, called “face of sandstone, derives its name from its bedding” greatly increases the likelihood coloring. Most sandstone contains a con- of spalling and delaminating. The chemi- siderable amount of water when quarried. cals found in acid rain are also a source As the water evaporates over time due to of deterioration, leading to pitting of the exposure, the sandstone becomes harder stone. Sandstone is quite susceptible to ero- and harder, attaining its full strength when sion, especially from wind and rain. Finely it is completely dried out. crafted details and sharp corners can lose their definition rather quickly, depending Brief History on the quality of the stone and the harsh- Historically, sandstone was a very popu- ness of the environment. lar building material in the United States Keeping the stone clean is very impor- since it was widely available and could tant in preventing water damage. The be worked with relative ease. Expensive accumulation of dirt, stains and debris initially, sandstone was used sparingly for provide areas where the water can easily such items as steps, columns, cornices, collect and begin to absorb into the stone. pediments and sills. As quarrying and Many methods of cleaning sandstone are finishing practices improved, making practiced, some being more acceptable or sandstone more affordable, the material more effective than others. Sandblasting or was used for more applications. By the late any other type of grit blasting is emphati- 1800s brownstone rowhouses had become cally discouraged. If used, the resultant extremely popular in large cities such as damage to the surface of the stone is likely 116 TECHNICAL INFORMATION to accelerate further deterioration and Masonry: destroys the original surface texture and finer details. The safest cleaning method is TERRA COTTA simply washing the stone with a low-pressure water spray, possibly assisted by deter- Description gent and gentle scrubbing with natural Terra cotta is basically an enriched clay bristle brushes. This approach, however, brick or block. It is composed of a high may not completely remove a number of grade of aged or weathered clay mixed stains. Chemical cleaners are also available with sand or pulverized fired clay. Pressed and can be effective, but should be profes- into molds, terra cotta allows for the mass sionally tested and applied. For sandstone, production of highly detailed designs. only acidic solutions should be used, and Simpler shapes can also be extruded. After the building should be thoroughly rinsed drying, the terra cotta is fired at a very with water before and after the application high temperature, resulting in a hard and of the chemical wash. durable material. Terra cotta is commonly Chipping, delaminating, pitting and found in colors ranging from reds and other surface damage can be repaired by browns to white. Applied glazes allow for a patching with cementitious compounds wide variety of colors and textures. In fact, if damage is not too extensive. First, all glazes are capable of creating an exact imi- the poor stone is chipped away and then a tation of stone, both in color and texture. “scratch coat” of portland cement mortar Glazes are also relatively impervious to the matching the strength of the stone is weather and resist fading. 3 applied to within /16" of the sandstone surface. Once this dries, a coating of Brief History sandstone stucco, matching the sandstone Terra cotta has been in use architectur- in hardness, color, texture and tooling ally since the time of the ancient Greeks. finish, is applied. For more extreme cases Historically, terra cotta has been used both of damage, it may be necessary to replace structurally and as a veneer or cladding. the damaged areas with new stone. Again, In the United States, terra cotta was most replacement should match the existing popular from the late 1800s to the 1930s. stone, except it must be softer than the Its use was particularly important to the original. For replacement of the entire Chicago School and the development of sandstone elements, it may be possible to high rise buildings. A type called ‘’brown- use wood painted to match the sandstone. stone terra cotta,” which simulated other

85. Glazed terra cotta decorative elements were used on this building in Atlanta. TECHNICAL INFORMATION 117 masonry materials and sandstone, was used anchors is extremely difficult until the extensively by such architects as Rich- units are nearly falling off. As with other ard Upjohn, James Renwick, and H. H. types of masonry construction, mortar Richardson. Fireproof construction terra deterioration can also occur due to water cotta was developed later, and in the 1930s penetration. ceramic veneer came into the market and is Another problem results from stresses still being used today. Glazed architectural within the building system, especially in terra cotta gained the most widespread high rises. Again, original construction popularity, finding proponents in such methods are greatly responsible. Without architects as Daniel Burnham and Louis an understanding of the magnitude of Sullivan. It became one of the most popu- building movement that occurs in such lar materials of the time due to its variety structures, there were no stress-relieving of colors, resistance to fading, economy of details such as flexible expansion joints or production, ease of construction, lack of shelf angles incorporated into the system. required maintenance, and supposed high This often led to the development of large level of fire protection. stress-related cracks across great areas of the building and even wholesale deteriora- Deterioration and Repair tion of material. Deterioration of terra cotta is usually Cleaning of glazed terra cotta is best caused by one of four situations: uncon- carried out with water, detergent and a trolled water penetration; faulty original natural or nylon bristle brush. Some stains craftsmanship; excessive stresses; or inap- may require steam cleaning or washing propriate additions, alterations or cleaning with a weak solution of oxalic acid. Alka- methods. Water penetration can lead to line cleaners are recommended over acidic problems of crazing and spalling as the cleaners because both mortar and glazing terra cotta absorbs moisture and expands. can be very sensitive to strong acids. Other This causes the glazing to go into tension cleaning methods that are definitely not which leads to cracking, or water pressure recommended for glazed architectural builds up under the glazing and eventually terra cotta include all abrasive cleaning causes it to pop off. More severe is the case techniques, high pressure water cleaning, of material spalling, where pieces of the and the use of metal bristle brushes. actual terra cotta unit, or even the whole Repair of deteriorated terra cotta can unit are caused to break away. Material be an extremely difficult proposition spalling may be caused by deterioration of because failure of the terra cotta usu- the internal metal anchoring system, or the ally implies failure of the entire system, action of the freeze thaw cycles. including the mortar, metal anchors and Deterioration of the anchoring system masonry backfill. Therefore, piecemeal is a severe problem in and of itself. repair is often ineffective. Before begin- During the earliest use of the material, ning any repairs, the source of the problem terra cotta was mistakenly believed to be should first be determined and corrected. a highly waterproof system. This belief Repainting should be a part of an ongoing led to inadequately protected systems maintenance program, since mortar is the that suffered from water penetration first line of defense against water penetra- and rusting of metal anchoring systems. tion. The mortar that is used must be of a Unfortunately, detection of deteriorated lower compressive strength than the terra 118 TECHNICAL INFORMATION cotta units around it or the units could Masonry: eventually become damaged. Caulk should never be used as a repointing material. CONCRETE Caulking is, however, an appropriate method for filling cracks and holes in the Description terra cotta units to prevent water penetra- Concrete is a composite building material tion. In cases of minor material and glaze consisting of cement, sand, coarse aggre- spalling, the easiest solution is to paint the gate and water. Reinforced concrete also area with acrylic-based masonry paint. No contains steel. As a material in historic permanently effective re-glazing materials buildings, concrete was usually poured- are currently available, although use of in-place with the ingredients being mixed epoxy patches can be effective, and repair on the site, as opposed to being precast. technology is rapidly improving. Cases of The character of the concrete depended major spalling will require replacement of primarily on the proportions of the ingre- the deteriorating material. dients, the nature of the formwork, and Replacement of deteriorated terra cotta the method of finishing, if any. A plastic units should ideally be carried out with material, concrete is capable of taking on new terra cotta. Replacement units are a nearly infinite variety of shapes, as well available, but the need for custom molds as formed surface textures. In the historic and the time delays for fabrication make context, however, it was not often used terra cotta extremely expensive for small in an exposed, aesthetic manner, being jobs. Stone may be a suitable substitute if restricted instead to mostly structural it is not cost prohibitive and if the extra applications in which the concrete was weight will not be problematic. Fiberglass usually covered or in less visible locations. is also a viable alternative, especially as an economic means of duplicating ornate Brief History material. Problems can arise, however, The use of concrete in architecture can with respect to fire code compatibility be traced to the ancient Romans. Their and weathering. Precast concrete prob- discovery and use of pozzolona, a natu- ably shows the most promise of all as a ral cement used in ancient times, led to a substitute material, since it can be cast concrete of great strength that made build- hollow and with great precision of detail. ings such as the Pantheon possible. In the Where possible, replacement units should United States, much later, the composition be anchored in a manner similar to the of concrete remained basically the same up original nineteen terra cotta pieces. until the late nineteenth century. Instead of pozzolona, however, trass, another natural cement, was imported from Europe. Later, natural cement rock was discovered in the United States, leading to the production of Rosedale cement, which found extremely wide application throughout the country. The lack of strength and durability of natural cements led to the creation of “portland cement,” a closely controlled, manufactured product. It entered the TECHNICAL INFORMATION 119

market in the mid-nineteenth century and structures. Detailing of the building often is still the major cement type today. Shortly leads to deterioration problems as well. after the introduction of portland cement Neglecting to incorporate such things as came the development of reinforced con- expansion joints and drip caps often has crete. With an increasing understanding of destructive effects on the building. the properties and structural capabilities of Concrete deterioration can take several the material, there came an accompanying forms, the most common of which is confidence and popularity in using it. By cracking. Cracking can occur for a number the 1930s and 1940s American architects of different reasons, and it is important such as Frank Lloyd Wright were exploit- to correct the situation before attempting ing the aesthetic as well as the structural any repairs. Common causes of cracking characteristics of the material. Concrete include steel reinforcement corrosion, is as popular as it has ever been, with new deflection, settlement, thermal expansion applications and treatments being explored. and contraction, and shrinkage during curing. The location, configuration and Deterioration and Repair pattern of the cracks are significant, and The deterioration of historic concrete due determination of the precise cause of the to weathering and material failure is often cracking may often be more complicated caused by the lack of quality control during than simple visual inspection at the site. the preparation of the material, poor Laboratory testing to determine qualities, design, or bad construction techniques. such as compressive strength and composi- Appropriate consideration was not always tion, may be necessary to understand the given to the quality and composition of complete cause of deterioration. the aggregates or of the cement, and the Other types of deterioration include effects of additives were not always fully spalling, staining, erosion and chemi- understood. Also, regulations governing cal deterioration. Spalling occurs due the provision of adequate concrete cover to corrosion of the reinforcement, to over steel reinforcing were not enforced as the composition of the concrete and the strictly as they are today, thus increasing aggregate alkalinity, or most commonly to the likelihood of steel becoming corroded. the action of freeze-thaw cycles. Staining Corrosion of steel is probably the most is a common, but not serious, problem serious problem to afflict historic concrete and is often caused by rust corrosion from

CONCRETE PATCHING Correct Incorrect

120 TECHNICAL INFORMATION reinforcement steel or adjacent metal the composition has changed somewhat components. Salt crystallization, freeze- over the years. Pre-1900 buildings may thaw cycles, and weathering can all lead have utilized a lime based concrete, and to deterioration of concrete. Weathering modern portland cement would not be can also induce chemical deterioration, compatible as a patching material. In these especially in the case of acid rain, which cases, a lime based concrete with a small can dissolve the cement binder and leave percentage of white portland cement aggregate exposed. added is recommended. Concrete can be cleaned using a high- Repairs of cracked structural members pressure water wash. Stains may require can most often be carried out with an the use of trisodium phosphate or chemical epoxy injection technique. This is usually cleaners formulated to remove the speciﬁc best left to experienced professionals. The stains involved. formulas for these resins are worked out on Patching damaged or broken concrete a job-by-job basis, but they generally con- requires thorough surface preparation. sist of epoxies, polyesters, or combinations Unsound or broken concrete should be of epoxides and polyurethanes. Applica- chipped away and any exposed reinforcing tion of the resin is usually done with should be wire-brushed or sandblasted to pressure injection, which requires prepara- remove rust. Steel reinforcing is usually tion of the crack, removal of loose debris, coated or primed prior to patching the placement of injection ports and sealing of concrete. Existing concrete should be the remainder of the cracks, injection of undercut to provide a key to hold the new the resin, removal and plugging of injec- concrete patch in place. The edges of the tion ports, and ﬁnally, removal of sealing patch should never be feathered, as this strips. The advantages of such injection leads to cracking around the perimeter of systems are low viscosity, ability to bond the patch, allowing water penetration and wet surfaces, low shrinkage and high subsequent spalling of the entire patch. strength characteristics. For structural The surface of the old concrete must damage not exceeding four inches deep, be thoroughly cleaned and allowed to dry another repair technique that can be used prior to patching. Epoxy bonding agents involves the use of reinforced shotcrete. are often applied to ensure a good bond This method is commonly used for repair- between the old concrete and the new ing surface damage and areas where large patch. Matching the color of the concrete sections of concrete have spalled away. will generally require experimenting In cases where the concrete deterioration with various aggregates and different is the result of reinforcement corrosion, proportions of white and grey portland the faulty reinforcement will have to be cement. In some instances, the addition of completely uncovered and cleaned to bare non-organic pigments may be necessary to metal. If corrosion is severe enough, lap achieve an adequate color match. splices of new reinforcement will have When patching concrete, it is impor- to be incorporated before patching the tant that the patch be compatible with the concrete. original material. This may require a laboratory analysis of the old concrete. Modern portland cement is generally compatible with early portland cement, even though TECHNICAL INFORMATION 121

Masonry: hard, do not transmit moisture as historic stucco does, and may expand and contract STUCCO differently than the original material, leading to cracking. In addition, the color Description is generally much too gray to match the Stucco has been used as a coating for the existing coating. exterior of buildings for many centuries. A mixture that contains about one The first use of stucco in the United States part portland cement, 3-4 parts of lime was to cover brick or rubble stone struc- and 9-10 parts clean sand can be generally tures. More recently, stucco has been used used. The stucco is applied in three coats, to cover wood frame structures, applied the first applied directly to the masonry directly to wood or metal lath. or to galvanized metal lath. The first coat, Historically, stucco is generally com- called the scratch coat, is applied about posed of portland cement, sand, lime ½ inch thick and then scored. The second and water that is applied to the lath on coat, the brown coat, is applied a day later the building facade in several coats. The to the wetted scratch coat to within about finished surface is either troweled smooth, ¼ inch of the finished surface. This coat left in any number of rough textures, is then lightly scored. Several days later, or scored to simulate the mortar joints the wall is wetted and the finish coat is between courses of cut stone. applied. Usually, the finish coat has a higher lime content and uses a finer sand as Deterioration and Repair aggregate. In addition, special mortar tints The most important method of maintain- and white portland cement can be used in ing stucco walls is to keep them dry, both the finish coat to match the original stucco from water coming from above (from leak- color. This final coat is then smoothed, ing roofs, gutters or downspouts) and from textured or scored to match the original. water coming up from the ground (rising Several samples of the finish coat mixture damp). If water penetration has damaged should be made up before hand to compare the stucco coating on a building, the first against the original in order to match it as step, as always, is to eliminate the source closely as possible. of the moisture. Fixing roofs, gutters, downspouts or improving drainage can STUCCO CONSTRUCTION alleviate water penetration and damage. Once the source of water has been eliminated, the wall should be repaired by removing the damaged stucco and patching in new material. The new stucco material should match the original as closely as possible in texture, composition, color and strength of the mixture. Many portland cement based mortar mixes are readily available in today’s market, but these ready-mixed compounds are not appropriate for historic stucco buildings and should Adapted from an illustration not be used. These mixtures set up far too in Masonry: How to Care for Old and Historic Brick and Stone 122 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

WOOD exterior of buildings. Wood flooring has always been extremely common. Pre-Civil Description War wood floors were usually constructed of heavy planks (usually white pine) laid All wood can be broadly categorized into directly on the joists. Later, the more two groups: hardwoods and softwoods. common practice was the use of a finish Hardwoods are derived from broad-leaved flooring material laid over a subfloor. deciduous trees that can be found world- wide. Oak, cherry and maple are examples Deterioration and Repair of commonly used hardwoods. Softwoods With proper maintenance, wood can be a are derived from conifers, which are long-lasting material. Decay, however, is commonly used in building. Properties of a natural phenomenon and preventative species (including color, hardness, density, measures must be followed rigorously. The strength and decay resistance) vary greatly, most common causes of decay are due to thus making some wood more suitable for moisture and fungi. The ground contact certain applications than others. Composi- area is often the critical point of the decay tionally, all wood consists of cellulose and process, and special attention must be paid lignin. The cellulose forms the walls of the to preventative measures used in this area. long tube-like cells and the lignin holds the cells together.

Brief History In areas where trees are part of the natural vegetation, wood has been used as a traditional building material. Until the 1800s, it was virtually the only material available for structural purposes. In addition, and especially as carpentry techniques improved, wood was also used for other purposes including ﬂooring, rooﬁng, wall sheathing, trim and decoration. With the early l800s came the introduction of balloon framing, mass production of nails, and a rapid gain in the popularity of all-wood construction buildings. Heavy timber construction continued, but the traditional mortise and tenon method of joinery was replaced with techniques that utilized iron straps and collars, thus requiring less time and providing a more sturdy connection. An accompanying 86.-87. Wood frame construction was a cost- popularity of such architectural styles as efcient building method for residences and thus Gothic Revival, Stick Style, Queen Anne, very popular, as these turn-of-the-century residences Folk Victorian and others led to a profu- in Atlanta show. The Martin Luther King, Jr. birth- sion of various types of wood ornamenta- place in Atlanta is pictured on right of bottom photo. tion and trim, both on the interior and TECHNICAL INFORMATION 123

Prevention of decay involves the elimi- paint removal is necessary due to crazing, nation of at least one of four elements that blistering, intercoat peeling, or wrinkling, the fungi need to survive: oxygen, mois- it should be removed only down to the next ture, food and moderate temperatures. sound layer. Scraping and hand or mechani- Of these, moisture and food are probably cal sanding are recommended procedures the most controllable. The wood itself is in these cases. When deterioration is more food for the fungus. Application of a wood advanced and cracking or peeling down to preservative, such as pentachlorophenol, the wood is occurring, total paint removal will act as a poison and prevent fungi from is probably necessary. Appropriate mea- growing on wood. Charring the ends of sures in this case may involve orbital or belt fence posts before putting them into the sanders, electric heat plates or heat guns, ground and wrapping the ends of joists and and/or chemical strippers. In no case is it beams with copper sheet or wire will have advisable to use sandblasting, waterblasting, a similar toxic effect on fungi. To further rotary drill attachments or blow torches. reduce the chances of dry rot damage, try Proper repainting requires the use of to keep all dead and rotted wood away the right paint. As a general rule, it is best from the building. Also try to provide light to use the same type of paint (oil base and air circulation to all areas of wood con- or latex) for the new coat as is the coat struction and dehumidify damp basements which is being covered. When covering and crawl spaces. old water-based calcimine paint, however, Moisture problems generally come it is best to wash off the chalky surface from four possible sources: ground water, and then cover with an oil-based primer, precipitation, plumbing leaks and conden- followed by a compatible oil-based ﬁnish sation. Sound water-tight construction coat. Repainting over glossy surfaces neces- is obviously imperative, as well as water- sitates light sanding beforehand in order to shedding details such as sloped sills and get better adhesion. Before painting wood drip edges. A separation of eight inches that has been left exposed for several years between the ground and wood siding is the and has become very porous, it is probably minimum recommendation. Vapor barriers a good idea to recondition the wood, using on the inner side of an insulated wall and a solution of two parts boiled linseed oil to on the ground in a crawl space can help one part turpentine. prevent condensation problems. Painting of If deterioration goes beyond mere paint exterior surfaces is recommended, remem- problems, replacement or wood repair may bering that proper surface preparation be necessary. In cases of structural decay, beforehand is the single most important wood epoxy reinforcement has proven step of the painting process. over the years to be a very adequate repair Several methods of cleaning wood system. It strengthens the member by exist with varying levels of appropriate- combining the epoxy with steel rods or ness. Depending on the type of surface plates. This system can also be used for deterioration, methods range from simple consolidation of non-structural pieces such water rinses to much more involved as window sashes and ornamental pieces. mechanical, chemical or thermal processes. Molded ﬁberglass, as well as some The mildest approach possible is always pressed metals, has been used successfully the recommended one, and paint removal as a substitute replacement material. Once should be avoided if at all possible. When painted, substitute materials can be barely 124 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

discerned. Aluminum and vinyl siding are TYPES OF WOOD SIDING not recommended unless all other courses Adapted from an illustration in Old-Building of action have been determined to be Owners Manual unworkable. If this siding must be used, be certain it is the same width and proﬁle as the original siding.

WOOD SIDING

Description Horizontal wood siding, commonly referred to as clapboards, is available in three different types: bevel siding, weath- erboards and drop siding. Bevel siding, also commonly referred to as clapboards, is a lap siding. It is applied over sheathing, and when viewed from the end grain it is in the shape of an elongated triangle. Weather- board is similar to bevel siding, but when viewed from the end grain it is rectangular in shape. Sometimes the exposed edge will have a bead. Drop siding or novelty siding is applied ﬂat against the studs and does not require sheathing. The edges are matched with either a shiplap or a tongue and groove edge. Eastern White Pine, Hemlock and Spruce are common tree species used in the northeast; Poplar, Cypress and Pine are used in the southeast; and in the west, Pine and Western Red Cedar are commonly used materials for siding. Clap- boards are nailed to the wall with weath- erproof, thin shanked 6d wire box nails. They can be attached to the sheathing by either nailing through two courses, a single course or through a blind nailing. They are best nailed from the bottom up.

Brief History In areas where trees are part of the natural vegetation, wood has been used as a traditional building material. From the seventeenth to the early nineteenth centuries, beveled siding was hand “rived” from

TECHNICAL INFORMATION 125 logs no longer than four feet in length. from four possible sources: ground water, “Riving” is the process of radially split- precipitation, plumbing leaks and conden- ting a log by hand in wedges. After boards sation. Sound, watertight construction were dried, they were hand planed to a is obviously imperative, as well as good smooth surface. Machine made siding was water-shedding details such as sloped not developed until the nineteenth century sills and drip edges. A separation of eight when rough lumber boards were resawn inches between the ground and wood diagonally, producing two pieces of bev- siding is a minimum recommendation. eled siding. The optimum would be to Vapor barriers on the inner side of an have quartersawn boards that were resawn insulated wall and on the ground in a crawl into beveled siding; however, during the space can help prevent condensation prob- late 1800s, riftsawn beveled siding was lems. In addition, exterior surfaces should developed. Riftsawn siding is similar to the be painted following proper techniques. original hand split rived siding, except it is If surfaces have not been correctly machine made. Although this type is more painted, it may be necessary to remove the expensive, it produces more siding from a paint to expose the surface of the wood. log than any other process. There are several methods of paint removal depending on construction techniques and Deterioration and Repair the seriousness of deterioration. These Wood can be a long lasting material with include water, hand scraping, mechanical, proper maintenance. Decay, however, is chemical and thermal processes. Do not a natural phenomenon and preventative use a blow torch or sand blasting. These measures must be followed rigorously. The two processes may scar and expose the most common causes of decay are due to wood grain. For minor deterioration it may moisture and fungi. The ground contact be necessary to hand sand or scrape the area is often the critical point of the decay area down to the next sound layer of paint. process, and special attention must be For more advanced levels of deterioration, made to any preventative measures that are thermal processes such as heat plates, used in this area. heat guns or chemical methods may be Prevention of decay involves the used. Before using a heat plate or gun, it is elimination of at least one of four elements advised that any open joints be sealed to that fungi need to survive: oxygen, mois- avoid problems. ture, food and moderate temperatures. Decayed wood can either be repaired Of these, moisture and food are the most or replaced depending on the extent of controllable. Wood itself acts as food decay. The key is selective repair work and for the fungus. If a wood preservative replacement of only those boards that are such as pentachlorophenol is applied as a severely deteriorated. Remove only those preservative, it will kill fungus. To further pieces that are deteriorated and save selec- reduce damage, keep all dead and rotted tive pieces to use as patches. The replace- wood away from the building. In addition, ment piece should match the existing as provide light and air circulation to all areas closely as possible. of wood construction and dehumidify by Repair should be done for the follow- ventilation, if possible, all damp basements ing conditions: cracks and splits, small and crawl spaces. imperfections, gouges and holes, and small Moisture problems generally come areas of deterioration. For cracks and 126 TECHNICAL INFORMATION splits, gently open the crack; clean out the Metals: debris; coat both edges with waterproof wood glue; squeeze the split closed with CAST IRON a block along the lower edge and nail the block; and wipe off any excess glue. For any Description imperfections in the surface fill them with Cast iron is an iron alloy characterized by an exterior wood filler. Fillers should only a high carbon content (at least 1.7% and be applied in small areas; moisture could usually averaging 3.0 to 3.7%). It is grayish get behind larger areas. For large gouges in color and somewhat grainy in texture, or holes, drill out the area and insert a especially along broken edges. It is easily plug with its grain running the same way poured into molds while molten; how- as the grain of the board. The plug can be ever, as cast iron cools, it becomes brittle made from salvaged boards that have been and hard, discouraging shaping by rolling, replaced. If a small section of a board has pressing or hammering. Historically, its been damaged, locate adjacent studs on rigidity and compressive strength made it either side of the area. Using a hacksaw, cut a popular material for structural columns through the board and carefully remove and storefronts. Cast iron was used in an the damaged piece. Be sure to remove the assemblage-type manner; small pieces were nails and siding underneath the top piece cast separately and then bolted together. of siding. Cut and fit the new piece of siding into the old space. New siding should match existing siding as closely as possible. Before inserting the new piece, waterproof the end grain and seal any exposed knots with a commercial sealer. After repairing or replacing a piece of siding, a proper painting sequence is recommended. As a general rule, it is best to use the same type of paint for the new coat as the one that is being covered. Do not put latex over oil. When covering an old water-based calcimine paint, it is best to wash off the chalky surface and then cover it with an oil-based primer, followed by a compatible oil-based finish coat. Repainting over glossy surfaces necessitates light sanding beforehand in order to get better adhesion. When painting wood that has been left exposed for several years and has become very porous, it is a good idea 88.-89. Details of decorative cast iron in Savannah. to recondition the wood prior to painting, using a solution of two parts boiled linseed oil and one part turpentine. TECHNICAL INFORMATION 127

Brief History to freeze-thaw cycles. Loss of caulking and Cast iron as a structural material first putty is often responsible for starting cor- began to appear in the United States rosion and cracking problems. during the early 1800s in the form of The application of a moisture-resistant columns. Much stronger than timber and protective coating is the single most effec- believed at the time to be fireproof, cast tive means of preserving cast iron. Before a iron columns were commonly used with coating can be applied, the surface must be wood or wrought-iron beams to allow thoroughly cleaned. Methods of cleaning for larger open floor spaces within build- will depend on the severity of the corro- ings. Columns were originally purchased sion, the type and amount of architectural directly from foundries but later became detailing involved, the type of new protec- available through catalogues published by tive coating to be applied, and available a number of large firms. Cast iron has little finances. The most common methods of tensile strength, and it was not used for preparation include flame cleaning, iron horizontal members, such as beams. phosphate immersion, pickling (in either In the mid-1800s, cast iron began to phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid), rust gain popularity as both a structural and removers applied by brush or spraying, decorative material for building fronts. grit blasting, solvent cleaning, and wire Generally found only on street facades, brushing. It is important to understand cast iron was used for individual elements, the implications of the method chosen street level storefronts and, in some cases, in each situation before proceeding. This entire facades. The superior compressive also holds true for the selection of a paint strength of cast iron allowed for thin or other coating to be applied. Paints to columns and large window openings. In be used should be of the rust preventa- the mid to late 1800s, cast iron also began tive type, such as red lead (where not to replace structural timber in the con- prohibited), zinc chromate, or zinc-rich struction of domes and cupolas, especially paints. Paints used on old metal should be in civic buildings and churches. Cast iron oil based. Whenever possible, the primer, also gained widespread use as a decorative undercoat and finish coat should all be pur- medium; staircases and railings are prime chased from the same company to ensure examples. They were non-combustible and compatibility. Paint should be applied only their repetitive designs could be massed when the temperature is above 50°F and produced and then pieced together. the relative humidity is below 80°F. By the end of the nineteenth century, When repairing broken and damaged other materials began to replace cast iron. cast iron pieces, clean the metal thor- Today it plays only a minor role in new con- oughly; caulk all joints and connections, struction, mainly in plumbing fixtures and including bolts and screws; and paint or waste piping; however, efforts to preserve cover with some other type of protective historic buildings are reviving its use. coating in order to prevent corrosion. Pitting and rust holes can be patched Deterioration and Repair with plumbing epoxy or auto body putty, Great care must be taken to keep cast although this does not provide structural iron from coming into direct contact with reinforcement. Cast iron pieces that have moisture. Not only does moisture corrode cracked or broken can be rejoined with the metal, it can also cause cracking due epoxy resin cements or bolted together 128 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

using a hidden plate to splice the fragments Metals: together. Brazing or welding cast iron is possible where no tensile stresses will be COPPER applied, but considerable skill is required. Should it become necessary to disassemble Description an element, extreme care must be taken to Copper is one of the more corrosion- prevent further damage since cast iron is so resistant metals used in buildings. Expo- brittle, especially in cold weather. sure to the atmosphere causes the natural In cases where entire pieces or sections formation of a protective surface patina, need to be replaced, recasting of new pieces turning the copper from a bright reddish- may be necessary. It is important to note brown color to brown to black to green that cast iron shrinks as it cools, approxi- over a period of about eight to ten years. 3 mately /16" per foot. Thus, it is not always Copper is non-magnetic, ductile, mal- feasible to use an existing piece to create leable, and is easily soldered or brazed. It the mold. Usually, it is necessary to carve can be cast, drawn, extruded, spun, ham- a new pattern from wood which is 1 ½% mered or punched. Copper can be worked larger than the original. hot or cold. In some cases it may be desirable to use other materials as replacements for cast Brief History iron, such as aluminum or fiberglass. When Historically, the most frequent use of using aluminum, it is necessary to isolate copper was as a roofing material. Rolled the cast iron in order to prevent galvanic into sheets and cut into sections approxi- corrosion. Whatever replacement material mately 24" x 48", it was lighter than slate, is to be used, the shrinkage properties of tile or lead, and even lighter than wood that material should be known beforehand shingles. Because of its malleability it could in order to adjust the size of the pattern be easily folded into watertight seams and correctly. shaped to fit the curvatures of domes and cupolas. Were it not for its high initial cost, copper roofs would have been more widely used. Decoratively, copper was used in weathervanes and finials, cornice details, sheathing for oriel and bay windows, running moldings, and occasionally for statues. Due to its high cost, copper is now used primarily for utilitarian purposes such as electrical and telephone wiring, plumbing, flashing and gutters.

Deterioration and Repair Although copper is highly resistant to atmospheric and saltwater corrosion, it is susceptible to the deteriorating effects of sulfuric acid. Alkalis, which may be found in adjoining features containing lime mortars or portland cement, may wash down TECHNICAL INFORMATION 129 over the surface and cause streaking. In to advise on repair. If the element cannot addition, contact with bituminous roofing be salvaged, it should be replaced with new materials will cause corrosion, as will acid copper of the same weight (thickness) and rain, moss, lichen, algae, and red cedar or configuration. Connections should allow oak shingles. Galvanic corrosion of copper for movement during thermal expansion is not very common. Copper, however, will and contraction, using copper clips for become stained due to galvanic corrosion fasteners, with copper nails or brass screws. of metals such as iron or steel, with which Maximum length of replacement copper it comes in contact. sheets should be eight feet. Solder should Mechanical breakdown can occur due not be used to repair cracks or structural to the softness and thermal characteristics failures; it has a different coefficient of of copper sheets. If the sheets are not fas- expansion than the copper, and its struc- tened in a manner that allows free move- tural capabilities are weak. Any solder ment during thermal expansion, cracks and used as a sealer in copper work should be splits can result, and the roof will no longer composed of 50% pig lead and 50% block be watertight. Abrasive agents such as tin, and should be applied using a noncor- surface granules from roofing shingles can, rosive resin flux. over the years, lead to corrosive failure, especially in roof valleys and at flashing locations. Impact from objects such as hail Metals: or falling branches can also damage copper sheets. ZINC Copper requires very little maintenance, because the patina that forms naturally on Description the surface provides excellent protection. One of the more brittle metals used in Copper can be painted for aesthetic reasons, architecture, zinc is bluish-white in color although it can be difficult to obtain a good and nonmagnetic. Although not very bond between paint and copper. To ensure malleable, zinc can be hot-rolled, formed, a good bond, it is necessary to thoroughly extruded, spun, punched, cast, machined, clean the surface with a solution made riveted, soldered and welded. It resists cor- of four ounces copper sulfate to ½ gallon rosion by forming a protective surface coat- 1 ing of zinc carbonate. Zinc is widely used lukewarm water with /8 ounce nitric acid. After rinsing and drying, apply three coats as a protective coating for steel and iron. of an alkyd resin paint with an appropriate This coating is applied in a process known primer. Or, instead of painting, a coating as galvanizing. Galvanized metal is readily of clear lacquer may be applied, which will identified by its spangled silver appearance. allow the natural color of the copper to Zinc is also alloyed with copper to make show. An optimal thickness of three coats brass. should be applied, after cleaning the surface of all flux, dirt and oxide. Lacquer coat- Brief History ings last approximately three to five years, In the United States, the zinc industry did and like paint, require regular programs of not get underway until the late 1830s. Zinc reapplication. sheets were used as roofing material, and In cases of physical damage or severe to a limited extent began to replace tin and deterioration, an expert should be called in lead, which were more expensive. In the 130 TECHNICAL INFORMATION late l830s the process of galvanizing was trial and urban pollution; acids found in developed. By dipping sheet iron in zinc, redwood, cedar, oak and sweet chestnut; both structural qualities of iron and the and the chlorides and sulfates found inexpensive corrosion resistant qualities in plasters and cements. Contact with of zinc could be combined. Galvanized copper and pure iron will lead to damag- corrugated sheet iron, available in the mid- ing galvanic corrosion in the presence of 1850s, became a common roofing mate- water. Also, zinc is susceptible to a type of rial, especially for industrial structures, corrosion known as ‘’white stain,” which farms and temporary buildings. Zinc was is initiated when sheets of zinc are stacked frequently used for statues, monuments very closely together in humid, extreme and architectural elements such as brack- weather. ets, scrolls, column capitals and finials. It Galvanized zinc’s ability to deter cor- can be readily cast, and was much cheaper rosion is dependent upon the application than some of the more traditional materi- of paint coatings on both sides. If zinc is als, such as stone. Zinc was often painted going to come into contact with redwood, to imitate more expensive materials. The oak, cedar or sweet chestnut, it should be period from 1880 to 1920 saw the greatest coated with a bituminous paint. Before decorative use of zinc. painting, the surface should be allowed to Currently zinc’s use in architecture is weather for about six months, then wiped greatly diminished. Galvanized corrugated clean with a cloth and mineral spirits. The metal is still used widely for agricultural primer coat should be specially formulated and industrial buildings. Galvanized nails for galvanized iron and finish coats should and sheet metal ducts for HVAC systems be of a compatible oil-based paint. If an are still common. old galvanized surface has begun to rust, it should be cleaned of all rust and then Deterioration and Repair primed with zinc oxide and flaky alumi- As a corrosion-inhibiting material, zinc num coats. Finish coats should be of a can offer only limited protection from paint containing flaky aluminum and flaky acids found in an urban atmosphere. Initial micaceous iron-ore pigments. Zinc-rich exposure causes the formation of a carbon- paints can also inhibit rusting. If deteriora- ate layer on the surface, but this layer is tion is extremely severe or pieces have not strong enough to resist the effects of been lost, it may be necessary to reproduce further exposure. Zinc coating on galva- elements, either with similar galvanized nized metal is very brittle and can peel metal, or a suitable replacement mate- or flake if the metal is bent. It can also be rial such as fiberglass or vacuum-formed worn away by air or water borne particles, plastic. Code restrictions, however, may especially in roof valley areas. Any break limit the use of such materials. in the protective zinc coating, whether When installing or reinstalling zinc or from abrasion, impact, cutting, drilling, galvanized steel or iron, it is important to bending, acid-induced corrosion, peeling or design connections and expansion joints flaking, will expose the underlying iron or which allow for thermal expansion and steel to corrosion. contraction, yet provide secure anchorage There are many agents which have a to prevent wind damage. deteriorating effect on zinc. Especially damaging are sulfur acids found in indus- TECHNICAL INFORMATION 131

Metals: forms a natural patina, but this patina may not be as protective as the patina formed BRASS on copper. A patina that covers the surface uniformly and completely, with good adhe- Description sion and impermeability, will generally Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Its inhibit further corrosion. color depends on the amount of zinc in the There are several methods of cleaning alloy; the more zinc, the more yellow the brass that are acceptable, but none should color. Color is also affected by corrosion. be carried out without the understanding Although brass does not rust, it does cor- that any method of cleaning will remove rode to form a natural patina, or tarnish, some surface metal and patina. Before which turns the brass surface dark. Brass is cleaning, it is important to establish generally cast, although it can be extruded, whether the piece is solid brass or brass and it can be worked hot as well. plated iron and steel. A magnet can be used to detect a brass-plated object; solid Brief History brass is non-magnetic. An object that is Prior to the Civil War, most brass hardware solid brass can withstand harsher cleaning was imported from England. In colonial methods than the brass-plated steel or America, brass was widely used for such iron, as the plating can wear through. items as door knobs, hinges, door knockers, Chemical compounds acceptable for fireplace andirons and chandeliers. cleaning either solid brass or brass-plating With the close of the nineteenth include rottonstone, oil whiting and ammo- century came an expanded use of brass nia, and precipitated chalk and ammonia. in commercial buildings. The gleam and These compounds are applied by rubbing beauty of brass made it a favorite for hand- with a clean soft cloth. For more severe rails on stairs and in elevators, for lobby cases of tarnishing of solid brass, hexamita furniture, entrance doors, bulletin boards, phosphate and water or dilute sulfuric acid mail boxes and building directories. and water can be used by a competent pro- Although its use diminished somewhat fessional to restore the brass but loss of zinc in the mid-1920s, use has increased in content caused by improperly controlled the traditional applications of hardware, acid cleaning can severely damage the brass. plumbing fixtures, doors, windows and After any chemical solution is used to clean elevators. Today many ‘’brass’’ elements brass, the object should be rinsed thor- are not solid brass, but rather cast iron oughly with water, then wiped dry with a with a brass plating. soft clean cloth to prevent water spotting. For extreme cases of tarnishing, more Deterioration and Repair abrasive methods may be used, but with Brass can corrode due to exposure to mois- caution. Sandblasting should never be used ture, acids from air pollutants or newly as a cleaning method for brass. Mechanical cut woods, chlorides, acetates, ammonia, buffing may be used, but it should be done guano and animal excrement. Brass with only by an experienced professional who a zinc content greater than 15% is sus- has the proper equipment. Ornate details ceptible to loss of zinc content by acidic and edges can easily be worn away by a bad solutions, which can leave the brass pitted, buffing job or by buffing too frequently, porous and weakened. Like copper, brass thus defacing the object. 132 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Once the object is cleaned, it can either Roofng Materials: be sealed, repatinated, or left alone. Seal- ing will help to delay or prevent tarnishing WOOD SHINGLES and preserve the polished shine. Wax, silicone, tung oil or clear lacquer can be Description used to seal the brass and protect it from Wood shingles provide a durable, exterior the weather. All of these sealers require covering if properly maintained. Shingles a regular program of reapplication after are machine sawn into lengths of 16", 18" 3 removing the existing to prevent buildup. and 24" with a /8" butt thickness. They are Repatination, using applied chemicals, can available in four different grades: No. 1 Blue be carried out to change the color of the Label, No. 2 Red Label, No. 3 Black Label, brass to match the surrounding pieces or and No. 4 Undercoursing. No. 1 shingles to restore a previous color. After cleaning, are 100% heartwood (no sapwood), clear, rinsing and drying, the surface should edgegrained and are preferred for residen- be prepared with a fine pumice in water tial use. No. 2 shingles are flat and have a and then swabbed with highly diluted limited amount of sapwood. No. 3 and 4 are yellow sodium or ammonium polysulfide used for economy applications and second- to obtain the desired patina. Repatina- ary buildings. Different types of fire retar- tion generally removes a slight amount of dants can be applied, giving the materials a surface metal. There are a variety of patina Class C to a Class A rating. In some colder colors which are available commercially. climates, shingles with fire retardants may The fumes from these chemicals are haz- become brittle, resulting in a shortened life ardous and repatination should be carried expectancy. out only in well-ventilated spaces by an experienced professional. The polished Brief History surface may also be left untreated, allow- Wood shingles have been a popular roofing ing natural patination to occur. and siding material throughout the country in all periods of American architectural history. Use of the material depended upon the region, local craftsmanship, and the species of woods that were available. In the southern United States, cypress and oak were used until the availability of cypress decreased and costs became prohibitive. It has been a common misconception that historic wood shingles were very rough and laid irregularly, when in actuality they had a well-crafted appearance. Prior to the 1850s, wooden shingles were split by hand, but with the advent of shingle machines, they could be massed produced with regular dimensions. This resulted in their being used for wider applications, such as decorative siding as seen in the Late Gothic Revival, TECHNICAL INFORMATION 133

TYPES OF WOOD SHINGLES

Adapted from an illustration in Old-Building Owner’s Manual

Queen Anne, Stick and Folk Victorian cedar, redwood, or cypress, sometimes styles. These styles often utilized specially dipped in water repellents to extend the cut shingles to form geometric patterns life cycle. within the siding. Cut shingles, known Plant growths, especially moss, are a as fancy butt shingles, could either be source of problems for wood shingle roofs. round, diagonal hexagon, half cove, square, Moss thrives in shaded damp areas. It is sawtooth, fish scale, arrow, diamond or most likely to be found on low pitched, octagon. Moving into the twentieth cen- north facing slopes, and on roofs shaded tury, wood shingles continued to be used by overhanging trees, which can entrap for the Colonial Revival styles. moisture causing further deterioration. It was during this period that other Over time the moss will grow and force types of roofing manufacturers began to the shingles apart causing water leakage replace the wooden shingle because of fire problems. In addition, moss will serve to hazards and the inconsistent weathering retain water, which will soften the wood associated with wooden shingles. New and speed up the decay process, making shingles were manufactured in terra cotta, the roof especially susceptible to wind and concrete, asphalt and asbestos. wind driven rain. Freeze-thaw damage is also amplified in saturated conditions. Deterioration and Repair Efficient run-off of rainwater is of pri- Control of the natural processes which mary importance in the preservation of the lead to the deterioration of wood shingles wood shingle roof. For this reason it is rec- is rather impractical and difficult. The ommended that wood shingles not be used best insurance is to use a wood which is in roof pitches of less than three inch rise naturally more decay resistant, such as red to a twelve inch run. In addition, the Red 134 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Cedar Shingle and Handsplit Shake Bureau average owner. First remove the damaged has made recommendations regarding shingle by splitting it into pieces that can shingle exposure, depending on the total be removed. Then cut off heads of the length of the shingle and the pitch of the remaining nails with a hacksaw blade or a roof. These recommendations are available slate ripper. The replacement shingle can when the product is purchased. be held in place with a sheet metal tab Proper maintenance is extremely which is nailed down before the shingle important to the longevity of a roof. is slipped in, and then bent over the butt Allowing debris such as leaves and pine of the shingle. Do not use copper tabs needles to collect can serve to retain mois- because the tannic acid in the cedar can ture, leading to the formation of moss and corrode copper. It can also be positioned fungus, ultimately causing premature dete- by slipping it into place about ¾” shy of rioration of the roofing. In extreme cases, being even with the other shingles, then debris can cause the ponding of water on nailing it near the butt of the shingle the roof, increasing the chances of leakage above, and finally driving it up even with problems. To alleviate these problems the the other shingles, thereby bending the roof should be cleaned periodically with heads of the nails and covering them under a broom or garden hose. It is especially the shingle above. Temporary repairs for important to clean the keyways between split shingles can be made by slipping individual shingles; however, special care an adequately sized piece of sheet metal should be taken not to damage the shingles underneath. when walking on them or cleaning them. In selecting replacement shingles, the In addition, using high pressure water may grain, butt thickness, finish and exposure drive water under the shingle. Wood pre- length should match the existing shingles. servatives and chemical fungicides may be One should be careful in matching hand applied to help maintain the roof but are split shingles, commonly referred to as not extremely necessary or vital. Chemical shakes. There are two ways of manufactur- applications should be carried out under ing shakes, handsplit and taper split. In controlled conditions due to the potentially taper split shingles, a froe is used to cut toxic nature of those chemicals. wood from alternating ends after each As wood shingles grow old, they may split. In handsplit, blocks are split into begin to curl and split, leading to leakage boards of desired thickness, then passed problems. Generally, if more than 10-15% through a bandsaw to form two shakes, of the shingles are in such need of replace- each with split face and a sawn face. The ment, it is probably time to replace the grain should be perpendicular to the whole roof, a job which requires expe- surface in order to resist water penetration. rienced professionals; however, replace- The shingles should be nailed with zinc ment of just a few deteriorated shingles coated 3d or 4d for machine split shingles is certainly within the capabilities of the and 6d for handsplit shingles. TECHNICAL INFORMATION 135

Roofng Materials: lighter, less expensive, and easier to install. With the rise of Romanesque Revival and CLAY TILE Mission style buildings at the turn of the century, tile roofs rode a new wave of Description popularity. Tiles were sometimes made Clay tile is one of the most durable and to look like other materials, such as wood maintenance-free of roofing materials. Cur- shingles and shakes. Currently, they are not rent warranties guarantee a lifetime of at used extensively in new construction due least fifty years with more realistic expec- mainly to their initial high cost tations of at least one hundred. Tiles are produced from mined clay or clay and shale Deterioration Problems and compositions, shaped by either extrusion Restoration or pressing processes, and finally fired to an A roof of good tile, correctly installed, acceptable hardness. Clay tiles have been should not encounter many deterioration produced to accommodate different styles, or maintenance problems. Other than the including Georgian and Spanish. There are glazing that is applied at the time of manu- a number of earth colors available which facturing, no coatings are ever required, generally do not fade. Color is dependent and cleaning is not usually necessary. upon the clay or glazing. An extremely Generally, the only maintenance needed durable roofing material, clay tile is both is the routine cleaning of leaves and debris heavy and expensive. Like slate, clay tile is associated with any roof. brittle and subject to damage from impact. Deterioration problems generally take one of two forms, either failure of the tiles Brief History or failure of the fasteners. If the clay is not Tile roofs have been a part of American fired to an acceptable hardness when the architecture since the first settlement in tiles are manufactured, tiles may be sus- Jamestown, Virginia. Materials and meth- ceptible to spalling and crazing problems ods of construction were brought over resulting from freeze-thaw cycles. Tiles are from Europe. The fire resistant properties very brittle and can be easily broken due to of tile roofs helped boost their popularity, impact from such things as tree branches especially in cities such as Boston. In the or from being walked on improperly. mid-eighteenth century, Moravian settle- Clay tile is incapable of supporting much ments in Pennsylvania commonly used weight. Copper nails are the most accept- flat tiles 14"-15" long and 6"-7" wide, with able means of fastening tiles to a roof; if curved butts. In the southwest, the semi- the fasteners have begun to fail, it probably circular mission tiles that are so common means they are not copper. now were first manufactured around 1780 If only a few clay tiles are in need of at the Mission San Antonio de Padua in replacement, then only limited repair work California. The most common dimension should be required. If, however, more than of the plain or flat tiles used from the sev- 10% of the tiles are failing, replacement of enteenth century through the early nine- the entire roof may soon be necessary, espe- teenth century was 10" x 6" x ½" with two cially if the cause of the failure is deteriorat- holes at one end for nail or peg fasteners. By ing fasteners. Replacement of individual the mid-nineteenth century, tile roofs were tiles is done in a manner very similar to often replaced with sheet metal which was slate replacement. First, remnants of the 136 TECHNICAL INFORMATION damaged tile are removed. Then a slate Roofng Materials: ripper or a hacksaw blade is used to remove nails. The new tile is slipped into place and SLATE fastened, using a copper tab which is double thick and bent upward at the end to hold Description the bottom edge of the replacement tile. Slate is a quarried stone, found in the If the decision is made to replace a tile· United States in veins that run through roof, there are substitute materials available Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ver- which maintain the unique appearance of mont. A medium-hard stone, slate is very the original tile, yet are less expensive, at strong, of low porosity, and of very fine least initially. Both galvanized·· steel and grain. Due to a composition of stable and solid copper sheets have been used success- insoluble minerals, slate becomes harder fully by pressing them into the various tile and tougher upon exposure. Quality slate shapes and then painting them to prevent commonly lasts upwards of 100 years. Slate is available in many colors. While corrosion and to match the original tile color. Concrete tiles have been used since some slates permanently retain their the 1920s as a substitute and viable alterna- original color, others weather, changing tive for clay. Concrete is cheaper than clay with age. Some slates contain ribbons or and lasts almost as long, but the color is narrow bands of rock of a different color not quite as durable and tends to fade over and chemical composition than the rest time. Of course, the preferred replacement of the stone. In addition to color, slate is material is clay tile which matches the also categorized by grade, which describes appearance of the original roof. the surface, straightness, condition of the corners, and thickness.

TECHNICAL INFORMATION 137

Brief History laid over the roof. Slate roofs can also fail Slate roofs in the United States can be due to nails that have corroded, causing found in buildings dating back to the the slates to fall. mid-seventeenth century colonies. Roofing Initially it is better to replace occasional techniques were brought over from Europe; broken slates rather than the entire roof; however, due to the expense and time however, if a majority of the slates are required for shipment, slate roofs were not spalling or breaking away, it may be that extremely common. Although there were the roof has simply exhausted its useful known sources in the United States, slate life. Replacing an entire roof is a job that was primarily imported until the 1850s. generally requires professional skills. Slate was quarried in Maryland and Pennsyl- Replacement of individual slates, however, vania as far back as the 1730s, but economi- is a job that can be done without a great cal inland transportation was unavailable. deal of special skill and expertise. When As a result, the use of slate was quite local- replacing a broken slate, it is important to ized. With the development of railway and match the color as closely as possible. The canals, American slate became more acces- most effective way to do this is to return sible and economical, and as a result, more to the quarry where the original slate was popular. This popularity continued into the selected. To achieve a color match, use 1920s when less expensive materials, such the unexposed side or a broken edge for as metal became in more demand. Cur- comparison. The fading characteristics rently, there are only a handful of roofing should also be matched. If more than just slate quarries in the United States. a few slates must be replaced in a given area, it may help to take some old slates Deterioration Problems and from elsewhere on the roof and mix them Restoration in with the new slates so that the patched Slate is one of the most durable and area will not be quite so noticeable. maintenance-free roofing materials. To replace a broken slate, first remove Depending on the quality of the slate and, the remnants of the broken slate and cut more importantly, the quality of the instal- the nails with a special slater’s tool called lation, slate roofs can last anywhere from a ripper. Insert the new slate, and nail it fifty to several hundred years. Virtually down with a single copper slater’s nail, maintenance-free, slate requires no coat- located in the vertical joint between the ings or maintenance other than the occa- shingles above, about five inches from the sional repair of damaged slates. Although head of the slate. Only copper nails should lesser grades may eventually start to spall be used, as other nails will corrode and lead due to freeze-thaw cycles, slate in general to premature roof failure. Drive the nails is better at resisting thermal damage than in far enough so that they do not protrude other roofing materials. Slate is susceptible and cause the slates above to lay unevenly, to damage from impact, and care must be but not so tightly that they cause the slate taken when working on a slate roof. Using to crack. Slate shingles are intended to carpet-padded boards or some other kind hang loosely on the nails. Once the nail is of pad on the roof to spread the weight of in, cover it with a piece of copper approxi- the workman will reduce the risk of break- mately three inches wide and eight inches age. A recommended technique is to work long, slipped up between the vertical joint from a padded ladder with a ridge hook and over the nail head to about two inches 138 TECHNICAL INFORMATION beyond the succeeding course above. An mills necessary for fabrication were slower alternative fastening method is to hang to arrive in the United States. Thomas Jef- the replacement slate on a copper tab bent ferson was one of the first notable Ameri- up to hold the bottom edge of the shingle. can architects to realize the low-cost, light The application of bituminous patching weight, and low maintenance potential compounds will not result in an acceptable of the material. Others followed quickly repair. The temporary nature of the mate- to make tinplate and terneplate the most rial will lead to continuing deterioration common choices for roofing materials of the and may necessitate the premature replace- time. Often tinplate and terneplate were ment of the entire roof. painted to simulate more expensive copper In cases where the entire roof needs roofs, or they were embossed with decora- to be replaced and the use of slate is not tive designs to imitate tile or wood shingles. economically feasible, mineral fiber or In addition to roofing, tin-plated metal was other imitation slate shingles may be also used for decorative elements such as acceptable substitute materials. They are window hoods, cresting, finials, and balus- cheaper than slate, not as heavy, durable, ters. Today, tinplate roofs are not common. and produce a similar visual effect. They Although the life cycle cost of metal roof- are recommended, however, only for entire ing is competitive, the initial cost is higher roof replacements, and not for patchwork than more conventional materials such as jobs on real slate roofs. asphalt shingles and built-up coverings.

Deterioration Problems and Repair Roofng Materials: Tin is a corrosion-resistant material, lasting upwards of 100 years if well maintained. TIN As long as tin or terneplating maintains its integrity, it will provide protection, but as Description soon as the steel beneath is exposed to the Pure tin is non-magnetic and fairly resis- atmosphere, deterioration will begin. This tant to corrosion. It is soft, ductile, and will be accelerated by the galvanic action malleable. Tin has been used widely as a between tin and the steel or iron. Contact protective coating on iron and steel sheets with copper also causes galvanic corrosion. and plates. A pure tin coating, which is Deterioration can also be induced by con- a bright bluish-white is called “tinplate” tact with asphaltic and bituminous roofing while “terneplate” is a mixture of 10%– compounds and building papers, and by 25% tin and 75%–90% lead and has a paints containing acids, bitumen, asphalt, somewhat duller finish. or aluminum. Repairs can be necessitated due to Brief History corrosion, failure of joints, and physical Historically, tin has been used most widely fatigue. Fundamental to the preservation as a roofing material in the form of tinplate of the tinplate is a complete covering of or terneplate. Tin did not begin to gain paint on both sides. A shop coat of iron popularity as a building material in the oxide primer is recommended (preferably American Colonies until the late 1760s. two coats) and a preinstallation coat of a Although it was in common use in Canada compatible oil-based high gloss finish paint during the eighteenth century, the rolling as well, especially on the underside. Imme- TECHNICAL INFORMATION 139 diately after the tinplate roof is installed, generally be replaced. Replacement a finish coat containing iron oxide should should be carried out with tinplate of the be applied followed by a similar, final same composition, configuration, and coat two weeks later. A graphite base or construction to avoid problems of galvanic asphaltic base paint should never be used corrosion or uneven thermal expansion. on tinplate or terneplate, because they will Nails and cleats used to fasten the tinplate induce, rather than retard, corrosion. should be made of either tinplate or gal- For small punctures and failures of vanized steel or iron. Copper alloy cleats seams, it is possible to use solder for patch- and nails should not be used as they induce ing. The area around the repair must first galvanic corrosion of the tinplate. If it is be cleaned of rust, paint, and any other decided that the entire roof needs to be coatings, using chemical strippers and con- replaced, then it may be appropriate to use trolled hand methods such as scraping and a material other than tinplate. Lead-coated sanding. Resoldering should be done using copper and terne-coated stainless steel are a solder of 50% pig lead and 50% block tin acceptable alternatives. Although more applied with a resin flux. It is possible to expensive, they require less maintenance replate a deteriorated sheet of tinplate, but and last longer. Whenever an entire roof this is usually not done in the field. needs to be replaced, care should be taken If a section of the tinplate roof is to restore the original color, configuration seriously damaged or corroded, it should and details.

90. Tin roof on depot in Sparta, c. 1881. 91. Clay tile roof on a Mediterranean Revival house in Atlanta, c. 1920s. 140 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

BUILDING INTERIORS

THE FOLLOWING MATERIAL IS an be warranted to preserve historic character excerpt from Preservation Brief #18: adequately; in other cases, extensive altera- Rehabilitating Interiors in Historic Buildings, tions may be perfectly acceptable. written by H. Ward Jandl, Preservation Identifying and Evaluating the Impor- Assistance Division, National Park Service, tance of Interior Elements Prior to Reha- U.S. Department of the Interior. A number bilitation of case studies have not been included Before determining what uses might be since they deal primarily with non-residen- appropriate and before drawing up plans, tial building types: a thorough professional assessment should While the exterior of a building may be undertaken to identify those tangible be its most prominent visible aspect, or architectural components that, prior to its “public face,” its interior can be even rehabilitation, convey the building’s sense more important in conveying the build- of time and place—that is, its historic char- ing’s history and development over time. acter. Such an assessment accomplished Rehabilitation within the context of the by walking through and taking account of Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for each element that makes up the interior, Rehabilitation calls for the preservation of can help ensure that a truly compatible use exterior and interior portions, or features for the building, one that requires minimal of the building that are significant to its alteration to the building, is selected. historic, architectural and cultural values. Interior components worthy of preservation may include the building’s plan Researching the Building’s History (sequence of spaces and circulation patterns), the building’s spaces (rooms and A review of the building’s history will volumes), individual architectural features, reveal why and when the building achieved and the various finishes and materials that significance or how it contributes to the make up the walls, floors, and ceilings. significance of the district. This informa- Individual rooms may contain notable tion helps to evaluate whether a particular features such as plaster cornices, millwork, rehabilitation treatment will be appropriate parquet wood floors, and hardware. Paints, to the building and whether it will preserve wall coverings, and finishing techniques those tangible components of the building such as graining, may provide color, that convey its significance for association texture, and patterns, which add to a with specific events or persons along with building’s unique character. its architectural importance. In this regard, Virtually all rehabilitations of historic National Register files may prove useful in buildings involve some degree of interior explaining why and for what period of time alterations, even if the buildings are to be the building is significant. In some cases, used for their original purpose. Interior research may show that later alterations are rehabilitation proposals may range from significant to the building; in other cases, preservation of existing features and spaces the alterations may be without historical or to total reconfigurations. In some cases, architectural merit, and may be removed in depending on the building, restoration may the rehabilitation. TECHNICAL INFORMATION 141

Identifying Interior Elements Spaces are often designed to inter- relate both visually and functionally. The sequence of spaces, such as vestibule-hall- Interiors of buildings can be seen as a series parlor can define and express the building’s of primary and secondary spaces. The goal historic function and unique character. of the assessment is to identify which ele- Important sequences of spaces should be ments contribute to the building’s charac- identified and retained in the rehabilitation ter and which do not. Sometimes it will project. be the sequence and flow of spaces, and Floor plans may also be distinctive and not just the individual rooms themselves, characteristic of a style of architecture or that contribute to the building’s character. a region. Examples include Greek Revival This is particularly evident in buildings and shotgun houses. Floor plans may also that have strong central axes or those that reflect social, educational, and medical are consciously asymmetrical in design. In theories of the period. Many nineteenth other cases, it may be the size or shape of century psychiatric institutions, for the space that is distinctive. The impor- example, had plans based on the ideas of tance of some interiors may not be read- Thomas Kirkbride, a Philadelphia doctor ily apparent based on a visual inspection; who authored a book on asylum design. sometimes rooms that do not appear to be In addition to evaluating the relative architecturally distinguished are associated importance of the various spaces, the with important persons and events that assessment should identify architectural occurred within the building. features and finishes that are part of the Primary Spaces are found in all build- interior’s history and character. Marble or ings, both monumental and modest. Exam- wood wainscoting in corridors, elevator ples may include foyers, corridors, stairhalls, cabs, crown molding, baseboards, mantels, and parlors. Often they are the places in ceiling medallions, window and door trim, the building that the public uses and sees; tile and parquet floors, and staircases are sometimes they are the most architecturally among those features that can be found in detailed spaces in the building, carefully historic buildings. Architectural finishes proportioned and finished with costly mate- of note may include grained woodwork, rials. They may be functionally and archi- marbleized columns, and plastered walls. tecturally related to the building’s external Those features that are characteristic of appearance. In a simpler building, a primary the building’s style and period of construc- space may be distinguishable only by its tion should, again, be retained in the location, size, proportions, or use. Primary rehabilitation. spaces are always important to the character Features and finishes, even if machine- of the building and should be preserved. made and not exhibiting particularly fine Secondary Spaces are generally more craftsmanship, may be character-defining; utilitarian in appearance and size than these would include pressed metal ceilings primary spaces. They may include areas and millwork around windows and doors. and rooms that service the building, such The interior of a plain, simple detailed as bathrooms, and kitchens. Secondary worker’s house of the nineteenth century spaces tend to be of less importance to the may be as important historically as a richly building and may accept greater change in ornamented, high-style townhouse of the the course of work without compromising same period. Both resources, if equally the building’s historic character. 142 TECHNICAL INFORMATION intact, convey important information reconstruction of the missing features may about the early inhabitants and deserve be the preferred option. the same careful attention to detail in the It is always a recommended practice preservation process. to photograph interior spaces and features The location and condition of the thoroughly prior to rehabilitation. Mea- building’s existing heating, plumbing, and sured floor plans showing the existing electrical systems also need to be noted conditions are extremely useful. This in the assessment. The visible features of documentation is invaluable in drawing up historic systems-radiators, grilles, light rehabilitation plans and specifications and fixtures, switchplates, bathtubs, etc.-can in assessing the impact of changes to the contribute to the overall character of the property for historic preservation certifica- building, even if the systems themselves tion purposes. need upgrading. Drawing Up Plans and Executing Assessing Alterations and Work Deterioration If the historic building is to be rehabili- In assessing a building’s interior, it is impor- tated, it is critical that the new use not tant to ascertain the extent of alteration require substantial alteration of distinctive and deterioration that may have taken place spaces or removal of character-defining over the years; these factors help determine architectural features or finishes. If an inte- what degree of change is appropriate in rior loses the physical vestiges of its past the project. Close examination of existing as well as its historic function, the sense fabric and original floorplans, where avail- of time and place associated both with able, can reveal which alterations have been the building and the district in which it is additive, such as new partitions inserted for located is lost. functional or structural reasons and historic The floor plan in the following illustra- features covered up rather than destroyed. tion is characteristic of many nineteenth It can also reveal which have been subtrac- century Greek Revival houses, with large tive, such as key walls removed and archi- rooms flanking a central hall. In the pro- tectural features destroyed. If an interior cess of rehabilitation, the plan was drasti- has been modified by additive changes and cally altered to accommodate two duplex if these changes have not acquired signifi- apartments. The open stair was replaced cance, it may be relatively easy to remove with one that is enclosed, two fireplaces the alterations and return the interior to were eliminated, and Greek Revival trim its historic appearance. If an interior has around windows and doors was removed. been greatly altered through subtractive The symmetry of the rooms themselves changes, there may be more latitude in was destroyed with the insertion of making further alterations in the process bathrooms and kitchens. Few vestiges of of rehabilitation because the integrity of the nineteenth-century interior survived the interior has been compromised. At the the rehabilitation. same time, if the interior had been excep- The recommended approaches that tionally significant, and solid documenta- follow address common problems associ- tion on its historic condition is available, ated with the rehabilitation of historic

TECHNICAL INFORMATION 143

Adapted from an illustration in Preservation Brief #18: Rehabilitating Interiors in Historic Buildings. interiors and have been adapted from the 2. Avoid subdividing spaces that are Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for characteristic of a building type or style Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Reha- or that are directly associated with bilitating Historic Buildings. Adherence specific persons or patterns of events. to these suggestions can help ensure that Space may be subdivided both verti- character-defining interior elements are cally through the insertion of new par- preserved in the process of rehabilitation. titions or horizontally through insertion The checklist covers a range of situations of new floors or mezzanines. The inser- and is not intended to be all-inclusive. tion of new additional floors should Readers are strongly encouraged to review be considered only when they will the full set of guidelines before undertak- not damage or destroy the structural ing any rehabilitation project. system or obscure, damage, or destroy character-defining spaces, features, or finishes. If rooms have already been Recommended Approaches for subdivided through an earlier insensi- Rehabilitating Historic Interiors tive renovation, consider removing the partitions and restoring the room to its 1. Retain and preserve floor plans and original proportions and size. interior spaces that are important in 3. Avoid making new cuts in floors and defining the overall historic character ceilings where such cuts would change of the building. This includes the size, character-defining spaces and the configuration, proportion, and rela- historic configuration of such spaces. tionship of rooms and corridors; the Inserting of a new atrium or a light- relationship of features to spaces; and well is appropriate only in very limited the spaces themselves such as lobbies, situations where the existing interiors reception halls, entrance halls and are not historically or architecturally double parlors. Put service functions distinguished. required by the building’s new use, 4. Avoid installing dropped ceilings below such as bathrooms, and mechanical ornamental ceilings or in rooms where equipment in secondary spaces. 144 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

high ceilings are part of the build- as radiators, vents, fans, grilles, plumbing’s character. In addition to obscuring fixtures, switchplates, and lights. If ing or destroying significant details, new heating, air conditioning, lighting such treatments will also change the and plumbing systems are installed, space’s proportions. If dropped ceil- they should be done in a way that does ings are installed in buildings that lack not destroy character-defining spaces, character-defining spaces, such as mills features and finishes. Ducts, pipes, and and factories, they should be well set wiring should be installed as inconspic- back from the windows so they are not uously as possible: in secondary spaces, visible from the exterior. in the attic or basement if possible, or 5. Retain and preserve interior features in closets. and finishes that are important in defin- 8. Avoid “furring out” perimeter walls ing the overall historic character of the for insulation purposes. This requires building. This might include columns, unnecessary removal of window trim doors, cornices, baseboards, fireplaces and can change a room’s proportions. and mantels, paneling, light fixtures, Consider alternative means of improv- elevator cabs, hardware, and flooring thermal performance, such as ing; and wallpaper, plaster, paint, and installing insulation in attics and base- finishes such as stenciling, marbleizing, ments and adding storm windows. and graining; and other decorative 9. Avoid removing paint and plaster materials that accent interior features from traditionally finished surfaces, to and provide color, texture, and pattern- expose masonry and wood. Conversely, ing to walls, floors, and ceilings. avoid painting previously unpainted 6. Retain stairs in their historic configura- millwork. Repairing deteriorated plas- tion and location. If a second means of ter-work is encouraged. If the plaster is egress is required, consider construct- too deteriorated to save, and the walls ing new stairs in secondary spaces. and ceilings are not highly ornamented, (For guidance on designing compatible gypsum board may be an acceptable new additions, see Preservation Brief replacement material. The use of paint 14, New Exterior Additions to Historic colors appropriate to the period of the Buildings.) The application of fire- building’s construction is encouraged. retardant coatings, such as intumescent 10. Avoid using destructive methods— paints; the installation of fire suppres- propane and butane torches or sand- sion systems, such as sprinklers; and blasting—to remove paint or other the construction of glass enclosures can coatings from historic features. Avoid in many cases permit retention of stairs harsh cleaning agents that can change and other character-defining features. the appearance of wood. (For more 7. Retain and preserve visible features information regarding appropriate of early mechanical systems that are cleaning methods, consult Preservation important in defining the overall Brief #6: Dangers of Abrasive Cleaning historic character of the building, such to Historic Buildings.) TECHNICAL INFORMATION 145

Meeting Building, Life Safety and tion should be clearly marked on plans and at the site. This step, along with careful Fire Codes supervision of the interior demolition work and protection against arson and vandalism, Buildings undergoing rehabilitation must can prevent the unintended destruction of comply with existing building, life safety architectural elements that contribute to and fire codes. The application of codes to the building’s historic character. specific projects varies from building to Protective coverings should be installed building, and town to town. Code require- around architectural features and finishes ments may make some reuse proposals to avoid damage in the course of con- impractical; in other cases, only minor struction work and to protect workers. changes may be needed to bring the proj- Staircases and floors, in particular, are ect into compliance. In some situations, it subjected to dirt and heavy wear, and the may be possible to obtain a code variance risk exists of incurring costly or irreparable to preserve distinctive interior features. A damage. In most cases, the best, and thorough understanding of the applicable least costly, preservation approach is to regulations and close coordination with design and construct a protective system code officials, building inspectors, and that enables stairs and floors to be used fire marshals can prevent the alteration of yet protects them from damage. Other significant historic interiors. architectural features such as mantels, doors, wainscoting, and decorative finishes Sources of Assistance may be protected by using heavy canvas or Rehabilitation and restoration work should plastic sheets. be undertaken by professionals who have an established reputation in the field. Summary Given the wide range of interior work In many cases, the interior of a historic items, from ornamental plaster repair to building is as important as its exterior. The marble cleaning and the application of careful identification and evaluation of inte- graining, it is possible that a number of rior architectural elements, after undertak- specialists and subcontractors will need ing research on the building’s history and to be brought in to bring the project to use, is critically important before changes to completion. The State Historic Preserva- the building are contemplated. Only after tion Office and local preservation organiza- this evaluation should new uses be decided tions may be a useful source of information and plans be drawn up. The best rehabilita- in this regard. Good sources of information tion is one that preserves and protects those on appropriate preservation techniques rooms, sequences of spaces, features and for specific interior features and finishes finishes that define and shape the overall include the Bulletin of the Association for historic character of the building. Preservation Technology and The Old- House Journal; other useful publications are listed in the bibliography. Protecting Interior Elements During Rehabilitation Architectural features and finishes to be preserved in the process of rehabilita- 146 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

WOOD AND PAINT Repairing Wood

Most rehabilitation projects involve sub- Rotted wood must be either repaired or stantial cleaning or refinishing of historic replaced. Replacing rotted wood with new interior wooden features. These features to match is generally the approach taken, may have had either natural or painted but the use of epoxy fillers and consoli- finishes. You should decide at the start of dents to repair existing elements may be your rehabilitation project which materi- the best approach when faced with rotted als will be retained and preserved and decorative elements that might be hard which ones will require replacement. Paint to replace. Epoxies are of the most use removal and floor refinishing should be when repairing column bases and capitals, supervised by someone with experience balustrades and railings, window trim and in the field. Careful planning and coordi- sill plates, doors, trim, moldings and other nation with your architect/contractor is decorative elements. The following consid- also important to ensure that all charac- erations should be taken into account when ter defining features and finishes are not deciding whether to use an epoxy: removed during any pre-rehabilitation If the wooden element is severely dete- demolition. riorated, consolidating and patching Interior wooden features are important may be a waste of time and material. in defining the historic character of your house. Their retention, protection, and Epoxies can usually take compression, repair should be a primary consideration in but if the member will be in tension, the preliminary stages of your rehabilita- reinforcement with a new one is most tion project. Elements such as interior practical. decorative columns and pilasters, paneling, Generally, epoxies should only be used cornices, baseboards, fireplace mantles, on surfaces to be painted. flooring, wainscoting, interior doors, and Epoxy repair is usually a two-step door and window trim are just a few of the process that requires an average of up to many interior wooden features that should twelve hours to dry. First, the deterio- be preserved. They can be maintained and rated area should be consolidated with protected through appropriate cleaning, a quality penetrating epoxy. After this limited paint removal, and reapplication has been applied, the voids in the wood of protective coating systems. Every effort member should be filled with an epoxy should be made to incorporate these impor- patching compound. After the filler has tant character defining elements into your cured, remove the excess. Chisels, planes, rehabilitation. or sandpaper can be used depending on During rehabilitation, preserve original individual circumstances. A water repel- finishes and the trim and ornament of a lent coat should then be applied and the room. Your plans may include removal of surface painted. non-historic later alterations. Missing original features, if historically documented, should be replaced to original design and appearance. New additions should not damage or obscure original features or finishes. TECHNICAL INFORMATION 147

Refnishing Wood Some homeowners, armed with proper information, may attempt paint analysis; others may prefer to hire a consultant. Refinishing wood makes a dramatic When starting a rehabilitation project improvement in the appearance of his- that includes paint research, one should toric interiors. The process of refinishing always consider the various designs and interior features is an involved one and styles that were popular during the time should be carefully planned. Refinishing of the building’s construction. In some and stripping woodwork is messy, and instances, various architectural elements usually accompanied by unpleasant fumes were highlighted with different paint and sometimes piercing noises. All meth- colors. Graining and decorative wall ods should be understood, and the option painting were also popular at various which best fits your situation used. times. Graining was a method for disguis- Manual stripping of wood involves the ing domestic wood to resemble a more most physical work and is usually the most expensive, elegant wood type. Also, time consuming. This option may be the marbling, the method of painting either most feasible if there are problems with wood or stone to resemble a more expen- proper ventilation for chemical strippers or sive polished stone, was common practice. if there are numerous health constraints. These are just a few of the varied painting Chemical stripping is another alterna- practices that were used historically in tive. This process involves the application residential homes. of layers of chemicals to remove the The basic steps in paint preparation buildup of layers of dirt and old finishes. are very much the same as preparing wood After the chemical stripper has been surfaces to be refinished. First, loose and applied, wide bladed putty knives can be deteriorated paint must be removed. Paint used to scrape off the old finish. Again, this can be loosened with a putty knife and process is messy and has unpleasant fumes. wire brush and then patched over with Once wood has been stripped, a new wood putty and sanded to a smooth finish. film finish such as varnish or shellac, or a Mechanical methods of paint removal are new oil based finish such as linseed oil or usually too abrasive for interior painted tung oil can be applied. Both types should features. Large sanders and rotary drill be applied using thin coats. Thin coats dry sanders will scar wood grain. Methods faster and harder than thick ones. Always such as sandblasting should never be used work with the grain of the wood and allow to remove paint from wood; this causes up to 24 hours between each application. erosion of decorative details, raises the wood grain, and causes excessive damage. Interior Paints Use a chemical stripper, electric paint remover, or manually strip off excess paint that is blistering or flaking. After the The rehabilitation of a historic house often excess paint has been removed, water may includes the removal and application of be used to clean the wood, but wood then paint. Determining the color that was origi- should be allowed to dry for at least 24 nally applied in a room can be very helpful hours. A historic house could also contain in a restoration project. If an accurate his- one or more layers of lead based paint. torical account of paint colors is desired, an Paint removal can be a health hazard, in-depth paint analysis can be conducted. 148 TECHNICAL INFORMATION especially when working on the interior. Paneling and Wainscoting If older paint contains lead, this could be especially dangerous for younger children Wainscoting is the three to four foot high or pregnant women. When sanding, clean- wooden base around the perimeter of a ing, or just working with woodwork, you room. It has been designed to give propor- should always wear a dust mask and clean tion and scale to the walls. Wood panel- up thoroughly afterward. Proper ventila- ing and wainscoting should be repaired tion is a must with most chemical strippers and cleaned. Historically, there are three because vapors can be harmful if inhaled general types of wainscoting: a very formal over long periods of time. type, a more service type and a craftsman There are two basic types of paint: type which varies according to the design latex and oil based. Most have specific of the builder. If wainscoting has never purposes and should be used if certain been painted, it should remain unpainted. qualities of paint are desired. Paint should Replace in in-kind if parts are missing. be chosen carefully before work begins, and used for the purpose for which it is intended. Usually, interior spaces should use latex type paint, but in areas where wood receives heavy wear, such as stair rails, an oil based or alkyd type paint should be used. If an oil based paint is already in place, the new paint should be oil based. If a latex paint is already in place, a latex should be used. The key to a good paint job is proper wood preparation. By applying paint only after wood has been properly cleaned, repaired, and primed, will you have a successful paint job.

Interior Wooden Features

It is also important to retain and preserve the various individual wooden features that help define the overall character of your house. These wooden elements were designed specifically for your house and should be a vital part of its rehabilitation. Architectural features such as interior paneling, wainscoting, doors, hardware, and flooring should be recognized. Adapted from an illustration in Rehab Right TECHNICAL INFORMATION 149

Doors and Hardware 4. The door jamb may shift due to house settlement. If this happens, work on the door rather than the door jamb. Historic interior doors are deﬁnitely character deﬁning elements and should be 5. The original door knob is missing and retained rather than replaced. Doors usu- the replacement is inappropriate. A ally match the architectural features of the new door knob should be found that is historic rooms. The moldings, proportion in character with the original. of panels, and design all match the other 6. The escutcheon, hinges, knobs, and architectural features of the room. The plates may be tarnished. Remove old door is a vital part of the overall composi- paint, dirt and polish. tion and should be repaired. Placement of 7. The latch mechanism is malfunction- modern doors in a historic house is often ing. If this occurs, clean and oil the inappropriate. If a historic door is beyond latch; if this fails, consult a locksmith. repair, the door should be replaced with a 8. The strike plate is out of alignment similar one. If the door needs repair, a few with the latch. The mortise needs to simple guidelines should help in solving be enlarged enough to enable the strike some common problems. plate to move up or down.

Flooring

The wood floors of your historic house have received an enormous amount of wear and tear over the years and probably need attention during rehabilitation. In many instances the only action needed is a thorough cleaning. It may be a simple task of removing old wax buildup and gently scrubbing the floors with a fine brush or Adapted from steel wool brush. Commercial floor clean- an illustration in ers can also be used to clean hardwood Rehab Right floors. If cleaning fails to do the job, selective sanding may be the next best alternative. Sanding will help remove scratches, 1. Edges may swell causing the door to raised grain, and other problem spots on stick. Plane the sides affected, other the floor. After sanding you may need to than the latch side. do a complete refinishing. The refinishing 2. Hinges may stick. If this happens add process will involve sanding to assume a shims, remount screws, or set the mor- smooth surface, applying a stain if appro- tises deeper. priate; and then applying a coating to 3. The bottom of the door may bind. If protect the wood from wear. Hardwood, as this occurs, reset screws or deepen well as softwood floors, should be repaired mortise at top hinge. and refinished to retain the natural beauty of historic flooring. 150 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

PLASTER cause and must be analyzed and repaired before plaster is patched. In order to repair cracked plaster, the following steps should Plaster is probably one of the most be taken: common wall surfaces in a historic building. It can receive all types of treatments 1. Check along the line of the crack. If including wallpaper, paint and stenciling. there are signs that it has been patched It can be applied over brick, stone, timber, before, and normal expansion and con- or frame construction. Cracks, holes, major traction is the cause, then more than areas of spoiling or sugaring are common filling the crack with joint compound problems associated with plaster. As with is required. The patched crack must any historic materials, plaster should be be able to “give” with the movement of repaired rather than replaced. Covering the wall. problems with fabric or some other mate- 2. Clean the crack of all loose debris and rial will only conceal the problem, not plaster. correct it. 3. Fill the crack with a joint compound Plaster is a three coat process of apply- and spread it to approximately 3" to ing a wet lime or gypsum based mortar either side of the crack. which can be trowelled over wood lath 4. To bridge the crack, use reinforcing strips. The first two coats usually contain tape (an open weave mesh-like tape), or sand and animal hair and the final coat paper tape if the cloth cannot be found is thinner and contains no aggregate or or if patching a corner. Force the tape binder. into the bed of the joint compound until Cracks in plaster are always present in the bottom of the tape is fully covered. historic buildings. They can be an indica- Wipe off any excess. Cover the tape tion of structural failure or they can be completely with a thin layer of com- seasonal, opening up in the winter and pound. Allow about 24 hours to dry. closing in the summer as a result of normal expansion and contraction. 5. After drying, smooth out any ridges In addition to movement, water is the by rubbing them lightly with a damp other primary source of plaster deteriora- sponge or lightly sanding them by hand tion. Leaky gutters or downspouts, faulty with fine sandpaper. (The damp sponge flashing, and plumbing leaks should be will produce far less dust.) checked prior to plaster repair. 6. Apply a second, thin coat, feathering the edges 1" beyond the previous layer. Let it dry thoroughly and then sand. Cracks in Plaster 7. Apply a third and final coat as smoothly as possible so that there will be mini- Cracks mal final sanding. Any cracks that were Several cracks running through a wall caused by settling can be repaired by may create an unsightly appearance. the same method. Some may be fairly large; others may be 8. If there are hairline cracks that have hairline. Building movement may cause never been patched before, these can be plaster to crack in order to relieve stresses filled in with the same method. in a wall. Structural failure may also be a TECHNICAL INFORMATION 151

Reappearing Cracks 4. A second coat should be applied after the first has set, perpendicular to the Despite cloth tape and careful applica- first coat, again bearing down slightly tion, some cracks reappear. The part of the on the dry side of the ribbon of the wall that continues to crack is subject to joint compound. greater stresses. Check to make sure that structural failure is not the cause. To repair 5. Lightly sand any ridges, prime and the reappearing crack, apply a commercial repaint the wall. patching system. Such systems use a glass reinforcing tape with a pliable adhesive Holes in Plaster to give the patch more flexibility and strength. Follow manufacturer’s instruc- The impact of a door knob or door which tions. lacks a proper stop may cause holes in plaster. Holes may also be caused by elec- tricians making repairs. If this happens, Map Cracks you need to repair the plaster by following Numerous cracks of varying sizes are these steps: referred to as map cracks. The plaster is 1. Remove all loose plaster and debris. basically sound; it just looks like a road Plaster was most likely applied directly map. Normal building movement and to the brick or to the lath. age is generally the cause. To repair map 2. If the finish coat has failed, be cracks, follow these steps: extremely careful to remove only that 1. Rather than try to patch each indi- coat. It is much easier to apply a single vidual crack, apply a skim coat of joint finish coat to a sound substrate than it compound to affected walls. Applying is to redo all three coats. drywall over the plaster is not recom- 3. Carefully chisel an outline around mended because the reveals around the the area that is to be removed so that doors, trim and windows will be lost. excessive amounts of sound plaster 2. Carefully prepare surfaces. Scrape the are chipped away in the process. Use entire surface, making sure all loose plaster washers to anchor sound plaster plaster and paint is removed. Patch any before removing damaged material. large cracks as described above. Wash 4. Remove deteriorated plaster. Reattach the walls to remove any dirt or chalky any loose wood lath. Cut a piece of paste residue. wire lath the exact size of the hole, and 3. Use 6" to 12" taping knife to apply a wire it to the wood lath. Secure wire joint compound. Begin with horizon- lath to studs with 1" drywall screws. tal applications starting at the top of 5. If the original lath was metal, inspect 1 the wall. Apply a thin ( /16") coat of and replace any rusted or damaged compound putting pressure on the areas before patching the wall. lower (dry) edge of the knife as you 6. For scratch and brown coats (the first move across the wall keeping the knife and second coats), use a perlite gypsum blade almost parallel to the wall. This plaster product. Apply the brown coat method will reduce ridges caused by to the same thickness as the original, overlapping each successive row. 1 about /8" to ¼" thick. As the coat 152 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

begins to set, scratch the surface to the bulge and using a vacuum cleaner provide a key for the brown coat. to clean out debris. 7. Apply the brown coat after the scratch 2. Drill ¼” injection holes through the coat has set, about 48 hours. Apply it lath to the plaster, using a drill bit gage 1 about /8" below the original brown to keep from drilling into plaster. If you coat. Again, scratch the surface as it cannot get access from the back of the begins to set to prepare to receive the plaster, drill through the front to the finish coat. Allow the brown coat to set lath. Holes should be positioned 3" to for 48 hours. 6" apart. 8. For the finish coat, gauging plaster 3. A specially mixed acrylic adhesive is mixed with a double-hydrated finish injected between the plaster and the lime is recommended. Double-hydrated lath through specially drilled holes. lime can be moved to the site and used Most adhesives come in standard immediately. A single hydrated lime caulking-gun cartridges. Trim the tip will also work, but it must be slaked slightly larger so that it makes a tighter before it can be used, a 24 hour profit with the plaster. cess. Allow this coat to cure one week 4. Carefully judge the amount of adhesive then check for shrinkage away from the used. It will need to be enough to float original plaster. It may be necessary to between the lath and the plaster. Move tape and patch cracks at this joint. quickly between holes. 5. The plaster is then pressed back in Loose Plaster place with a sheet of plywood until the Plaster may have pulled loose from the adhesive sets. Place wax paper over the lath. If this happens, reattach the plaster plywood before it is used, and press by using plaster washers, also called repair the plaster back to the lath. Use several discs or ceiling buttons. They are used in braces to secure the plywood to the conjunction with flat headed wood screws area. or drywall screws to attach plaster to lath to studs. Washers are then skimmed over 6. When set, remove the plywood and with joint compound. carefully fill the injection holes.

Loose Decorative Plaster Water Stained Plaster If decorative plaster has become unkeyed from the lath, it needs to be repaired by a If plaster has been stained by water, it special method called “injected adhesive should be sealed with shellac or shellac bonding”. This method was developed based primer. If the plaster has lost its by Morgan Phillips and Andy Ladygo at integrity, it is probably unsalvageable and the Society for the Preservation of New should be removed. England Antiquities. The following steps should repair the damaged plaster: 1. Clean out the space between the lath and the plaster. This can be done by carefully breaking open the bottom of TECHNICAL INFORMATION 153

WALLCOVERINGS, process and can be rather expensive. Some companies still manufacture reproduc- FLOORCOVERINGS AND tions of designs used during the nineteenth TEXTILES century, but time must be spent finding the right manufacturer. Decorative wall finishes are a part of the history of your Interior features and finishes sometimes house and should be considered during go unnoticed during a major rehabilita- rehabilitation. tion. Interior decorative finishes are an important aspect of the historic house and should be part of the project. Finishes such Floorcoverings and Textiles as stenciling, marbling, graining, wallpaper Historically, floorcoverings have for the and carpeting provide your historic house most part been luxury items. Before the late with accent colors, textures, and patterns 1700s, almost all were imported, primar- that are very much part of its design. ily from England. Floorcoverings generally Interior textiles such as window curtains, include all types of carpets, rugs, oilcloths hangings, upholstery, and linens, are and tiles; they provide the color, texture, another layer of detailing. These elements and patterning for the flooring of your should be included in your planning and historic house and should be chosen care- carefully implemented during the various fully. Almost all rugs and carpets are not stages of rehabilitation. original to the house due to wear and tear over the years, new historically appropriate Wallcoverings floorcoverings can be chosen. An experienced preservation architect/interior For many historic houses, the most popu- designer should be consulted for specific lar decorative finish for plaster walls has designs. been wallpaper. Graining, also a form of Painted floorcloths and matting were decoration, involved painting inexpensive prominent floorcoverings until the mid- softwood to imitate more fashionable and 1800s, when carpeting became more widely costly woods such as cedar, mahogany, or used. Floorcloths were usually made from oak. For the most part, however, a historic canvas-cotton, linen, hemp or wool. The house probably had some type of wallpaper various layers were painted several times for its primary decorative finish. In rare on each side and cured. Carpets were instances, some historic houses contain generally divided into two types: flatwoven their original wallpaper. A house has (flat weave without piles) and pile carpets usually been redecorated to keep up with (formed from cut loops of yarn). The most current fashions; however, the original popular type was, by far, the pile carpet. wallpaper may be under layer upon layer Linoleum is another floorcovering which of more recent finishes. Wallcoverings is no longer widely used, yet was once should be examined early in the rehabilita- popular. Many times the various layers of tion process to determine if any original linoleum can be found on your floors. New wallpaper exists. If you wish to replicate vinyl patterns can usually be found that certain wallpaper samples, an experienced closely resemble old linoleum. preservation consultant would be a good resource. Searching for historically appropriate wallpaper is usually a very involved 154 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

HEATING, VENTILATION AND Electric systems are a type of forced warm-air system. The heat pump is a spe- AIR CONDITIONING cial type of an electrical heating system. It extracts heat from outside air and transfers Owners of historic houses should be it indoors during the winter; during the aware that under normal conditions, most summer it reverses the cycle, absorbing mechanical systems must be replaced every heat indoors, then removing it. twenty-five to forty years. The impact of There are also two types of hot-water installation upon historic building material systems: gravity and forced. The gravity should be a primary concern in any reha- system works on the principle that when bilitation project. Any plan to install a new water is heated, it expands, becomes HVAC system should be planned so that lighter, and rises. Water rises through it causes the least alteration and damage pipes to radiators, its place being taken possible to the house’s floor plan, exterior by cooler and heavier water in the return elevations, and important interior features, pipes. Steam heating works on the same finishes and materials. At the same time, principle. The forced hot-water system is historic mechanical systems may be char- a gravity system with a circulating pump acter defining features of your house and driving water through pipes and radiators. should be retained and repaired, when- There are two types of central air ever possible. Plans to partially or totally conditioning systems: the single pack- remove a historic HVAC system should be age unit and the split system. With the evaluated early in the project planning. single-package unit, the cooling coil, the condenser, and compressor are located Types together, generally outside the building. In the split system, the cooling coil is located There are two main types of central heat- inside the building with the condenser ing systems. The first is indirect or warm- and compressor located outside. Outside air heating; the second is by steam or hot package units should be hidden from view water. The two types of warm-air systems by landscaping or brick/lattice screens. include the gravity warm-air system, which was the original type in many old buildings, and the forced system. The latter system is an improvement over the gravity type because it employs a blower to force air to circulate between furnace and registers and does not depend on natural convection. Besides making warm air distribution more equitable, this system minimizes the difference between warm air entering and cold air leaving rooms. With a forced warm-air system, it is pos- Adapted from an illustration in sible to send heat only to those rooms that Sevannah Victorian District Design require it. Guidelines. TECHNICAL INFORMATION 155

Visibility ductwork could only be accommodated by dropping ceilings or exposing the ducts; Usually the only parts of a heating and either would detract from the character of air conditioning system visible in a room the interior spaces. In this instance, a hot- are registers in buildings with warm-air water heating system would probably be systems and radiators in buildings with the best choice with individual radiators hot-water systems. Ductwork, though, being the only portion visible. may also be visible depending upon the For frame buildings, where a warm- size, shape, and location. Of course, keep- air heating system would work well, the ing ductwork and registers out of view number, type, size, and location of the should be the goal. When feasible, ducts particular system may all be variables to should be located in the crawl space and/ be determined once significant interior or the attic. If the system you have chosen features are recognized. For example, exposes the ductwork, boxes it in, or several small electric forced warm-air units requires dropping the ceiling to hide it, that could be fitted into closets may be then you probably have chosen the wrong a better approach than using one central system. system where ductwork would have to be An HVAC system should be picked exposed. that will not destroy the architectural Heat pumps have attracted much character of the building. If a building attention because of their thermal and cost has solid masonry walls forming both the efficiency; however, they have the same exterior and interior walls, decorative ceil- problems with large ductwork as other ings, and no crawl space, you will not want forced warm-air systems. One special type to pick a warm-air heating system. That of heat pump that avoids large ducts is the high velocity type. These ducts can usually be snaked through closets, partitions, and attics quite easily. In addition, large registers are replaced with small, round terminator plates that are almost invisible. Registers should always be placed in the least conspicuous locations. This can be accomplished quite easily in floor areas by placing them behind furniture. When registers are put in a ceiling, they should be as small as possible, located so as not to destroy decorative material, and painted to match the ceiling. For air-conditioning systems, the location of the outside unit can be important. A location that does not intrude upon any of the primary views, and that can be easily screened with vegetation, should be selected. Adapted from an illustration in Rehab Right. 156 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

LIGHTING, ELECTRICAL WIRING fixture should be chosen. If the fixture is to serve only as a supplemental light AND SECURITY SYSTEMS source, then another type should be selected. Historic electric wiring generally will need The fixture’s design should be simple, to be completely replaced; electrical codes without elaborate decorative features. will usually require this. Although wiring A simple form without ornamentation and service panels must be updated, this is most appropriate. Form will follow does not necessarily mean that decorative function. aspects of the old system must also be The fixture’s scale should be appropri- removed. ate for the size of the room. If the room Original or historically significant light has a very high ceiling, bring down the fixtures in your house should be retained fixture to provide proper light. Do not and reused in their original location if install a large oversized fixture that possible. When adding new fixtures or dominates the room. replacing incompatible ones, fluorescent lights are not recommended. Fluorescent Security and fire detection systems, lighting is a relatively new lighting source because of their inherent function, are and is inappropriate for historic residential very hard to adapt to your historic house. buildings. Generally, these systems cannot be hidden Many original or significant lighting totally, but can be incorporated into and electrical systems utilized decorative your rehabilitation planning. As much or high quality switch plates. When these as possible, any conduit installation and exist, they should be reused. New switches location should be carefully concealed to can be installed in original push button avoid damaging historic building materi- switch plates. When new receptacles or als. The least intrusive methods should switches are installed, plates should be be implemented, such as hiding conduits as inconspicuous as possible. Match the in furred out walls and painting to match color of the adjacent surface and place the existing conditions. The installation of plates so as not to damage historic building these systems should be carefully coordi- material. nated with your contractor and architect to Whenever feasible, an existing his- insure sensitive treatment. toric light fixture should be retained and re-used. Although the original fixture may not be the primary light source, new fixtures can be put in place or installed to supplement the original. While modern lights are usually required to replace non-historic fixtures or supplement the originals, the new fixtures should be contemporary yet compatible and follow these general guidelines:

The light’s function should be determined. If a light source for an entire room is needed, then an appropriate TECHNICAL INFORMATION 157

PLUMBING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

The more significant features of a historic The structural system of your historic plumbing system may help define the house should be examined and evaluated overall character of your house. While in your project’s early planning stages to the plumbing system itself may have to be determine physical condition and overall upgraded, augmented, or entirely replaced, importance to the building’s historic char- many of the actual plumbing fixtures could acter. The most important consideration is be retained. Visible portions of plumb- whether members are structurally sound ing systems such as radiators, sinks and and capable of supporting activities within bathtubs are often significant features and the house. If there are any doubts, a quali- their retention should be considered in the fied architect or structural engineer should early planning stages of the rehabilitation be consulted. project. Structural components are often Whether installing new pipes or directly observable only in attics or base- repairing old ones, care should be taken ments. Elsewhere they are concealed not to damage historic building materials. by fixed floor, wall and ceiling material. Existing holes for pipe connections should Common signs of structural problems are be used to keep from damaging walls or sloping or springy floors, wall and ceiling floors. Hidden passages, crawl spaces, and cracks, wall bulges, sticking doors, and existing vents should be used to minimize windows. Many such problems may be damage to historic fabric. attributed to settlement of the foundations Original plumbing fixtures in the or problems with exterior masonry walls. bathroom and kitchen should be retained When failures in structural components if possible. Porcelain and china sinks, tubs, occur, they usually involve individual and toilets can be reglazed and cleaned to members and rarely result in the failure appear as new. Large clawfoot tubs can· of the entire structure. Instead, an elas- be converted into a combination shower/ tic type adjustment takes place which bath without modifying existing pipes. redistributes stresses to other parts of the If original fixtures are missing, new ones house. Other areas of common structural- should be simple and in character with the related problems include the underpinning historic nature of the house, not imitations of foundations, deflection and warping, or plastic fake marble fixtures. sagging floors and cracking walls.

Foundations

Many times historic houses were built without proper foundations. Piers or even load-bearing walls within a house were placed directly on or just slightly below ground. The freeze-thaw cycle during winter months may have caused settling or shifting of support piers. In other cases, more load was placed in certain areas of the house as room functions changed. 158 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

These circumstances make reinforcement deflection of wood beams or joists, of piers and foundations advisable. differential movements of foundation It may be necessary to actually excavate elements, localized crushing, or wood to a point beneath the existing pier or decay. Check the bearing and connec- foundation and backfill with concrete. tions of all exposed structural elements Jacks or other temporary supports should that are in contact with the foundation. be used to brace the house while this is Look for symptoms of bearing failure taking place. New piers and additional where these elements are concealed, concrete footings may be necessary under such as bowing or sloping in the floor certain load-bearing interior or exterior above and cracking or tilting of founda- walls. If new underpinning material tion walls, piers and columns. around the building’s perimeter is desired, Sagging, sloping or springing of floors, new brick or lattice type material should due to foundation settlement, exces- be recessed approximately one to two sive spans, cut or drilled structural inches back from the face of the existing elements, overloading or removal of pier. This will provide a secure underpin- supporting walls or columns on the ning while maintaining the structural floor above or below. Each case must be support system. diagnosed separately. In old buildings, columns or walls that helped support or Defection, Warping, and Associated stabilize the floor above may have been Problems removed during a previous alteration; conversely, partitions, bathrooms, or Some deflection of wood structural com- similar additions may have been placed ponents or assemblies is common in old on a floor not designed to support such buildings and can normally be tolerated additional loads. Depending on the cir- unless it causes loss of bearing, weakens cumstances, sagging, sloping or spring- connections, or opens watertight joints in ing floors may be anything from an roofs or other critical locations. Deflection annoyance to an indication of a poten- can be halted by the addition of supple- tially serious structural problem. Check mental supports or strengthening mem- below the floor for adequate supports, bers. Once permanently deflected, a wood bearing and for sound connections structural component cannot be straight- between structural elements. Look for ened. signs of supporting walls that have been Warping of individual wood compo- removed, missing joist hangers, and nents almost always takes place early in inappropriate cuts or holes in joists for the life of a building and will usually cause plumbing, electric, or HVAC lines or only superficial damage, although connec- ducts. Also look for signs of insect or tions may be loosened and occasionally fungal attack. there may be a loss of bearing. Floor sagging near stairway openings, Other associated structural problems due to gradual deflection of unsup- include: ported floor framing. This is common Loss of bearing in beams and joists over in old buildings but usually does not foundation walls, piers or columns, present a structural problem. Cor- due to movements caused by long term rection, if desired, will be difficult TECHNICAL INFORMATION 159

since the whole structural assembly Cracking in interior walls around surrounding the stair has deformed. openings may be caused by inadequate, Look for signs of a supporting wall that deflected or warped framing around has been removed below the opening. the openings, differential settlement, Where this has occurred, structural interior masonry load-bearing walls, or modification or the addition of a sup- by problems in the exterior masonry porting column may be required. wall. Cracking due to framing prob- Floor sagging beneath door jambs, lems is usually not serious, although it resulting from improper support below may be a cosmetic problem that can be the jamb. This is rarely a structural repaired only by breaking into the wall. concern, although if need be, additional bracing can be added (with some difficulty if above a finished ceiling) between the joists where the sag occurs.

The structural components of a residential structure are: A. Exterior load-bearing walls, B. Interior load- bearing walls, C. Interior foundation footings, D. Perimeter foundation, E. Foundation beam, F. Subfoor, G. Non-load-bearing walls, H. Joists, and I. Finish fooring. 160 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Common Repairs for Historic Buildings

Window Repair and its careful replacement with a lime- based mortar suited to the specific nature Historic widow repair is necessary when of the building material in use. Repointing windows exhibit severely peeling paint, might also be necessary if mortar is miss- rotting wood, or deteriorating glazing ing from joints or has been poorly applied. around glass panes. Improper care of Matching color, texture, hardness and windows leads allows moisture and insects finish size are all to be considered when to enter the building. Poor paint condition undertaking this work. on a wooden window frame may indicate a For more information, go to: greater problem caused by excessive mois- www.nps.gov/history/hps/tps/briefs/ ture, in which case professional assessment brief02.htm is advised. Recommendations for the repair of historic wood windows commonly include Iron Repair removal of exterior and interior paint, removal of sash and re-glazing where Iron repair may be required when iron needed, replacement of rotten wood in balconies, stair railings, window grills or frames, and the weatherproofing and other decorative elements exhibit rust repainting of frames and sash before and/or other signs of deterioration. Prob- reinstallation. lems with ironwork often include rusting, For more information go to: peeling paint, missing elements, structural www.nps.gov/history/hps/tps/briefs/ damage, loose fittings or degradation of brief09.htm joints. Ironwork exposed by peeling paint rusts at a greater rate the longer the iron remains untreated. Masonry Repair Recommendations for ironwork repair include rust removal by hand-scraping, Repointing refers to the removal of inap- low-pressure blasting, or rust-removing propriate mortar from the joints of brick chemicals, depending on the extent of or stone and replacing it with mortar more oxidation. Proper priming and repainting sensitive to the limitations of historic of the ironwork is essential to preventing building materials. Portland cement, for further damage. Where iron elements of a example, (usually recognizable by its gray balcony or decorative feature are missing, color and relative hardness to other mor- the ironwork should be consolidated or tars) often causes spalling (chipping off) replaced in-kind to prevent further expo- and cracking in historic building materi- sure to moisture. als because of its extreme rigidity and its For more information, go to: tendency to trap moisture in the brick or www.nps.gov/history/hps/tps/briefs/ stone. Proper repointing for historic build- brief27.htm ings includes the gentle chipping out of www.nps.gov/hps/tps/standguide/pre- inappropriate mortar with the hand tools serve/preserve_metals.htm TECHNICAL INFORMATION 161

Wood Siding Repair taken that some patches of historic paint are retained as a record of the building’s physical history. Most historic buildings Damaged wood siding is most often seen have been painted with oil, rather than in the form of loose, cupping, rotting, or latex, paint and since a new coat of oil missing clapboard on a building’s exterior paint adheres best to former oil coats, oil walls. Siding failure allows harmful mois- based paint is generally recommended. ture penetration and insect infestation into Working with paint on historic buildings the building’s structure. The best way to almost always involves contact with lead protect wood siding is regular maintenance paint, which can be a health hazard if that properly protects siding from moisture handled improperly. Guidelines for dealing penetration. with lead paint can be found through the To retain as much of the historic links below. Proper research and safety material as possible, repairs should focus precautions should be followed prior to any only on damaged areas rather than replace- painting project. ment of the entire exterior siding. Repair For more information, go to: of historic material is preferred when possible, and any necessary replacements www.nps.gov/history/hps/tps/briefs/ should be in-kin or as similar as possible to brief10.htm the original in material, size, and appear- www.nps.gov/hps/tps/briefs/brief37.htm ance. Replacement with synthetic siding www.hud.gov/ofﬁces/lead/lbp/hudguide- is not recommended for historic buildings lines/index.cfm not only because of its historical inac- curacy, but primarily because it does little to prevent further damage to the historic Mildew/Organic Growth Removal wood siding it covers. For more information, go to: www.nps. Organic growth on historic buildings gov/hps/tps/briefs/brief08.htm includes mildew and algae growth commonly seen on foundations, window frames, porches, and/or exterior walls Re-Painting (such as plant growth on a building’s façade). Such plant growth includes ivy Exterior paint serves the dual purpose of or other vines intended by the property protecting the building materials from owner. Organic growth on a building can weather-related deterioration and improv- lead to moisture damage and/or insect ing the building’s appearance. Although infestation as well as compromising mortar its protective role is essential in preventing integrity. Long-term effects can include moisture damage to the building’s materi- warping, erosion, and rotting of historic als, its architectural elements, and even building materials that lead to possible its structure, a coat of paint generally lasts structural damage to the building. The only ﬁve to eight years. presence of mildew, mold, algae, lichens, Recommendations for exterior repaint- or plant growth is often symptoms of ing generally include a regular maintenance deeper moisture problems that should be program of gentle cleaning, scraping, and addressed beyond mere removal of the hand-sanding before applying the new organic growth. coat. In certain cases, care should be 162 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Recommended treatments for algae Seasonal Repairs and lichen removal include gently rinsing the surface with water and scrubbing away The best method of protecting a building growth with a stiff, natural-bristle brush, from deterioration is regular maintenance then rinsing the surface with water again. which involves a thorough walk-around Mold and mildew removal may require inspection of the building. Inspections the aid of chemicals such as TSP, laundry are best conducted at the transition from detergent or ammonia diluted with water. one season to another. At the end of fall, Proper research should be conducted prior for example, roofs and foundations should to application of such chemicals to ensure be checked for build-up of leaves or other both human safety and proper protection debris. Windows, doors, and chimneys may of the building. Plants such as ivy or ferns require maintenance to ensure proper pro- should be cut at the roots and allowed to tection from the coming cold weather and wither prior to gentle removal to avoid possible ice. At the beginning of spring, further damage to mortar. to ensure gutters and downspouts prevent For more information, go to: moisture from penetrating the building, www.oldhouseweb.com/how-to-advice/ they should be cleared of debris, rust-free, ivy-and-vines-attribute-or-detriment. and with all parts intact so that moisture shtml is directed away from the building. Regu- w3.gsa.gov/web/p/HPTP.NSF/gsagovAll lar inspection coupled with timely repairs ProceduresDisplay/0420002R will protect your historic building while www.nps.gov/history/hps/tps/briefs/ decreasing the change of large, expensive brief39.htm repairs in the future cause by deferred or improper maintenance. For more information, go to: www.wini.com/articles/index. aspx?id=3427

92. In the midst of a rehabilitation, Forsyth. TECHNICAL INFORMATION 163

Additional Resources

THE TECHNICAL PRESERVATION SER- 12 The Preservation of Historic Pigmented VICES (TPS) division of the National Park Structural Glass (Vitrolite and Carrara Service provides information on a broad Glass). 1984. range of conservation and preservation 13 The Repair and Thermal Upgrading of topics. Preservation Briefs offer up-to-date Historic Steel Windows. Sharon C. Park, AIA. 1984. information on the care and maintenance of historic buildings and are available free 14 New Exterior Additions to Historic Buildings: Preservation Concerns. Anne E. of charge. Please click on the links below Grimmer and Kay D. Weeks. 2010. for information on specific topics. 15 Preservation of Historic Concrete. Paul Gaudette and Deborah Slaton. 2007. 16 The Use of Substitute Materials on His- Preservation Briefs toric Building Exteriors. Sharon C. Park, AIA. 1988. 1 Cleaning and Water-Repellent Treatments 17 Architectural Character—Identifying the for Historic Masonry Buildings. Robert C. Visual Aspects of Historic Buildings as an Mack, FAIA, and Anne E. Grimmer. 2000. Aid to Preserving their Character. Lee H. 2 Repointing Mortar Joints in Historic Nelson, FAIA. 1988. Masonry Buildings. Robert C. Mack, FAIA, 18 Rehabilitating Interiors in Historic Build- and John P. Speweik. 1998. ings—Identifying Character-Defining Ele- 3 Improving Energy Efficiency in Historic ments. H. Ward Jandl. 1988. Buildings. Jo Ellen Hensley and Antonia 19 The Repair and Replacement of Historic Aguilar. 2011. Wooden Shingle Roofs. Sharon C. Park, 4 Roofing for Historic Buildings. Sara M. AIA. 1989. Sweetser. 1978. 20 The Preservation of Historic Barns. 5 The Preservation of Historic Adobe Build- Michael J. Auer. 1989. ings. 1978. 21 Repairing Historic Flat Plaster—Walls and 6 Dangers of Abrasive Cleaning to Historic Ceilings. Marylee MacDonald. 1989. Buildings. Anne E. Grimmer. 1979. 22 The Preservation and Repair of Historic 7 The Preservation of Historic Glazed Archi- Stucco . Anne E. Grimmer. 1990. tectural Terra-Cotta. de Teel Patterson 23 Preserving Historic Ornamental Plaster. Tiller. 1979. David Flaharty. 1990. 8 Aluminum and Vinyl Siding on Historic 24 Heating, Ventilating, and Cooling Historic Buildings: The Appropriateness of Sub- Buildings: Problems and Recommended stitute Materials for Resurfacing Historic Approaches. Sharon C. Park, AIA. 1991. Wood Frame Buildings 25 The Preservation of Historic Signs. 9 The Repair of Historic Wooden Windows . Michael J. Auer. 1991. John H. Myers. 1981. 26 The Preservation and Repair of Historic 10 Exterior Paint Problems on Historic Wood- Log Buildings. Bruce. L. Bomberger. 1991. work. Kay D. Weeks and David W. Look, 27 The Maintenance and Repair of Architec- AIA. 1982. tural Cast Iron. John G. Waite; historical 11 Rehabilitating Historic Storefronts. H. overview by Margot Gayle. 1991. Ward Jandl. 1982. 28 Painting Historic Interiors. Sara B. Chase. 1992. 164 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

29 The Repair, Replacement, and Mainte- 40 Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors. nance of Historic Slate Roofs. Jeffrey S. Anne E. Grimmer and Kimberly A. Levine. 1992. Konrad. 1996. 30 The Preservation and Repair of Historic 41 The Seismic Retroﬁt of Historic Buildings: Clay Tile Roofs. Anne E. Grimmer and Keeping Preservation in the Forefrontt. Paul K. Williams. 1992. David Look, AIA, Terry Wong, and Sylvia 31 Mothballing Historic Buildings. Sharon C. Rose Augustus. 1997. Park, AIA. 1993. 42 The Maintenance, Repair and Replacement 32 Making Historic Properties Accessible. of Historic Cast Stone. Richard Pieper. Thomas C. Jester and Sharon C. Park, AIA. 2001. 1993. 43 The Preparation and Use of Historic Struc- 33 The Preservation and Repair of Historic ture Reports. Deborah Slaton. 2004. Stained and Leaded Glass. Neal A. Vogel 44 The Use of Awnings on Historic Build- and Rolf Achilles. 1993, updated 2007. ings: Repair, Replacement and New Design. 34 Applied Decoration for Historic Interiors: Chad Randl. 2004. Preserving Historic Composition Orna- 45 Preserving Historic Wooden Porches . ment. Jonathan Thornton and William 2006. Adair, FAAR. 1994. 46 The Preservation and Reuse of Historic 35 Understanding Old Buildings: The Process Gas Stations. Chad Randl. 2008. of Architectural Investigation. Travis C. 47 Maintaining the Exterior of Small and McDonald, Jr. 1994. Medium Size Historic Buildings. Sharon 36 Protecting Cultural Landscapes: Planning, Park, FAIA. 2007. (note: Preservation Brief Treatment and Management of Historic 47 is not yet available online. For informa- Landscapess. Charles A. Birnbaum, ASLA. tion on how to obtain a hard copy of the 1994. brief, go to: www.nps.gov/hps/tps/tpscat_1. 37 Appropriate Methods of Reducing Lead- htm) Paint Hazards in Historic Housing. Sharon C. Park, AIA, and Douglas C. Hicks. 1995, updated 2006. In addition to Preservation Briefs, TPS 38 Removing Grafﬁti from Historic Masonry. provides in-depth technical information on Martin E. Weaver. 1995. a variety of building materials. Please visit 39 Holding the Line: Controlling Unwanted www.nps.gov/tps/education/free-pubs.htm for Moisture in Historic Buildings. Sharon C. more information. Park, AIA. 1996. Appendix

Glossary

Adaptive Use/Reuse–The conversion of through a commission and comply with a building for a use other than that for the National Historic Preservation Act which it was originally intended. Ideally, and state procedures. Currently, there such conversions retain the architec- are 50 Certiﬁed Local Governments in tural integrity of the building’s exterior Georgia. while making compatible adaptation’s Community Development–The process of to the interior which accommodate the strengthening and developing commu- needs of the building’s adaptive use. nities within urban or suburban neigh- Archaeology–The science of identifying borhoods or towns. and interpreting the material remains Covenant–Restrictions attached in perpe- of past human life and activities. tuity to the deed of an historic prop- Architectural Review Board–A govern- erty to ensure that the integrity of the ing board charged with determining structure or the land on which it is whether proposed changes to historic situated is protected once the property property are acceptable under written is sold. (See Easements) or implied guidelines within a local Cultural Landscape–Landscape shaped historic district. by natural and cultural forces over a period of time. Burial Grounds–Term used for unmarked Cultural Resource Management–The graves, such as burial grounds of Native protection of sites, buildings, struc- Americans, paupers, slaves, etc. tures, or objects deemed to have local, regional, national, or international cultural signiﬁcance that are threatened Cemeteries–Term used to describe marked with destruction through development graves. of any kind. Conservation–The preservation, management, and care of natural or cultural resources. Demolition by Neglect–The destruction of a building through abandonment or Certifed Local Government (CLG)–Local lack of maintenance. governments are designated as CLGs if they have enacted a preservation Design Guidelines–Standards of appro- ordinance, enforce the ordinance priateness or compatibility of building design within a historic district. Design

165 166 APPENDIX: GLOSSARY

guidelines are frequently administered Impact Study–A study conducted to deter- through an architectural review board mine the impact that new development or other governing body. would have on a specific area. Easement–A partial interest in real Infll–The use of vacant land or property property acquired through donation within a developed area for new con- or purchase, carried as a deed restric- struction or development. tion or covenant and monitored by a qualified preservation organization to Land Trust–An organization established to protect important open spaces, building hold land and administer its use accord- facades, and interiors. Easement pro- ing to the charter of the organization. grams have been established to protect farmland around rural villages, a block Landmarks Commission–State or local of commercial buildings or a stretch organizations with authority to deter- of scenic roadway. A facade easement mine eligibility of buildings and struc- involves preservation of a building’s tures to be added to their landmark facade by restricting the right to alter registers. the building’s exterior front. Local Historic District–A district created and controlled by a city or county government that serves to ensure that Historic District–A group of buildings, the overall character of the area will properties, or sites that have been be preserved. Historic district signifi- designated by national, state, or local cance can be ascribed to a collection of officials as a historic district. buildings, structures, sites, objects and Historic Preservation Commission–Local spaces that possess integrity of location, preservation commissions are estab- design, setting, materials, workmanship lished by local ordinances and members feeling and association. are usually appointed by the municipal governing body (i.e. mayor, and city council or county commission) to Main Street Program–A national program oversee implementation of the local designed to revitalize the central busi- preservation ordinance. The primary ness districts of small cities and towns. purposes of the local preservation In Georgia, the Department of Com- commission are to survey and desig- munity Affairs’ Office of Downtown nate local historic districts and land- Development coordinates the Main marks, to restrict their demolition and Street and Better Hometown programs. to ensure their character is protected These programs assist Georgia cities through design review. and neighborhoods in the development of their core commercial areas. Historic Structure Report (HSR)–An analysis of a building’s structural condition, including written and photographic National Historic Landmark–National documentation. HSRs are typically cre- Historic Landmarks are nationally ated to provide a record of a building’s significant historic places designated by condition before restoration or renova- the Secretary of the Interior because tion of the building. they possess exceptional value or quality in illustrating or interpreting the APPENDIX: GLOSSARY 167

heritage of the United States. Today, (National Trust for Historic Preserva- fewer than 2,500 historic places bear tion) this national distinction. (National Park Renovate–To repair a structure and make Service www.nps.gov) it usable again, without attempting to National Register of Historic Places–The restore its historic appearance or dupli- National Register of Historic Places is cate original construction methods or the official list of the Nation’s historic material. (National Trust for Historic places worthy of preservation. Autho- Preservation) rized by the National Historic Preser- Restore–To return a building to its form vation Act of 1966, the National Park and condition as represented by a speci- Service’s National Register of Historic fied period of time using materials that Places is part of a national program are as similar as possible to the original to coordinate and support public and materials. (National Trust for Historic private efforts to identify, evaluate, Preservation) and protect America’s historic and Revolving Funds–Revolving funds enable archeological resources. (National Park preservation organizations to acquire Service www.nps.gov) property through donation, options or purchase. Revolving Fund programs Reconstruct–To re-create an historic build- provide effective alternatives to demoli- ing that has been damaged or destroyed; tion or neglect of architecturally and to erect a new structure resembling historically significant properties by the old using historical, archaeological, promoting their rehabilitation and architectural documents. (National enabling owners of endangered historic Trust for Historic Preservation) properties to connect with buyers who Regional Development Center (RDC)– will rehabilitate their properties. Money Georgia is currently divided into 16 from the sale of an endangered property RDCs which provide comprehensive is put back into the fund and used to planning assistance to local govern- purchase additional historic property. ments. With funding from the Historic Preservation Division, 14 RDCs employ Stabilize–To protect a building from regional historic preservation planners. deterioration by making it structurally Rehabilitate–To repair a structure and secure, while maintaining its current make it usable again while preserving form. (National Trust for Historic those portions or features of the prop- Preservation) erty that are historically and culturally State Historic Preservation Ofce significant. (National Trust for Historic (SHPO)–Federal law mandates that Preservation) each state receiving federal funds have Remodel–To change a building without a state historic preservation officer regard to its distinctive features or (SHPO). The SHPO serves as a key style. Often involves changing the governmental preservation official appearance of a structure by remov- who administers the federal and state ing or covering original details and government preservation activities and substituting new materials and forms. policies and advises non-governmental 168 APPENDIX: GLOSSARY

organizations, corporations and individuals on adhering to preservation policies. In Georgia, the SHPO also serves as director of the Historic Preservation Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. Sustainable–Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Glossary of Preservation Acronyms

ACHP–Advisory Council on Historic Pres- HTC–Historic Tax Credit ervation ICOMOS–International Council on Monu- AIA–American Institute of Architects ments and Sites AICP–American Institute of Certified Plan- IDP–Intern Development Program (for ners Architects) APA–American Planning Association LEED–Leadership in Energy and Environ- APT–Association for Preservation Technol- mental Design ogy International NCPTT–National Center for Preservation ARB, BAR–Architectural Review Board, Technology and Training Board of Architectural Review NEPA– National Environmental Policy Act CLG–Certified Local Government NHL–National Historic Landmark CRGIS–Cultural Resources Geographical NHPA (Section 106)–National Historic Information System Facility Preservation Act CRM–Cultural Resources Management NPS–National Park Service DOCOMOMO–International Committee NRHP, NR–National Register of Historic for Documentation and Conservation Places of Buildings, Sites and Neighborhoods NTHP–National Trust for Historic Preser- of the Modern Movement vation FAIA–College of Fellows of the American PTN–Preservation Trades Network Institute of Architects RPA–Register of Professional Archaeologists HABS–Historic American Buildings Survey SAH–Society of Architectural Historians HAER–Historic American Engineering SHPO–State Historic Preservation Office Record THPO–Tribal Historic Preservation Office HALS–Historic American Landscapes USGBC–United States Green Building Survey Council HRS–Historic Resources Survey VAF–Vernacular Architecture Forum HSR–Historic Structure Report APPENDIX: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 169

Frequently Asked Questions

What is Historic Preservation? ists because it preserves historic fabric Historic preservation is the practice of from the course of the building’s history. recognizing, protecting, using and appreci- Because it allows for contemporary or ating our nation’s diverse cultural resources adaptive use, it is also the most prevalent so that generations to come may benefit preservation treatment. from them. Encompassing a wide range of resources—including houses, neighbor- What is the National Register of Historic Places? hoods, commercial buildings, downtowns, The National Historic Preservation Act bridges, churches, schools and battle- of 1966 assigned the National Register of fields—historic preservation is also an eco- Historic Places the central role in recogniz- nomic development tool that has proven to ing buildings, sites, districts, structures and be an effective way to revitalize neighbor- objects significant in national, state or local hoods and downtowns. history, archeology, architecture, engineering or culture. Listing in the National What is the diference between restoration and Register does not guarantee full protection rehabilitation? from demolition, but any development Restoration and rehabilitation are two project using federal money or requiring a options available when preserving a prop- federal permit must undergo Section 106 erty. During a restoration, the goal is to review, required by the Historic Preser- accurately depict the form, features and vation Act, to consider the impact the character of a property as it appeared at a project might have on nearby sites that are particular period of time. To stay true to on or eligible for the National Register. an era, features added during other periods Nominations to the National Register are in the structure’s history must be removed submitted to and approved by the Historic and missing features from the restoration Preservation Division (HPD) of the Geor- period are reconstructed using all available gia Department of Natural Resources and evidence. Typically restoration is used only the Register is maintained by the National for museums. This approach often removes Park Service, but the vast majority of the authentic, though not original, historic buildings on the list are privately owned. fabric and replaces it with new material that often includes guesswork on details. What is the diference between the National On the other hand, rehabilitation Register of Historic Places, a National Historic makes possible a modern or contemporary District and a National Historic Landmark? use through repair, alterations or additions These terms are often confused, but each to a historic structure. This type of project holds a different level of significance. preserves the significant features of the Individual structures are listed on the structure, which convey its historical, cul- National Register, but entire neighbor- tural, or architectural values and features, hoods or areas can also be designated as a including historic changes. This approach National Historic District. To qualify, the is generally preferred by preservation- area must retain architectural integrity 170 APPENDIX: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

and reflect an aspect of the area’s history. designation, a building or district must be A historical overview of the entire district historically, architecturally or culturally is needed. The purpose of the overview significant and retain most of its charac- is to provide a basic background history ter. A Historic Preservation Commission of the area and to justify the significance reviews and comments on projects affect- of the district. Historic resources survey ing designated buildings. Under most local documentation is required for all proposed laws, owners of designated properties districts, which involves photographing cannot demolish, move or change exterior and mapping all buildings in the district, features of the structure without permis- recording their architectural character- sion from the preservation commission. istics, and assessing whether or not they Similar to the National Register, the contribute to the historic character of the Georgia Register of Historic Places is a district. For more information, contact form of recognition which makes indi- the Historic Preservation Division (HPD) vidually listed structures eligible for state of the Georgia Department of Natural property tax incentives and provides for a Resources. review of some state-funded undertakings. The highest level of designation is a The Georgia Register is the official listing National Historic Landmark, and therefore of historic resources for the state and is specific criteria are used to determine a maintained by the Historic Preservation site’s eligibility. National Historic Land- Division (HPD) of the Georgia Depart- marks are properties deemed significant to ment of Natural Resources. all Americans because of their exceptional values or qualities, which help illustrate How can I fnd out if a building/house is listed in the or interpret the heritage of the United National Register of Historic Places? States. If a property is named a National The National Park Service posts its Historic Landmark, it is also listed on the National Register Information System on the National Register of Historic Places and Web. Here you can search by name, loca- able to obtain federal historic preservation, agency, subject and more. tion funding, when available. Only 3% of properties on the National Register are also Landmarks and they are usually How can I nominate a property to the National owned by private individuals or groups; Register of Historic Places? others are owned by local, state, tribal or For information about National Register federal government agencies. For more districts or listings in Georgia, contact information, visit the National Park Service the Historic Preservation Division (HPD) Web site. of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. HPD nominates eligible properties in Georgia to the National Register. What is the diference between local landmarks or For more information about the National historic districts and the Georgia Register of Historic Register, visit the National Park Service’s Places? Web site. A local landmark or historic district is designated under city or county ordinance that seeks to retain the character What is the National Historic Preservation Act? of the building or area. To receive local The National Historic Preservation Act of APPENDIX: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 171

1966 (NHPA) was enacted due to public What are preservation tax incentives? concern that so many of the nation’s his- Preservation tax incentives are available toric resources were not receiving adequate for any qualified project that the Secretary attention as the government sponsored of the Interior designates as a certified much-needed public works projects. The rehabilitation of a certified historic struc- NHPA, strengthened and expanded by ture. A certified historic structure is any several subsequent amendments, is today building that is listed individually in the the basis of America’s historic preservation National Register or located in a registered policy. historic district and certified as historically significant to the district. A certified rehabilitation is any rehabilitation of a certified What is the Georgia Historic Preservation Act? historic structure that is certified as being The Georgia Historic Preservation Act of consistent with the historic character of 1980 strengthens the concept of historic the property and the district in which it is preservation within Georgia and favors the located. Property owners are eligible for a development of meaningful local preserva- 20% tax credit on rehabilitation costs if all tion programs by establishing a framework criteria are met. for local governments to use in order to To be eligible for tax incentives for protect historic resources within their rehabilitation, a project must meet the jurisdictions. basic tax requirements of the Internal Revenue Codes as well as the certification What does “Section 106 Review” mean? requirements. Applications are processed Section 106 refers to a particular part of by the Historic Preservation Division the National Historic Preservation Act of (HPD) of the Georgia Department of 1966 that requires every federal agency to Natural Resources and passed on with take into account how each of its under- comments to the National Park Service for takings could affect historic properties. certification. Section 106 Review refers to the fed- In Georgia, owners of income-pro- eral review process designed to ensure that ducing commercial and owner-occupied historic properties are considered during residential National Register-listed federal project planning. The review structures that have undergone substantial process is administered by the Advisory rehabilitation qualify for an eight year Council on Historic Preservation, an freeze on property appraisals at a pre- independent agency, in consultation with rehabilitation amount. This is referred to the State Historic Preservation Officer. as the State Property Tax Freeze and is The council must be afforded a reasonable administered by the Historic Preservation opportunity to comment on such projects. Division (HPD) of the Georgia Depart- Any project involving federal funds is ment of Natural Resources. subject to Section 106 Review. It is important to note that Section 106 Review extends to properties that possess significance and are determined eligible for listing on the National Register, but have not yet been listed.

APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 173

Preservation Directory National Contacts

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation National Trust for Historic Preservation 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Suite 803 Southern Ofce Old Post Ofﬁce Building The National Trust for Historic Preservation’s Washington, DC 20004 Southern Ofﬁce serves Alabama, Florida, phone: 202-606-8503 Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, email: [email protected] North Carolina, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, www.achp.gov Tennessee, and the US Virgin Islands. William Aiken House, American Institute of Architects 456 King Street Charleston, SC 29403 231 Peachtree Street, N.E. Suite B-04 phone: 843-722-8552 Atlanta, GA 30303 fax: 843-722-8652 email: [email protected] phone: 404-222-0099 fax: 404-222-9916 Partners for Sacred Places National Alliance of Preservation 1700 Sansom Street, 10th Floor Philadelphia, PA 19103 Commissions phone: 215-567-3234 225 West Broad Street fax: 215-567-3235 Athens, GA 30602 email: [email protected] phone: 706-542-4731 fax: 706-369-5864 Preservation Action email: [email protected] 401 F Street NW www.uga.edu/nacp/ Suite 331 www.uga.edu/napc/programs/napc/links.htm Washington, DC 20001 phone: 202-637-7873 National Association of Tribal Preservation fax: 202-637-7874 Ofcers email: [email protected] Mailing Address: www.preservationaction.org P.O. Box 19189 Washington, DC 20036-9189 Street Address: 1625 K Street NW Suite 1050 Washington, DC 20006 phone: 202-628-8476 fax: 202-628-2241 email: [email protected] www.nathpo.org 174 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

Georgia-Statewide Contacts

Georgia Alliance of Preservation Superintendent Gulf Coast SSO Commissions Southeast Field Area, National Park Service P.O. Box 1453 75 Spring Street, S.W. Flowery Branch, GA 30542 Atlanta, GA 30303 email: [email protected] State Historic Preservation Ofce Historic Preservation Division/DNR Georgia Land Trust 34 Peachtree Street NW, Suite 1600 Georgia Land Trust Service Center Atlanta, GA 30303-2316 FAQ Contact 380 Meigs Street phone: 404-656-2840 Atlanta, GA 30601-2430 fax: 404-6518739 email: [email protected] phone: 706-546-7507 email: [email protected] www.gashpo.org www.gepinstitute.com The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation National Park Service 1516 Peachtree Street Atlanta, GA 30309-2916 Field Director Superintendent Atlantic Coastal Plains SSO phone: 404-881-9980 Superintendent Appalachian SSO fax: 404-875-2205 email: [email protected] Southeast Field Area, National Park Service or [email protected] 100 Alabama St., N.W. 1924 Building www.georgiatrust.org Atlanta, GA 30303 phone: 404-331-4998 fax: 404-563-3263

Georgia-Local Non-Proft Contacts by City

Atlanta History Center Buckhead Heritage Society 130 West Paces Ferry Road N.W. 3180 Mathieson Drive Atlanta, GA 30305-1366 Suite 200 Atlanta, GA 30305 phone: 404-814-4186 fax: 404-814-4186 phone: 404.467.9447 email: [email protected] www.atl.hist.org www.buckheadheritage.com Atlanta Preservation Center 327 St. Paul Avenue SE Atlanta GA 30312-3129 phone: 404-688-3353 fax: 404-688-3357 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 175

Cherokee County Historical Society Historic Macon Foundation P.O. Box 1287 P.O. Box 13358 Canton, GA 30169-1287 Macon, GA 31208 phone: 770 -345-3288 phone: 478-742-5084 fax: 770-345-3289 fax: 478-742-2008 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] or [email protected] www.historicmacon.org www.rockbarn.org Historic Savannah Foundation Historic Augusta, Inc. P.O. Box 1733 P.O. Box 37 Savannah, GA 31402 Augusta, GA 30903 phone: 912-233-7787 phone: 706-724-0436 fax: 912-233-7706 fax: 706-724-3083 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] www.historicsavannahfoundation.org or [email protected] www.historicaugusta.org Thomasville Landmarks, INC. P.O. Box 1285 Historic Columbus Foundation Thomasville, GA 31799-1285 P.O. Box 5312 phone: 229-226-6016 Columbus, GA 31906 fax: 229-226-6672 phone: 706-322-0756 email: [email protected] fax: 706-576-4760 www.thomasvillelandmarks.org email: hcﬁ[email protected] or [email protected] www.historiccolumbus.com

Georgia Main Street Program

Americus Ofce: Atlanta Headquarters: Office of Downtown Development Georgia Dept. of Community Affairs P.O. Box 566 Main Street Coordinating Program Americus, GA 31709 60 Executive Park South NE Atlanta, GA 30329 Athens Ofce: phone: 404-679-0604 email: [email protected] Office of Downtown Development 225 West Broad Street www.dca.ga.gov Athens, GA 30601 Office Director: fax: 706-425-3080 phone: 404-679-3115 fax: 404-679-0572 Community Design Specialist: phone: 706-425-3079 Main Street Program Manager: phone: 404-679-0604 Manager of The Georgia Trust’s Main Street fax: 404-327-6867 Design Assistance Program: phone: 706-425-2926 Program Manager, Training & Special Projects, UGN Coordinator: Program Manager, Design Services: phone: 404-679-3101 phone: 706-583-2734 fax: 404-327-6867 176 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

Regional Downtown Representative: BY CITY: phone: 404-378-2307 fax: 706-425-3080 ACWORTH:

Atlanta Ofce: City of Acworth—Main Street Main Street Designated/Accredited Program 260 14th Street, N.W., Suite A-148 Amanda Sutter Atlanta, GA 30318 4415 Senator Russell Avenue Acworth, GA 30101 phone: 404-376-8161 fax: 404-671-8570 phone: 770-974-8813 fax: 770-974-4507 www.georgiaheritage.com email: [email protected] Coastal Heritage Society www.acworth.org 303 Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd. Savannah, GA 31401 phone: 912-651-6840 AMERICUS: email: [email protected] Americus Downtown Development Authority, Main Street www.chsgeorgia.org/ Main Street Designated Program 101 West Lamar Street Savannah Ofce: Americus, GA 31709 501 Whitaker Street phone: 229-924-4411 Savannah, GA 31401 fax: 912-928-0430 email: phone: 877-424-4789 or 912-651-2125 [email protected] fax: 912-651-2831 www.cityofamericus.net/mainstreet.htm Library & Archives: 912-651-2128 www.georgiaheritage.com ATHENS: Athens Downtown Development Auth. South Georgia Ofce: Main Street Designated Program P.O. Box 1295 Ofﬁce of Downtown Development Athens, GA 30603 P.O. Box 905 phone: 706-353-1421 Nashville, GA 31639 fax: 706-546-8526 email: [email protected] Statewide Main Street Coordinator: www.downtownathensga.com Mary Anne Thomas, Coordinator Georgia Main Street Program Center for Business and Economic Dev. AVONDALE ESTATES: Georgia Southwestern State University City of Avondale Estates 800 Whealey Street 21 N Avondale Plaza Americus, GA 31709 Avondale Estates, GA 30002 phone: 912-931-2124 phone: 404-294-5400 fax: 912-931-2092 www.avondaleestates.org email: [email protected] www.mainstreetgeorgia.org APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 177

BAINBRIDGE: BUCHANAN: City of Bainbridge Main Street City Of Buchanan–Better Hometown Main Street Designated Program Main Street Designated/Accredited Program 107 South Broad Street P.O. Box 64300 Hwy. 120 Bainbridge, GA 39817 Buchanan, GA 30113 phone: 229-248-2000 phone: 770-646-3081 fax: 229-248-2008 fax: 770-646-7748 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] www.bainbridgemainstreet.com BYRON: BLACKSHEAR: Byron Better Hometown Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Blackshear BHT 401 Main Street Main Street Designated Program Byron, GA 31008-7017 318 Taylor St Blackshear, GA 31516 phone: 478-956-5555 fax: 478-965-5299 phone: 912-614-8419 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] www.byronga.com www.betterhometownblackshear.org

CALHOUN: BLAIRSVILLE: Calhoun Main Street Blairsville Better Hometown Main Street Designated Program Main Street Designated Program P.O. Box 248 Blairsville Downtown Development Auth. Calhoun, GA 30703 Main Street Accredited Program P.O. Box 2955 phone: 706-602-5570 Blairsville, GA 30514-2955 fax: 706-602-5609 email: [email protected] phone: 706-994-4837 email: [email protected] CANTON: www.downtownblairsville.com Canton Main Street Main Street Designated Program BREMEN: 151 Elizabeth Street City of Bremen–Better Hometown Canton, GA 30114 Main Street Designated Program phone: 770-704-1545 232 Tallapoosa Street email: [email protected] Bremen, GA 30110 phone: 770-537-2331 CARROLLTON: fax: 770-537-5136 email: [email protected] Carrollton Main Street Main Street Designated/Accredited Program www.downtownbremen.com Mrs. Jessica Reynolds 115 Rome Street BRUNSWICK: Carrollton, GA 30117-3102 Brunswick Main Street phone: 770-832-6901 Main Street Designated/Accredited Program fax: 770-832-6292 P.O. Box 684 email: [email protected] Brunswick, GA 31521-0684 www.mainstreetcarrollton.com phone: 912-265-4032 fax: 912-265-8181 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] www.brunswickgeorgia.net 178 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

CARTERSVILLE: COLUMBUS: Cartersville Downtown Uptown Columbus, Inc. Main Street Accredited Program Main Street Designated Program 101 First Avenue, Ste. 100 Columbus, GA 31902 Cartersville Main Street Development Authority phone: 706-596-0111 Main Street Designated Program fax: 706-596-0012 Development Authority email: [email protected] 1 Friendship Plaza B www.uptowncolumbusga.com Cartersville, GA 30120-3564 phone: 770-607-3480 COMMERCE: fax: 770-607-3690 email: [email protected] Commerce Main Street/Commerce DDA Main Street Designated/Accredited Program www.cvillemainst.com P.O. Box 7171645 South Elm Street CEDARTOWN: Commerce, GA 30529 Downtown Cedartown Association phone: 706-335-2954 Main Street Designated/Accredited Program fax: 706-335-3790 609 S. Main Street email: [email protected] Cedartown, GA 30125-3432 www.commercega.org phone: 770-748-2090 fax: 770-749-5346 CONYERS: email: [email protected] Conyers Main Street Foundation www.downtowncedartown.com Main Street Designated Program 901 Railroad Street CLEVELAND: Conyers, GA 30012 Cleveland Better Home Town phone: 770-929-4239 Main Street Accredited Program fax: 770-602-2545 3 Courthouse Square email: monica.coffi[email protected] Cleveland, GA 30528 www.conyersmainstreet.com email: mfl[email protected] www.clevelandbetterhometown.org Main Street Accredited Program 607 Clubland Circle Conyers, GA 30094-3619 COCHRAN: email: monica.coffi[email protected] Cochran Better Hometown Main Street Designated Program www.conyersmainstreet.com P.O. Box 8 Cochran, GA 31014 CORDELE: phone: 478-297-0306 Cordele Main Street email: [email protected] Main Street Designated/Accredited Program P.O. Box 5739 COLLEGE PARK: Cordele, GA 31010 City of College Park–Main Street phone: 229-273-3102 Main Street Designated Program fax: 229-273-6773 P.O. Box 87137 email: [email protected] College Park, GA 30337 phone: 404-767-1537 fax: 404-762-4607 email: [email protected] APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 179

CORNELIA: DONALSONVILLE: City of Cornelia Better Hometown Donalsonville Better Hometown Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Main Street Designated Program Program Manager P.O. Box 308 P.O. Box 785181 Larkin Street Donalsonville, GA 39845 Cornelia, GA 30531 phone: 229-524-8209 phone: 706-778-8586 fax: 229-524-2663 fax: 706-778-2234 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] www.corneliageorgia.org DOUGLAS: Douglas Main Street Program COVINGTON: Main Street Designated/Accredited Program P.O. Box 470 Main Street Covington Douglas, GA 31533 Main Street Designated Program 2104 Washington Street phone: 912-384-5161 Covington, GA 30014 fax: 912-389-3446 email: [email protected] phone: 770-385-2077 fax: 770-385-8481 www.cityofdouglas.com email: [email protected] www.downtowncovington.org DOUGLASVILLE: The City of Douglasville–Main Street DAHLONEGA: Main Street Accredited Program Downtown Development Authority Dahlonega Better Hometown Program 6694 East Broad Street Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Douglasville, GA 30134 465 Riley Road Dahlonega, GA 30533-0810 phone: 770-947-3000 fax: 770-947-5926 phone: 706-864-6133 email: [email protected] fax: 706-864-4837 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] or [email protected] www.ci.douglasville.ga.us

DALTON: DUBLIN: Dalton Downtown Development Auth Main Street Dublin Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Main Street Designated Program Authority P.O. Box 707 P.O. Box 689 Dalton, GA 30722 Dublin, GA 31021 phone: 706-278-3332 phone: 478-272-2560 fax: 706-226-8082 fax: 478-272-4153 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] or [email protected] www.downtowndalton.com DULUTH: City of Duluth–Main Street DARIAN: Main Street Designated/Accredited Program 3167 Main Street City of Darien Duluth, GA 30096-3263 Main Street Accredited Program Better Hometown Program phone: 770-497-5309 P.O. Box 452106 Washington Street fax: 678-475-3510 Darien, GA 31305 email: [email protected] phone: 912-437-6686 www.duluth-ga.com fax: 912-437-2208 email: [email protected] www.cityofdarienga.com 180 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

EATONTON: FORSYTH: Better Hometown- Eatonton City of Forsyth Better Hometown Main Street Designated Program Main Street Designated Program P.O. Box 4384 Forsyth, GA 31029 Eatonton, GA 31024 phone: 478-994-7747 phone: 706-749-9150 fax: 478-994-7746 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] www.cityofforsyth.net ELBERTON: Main Street Elberton FORT VALLEY: Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Fort Valley Main Street/DDA Ms. Julie LeNeave Main Street Designated Program P.O. Box 70 P.O. Box 1864 Elberton, GA 30635-0070 Fort Valley, GA 31030 phone: 706-213-0626 phone: 478-825-5986 fax: 706-213-0676 fax: 478-825-7711 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] email: [email protected] www.fortvalleymainstreet.org www.mainstreet-elberton.net

GAINESVILLE: ELLIJAY: Main Street Gainesville Better Hometown of Ellijay Main Street Designated Program Main Street Designated/Accredited Program P.O. Box 2496 197 N. Main Street Gainesville, GA 30503 Ellijay, GA 30540 phone: 770-297-1141 phone: 706-635-4711 email: [email protected] fax: 706-635-8467 email: [email protected] www.downtowngainesville.com www.downtownellijay.org GORDON: FAYETTEVILLE: Gordon Better Hometown Main Street Designated Program City of Fayetteville–Main Street P.O. Box 760 Main Street Designated Program Gordon, GA 31031 240 South Glynn Street Fayetteville, GA 30214 phone: 478-628-3555 fax: 478-628-3555 phone: 770-719-4147 email: [email protected] fax: 770-460-4238 email: [email protected] GRAY: FLOWERY BRANCH: Gray Station Better Hometown Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Flowery Branch Better Hometown P.O. Box 626 Main Street Accredited Program Gray, GA 31032 P.O. Box 7575517 Main Street Flowery Branch, GA 30542-5687 phone: 478-986-5199 fax: 478-986-6675 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] www.graystationbht.com APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 181

GREENSBORO: HARTWELL: Greensboro Better Hometown Hartwell Downtown Development Agency Main Street Accredited Program Main Street Designated/Accredited Program P.O. Box 741 P.O. Box 1105 Greensboro, GA 30642 Hartwell, GA 30643 phone: 706-453-7592 phone: 706-376-0188 fax: 706-453-1430 fax: 706-376-0187 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] www.greeneccoc.org www.cityofhartwell.com/mainstreet

GREENVILLE: HAWKINSVILLE: Greenville Better Hometown Hawkinsville Better Hometown Main Street Designated Program Main Street Designated/Accredited Program P.O. Box 567 P.O. Box 120100 Lumpkin St Greenville, GA 30222 Old Opera House Hawkinsville, GA 31036-0120 phone: 706-672-1263 email: [email protected] phone: 478-783-9294 fax: 478-783-9297 email: [email protected] GRIFFIN: Main Street Griffin HOMERVILLE: Main Street Designated/Accredited Program P.O. Box T Homerville Better Hometown Griffin, GA 30224 Main Street Designated/Accredited Program P.O. Box 535 phone: 770-228-5356 Homerville, GA 31634-0535 fax: 770-233-2907 email: kharris-braggs@cityofgriffin.com phone: 912-218-3323 fax: 912-487-3111 www.cityofgriffin.com email: [email protected] www.bht.cityofhomerville.com HAMPTON: Hampton Better Hometown JEFFERSON: Main Street Designated/Accredited Program P.O. Box 400 Jefferson Main Street Hampton, GA 30228 Main Street DesignatedAccredited Program 28 College Street phone: 770-946-4306 Jefferson, GA 30549-1036 fax: 770-946-4356 email: [email protected] phone: 706-367-5714 email: [email protected] www.cityofhampton-ga.gov www.cityofjeffersonga.com HAPEVILLE: KINGSLAND: Hapeville Main Street Main Street Designated Program City Of Kingsland DDA 3468 N. Fulton Avenue Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Hapeville, GA 30354 P.O. Box 250107 South Lee Street Kingsland, GA 31548 phone: 404-669-8269 fax: 404-669-2113 phone: 912-729-2848 email: [email protected] fax: 912-729-7618 email: [email protected] www.kingslandgeorgia.com 182 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

LAFAYETTE: LYONS: LaFayette Main Street Lyons Better Hometown Main Street Designated Program Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Main Street and Economic Development 134 NW Broad Street LaFayette, GA 30728 Lyons, GA 30436 phone: 706-639-1519 phone: 912-526-6445 fax: 706-638-7465 fax: 912-526-4372 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] or [email protected] www.cityoflafayettega.org www.talesfromthealtamaha.com City of LaFayette Main Street Accredited Program MADISON: Ms. Catherine Edgemon City of Madison Main Street & Economic Development Dept Main Street Designated/Accredited Program P.O. Box 89 P.O. Box 32132 North Main Street LaFayette, GA 30728 Madison, GA 30650 email: [email protected] phone: 706-342-1251 www.cityoflafayettega.org fax: 706-342-3454 email: [email protected] LAGRANGE: www.madisonga.com Downtown LaGrange Development Authority MCDONOUGH: Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Main Street McDonough Development Authority 133 Main Street Main Street Designated Program LaGrange, GA 30240 5 Griffin Street phone: 706-298-4533 McDonough, GA 30253 fax: 706-883-6153 phone: 770-898-9868 email: [email protected] fax: 770-898-9181 www.downtownlagrange.com email: [email protected]

LAVONIA: MILLEDGEVILLE Lavonia Better Hometown Milledgeville Main Street Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Main Street Designated Program 1269 East Main Street Downtown Development Authority Lavonia, GA 30553 Milledgeville, GA 31059 phone: 706-356-1926 phone: 478-414-4014 fax: 706-356-4694 fax: 478-452-4834 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] www.milledgevillemainstreet.com LOCUST GROVE: City of Locust Grove Better Hometown MILLEN: Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Millen Better Hometown Downtown Manager Main Street Designated/Accredited Program P.O. Box 900 548 Cotton Avenue Locust Grove, GA 30248 Millen, GA 30442 phone: 770-692-2320 phone: 478-982-5595 fax: 770-692-2326 fax: 478-982-5512 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] www.locustgroveonline.com APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 183

MONROE: PELHAM: City of Monroe–Main Street Pelham Better Hometown Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Downtown Development Authority P.O. 271 P.O Box 581215 North Broad Street Pelham, GA 31779 Monroe, GA 30655-0581 phone: 229-294-8711 phone: 770-266-5331 fax: 229-294-7239 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] www.monroedowntown.com PEMBROKE: MOULTRIE: City of Pembroke–Better Hometown Main Street Designated Program Moultrie Main Street P.O. Box 130 Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Pembroke, GA 31321 P.O. Box 3368 Moultrie, GA 31776 phone: 912-653-4413 fax: 912-653-4424 phone: 229-890-5455 email: [email protected] fax: 229-873-3108 email: [email protected] RICHLAND: NASHVILLE: Richland Better Hometown, Inc. Main Street Designated Program Nashville Better Hometown, Inc. 200 Broad Street Main Street Designated Program Richland, GA 31825 P.O. Box 432 Nashville, GA 31639 phone: 229-942-3692 email: [email protected] phone: 229-686-5227 email: [email protected] ROME: NEWNAN: Main Street Rome Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Main Street Newnan 607 Broad Street P.O. Box 1433 Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Rome, GA 30162-1433 6 First Avenue Newnan, GA 30263 phone: 706-236-4477 fax: 706-236-4448 phone: 770-253-8283 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] www.romega.us www.mainstreetnewnan.com

SOCIAL CIRCLE: OGLETHORPE: Social Circle Better Hometown Oglethorpe Better Hometown Main Street Designated Program Main Street Designated Program Better Hometown, Inc. P.O. Box 425 P.O. Box 612 Oglethorpe, GA 31068 Social Circle, GA 30025 phone: 478-472-6485 phone: 770-464-1866 email: [email protected] fax: 770-464-2113 email: [email protected] www.socialcirclega.com 184 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

ST. MARYS: SYLVANIA: City of St. Marys–Downtown Development Better Hometown DDA Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Main Street Accredited Program 418 Osborne Street 103 North Main Street St. Marys, GA 31558 Sylvania, GA 30467 phone: 912-882-8111 phone: 912-564-7200 fax: 912-882-8231 fax: 912-564-7200 email: [email protected] email: [email protected]

STATESBORO: TALLAPOOSA: Statesboro Main Street Tallapoosa Better Hometown Main Street Designated Program Main Street Designated Program P.O. Box 572 Tallapoosa, GA 30176 Statesboro, GA 30459 phone: 770-574-2345 phone: 912-764-7227 fax: 770-574-3100 fax: 912-489-6638 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] www.tallapoosaga.gov

STONE MOUNTAIN: THOMASTON: Main Street Stone Mountain, Inc. Thomaston Main Street Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Main Street Designated/Accredited Program 922 Main Street 106 East Lee Street P.O. Box 708 Stone Mountain, GA 30083-3010 Thomaston, GA 30286 phone: 770-498-7334 phone: 706-647-8311 fax: 770-498-7335 fax: 706-646-2653 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] www.mainstreetstonemountain.com email: [email protected] www.cityofthomaston.com SUMMERVILLE: Summerville Better Hometown THOMASVILLE: Main Street Designated Program Downtown Thomasville–Main Street P.O. Box 180 Main Street Designated Program Summerville, GA 30747 P.O. Box 1540 phone: 706-859-0917 Thomasville, GA 31799 email: [email protected] phone: 229-227-7020 fax: 229-227-3320 SUWANEE: email: [email protected] City of Suwanee www.downtownthomasville.com Main Street Designated Program 373 Highway 23 TIFTON: Suwanee, GA 30024 Tifton-Tift County Main Street phone: 770-945-8996 Main Street Designated/Accredited Program fax: 678-714-0992 504 Main Street email: [email protected] Tifton, GA 31794 phone: 229-391-3977 fax: 229-386-2923 email: [email protected] www.tifton.net APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 185

TOCCOA: VIDALIA: Main Street Toccoa Downtown Vidalia Association–Main Street Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Main Street Designated Program P.O. Box 579 P.O. Box 1605 Toccoa, GA 30577-0579 Vidalia, GA 30475 phone: 706-282-3269 phone: 912-537-8033 fax: 706-886-7766 fax: 912-537-9964 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] www.moultriega.com www.downtownvidaliaassociation.org

TRENTON: VIENNA: City of Trenton Georgia Vienna Better Hometown Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Main Street Designated/Accredited Program P.O. Box 518 203 West Cotton Street Trenton, GA 30752 Vienna, GA 31092 phone: 706-657-4167 phone: 229-268-4921 fax: 706-657-7228 fax: 229-268-4919 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] www.downtowntrentonga.org www.cityofvienna.org

TYBEE ISLAND: VILLA RICA: Tybee Island Better Hometown City of Villa Rica Main Street Designated Program Main Street Designated/Accredited Program P.O. Box 2749 571 W. Bankhead Hwy Tybee Island, GA 31328 Villa Rica, GA 30180 phone: 912-844-9771 phone: 479-785-1014 email: [email protected] fax: 479-631-0091 email: [email protected] or [email protected] UNION POINT: www.villarica.org Downtown Development Authority Main Street Designated/Accredited Program P.O. Box 233 WARRENTON: Union Point, GA 30669 Better Hometown Warrenton, Inc. phone: 706-486-2351 Main Street Designated/Accredited Program email: [email protected] P.O. Box 27 Warrenton, GA 30828 www.unionpointga.org phone: 706-465-9604 fax: 706-465-1789 VALDOSTA: email: [email protected] Ellen Hill Main Street Designated/Accredited Program WASHINGTON: Central Valdosta Development Authority 300 North Lee Street Washington Main Street Valdosta, GA 31603-1125 Main Street Designated/Accredited Program P.O. Box 9 phone: 229-259-3577 Washington, GA 30673-0009 fax: 229-259-5416 email: [email protected] phone: 706-678-4654 fax: 706-678-3752 www.valdostamainstreet.com email: [email protected] www.washingtonwilkes.org 186 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

WAYCROSS: WOODBINE: City of Waycross Main Street Program Woodbine Better Hometown Main Street Designated/Accredited Program Main Street Designated Program P.O. Box 99 P.O. Box 26 Waycross, GA 31502 Woodbine, GA 31569 phone: 912-287-2944 phone: 912-576-3211 email: [email protected] fax: 912-576-3274 email: [email protected] www.waycrossga.com www.woodbinegeorgia.net WAYNESBORO: WOODSTOCK: City of Waynesboro Main Street Designated Program Woodstock Main Street/Downtown Waynesboro City Hall Development Authority Waynesboro, GA 30830 Main Street Designated Program 8632 Main Street phone: 706-554-8018 Woodstock, GA 31096 fax: 706-554-8009 email: [email protected] phone: 770-592-6056 email: [email protected] www.waynesboroga.com

WRIGHTSVILLE: WEST POINT: Wrightsville Better Hometown West Point Better Hometown Main Street Designated Program Main Street Designated/Accredited Program P.O. Box 94 P.O. Box 574 Wrightsville, GA 31096 West Point, GA 31833-0574 phone: 478-864-0048 email: [email protected] email: hometown@wrightsville- www.cityofwestpointga.com johnsoncounty.com

Georgia Heritage and Historical Societies by County

APPLING: BACON: Appling County Heritage Center Alma/Bacon County Historical Society P.O. Box 87 201 N. Pierce Street Baxley, GA 31515-0087 Alma, GA 31510 phone: 912-367-8133 phone: 912-632-8450 fax: 912-367-4050 fax: 912-632-4512 www.baxley.org/index.php?option=com_ content&view=article&id=63&Itemid=57 BALDWIN: Friends of Baldwin County Cemeteries, Inc. Appling County Historical Society 3690 Sussex Dr. NE P.O. Box 1063 Milledgeville, GA 31061-9337 Baxley 31513-7063 phone: 478-455-0966 www.friendsofcems.org/Baldwin APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 187

Georgia’s Old Capitol Museum Society Fort Yargo State Park P.O. Box 1177 210 S. Broad Street Milledgeville, GA 31059-1177 Winder, GA 30680 phone: 478-453-1803 phone: 770-867-3489 fax: 770-867-7517 www.oldcapitalmuseum.org email: [email protected] www.ganet.org/dnr/parks Old Capitol Historical Society P.O. Box 4 Milledgeville, GA 31061 BARTOW: phone: 912-453-9049 Bartow History Center phone: 912-452-4637 13 N. Wall St. Cartersville, GA 30120-3331 Georgia College and State University phone: 770-382-3818 Ina Dillard Russell Library, Special Collections www.bartowhistorycenter.org Campus Box 043 Milledgeville, GA 31061-0490 Etowah Valley Historical Society phone: 478-445-0988 PO Box 1886 fax: 478-445-6847 Cartersville, GA 30120 email: [email protected] phone: 770-606-8862 library.gcsu.edu/~sc

Euharlee Historical Society Museum and Archives of Georgia Education 118 Covered Bridge Road Georgia College and State University Cartersville, GA C.P.O. Box 95 131 South Clark Street phone: 770-607-2017 Milledgeville, GA 31061 email: [email protected] phone: 478-445-4391 euharleehistoricalsociety.webs.com fax: 478-445-6847 www.library.gcsu.edu/~sc/magepages BEN HILL: Blue and Gray Museum Old Governor’s Mansion 116 N. Johnston St. 120 S. Clarke St. P.O. Box 1285 Milledgeville, GA 31061-3336 Fitzgerald, GA 31750 phone: 478-445-4545 phone:229-426-5069 www.gcsu.edu/mansion fax: 229-426-5069 email: [email protected] www.ﬁtzgeraldga.org BANKS: Banks County Historical Society Fitzgerald-Ben Hill County Library P.O. Box 473 123 N. Main Street Homer, GA 30547 Fitzgerald, GA 31750 phone: 706-335-3786 phone: 229-426-5080 fax: 478-445-3045 fax: 229-426-5084 email: [email protected] BARROW: Barrow County Historical Society BIBB: Barrow County Museum Georgia Legal History Foundation 74 West Athens Street Mercer Law School P.O. Box 277 1021 Georgia Ave Winder, GA 30680 Macon, GA 31207-1001 phone: 770-307-1183 phone: 478-301-2622 fax: 478-445-3045 188 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

Middle Georgia Historical Society Georgia Southern University Museum 935 High Street P.O. Box 8061 P.O. Box 13358 Georgia Southern University Macon, GA 31208-3358 Statesboro, GA 30460-1000 phone: 912-743-3851 phone: 912-681-5444 ceps.georgiasouthern.edu/museum BRANTLEY: Brantley County Historical BURKE: & Preservation Society Burke County Genealogical Society, Inc. P.O. Box 1096 P.O. Box 1522 Nahunta, GA 31553-1096 Waynesboro, GA 30830-2522 phone: 912-462-5961 phone: 706-554-5223 or 478-237-7029 fax: 478-752-8259 email: [email protected] Burke County Museum 536 Liberty Street BROOKS: Waynesboro, GA 30830 Quitman/Brooks County Historical phone: 706-554-4889 Museum & Cultural Center fax: 706-544-0350 121 N Culpepper St. email: [email protected] Quitman, GA 31643-2048 home.bellsouth.net/p/PWP-bcmuseum phone: 229-263-6000

Okefenokee Heritage Center Brooks County Historical Society 1490 N. Augusta Avenue P.O. Box 676 Waycross, GA 31503 Quitman, GA 31643 phone: 912-285-4260 BRYAN: www.okefenokeeheritagecenter.org Richmond Hill Historical Society P.O. Box 381 BUTTS: Richmond Hill, GA 31324-0381 Butts County Historical Society phone: 912-727-2318 Highway 42, Indian Spring P.O. Box 215 Jackson, GA 30233 BULLOCH: phone: 770-775-6734 Bulloch County Historical Society fax: 770-775-2493 P.O. Box 42 email: [email protected] Statesboro, GA 30459 phone: 912-681-1956 Indian Springs State Park Museum 678 Lake Clark Road Georgia Southern University Flovilla, GA 30216 Henderson Library phone: 770-504-2277 P.O. Box 8074 fax: 770-504-2178 Georgia Southern University Statesboro, GA 30460-8074 www.gastateparks.org phone: 912-681-5115 fax: 912-681-5034 CAMDEN: email: [email protected] Guale Historical Society www.lib.gasou.edu/ P.O. Box 398 Saint Marys, GA 31558-0398 phone: 912-882-4587 fax: 770-504-2178 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 189

Bryan-Lang Historical Library Roopville Archive and Historical Society P.O. Box 715 165 Old Highway 27S Woodbine, GA 31569 P.O. Box 285 Roopville, GA 30170 phone: 912-576-5841 fax: 770-504-2178 phone: 770-854-8099 fax: 770-854-4170 email: [email protected] Camden County Historical Commission P.O. Box 398 freepages.history.rootsweb.com St. Marys, GA 31558 phone: 912-882-4587 CATOOSA: fax: 770-504-2178 Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park St. Mary’s Historic Preservation Commission P.O. Box 2128 418 Osborne Street Fort Oglethorpe, GA 30742-0128 St. Mary’s, GA 31558 phone: 706-866-9241 phone: 912-882-5516 fax: 423-752-5215 fax: 912-882-7734 www.nps.gov/chch email: max.tinsleypci.st-marys.ga.us

Catoosa County Historical Society CANDLER: P.O. Box 113 Candler County Historical Society Ringgold, GA 30736 P.O. Box 325 phone: 706-866-1781 Metter, GA 30439 fax: 770-836-6626 phone: 912-882-5516 email: [email protected] fax: 912-882-7734 email: [email protected] CHARLTON: Charlton County Historical Society CARROLL: P.O. Box 575 Bowdon Area Historical Society Folkston, GA 31537-0575 P.O. Box 112 phone: 912-496-4578 Bowdon, GA 30108-0112 fax: 423-752-5215 phone: 770-258-0242 Stephen C. Foster State Park Carroll County Historical Society RR 1 Box 131 P.O. Box 1308 Fargo, GA 31631 Carrollton, GA 30112-0024 phone: 912-637-5274 phone: 770-834-3081 fax: 912-637-5587 phone: 770-836-6494 email: [email protected] fax: 912-882-7734 www.gastateparks.org fax: 770-836-6626 www.carrollcountyhistory.org Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge Route 2, Box 3330 Carroll County Genealogical Society Folkston, GA 31537 P.O. Box 576 phone: 912-496-7836 Carrollton, GA 30117 fax: 912-496-3332 phone: 770-832-7746 email: [email protected] fax: 912-882-7734 okefenokee.fws.gov members.aol.com/carrollgen/index.htm 190 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

CHATHAM: Fort Pulaski National Monument P.O. Box 30757 Bonaventure Historical Society 1317 East 55th Street phone: 912-786-5787 Savannah, GA 31404-4615 fax: 912-786-6023 email: [email protected] mailing address: P.O. Box 5954 www.nps.gov/FOPU Savannah, GA 31414-5954 fax: 404-658-6734 Georgia Historical Society email: [email protected] Hodgson Hall Archives and Library 501 Whittaker Street www.bonaventurehistorical.org Savannah, GA 31499 phone: 912-651-2128 Bethesda Museum. fax: 912-651-2831 Cunningham Historic Center email: [email protected] 9520 Ferguson Avenue Savannah, GA 31406 www.savga.com/ghs/ phone: 912-351-2040 fax: 912-351-2060 Green-Meldrim House 14 West Macon Street Savannah, GA 31401 Coastal Georgia Archaeological Society 1253 Little Neck Road phone: 912-232-1251 Savannah, GA 31419 fax: 912-598-7966 phone: 912-920-2299 fax: 912-961-7000 Girl Scouts First Headquarters 330 Drayton St. Savannah, GA 31401-4433 Coastal Heritage Society 303 MLK Jr. Blvd. phone: 912-232-8200 Savannah, GA 31401-4217 www.gshg.org phone: 912-651-6840 fax: 912-651-6971 Harper Fowlkes House phone: 912-651-6895 218 W. Jones St. email: [email protected] Savannah, GA 31401 www.chsgeorgia.org phone: 912-234-2180 harperfowlkeshouse.com Coastal Scottish Heritage Society P.O. Box 31093 Independent Presbyterian Church Savannah, GA 31410-8193 P.O. Box 9266 phone: 912-356-0491 Savannah, GA 31412-9266 phone: 912-236-3346 First African Baptist Church www.ipcsav.org 23 Montgomery St. Savannah, GA 31401 Juliette Gordon Low Birthplace phone: 912-233-2244 10 E. Oglethorpe Ave. fax: 912-234-7950 Savannah, GA 31401-3707 Public Relations Director phone: 912-233-4501 phone: 912-233-6597 www.juliettegordonlowbirthplace.org email: ﬁ[email protected] www.theoldestblackchurch.org APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 191

Lamar Institute, Inc. SCAD Department of Architectural History P.O. Box 2992 P.O. Box 3146 Savannah, GA 31402-2992 Savannah, GA 31402-3146 phone: 912-826-5214 phone: 912-525-6055 www.scad.edu/architectural-history Massie Heritage Interpretation Center 207 E. Gordon Street Thunderbolt Museum Society Savannah, GA 31401 2702 Mechanics Ave. phone: 912-651-5070 Savannah, GA 31401-4599 fax: 912-651-7380 phone: 912-354-8913 thunderboltmuseum.org Savannah Area Genealogical Association P.O. Box 15385 Savannah, GA 31416-2085 Tybee Island Historical Society 30 Meddin Drive phone: 912-598-0847 Fort Screven fax: 706-272-2977 Tybee Island, GA 31328 www.savannahgenealogy.org mailing address: P.O. Box 366 Savannah College of Art and Design Tybee Island, GA 31328-0366 Historic Preservation Program phone: 912-786-5801 P.O. Box 3146 fax: 912-786-6538 201 W. Charlton Street email: [email protected] Savannah, GA 31402-3146 www.tybeelighthouse.org phone:912-525-6900 fax: 912-525-6904 Vernacular Georgia www.scad.edu Department of Architectural History, SCAD Savannah Diocesan Archives P.O. Box 3146 601 E. Liberty St. Savannah, GA 31402-3146 Savannah, GA 31401-5196 phone: 229-762-3165 phone: 912-201-4070 fax: 229-762-3165 email: [email protected] www.diosav.org/archives

CHATTOOGA: Savannah Jewish Federation P.O. Box 23527 Chattooga County Historical Society Savannah, GA 31403-3527 119 E. Washington Street Summerville, GA 30747 phone: 912-355-8111 phone: 404-651-2707 www.savj.org phone: 404-651-2804

Savannah-Ogeechee Canal Society, Inc. 681 Fort Argyle Rd. CHEROKEE: Savannah, GA 31419-9239 Cherokee County Historical Society phone: 912-748-8068 P.O. Box 1287 Canton, GA 30169 www.savannahogeecheecanal.com phone: 770-345-3288 fax: 770-345-3289/6743 Savannah Town Committee, email: [email protected] NSCDA in Georgia 329 Abercorn St www.rockbarn.org Savannah, GA 31401-4634 www.cherokeecountyhistorymuseum.com phone: 912-233-1828 nscdaga.org 192 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

CLARKE: T. R. R. Cobb House 175 Hill St. Athens Historical Society Athens, GA 30601-2419 P.O. Box 7745 Athens, GA 30604-7745 phone: 706-369-3513 phone: 706-353-1801 www.trrcobbhouse.org fax: 706-552-0753 email: [email protected] University of Georgia School of rootsweb.com/~gaahs/ Environmental Design Caldwell Hall Athens, GA 30602 Athens-Clarke Heritage Foundation, Inc. Fire Hall No. 2 phone: 404-542-3030 489 Prince Ave. Athens, GA 30601-2448 University of Georgia Libraries phone: 706-353-1801 Map Collection fax: 706-552-0753 Science Library email: [email protected] University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602 achfonline.org phone: 706-542-0690 fax: 706-542-6523 Carter-Coile Country Doctors Museum email: [email protected] 111 Marigold Lane P.O. Box 306 www.libs.uga.edu/maproom/ahtml/mchpi1. Winterville, GA 30683 html phone: 706-742-8600 fax: 706-742-5476 Society of Georgia Archivists email: [email protected] P.O. Box 80631 Athens, GA 30608 Church-Waddel-Brumby House/ Athens Welcome Center University of Georgia Press 280 E. Dougherty Street 330 Research Dr. Ste. 100B Athens, GA 30601 Athens, GA 30605-2759 phone: 706-353-1820 phone: 706-369-6156 fax: 706-353-1770 www.ugapress.uga.edu email: [email protected] www.visitathensga.com/welcomecenter.html CLAYTON: Historical Jonesboro-Clayton County First A.M.E. Church 100 Carriage Lane 521 N. Hull St. P.O. Box 922 Athens, GA 30601-2603 Jonesboro, GA 30237 phone: 706-613-3155 phone: 770-473-0197 ﬁrstame.org fax: 770-473-9855 email: [email protected] Old Athens Cemetery Foundation 1430 Broadlands COBB: Watkinsville, GA 30677 Acworth Society for Historic Preservation phone: 706-769-6698 P.O. Box 851 fax: 706-354-7239 Acworth, GA 30101 phone: 770-975-1930 fax: 770-975-1980 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 193

Austell City Museum Seven Springs Historical Society/Museum 2716 Broad Street 3901 Brownsville Road Austell, GA 30001 P.O. Box 4 Powder Springs, GA 30127 phone: 770-944-4309 fax: 770-944-4311 phone: 678-567-5611 email: [email protected] Austell Historical Preservation Society www.cityofpowdersprings.org City Hall 2716 Broad Street Smyrna Historical & Genealogical Society Austell, GA 30001 825 Austin Dr. SE phone: 770-948-4909 Smyrna, GA 30082-3305 fax: 770-944-4311 phone: 770-435-7549 fax: 770-435-7549 Cobb County Historic Preservation email: [email protected] Commission www.smyrnahistory.org 191 Lawrence Street Suite 300 Marietta, GA 30090 COFFEE: phone: 770-565-4846 World War II Flight Training Museum email: [email protected] P.O. Box 190 Douglas,GA 31534 Cobb County Genealogical Society, Inc. phone: 912-383-9111 P.O. Box 1413 www.ww2ﬂighttrainingmuseum.org Marietta, GA 30061-1413 phone: 770-434-0507 COLQUITT: www.cobbgagensoc.org Colquitt County Historical Society 204 Fifth St. SE Cobb Landmarks and Historical Society Moultrie, GA 31768 The Root House Museum phone: 229-985-3763 145 Denmeade Street fax: 770-528-4944 Marietta, GA 30060 phone: 770-426-4982 fax: 770-499-9540 COLUMBIA: email: [email protected] Grovetown Museum www.cobblandmarks.com P.O. Box 120 Grovetown, GA 30813-0120

Kennesaw Historic Preservation Commission phone: 706-868-6338 2529 J O Stephenson Ave NW Kennesaw, GA 30144-2797 Columbia County Historical Society phone: 770-424-8274 Ext 3204 P.O. Box 203 Appling, GA 30802

Kennesaw Historical Society phone: 706-556-6629 2829 Cherokee Street fax: 770-528-4944 Kennesaw, GA 30144 phone: 770-427-2117 fax: 770-499-3376 phone: 770-975-0877 www.mindspring.com/~robertcjones/khs/ khs.htm 194 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

COOK: CRAWFORD: Cook County Historical Society Crawford County Historical Society 180 Gary Ln. Intersection of GA Hwy 42 & US Hwy 80 Adel, GA 31620-9682 Knoxville, GA mailing address: mailing address: P.O. Box 497 P.O. Box 622 Adel, GA 31647 Roberta, GA 31078-0622 phone: 229-549-8241 phone: 912-836-3158 fax: 770-528-4944 fax: 912-836-2355 www.crawfordcountyhistoricalsociety.org COWETA: Newnan-Coweta Historical Society Dawson County Historical and Genealogical Male Academy Museum Society 30 Temple Avenue P.O. Box 1074 P.O. Box 1001 Dawsonville, GA 30534 Newnan, GA 30264-1001 phone: 770-251-0207 DADE: fax: 770-683-0208 Dade County Historical Society email: [email protected] P.O. Box 512 www.nchistoricalsociety.org Trenton, GA 30752 phone: 229-386-3400 Coweta County Genealogical Society fax: 229-386-7007 P.O. Box 1014 Sue Forrester Chair, Board of Directors Newnan, GA 30264 phone: 706-398-3340 phone: 229-549-8241 email: [email protected] fax: 770-528-4944 DAWSON: Moreland Community Historical Society Dawson County Historical and Genealogical P.O. Box 158/128 Society Moreland, GA 30259 P.O. Box 1074 phone: 770-253-1963 Dawsonville, GA 30534 fax: 770-528-4944 phone: 706-216-3439 fax: 229-386-7007 Senoia Area Historical Society www.dawsoncounty.org/dchshomepage.htm P.O. Box 301 Senoia, GA 30276 Dawson County Board of Commissioners phone: 770-599-6457 78 Howard Avenue East, Suite 100 fax: 770-683-0208 Dawsonville, GA 30534 phone: 706-344-3501 City of Senoia fax: 706-344-3889 80 Main Street Senoia, GA 30276 P.O. Box 310 DECATUR: phone: 770-599-3679 Decatur County Historical Society 119 W Water Street Coweta County Genealogical Society, Inc. Bainbridge, GA 31817 5 West Broad Street mailing address: Grantville, GA 30220 P.O. Box 682 mailing address: Bainbridge, GA 31817 P.O. Box 427 phone: 912-246-7994 Grantville, GA 30264 email: [email protected] APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 195

DEKALB: DOUGLAS: Avondale Historical Society Historical Society of Douglas County 121 Berekely Rd P.O. Box 2018 Avondale Estates, GA 30002 Douglasville, GA 30133-2018 phone: 770-949-2787 DeKalb Historical Society fax: 229-435-1572 101 East Court Square Decatur, GA 30030-2544 Friends of Sweetwater Creek State Park phone: 404-373-1088 1826 Mt. Vernon Road fax: 404-378-8287 Lithia Springs, GA 30122 www.dekalbhistory.org phone: 770-942-2555 fax: 770-489-8287 email: [email protected] Confederate Memorial Camp 1432 Georgia Division, Sons of Confederate www.friendsofsweetwatercreek.org Veterans Masonic Temple Building, Suite 201 Sweetwater Creek State Conservation Park 108 E. Ponce de Leon Avenue P.O. Box 816 Decatur, GA 30030-2582 Lithia Springs, GA 30122 phone: 706-542-5788 phone: 770-732-5871 email: [email protected] fax: 770-732-5874 email: [email protected] Stone Mountain Park www.gastateparks.org Antebellum Plantation P.O. Box 778 Stone Mountain, GA 30086 EARLY: phone: 770-498-5722 Early County Historical Society fax: 770-498-5607 P.O. Box 564 Blakely, GA 31723-0521 phone: 770-413-5344 email: [email protected] phone: 912-723-3171 www.stonemountainpark.org ECHOLS: DOOLEY: Echols County Historical Society 814 Bethel Church Rd Vienna Historic Preservation Society Lake Park, GA 31636-5866 P.O. Box 309 phone: 229-559-5230 Vienna, GA 31092 phone: 229-268-3663 EFFINGHAM: fax: 229-268-3664 Georgia Salzburger Society email: [email protected] 2980 Ebenezer Rd. www.historicvienna.org Rincon, GA 31326-3716 phone: 912-754-7001 DOUGHERTY: email: [email protected] Thronateeska Heritage Center and www.georgiasalzburgers.com Wetherbee Planetarium 100 W. Roosevelt Ave. Guyton Historical Society Albany, GA 31701-2325 205 Lynn Bonds Avenue phone: 912-432-6955 P.O. Box 99 fax: 229-435-1572 Guyton, GA 31312 email: [email protected] phone: 912-772-3353 www.heritagecenter.org fax: 912-772-3152 196 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

Historic Effingham Society FLOYD: 1002 Pine Street Cave Spring Historical Society P.O. Box 999/665 13 Cedartown Road Springfield, GA 31329-0999 P.O. Box 715 phone: 912-826-4976 Cave Spring, GA 30124 fax: 912-772-3152 phone: 706-777-8865 email: histeffi[email protected]

Northwest Georgia Historical & ELBERT: Genealogical Society Elbert County Historical Society P.O. Box 5063 1 Deadwyler Street Rome, GA 30162 P.O. Box 1033 phone: 706-236-4607 Elberton, GA 30635-1033 fax: 706-236-4605 phone: 706-283-1185 email: kinzerj@mail.ﬂoyd.public.lib.ga.us fax: 912-772-3152 Rome Area History Museum North Georgia Methodist Historical Society 303-305 Broad Street 1015 Ruckersville Road Rome, GA 30161 Elberton, GA 30635 phone: 706-235-8051 phone: 706-283-8426 email: [email protected] Berry College Oak Hill and the Martha Berry Museum EMANUEL: 2277 Martha Berry Highway Mt. Berry, GA 30149 Emanuel County Historic Preservation Society phone: 706-291-1883 161 Museum Road fax: 706-802-0902 P.O. Box 353 email: [email protected] Swainsboro, GA 30401 www.berry.edu/oakhill phone: 478-289-0070 fax: 706-283-6380 Cave Spring Historical Society 13 Cedartown Road EVANS: P.O. Box 715 Cave Spring, GA 30124 Evans County Historical Society P.O. Box 6 phone: 706-777-8865 Claxton, GA 30417-0006 fax: 706-802-0902 phone: 912-739-4870 Chieftains Museum 501 Riverside Parkway FANNIN: Rome, GA 30162 Fannin Co. Historical Foundation mailing address: P.O. Box 2062 P.O. Box 373 Blue Ridge, GA 30513-2062 Rome, GA 30162 phone: 706-291-9494 FAYETTE: fax: 706-297-2410 Fayette County Historical Society email: [email protected] 195 Lee Street www.chieftansmuseum.org P.O. Box 421 Fayetteville, GA 30214-0421 phone: 770-716-6020 phone: 770-461-7152 fayettehistoricalsociety.com APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 197

FORSYTH: Atlanta History Center 130 West Paces Ferry Road N.W. Historical Society of Forsyth County Atlanta, GA 30305-1366 P.O. Box 1334 Cumming, GA 30028-1334 phone: 404-814-4186 fax: 404-814-4186 phone: 770-781-3768 www.atl.hist.org www.historicforsyth.com/

Atlanta Preservation Center Forsyth County Heritage Foundation 327 St. Paul Avenue SE P.O. Box 3121 Atlanta GA 30312-3129 Cumming, GA 30128 phone: 404-688-3353 phone: 770-887-1626 fax: 404-688-3357 fax: 706-236-1515 email: [email protected] Atlanta Historical Society 3101 Andrews Drive FRANKLIN: Atlanta, GA 30305 Franklin County Historical Society 310 McFarlin Bridge Road Atlanta Urban Design Commission P.O. Box 541 55 Trinity Avenue Carnesville, GA 30521-0541 Suite 3400 phone: 706-384-5119/4805 Atlanta, GA 30335-0331 fax: 706-236-1515 phone: 404-330-6200 fax: 404-658-7491 Royston Public Library 684 Franklin Springs St Autrey Mill Nature Preserve & Heritage Royston, Georgia 30662 Center phone: 706-245-6748 9770 Autrey Mill Road Johns Creek, GA 30022 FULTON: phone: 678-366-3511 American College www.autreymill.org 3330 Peachtree Road NE Atlanta, GA 30326-1001 College Park Historical Society phone: 404-231-9000 3675 Auditorium Way P.O. Box F College Park, GA 30337 Alpharetta Historical Society Mansell House and Gardens phone: 404-767-6202 1835 Old Milton Parkway fax: 404-523-3248 Alpharetta, GA 30009 www.collegeparkhistoricalsociety.blogspot.com phone: 770-475-4663 fax: 770-475-0091 East Point Historical Society email: [email protected] 1685 Norman Berry Drive www.ahsga.org East Point, GA 30344 mailing address: Ansley Park Civic Association P.O. Box 90675 Apt 4, 940 Myrtle Sreet East Point, GA 30364-0675 Atlanta, GA 30309-4144 phone: 404-767-4656 phone: 404-888-9030 fax: 770-489-8287 P.O. Box 77125 Atlanta, GA 30357 www.ansleypark.org 198 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

Eleventh Circuit Historical Society Georgia State University P.O. Box 1556 Department of History Atlanta, GA 30301 100 Decatur Street SE Atlanta, GA 30303 phone: 404-335-6395 fax: 770-489-8287 phone: 404-651-2000 email: [email protected] www.ca11.uscourts.gov Hapeville Historical Society PO Box 82055 Hapeville, GA 30354 Fox Theatre 660 Peachtree Street NE phone: 404-669-2175 Atlanta, GA 30365 fax: 404-651-2476 phone: 404-881-2100 fax: 404-881-2028 Heritage Sandy Springs email: [email protected] 6110 Blue Stone Rd. NE Atlanta, GA 30328-3802 www.foxtheatre.org phone: 404-851-9111 Friends of Bulloch Hall www.heritagesandysprings.org 180 Bulloch Ave. P.O. Box 1309 Historic Oakland Cemetery Roswell, GA 30075 248 Oakland Avenue SE email: [email protected] Atlanta, GA 30312 www.bullochhall.org phone: 404-688-2107 fax: 404-658-6092 email: [email protected] Georgia African American Historic Preservation Committee and Network www.oaklandcemetery.com c/o Ofﬁce of the President Morris Brown College Inman Park Neighborhood Association 643 Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive P.O. Box 5358 phone: 404-220-0102 Atlanta, GA 31107 fax: 404-659-4315 phone: 404-688-2107 fax: 404-658-6092 Georgia Capitol Museum email: [email protected] 7 Martin Luther King Jr Dr Ste 142 www.inmanpark.org Atlanta, GA 30334-9004 phone: 404-651-6996 Lee-Stelzer Heritage Research Museum 372 Sisson Avenue NE Georgia Genealogical Society Atlanta, GA 30317 P.O. Box 550247 phone: 404-373-6327 Atlanta, GA 30355-2747 fax: 404-658-6092 phone: 770-893-1881 www.gagensociety.org Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site 450 Auburn Avenue NE Atlanta, GA 30312 Georgia Public Broadcasting 260 14th St. NW phone: 404-331-5190 Atlanta, GA 30318-5360 fax: 404-730-3112 email: [email protected] phone: 404-685-2415 www.nps.gov/malu/ www.gpb.org APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 199

Old Campbell County Historical Society Fort Frederica National Monument PO Box 342/463 6515 Frederica Rd. Fairburn, GA 30213-0342 Saint Simons Island, GA 31522-9727 phone: 770-997-3385 phone: 912-638-3639 fax: 770-996-7732 www.nps.gov/fofr phone/fax: 770-996-6796

Hofwyl Plantation Roswell Historical Society 5556 US Hwy 17 North Roswell Cultural Arts Center Brunswick, GA 31525 950 Forrest Street Roswell, GA 30075 phone: 912-264-7333 fax: 912-638-3639 mailing address: email: [email protected] P.O. Box 1636 Roswell, GA 30077-1636 www.gastateparks.org/info/hofwy phone: 770-992-1665 fax: 770-594-6402 GORDON: email: [email protected] Gordon County Historical Society www.roswellhs.org P.O. Box 342 Calhoun, GA 30701-0342 Salvation Army Southern Historical Center phone: 706-629-1515 1032 Metropolitan Pkwy. SW fax: 706-629-4510 Atlanta, GA 30310-3488 fax: 912-635-4420 phone: 404-752-7578 email: [email protected] www.salvationarmyhistory.org GRADY: Society of the War of 1812 Grady County Historical Society in the State of Georgia P.O. Box 586 3065 River North Pkwy NW Cairo, GA 31728-0586 Atlanta, GA 30328-1117 phone: 229-377-6699 phone: 770-396-7960 phone/fax: 229-377-5142 www.gradyhistorical.org Woodward Academy GMA Archives 1662 Rugby Ave College Park, GA 30337-2199 GREENE: phone: 404-765-4000 Greene County Historical Society P.O. Box 238 Greensboro, GA 30642-0238 GLYNN: Coastal Georgia Genealogical Society phone: 706-453-7534 4106 Riverside Dr. phone: 706-453-2588 Brunswick, GA 31520 fax: 706-453-4970 phone: 912-265-5916 GWINNETT: www.glynngen.com/cggs City of Norcross–Community Development Department Coastal Georgia Historical Society 65 Lawrenceville Street P.O. Box 21136 Norcross, GA 30071 Saint Simons Island, GA 31522-0636 phone 770-448-2122 phone: 912-638-4666 fax: 770-242-0824 fax: 912-638-6609 email: [email protected] www.saintsimonslighthouse.org www.norcrossdda.com 200 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

Gwinnett Historical Society mailing address: P.O. Box 261 P.O. Box 907643 NLS Lawrenceville, GA 30046-0261/30245 Gainesville, GA 30501 phone: 770-822-5174 phone: 770-967-3808 fax: 770-237-5616 fax: 229-386-7007 email: [email protected] www.gwinnetths.org Stone Rangers, Inc. P.O. Box 1538 Flowery Branch, GA 30542-0026 Snellville Historical Society 2405 Springdale Dr phone: 678-316-8072 Snellville, GA 30078-3763 phone: 770-972-4729 HANCOCK: Sparta–Hancock County Historical Society Suwanee Historical Association 353 E. Broad Street P.O. Box 815 Sparta, GA 31087 Suwanee, GA 30174 phone: 706-444-6411

HABERSHAM: HARALSON: Friends of Mountain Hall Haralson County Historical Society, Inc. P.O. Box 305 Old Haralson County Courthouse Mt. Airy, GA 30563 P.O. Box 585 phone: 706-778-0504 Buchanan, GA 30113-0585 fax: 229-435-1572 phone: 770-646-3369 email: [email protected] www.hchistory.com www.mountainhall.org

Habersham County Historical Society HARRIS: 228 Main St N Harris County Trust for Historic Preservation Cornelia, GA 30531-2119 P.O. Box 16 Hamilton, GA 31811 phone: 706-754-3314 phone: 706-663-2815 fax: 706-663-2815 Habersham County Historical Society email: P.O. Box 1552 [email protected] Clarkesville, GA 30523 HART: HALL: Hart County Historical Society & Museum 31 East Howell Street Clermont Historical Society P.O. Box 96 P.O. Box 441 Hartwell, GA 30643-0096 Clermont, GA 30527 phone: 706-245-0395 phone: 770-983-1248 phone: 706-376-6330 www.clermontga.com/clermonthistoricalsociety fax: 706-376-1456

Northeast Georgia Historical and HEARD: Genealogical Society 5845 Norton Circle Heard County Historical Society Flowery Branch, GA 30542 161 Shady Street P.O. Box 990 Franklin, GA 30217 phone: 706-675-6507 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 201

HOUSTON: LANIER: Perry Area Historical Society Lanier County Historical Society, Inc. P.O. Drawer D 103 E Main St Perry, GA 31069 Lakeland, GA 31635-1117 phone: 229-247-1040 JACKSON: Jackson County Historical Society LAURENS: c/o Crawford W. Long Museum Laurens County Historical Society 28 College Street Academy and Bellevue Streets Jefferson, GA 30549 P.O. Box 1461 phone: 706-367-5307 Dublin, GA 31040-1461 phone: 478-272-9242 JEFFERSON: email: [email protected] Jefferson County Historical Society P.O. Box 491 LEE: Louisville, GA 30434-0491 Lee County Historical Society phone: 912-625-3244 P.O. Box 393 Leesburg, GA 31763 Louisville Historical Society P.O. Box 491 LIBERTY: Louisville, GA 30434-0491 Liberty County Historical Society P.O. Box 982 JENKINS: Hinesville, GA 31310-0982 Jenkins County Historical Society phone: 912-368-7002 Chamber of Commerce libertyhistory.org/joomla/ 548 Cotton Street Millen, GA 30442 Midway Museum phone: 912-982-5595 P.O. Box 195 fax: 912-982-5112 Midway, GA 31320 phone: 912-884-5837 JOHNSON: www.themidwaymuseum.org Johnson County Historical SocietyRoute 1, Box 795 Wrightsville, GA 31096 LINCOLN: mailing address: Lincoln County Historical Society P.O. Box 87 147 Lumber Street Wrightsville, GA 31096-0087 P.O. Box 869 Lincolnton, GA 30817 JONES: phone: 706-359-1031 Old Clinton Historical Society RFD 5-Clinton-Box 143 LOWNDES: Gray, GA 31032 Hahira Historical Society 202 E. Lawson Street LAMAR: Hahira, GA 31632 Barnesville–Lamar County Historical Society phone: 912-794-2274 P.O. Box 805 Barnesville, GA 30204 Lake Park Area Historical Society phone: 770-358-7905 P.O. Box 803 phone: 770-358-0150 (Museum) Lake Park, GA 31636-0803 phone: 229-559-5771 202 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

Lowndes County Historical Society MCDUFFIE: and Museum McDufﬁe County Historical Society 305 W. Central Avenue 633 Hemlock Drive P.O. Box 56 P.O. Box 1816 Valdosta, GA 31603-0056 Thomson, GA 30824 phone: 229-247-4780 phone: 706-595-5584 fax: 229-247-2840 fax: 706-595-4710 email: [email protected] www.valdostamuseum.org MCINTOSH: Ashantilly Center Valdosta Town Committee, NSCDA in GA P.O. Box 1449 821 Millpond Rd Darien, GA 31305-1449 phone: 912-634- Valdosta, GA 31602-1656 0303 phone: 229-242-7997 www.ashantilly.org

LUMPKIN: Lower Altamaha Historical Society Dahlonega Historic Preservation Commission P.O. Box 1405 465 Riley Road Darien, GA 31305-1405 Dahlonega, GA 30533 phone: 912-485-2251 phone: 706-864-4613 fax: 912-485-2141 fax: 706-864-4937 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] www.loweraltamahahistoricalsociety.org Lumpkin County Historical Society P.O. Box 894 MERIWETHER: Dahlonega, GA 30533 Meriwether Historical Society phone: 706-864-0743 P.O. Box 741 Greenville, GA 30222 MACON: Ideal City Hall Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute Library P.O. Box 9 P.O. Box 1000 Ideal, GA 31041 Warm Springs, GA 31830-0100 phone: 478-949-2720 phone: 706-655-5616 www.rooseveltrehab.org Macon County Historical Society North Dooly Street MONROE: P.O. Box 571 Montezuma, GA 31063 Monroe County Historical Society East Johnston Street P.O. Box 401 Marshallville City Hall Forsyth, GA 31029 P.O. Box 83 Marshallville, GA 31057 phone: 912-994-5070 phone: 478-967-2535 MORGAN: MADISON: Madison Morgan Cultural Center 434 S. Main Street Madison County Heritage Association Madison, GA 30650-1640 P.O. Box 74 Danielsville, GA 30633 phone: 706-342-4743 phone: 706-795-2017 www.mmcc-arts.org APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 203

Morgan County Historical Society NEWTON: 277 South Main Street Newton County Historical Society Madison, GA 30650 P.O. Box 2415 phone: 706-342-9627 Covington, GA 30015-7415 phone: 678-625-8239 Morgan County Landmarks Society, Inc. P.O. Box 248 Newton County Historical Society Madison, GA 30650-0248 Chamber of Commerce Building phone: 706-342-0434 2100 Washington Street P.O. Box 2415 Covington, GA 30210 Historic Preservation Commission Meeting Rutledge City Hall phone: 770-786-7310 P.O. Box 277 fax: 770-786-1294 Rutledge, GA 30663 Oxford Historical Shrine Society, Inc. MURRAY: P.O. Box 245 Oxford, GA 30054 Whitﬁeld-Murray Historical Society 715 Chattanooga Avenue phone: 770-787-4857 Dalton, GA 30720 fax: 770-786-1294 www.emory.edu/OXFORD/CampusTour/ MUSCOGEE: oldchurch.html Brookstone School Young Historians 440 Bradley Park Dr, OGLETHORPE: Columbus, GA 31904-2901 Historic Oglethorpe County phone: 706-324-1392 P.O. Box 307/1793 Lexington, GA 30648-0307 Columbus Museum phone: 706-742-7195 1251 Wynnton Rd. Columbus, GA 31906-2899 PAULDING: phone: 706-748-2562 Paulding County Historical Society www.columbusmuseum.com P.O. Box 333 Dallas, GA 30132-0006 Historic Columbus Foundation www.pchsm.org P.O. Box 5312 Columbus, GA 31906-0312 PEACH: phone: 706-322-0756 Byron Area Historical Society www.historiccolumbus.com 101 East Heritage Blvd. P.O. Box 755 Byron, GA 31008-0755 Port Columbus National Civil War Naval Museum phone: 478-956-4204 1002 Victory Dr. fax: 912-956-5299 Columbus, GA 31901-3429 phone: 706-327-9798 PICKENS: www.portcolumbus.org Marble Valley Friends P.O. Box 2 Tate, GA 30177-0002 phone: 770-735-3151 204 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

Marble Valley Historical Society, Inc. Rabun County Historical Society Main Street P.O. Box 921 P.O. Box 815 Clayton, GA 30525-0921 Jasper, GA 30143-0815 phone: 706-782-5292 phone: 706-268-3311 www.rabunhistory.org www.marblevalley.org RANDOLPH: PIERCE: Randolph Historical Society Pierce County Historical & Genealogical Location: Route 1, Box 1005 Society Shellman, GA 31786 P.O. Box 443 mailing address: Blackshear, GA 31516 P.O. Box 456 Cuthbert, GA 31740 PIKE: phone: 912-679-5165 Pike County Historical Society, Inc. P.O. Box 700 RICHMOND: Zebulon, GA 30295 Augusta Canal Authority phone: 770-567-8534 P.O. Box 2367 Augusta, GA 30903-2367 POLK: phone: 706-823-0440 Aragon Historical Society www.augustacanal.com P.O. Box 333 Aragon, GA 30104-0333 Augusta Genealogical Society, Inc. phone: 770-684-3771 P.O. Box 3743 Augusta, GA 30914-3743 Polk County Historical Society phone: 706-738-2241 205 N. College Avenue P.O. Box 203 augustagensociety.org Cedartown, GA 30125-0203 phone: 770-748-5276 Augusta Museum of History phone: 770-749-0073 560 Reynolds St. Augusta, GA 30901-1430 PUTNAM: phone: 706-722-8454 Eatonton-Putnam Co. Historical Society www.augustamuseum.org 104 Church St Eatonton, GA 31024-1306 Augusta-Richmond County Historical phone: 404-327-6844 Society phone: 706-485-6442 2500 Walton Way Augusta, GA 30904-2200

RABUN: phone: 706-737-1532 fax: 706-667-4415 Foxﬁre Fund/Museum P.O. Box 541 www.thearchs.org Mountain City, GA 30562 phone: 706-746-5828 Historic Augusta, Inc. fax: 706-746-5829 P.O. Box 37 Augusta, GA 30903-0037 phone: 706-724-0436 www.historicaugusta.org APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 205

Lucy Craft Laney Museum of Black History SUMTER: 1116 Phillips St. National Society of Andersonville Augusta, GA 30901-2724 P.O. Box 65 phone: 706-724-3576 Andersonville, GA 31711 www.lucycraftlaneymuseum.com Jimmy Carter National Historic Site 300 North Bond Street Summerville Neighborhood Association Plains, GA 31780 P.O. Box 12212 Augusta, GA 30904-2212 phone: 229-824-4104 fax: 229-824-3441 ROCKDALE: www.nps.gov/jica/ Rockdale County Historical Society 967 Milstead Avenue TALIAFERRO: P.O. Box 351 Taliaferro County Historical Society Conyers, GA 30207 P.O. Box 32 phone: 770-483-4398 Crawfordville, GA 30631 phone: 706-456-2776 SCHLEY: Schley County Historical Society TATTNALL: P.O. Box 326 Tattnall County Historical Society Ellaville, GA 31806 P.O. Box 2012 Reidsville, GA 30453-2012 SEMINOLE: phone: 912-557-4402 Seminole County Historical Society P.O. Box 713 TAYLOR: Donalsonville, GA 31759 Taylor County Historical-Genealogical Society SPALDING: P.O. Box 1925 Grifﬁn–Spalding Historical Society Butler, GA 31006-1925 P.O. Box 196 phone: 912-923-1525 Grifﬁn, GA 30224 phone: 912-862-3410 phone: 770-229-2432 email: [email protected] fax: 770-227-5586 TELFAIR: STEPHENS: Pioneer Historical Society Stephens County Historical Society c/o Ruby White 160 N. Alexander Street Highway 280 Toccoa, GA 30577 McRae, GA 31055 mailing address: 313 S. Pond Street TERRELL: P.O. Box 125 Terrell County Historic Preservation Society Toccoa, GA 30577 P.O. Box 63 phone: 706-282-5055 Dawson, GA 39842-0063 www.toccoahistory.com phone: 229-995-2125 email: [email protected] www.tchps.org 206 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

Terrell County Restoration Society TREUTLEN: P.O. Box 63 Treutlen County Historical Society Dawson, GA 31742 206 Second Street S phone: 912-995-2125 Soperton, GA 30457 fax: 912-995-4000 phone: 912-529-6711 email: [email protected] fax: 912-529-6062

Old Parrott Cemetery TROUP: James C. Whatley home lot Hwy. #520 North Chattahoochee Valley Historical Society Parrott, GA 39877 1213 Fifth Avenue West Point, GA 31833 THOMAS: Hills & Dales Estate Southeastern Cherokee Confederacy 1916 Hills and Dales Drive P.O. Box 367 LaGrange, GA 30240 Ochlockee, GA 31733 mailing address: phone: 229-547-5497 Hills & Dales Estate fax: 229-365-6017 P.O. Box 790 LaGrange, GA 30241 Thomas County Historical Society phone: 706-882-3242 725 N. Dawson Street fax: 706-882-3464 P.O. Box 1922 email: [email protected] Thomasville, GA 31792-4452 phone: 912-226-7664 Troup County Historical Society and Archives phone: 229-226-7664 136 Main Street P.O. Box 1051 www.rose.net/~history/index.htm LaGrange, GA 30241-0019 phone: 706-884-1828 Thomasville Genealogical Library fax: 706-884-1838 P.O. Box 1597 email: [email protected] Thomasville, GA 31799-1597 www.trouparchives.org phone: 229-226-9640

TURNER: TOOMBS: Historic Preservation Commission Toombs County Historical Society 241 E. College Ave 1810 O’Neal Circle Ashburn, GA 31714-5201 Vidalia, GA 30474 mailing address: phone: 229-567-8002 PO Box 2825 Vidalia, GA 30474 Turner County Historical Society phone: 912-537-3477 233 East College Avenue phone: 912-538-9642 P.O. Box 766 Ashburn, GA 31714

TOWNS: phone: 912-567-3431 fax: 912-567-9284 Towns County Historical & Genealogical Society P.O. Box 101 Young Harris, GA 30582-0101 phone: 706-379-3150 email: [email protected] APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 207

UNION: WHITE: Union County Historical Society White County Historical Society Courthouse Square Courthouse Square P.O. Box 35 P.O. Box 1139 Blairsville, GA 30514-0035 Cleveland, GA 30528 phone: 706-745-5493 phone: 706-865-3225 www.ngeorgia.com/uchs.html www.whitecountyhistoricalsociety.com/

UPSON: WHITFIELD: Thomaston Upson Archives Prater’s Mill Foundation P.O. Box 1137 P.O. Box H Thomaston, GA 30286-0015 Varnell, GA 30756-1008 phone: 706-646-2437 phone: 912-247-4780 www.pratersmill.org

WALKER: Whitﬁeld Murray Historical Society Crown Garden and Archives Walker County Historical Society 715 Chattanooga Ave P.O. Box 707 Dalton, GA 30720-8804 LaFayette, GA 30728 phone: 706-278-0217 WALTON: WILKES: Walton County Historical Society 238 North Broad Street Washington-Wilkes Historical Society Monroe, GA 30655 P.O. Box 337 Washington, GA 30673-0337 mailing address: P.O. Box 1733 phone: 706-678-2105 Monroe, GA 30655 phone: 770-267-6663 WILKINSON: Wilkinson County Historical Society WASHINGTON: P.O. Box 476 Gordon, GA 31031-0476 Washington County Historical Society 129 Jones Street phone: 478-946-2723 Sandersville, GA 31082-6088 phone: 478-552-1965 WORTH: phone: 912-552-6965 Worth County Historical Society fax: 912-552-1449 1610 West St email: [email protected] Sylvester, GA 31791-7531 http://wacogrc.org/genealogy.html mailing address: P.O. Box 5073 WAYNE: Sylvester, GA 31791 Wayne County Historical Society phone: 229-776-4481 125 N. East Broad Street fax: 706-646-3524 Jesup, GA 31545-5516 email: [email protected] phone: 912-427-3233 208 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

Regional Commissions- Georgia Department of Community Afairs REGION 4: THREE RIVERS R.C. 60 Executive Park NE Griffin Office: Atlanta, GA 30329-2231 120 North Hill Street Griffin, GA 30224 phone: 404-679-4940 email: [email protected] www.dca.ga.gov email: [email protected] REGION 1: NORTHWEST GEORGIA R.C. mailing address: P.O. Box 818 Rome Office: Griffin, GA 30224-0818 1 Jackson Hill Drive, N. E. Rome, GA 30161-5205 phone: 678-692- 0510 fax: 678-692-0513 mailing address: P.O. Box 1798 www.mtrdc.org Rome, GA 30162-1798 phone: 706-295-6665 REGION 5: NORTHEAST GEORGIA R.C. fax: 706-295-6665 Athens Office: AAA fax: 706-802-5508 305 Research Drive WIA fax: 706-802-5567 Athens, GA 30605-2795 www.nwgrc.org phone: 706-369-5650 fax: 706-369-5792 Dalton Office: www.negrc.org 503 West Waugh Street Dalton, GA 30720-3475 REGION 6: MIDDLE GEORGIA R.C. phone: 706-272-2300 fax: 706-272-2253 Macon Office: 175 Emery Highway, Suite C Macon, GA 31217-3679 REGION 2: GEORGIA MOUNTAINS R.C. phone: 478-751-6160 Gainesville Office: fax: 478-751-6517 1310 West Ridge Road Gainesville, GA 30501 www.mg-rc.org mailing address: P.O. Box 1720 REGION 7: CENTRAL SAVANNAH RIVER Gainesville, GA 30503-1720 AREA R.C. phone: 770-538-2626 Augusta Office: fax: 770-538-2625 3023 Riverwatch Parkway www.gmrc.ga.gov Suite A Augusta, GA 30907-2016

REGION 3: ATLANTA REGIONAL phone: 706-210-2000 fax: 706-210-2006 COMMISSION www.csrarc.ga.gov 40 Courtland Street NE Atlanta, GA 30303-253 phone: 404-463-3100 fax: 404-463-3105 email: [email protected] www.atlantaregional.com APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 209

REGION 8: RIVER VALLEY R.C. REGION 10: SOUTHWEST GEORGIA R.C. Columbus Office: 30 West Broad Street 1428 Second Avenue Camilla, GA 31730 Columbus, GA 31902 mailing address: mailing address: P.O. Box 346 P.O. Box 1908 Camilla, GA 31730-0346 Columbus, GA 31902-1908 phone: 229-522-3552 phone: 706-256-2910 fax: 229-522-3558 fax: 706-256-2908 www.swgrdc.org www.rivervalleyrc.com REGION 11: SOUTHERN GEORGIA R.C. Americus Office: Valdosta Office: 228 West Lamar Street 327 West Savannah Avenue Americus, GA 31709-3545 Valdosta, GA 31601 mailing address: phone: 229-333-5277 228 West Lamar Street fax: 229-333-5312 Americus, GA 31709-3545 www.sgrc.us phone: 706-256-2910 fax: 229-931-2745/2917 Waycross Office: www.rivervalleyrc.org 1725 South Georgia Parkway, West Waycross, GA 31503 REGION 9: HEART OF GEORGIA- phone: 912-285-6097 Altamaha R.C. fax: 912-285-6126 Headquarters: www.sgrc.us 5405 Oak Street Eastman, GA 31023-6034 REGION 12: COASTAL REGIONAL phone: 478-374-4771 fax: 478-374-0703 COMMISSION www.hogarc.org 127 F Street Brunswick, GA 31520

Branch Ofﬁce: phone: 912-262-2800 331 West Parker Street fax: 912-262-2313 Baxley, Georgia 31513-0674 www.crc.ga.gov phone: 912-367-364 fax: 912-367-364 www.hogarc.org 210 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

Restoration and Repair, Etc.

SOUTH’S FINEST, LLC US DEVELOPMENT P.O. Box 5014 1530 Main Street 512 S. Washington St. Columbia, SC 29201 Quitman GA, 31643 phone: 803-748-0460 phone: 229-605-9924 fax: 803-254-5681 fax: 229-605-9901 David M. Bryant, CCIM email: southsﬁ[email protected] email: [email protected] www.frpﬁberglassreinforcedplastic.com/ Jeffrey N. Prioreschi historical2.htm email: [email protected] Thomas J. Prioreschi THE LATHAN COMPANY, INC. email: [email protected] mailing address: P.O. Box 190308 Mobile, Alabama 36619 shipping address: 5450 Rangeline Road Mobile, Alabama 36619 phone: 251-443-7663 Toll Free: 800-780-7663 fax: 251-443-8350 email: [email protected] www.lathancompany.com/ APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY 211

Photo and Illustration Credits

Listed by photo number 1 Panoramic collection, Prints & Photographs 20 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, PAN US Division, Library of Congress, HABS GEOG - Georgia no. 12 (E size) [P&P] GA,26-SAV,6-2 2 Photo courtesy of The Georgia Trust for 21 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs Historic Preservation Division, Library of Congress, HABS GA,159-WASH,4-5 3 Photo courtesy of Carmie McDonald 22 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs 4 Photo courtesy of The Georgia Trust for Division, Library of Congress, HABS Historic Preservation GA,123-AUG,36-13 5 Photo courtesy of Carmie McDonald 23 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs 6 Photo courtesy of The Georgia Trust for Division, Library of Congress, HABS Historic Preservation GA,107-SPLA,1-11 7 Photo courtesy of Carmie McDonald 24 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, HABS 8 Photo courtesy of The Georgia Trust for GA,34-POWSP.V,1-7 Historic Preservation 25 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs 9 Photo courtesy of The Georgia Trust for Division, Library of Congress, HABS Historic Preservation GA,26-SAV,7-1 10 Photo courtesy of The Georgia Trust for 26 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs Historic Preservation Division, Library of Congress, HABS 11 Photo courtesy of Carmie McDonald GA,159-WASH,1-1 12 Photo courtesy of Carmie McDonald 27 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, HABS 13 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs GA,61-ROSW,4-1 Division, Library of Congress, HABS GA,108-COLM.29-1 28 Photo courtesy of Emily Taff 14 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs 29 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, HABS Division, Library of Congress, HABS GA,95-THOM.V.1-1 GA,108-COLM,7-1 15 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs 30 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, HABS Division, Library of Congress, HABS GA,26-SAV.V,3-3 GA,123-AUG,14-1 16 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs 31 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, HABS Division, Library of Congress, HABS GA,129-TOCO.V,1-2 GA,123-HEPH,1A-1 17 Photo courtesy of Emily Taff 32 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, HABS 18 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs GA,11-MACO,17-1 Division, Library of Congress, HABS GA,68-LAWVI,2-2 33 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, HABS 19 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs GA,108-COLM,30-1 Division, Library of Congress, HABS GA,107-SPLA,1-6 34 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, HABS GA,119-EAT,1-1 212 APPENDIX: PRESERVATION DIRECTORY

35 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs 54 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, HABS Division, Library of Congress, HABS GA,111-LEX,7-1 GA,61-ATLA,14-2 36 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs 55 Photo courtesy of Aly Knight Division, Library of Congress, HABS 56 Photo courtesy of Richard Laub GA,71-SPART,4-1 57 LBGPF7-086b, Lane Brothers Commercial 37 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs Photographers Photographic Collection, Division, Library of Congress, HABS 1920-1976. Photographic Collection, GA,119-EAT,2-1 Special Collections and Archives, Georgia 38 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs State University Library Division, Library of Congress, HABS 58 Photo courtesy of Preservation Planning GA,108-COLM,28-1 class, Georgia State University, Spring 39 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs 2011 Division, Library of Congress, HABS 59 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs GA,61-ATLA,9-1 Division, Library of Congress, HABS 40 Postcard from postcardman.org GA,61-ATLA,12-3 41 Prints & Photographs Division, Library of 60 LBGPF2-045a, Lane Brothers Commercial Congress, LOT 7753-C [item] [P&P] Photographers Photographic Collection, 1920-1976. Photographic Collection, 42 Photo courtesy of The Georgia Trust for Special Collections and Archives, Georgia Historic Preservation State University Library 43 Image from the Ofﬁcial guide to Atlanta: 61 Photo from www.visitbainbridgega.com including information of the Cotton States and International Exposition, 1895, from 62 Photo courtesy of Emily Taff wikipedia.org 63 Photo courtesy of Aly Knight 44 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs 64 Photo courtesy of Emily Taff Division, Library of Congress, HABS GA,26-SAV,71-2 65 Photo courtesy of Carmie McDonald 45 LBGPF7-068a, Lane Brothers Commercial 66 Photo courtesy of Emily Taff Photographers Photographic Collection, 67 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs 1920-1976. Photographic Collection, Division, Library of Congress, HABS Special Collections and Archives, Georgia GA,157-DALT,1-1 State University Library 68 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs 46 Photo courtesy of Emily Taff Division, Library of Congress, HABS 47 Photo courtesy of Emily Taff GA,123-AUG,56-59 48 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs 69 Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Division, Library of Congress, HABS Congress, LC-USZ62-134707 GA,26-SAV,53F-3 70 Courtesy of The DeSoto Theatre 49 Postcard from www.tennrebgirl.com 71 Courtesy of The Grand Theatre 50 Photo courtesy of Emily Taff 72 Courtesy of The Fox Theatre 51 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs 73 Photo courtesy of Emily Taff Division, Library of Congress, HABS GA,123-AUG,56-20 74 Photo courtesy of Preservation Planning class, Georgia State University, Spring 52 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs 2011 Division, Library of Congress, HABS GA,61-ATLA,4-1 75 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, HABS 53 Photo courtesy of Emily Taff GA,9-FITZ,1-2 76 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs 84 Photo courtesy of Kimberly Harbrecht Division, Library of Congress, HAER 85 Photo courtesy of Carmie McDonald GA,143-LAGR,23-1 86 Photo courtesy of Carmie McDonald 77 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, HABS 87 Photo courtesy of Carmie McDonald GA,108-COLM,41-3 88 Photo courtesy of Carmie McDonald 78 HABS collection, Prints & Photographs 89 Photo courtesy of Carmie McDonald Division, Library of Congress, HABS GA,61-ATLA,12-5 90 Photo courtesy of Emily Taff 79 Photo from Roadsidearchitecture.com, 91 Photo courtesy of Emily Taff www.agilitynut.com/deco/ga.html 92 Photo courtesy of The Georgia Trust for 80 LBGPF1-015c, Lane Brothers Commercial Historic Preservation Photographers Photographic Collection, 1920-1976. Photographic Collection, Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library Illustrations on pages ii, iii, 13, 22, 25, 27, 35, 37, 39, 53, 98, 107, 108 and 172 provided cour- 81 Photo courtesy of Emily Taff tesy of The Georgia Trust’s Main Street Design 82 Photo courtesy of Emily Taff Assistance Program. 83 Postcard from the Joe Lee Postcard Collection, Archives, DeKalb History Center, Decatur