Area-based Assessment: Basic Service Unit Overview , July 2017

Introduction Key Findings Map 1: Locations of assessed settlements in the Avdiivka BSU Conflict between Ukrainian forces and armed This overview covers the Avdiivka BSU where ² UKRAINE opposition groups broke out in eastern Luhanska nine communities were assessed (Figure 1). oblast

Ukraine in 2014. Almost 10,000 people have

• Service access is best in the larger Donetska been killed, 22,231 wounded, and about one oblast RUSSIAN million displaced from their homes by fighting1. communities of Avdiivka and Pervomaiske. FEDERATION The humanitarian and recovery response These communities have functioning health to the crisis is hampered by information and education facilities, a limited range of gaps regarding access to basic services in financial services and markets, and are communities located close to the contact line. connected to the water and sewage networks. They offer waste collection services and POKROVSK REACH conducted an assessment of all OCHERETYNE managed waste dumping sites. However, NOVOSELIVKA settlements within 5 km of the contact line with DRUHA conflict affects service provision in both two main objectives: 1. To understand how settlements, with all health and education VESELE residents of communities in the area access AVDIIVKA KAMIANKA facilities damaged by shelling. basic services; 2. To identify gaps in service SIEVERNE provision and understand challenges from Settlements NETAILOVE • Overall access to services is poor in the Assessed VODIANE OPYTNE Non-Assessed Settlements Providing Services the perspectives of both service providers PERVOMAISKE smaller communities. Seven communities in Reference Settlements > 10,000 and users. The results will be used to inform the assessed area have no health or education BSU Boundary NEVELSKE strategic planning by humanitarian and local INSO Grey Zone (May 2017) facilities, no connections to the sewage and government actors. Figure 1: Communities assessed within the Figure 2: Profiles of KIs interviewed water networks, and no waste collection Avdiivka network This assessment collected data at the services. community level from 100 communities. Raion Settlement Pop. Distance from Profile Female Male Total Interviews were conducted with 350 Key • Distance to facilities is the key challenge contact line Informants (KIs) representing community in accessing facilities and services. Travel Avdiivska Avdiivka 33,829 0.1 km Community KI 28 4 32 members, members of the local administration, between communities to use schools and Yasynuvatskyi Pervomaiske 1,500 2.5 km Administration KI 1 2 3 and representatives of health and education financial services, visit healthcare providers, Yasynuvatskyi Vodiane 120 2.4 km Education facility KI 8 - 8 facilities. The assessment did not conduct or shop for food is also dangerous due to Yasynuvatskyi Kamianka 90 1.7 km Health facility KI 1 1 2 representative sampling, and therefore results shelling. Within the BSU, public transport should be considered indicative only. Through Yasynuvatskyi Novoselivka 80 1.3 km between communities is limited, which means network analysis, the assessed communities Druha were clustered into seven Basic Service Units travelling to services is time-consuming and Yasynuvatskyi Sieverne 47 6 km (BSUs) to determine the main constraints in expensive. Yasynuvatskyi Opytne 43 0.9 km service access and provision in each BSU. Yasynuvatskyi Nevelske 42 2.1 km Yasynuvatskyi Vesele 23 3.5 km

1. OHCHR, ‘Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine’, December 2016. Protection Map 2: Courts and police stations in the BSU Protection risks are high across the BSU Frequent shelling indicates a high need for due to proximity to the contact line: only one psycho-social support (PSS) services, which assessed community is located more than 4 are insufficient in every assessed community km from the contact line. KIs in eight of the except Kamianka. Child Friendly Spaces are DOBROPILLIA nine assessed communities report daily available only in Avdiivka, but are required only shelling in some areas of their communities,. in Pervomaiske as almost all children have left This was confirmed by International NGO the other small communities in the BSU. Safety Organisation (INSO) data in five of Vulnerable groups these communities, while the remaining three communities are within hearing range of daily KIs did not report specific protection concerns shelling but have not been hit directly. for women in the assessed communities. POKROVSK Landmine / ERW risks IDPs are reportedly living in six of the assessed communities. There are almost OCHERETYNE Landmines/ERW are reported in all nine 3,000 registered IDPs in Avdiivka, according to NOVOSELIVKA communities, but not all hazardous areas DRUHA the local administration, indicating a need for KRASNOHORIVKA have been marked. Communities in need IDP-specific services such as documentation VESELE Services AVDIIVKA of Mine Risk Education (MRE) are Avdiivka, KAMIANKA support in Avdiivka. Court SELYDOVE where the risk of ERW is high due to heavy Temporaily closed facilities shelling, Vodiane, where daily shelling was Administrators reported high proportions of Police SIEVERNE Service Links NETAILOVE reported and administrators state none of elderly people in all communities. Data from Court VODIANE OPYTNE Assessed the hazardous areas are marked, Sieverne, community KIs suggests elderly residents Non-Assessed Settlements Providing Services PERVOMAISKE may struggle to cope with service access Reference Settlements > 10,000 Nevelske, and Pervomaiske. BSU Boundary NEVELSKE challenges related to distance and travel INSO Grey Zone (May 2017) 0 36912Kms Protection challenges for communities time, and may need additional support with Mines/ERW and shelling are the most winterisation requirements. Figure 3: Key protection concerns reported2 Figure 4: Checkpoints affecting communities3 frequently cited protection concern across all Military checkpoints 66+59+38+31+28+28 communities. Proximity of armed groups is 1. Mines / ERW 66% Communities where checkpoint 6 / 8 also a major concern. Damage to property is Military checkpoints impact movement for 2. Shelling 59% controls access a protection concern in Avdiivka, where the residents of six communities. Checkpoints 3. Presence of armed groups 38% Communities where checkpoint 2 / 8 level of shelling damage is high; community at Opytne and Vodiane are most restrictive, restricts delivery of goods 4. Destruction of property 31% tension, typically between IDPs and residents, as they prevent freedom of movement for Communities where checkpoint 2 / 8 is an issue in Vodiane. residents and the Opytne checkpoint restricts 5. Lack of psychosocial support 28% restricts entry or exit delivery of some goods. KIs reported protection services are Community tension 28% unavailable or insufficient across the BSU.

2 2. KIs could report more than one challenge. 3. KIs in one settlement preferred not to answer this question, and therefore information on checkpoints was received for only eight settlements. Education Map 3: Schools and kindergartens in the BSU There are eight functioning educational Education facility conditions facilities in the BSU: four kindergartens, two All eight schools reported some damage due all-grade schools and one secondary final ! to shelling, and six remain in need of repairs. ! DOBROPILLIA school. The main challenges in accessing Although shelling is ongoing at five schools, education in the BSU are the lack of facilities only four have accessible bomb shelters. and conflict-related security risks. Many families with children have reportedly left Electricity shortages occur regularly at all smaller settlements close to the contact line: schools, none of which have generators. there are no or very few children in Vesele, However, heating and gas shortages are rare Nevelske, Sieverne, and Opytne. and no school reported problems accessing ! heating fuel during the last winter. POKROVSK ! MYRNOHRAD Education access challenges !! All schools have flushing toilets and access Educational facilities are available only in OCHERETYNE to running water: only Avdiivka School 6 !! Avdiivka and Pervomaiske. Both communities NOVOSELIVKA reported an insufficient number of toilets. KRASNOHORIVKA DRUHA have facilities offering all levels of education !! Pupil-to-toilet ratios meet SPHERE standards4 VESELE although the all-grade school in Pervomaiske AVDIIVKA at kindergartens, with 13 pupils per toilet on KAMIANKA SELYDOVE plans to stop providing education for Grades Services ! average, but do not meet standards in all- ! ! ! Kindergarten ! 10 and 11. As a result, children in other SIEVERNE grade schools where there are 46 pupils per ! All Grades School Service Links NETAILOVE communities travel to these communities !! VODIANE toilet on average. Education !! OPYTNE or to Krasnohorivka (located south-west of Assessed PERVOMAISKE Challenges delivering education Non-Assessed Settlements Providing Services Pervomaiske), travelling an average distance Reference Settlements > 10,000 NEVELSKE BSU Boundary of 7.2 km. 036912 Kms Both facilities in Pervomaiske and four of six INSO Grey Zone (May 2017) Therefore, the chief access challenges in in Avdiivka stated that insufficient supplies and shortages of funds were their key challenges the BSU are the security risks students are Figure 5: Key education challenges reported5 Figure 6: Protection issues in schools in delivering education services. Three schools

exposed to when travelling to schools and the 56+38+13+3 distance travelled. Security risks are highest reportedly lack first aid kits. Chairs, tables, and 1. Route to school is unsafe 56% Schools experiencing regular shelling 5 / 8 other furniture are the most required supplies. for children who travel to Krasnohorivka, which 2. Distance to school is too great 38% Schools with accessible bomb shelters 4 / 8 is located on the contact line and experiences In addition, lack of qualified teaching staff Schools reporting mines/ERW in 4 / 8 shelling more frequently than other areas. 3. No challenges 13% was also reported as a key challenge at two grounds 4. Cost of education is too high 3% Other challenges included the cost of all-grade schools in the BSU. The pupil-to- Schools with insufficient PSS services 4 / 8 education, which was the most reported teacher ratio varies from 8 pupils per teacher concern in Avdiivka. at kindergartens to 18 at all grade schools.

4. The Sphere Project, ‘Humanitarian Charter and Minimum 3 Standards in Humanitarian Response’. 5. KIs could report more than one challenge. Health Map 4: Hospitals and clinics in the BSU Of the nine settlements assessed, only Avdiivka in Pervomaiske. Insecurity due to shelling and Pervomaiske have health facilities. There is the clinic’s key challenge, sometimes is a regional city hospital in Avdiivka and an preventing staff from travelling to work. ambulatory clinic in Pervomaiske. Pharmacies DOBROPILLIA Both facilities have running water and flushing are available only in Avdiivka, but some toilets connected to the sewage network, and medication can be obtained from the military in reported that the number of toilets available Nevelske and from the clinic in Pervomaiske. is sufficient. Whilst electricty shortages Healthcare access challenges occur at both facilities, both have functioning generators and can therefore provide 24 hour Lack of facilities was the top reported challenge electricity. in accessing healthcare in all communities except Avdiivka. In both facilities, availability of medication, POKROVSK MYRNOHRAD equipment and supplies is good, although Distance, cost of travel and security risks while OCHERETYNE insulin is not always available at the clinic in travelling were also mentioned as key access NOVOSELIVKA Pervomaiske. However, Avdiivka Hospital KRASNOHORIVKA DRUHA issues in the BSU. To use hospitals and reported shortages of qualified doctors and VESELE primary healthcare facilities, some residents AVDIIVKA nurses. KAMIANKA travel long distances to Ocheretyne and Services SELYDOVE Clinic Pokrovsk. SIEVERNE Hospital

Service Links NETAILOVE In Avdiivka, where most services are available, Health access VODIANE OPYTNE fewer challenges were reported. Cost of Assessed PERVOMAISKE Non-Assessed Settlements Providing Services healthcare is the key challenge in Avdiivka. Reference Settlements > 10,000 NEVELSKE BSU Boundary 036912 Kms Health access is particularly poor in Sieverne, INSO Grey Zone (May 2017) where KIs reported the community has no Figure 8: Groups facing most Figure 7: Key healthcare challenges reported6 ambulance service at all and elderly residents challenges in accessing healthcare struggle to travel outside the settlement for 75+38+38+28+28+13 medical care. 1. Lack of healthcare facilities 75% Health facility conditions 2. Travel to facilities is dangerous 38% 3. Healthcare is too expensive 38% Both facilities assessed in the BSU are functioning, but reported unrepaired shelling 4. Travelling to facilities is expensive 28% 5. Transport to facilities not available 28% 39+35224z damage and ongoing shelling. Neither facility All groups equally 39% has an accessible bomb shelter. Shelling 6. Old age 13% Elderly people 35% occurs more frequently at the ambulatory clinic Disabled people 22% IDPs 4%

4 6. KIs could report more than one challenge. Markets and Livelihoods Market and Financial Service Point (FSP) challenge, followed by security risks while or distance. Challenges accessing FSPs access is poor due to a lack of facilities across travelling. Cost of transport and lack of Checkpoints and delivery restrictions FSPs are only available in Avdiivka, which the BSU. Only Avdiivka has FSPs, while shops transport are also key issues: there are no leads to the most common challenges reported: are available in six communities and three public transport services from Pervomaiske, Checkpoints located in other communities distance, queues at FSPs and the cost of communities have no shops at all. Access Nevelske, Novoselivka Druha and Kamianka. complicate access to markets for residents transport to FSPs. KIs in Avdiivka reported their is best in Avdiivka, which has a range of NGOs offer bus services from Sieverne and of four communities in the BSU by creating key challenge as queues at FSPs, indicating functioning shops, markets, banks and ATMs. Kamianka and privately-run bus services are queues and adding to travel time. Residents that services in larger communities are unable used in most communities. In Avdiivka, market reported that the checkpoint in Opytne prevents Challenges accessing markets to cope with the numbers of users from other access challenges are fewer and KIs are more delivery of some goods. communities. Distance to markets is the primary reported concerned by high prices than security issues

Map 5: Banks and ATMs in the BSU Map 6: Most visited locations for food shopping in the BSU

DOBROPILLIA DOBROPILLIA

POKROVSK MYRNOHRAD POKROVSK MYRNOHRAD

OCHERETYNE OCHERETYNE

NOVOSELIVKA NOVOSELIVKA KRASNOHORIVKA DRUHA KRASNOHORIVKA DRUHA

VESELE VESELE AVDIIVKA AVDIIVKA KAMIANKA KAMIANKA SELYDOVE SELYDOVE Services Services SIEVERNE Bank SIEVERNE Food Shop NETAILOVE Service Links NETAILOVE Service Links Banks VODIANE Shop for Food VODIANE OPYTNE OPYTNE Assessed PERVOMAISKE Assessed PERVOMAISKE Non-Assessed Settlements Providing Services Non-Assessed Settlements Providing Services Reference Settlements > 10,000 Reference Settlements > 10,000 NEVELSKE NEVELSKE BSU Boundary 036912 Kms BSU Boundary 036912 Kms INSO Grey Zone (May 2017) INSO Grey Zone (May 2017)

5 Food Security Boxplot 1: Prices of meat and curd How to read a boxplot Availability This was due to rural reliance on self-

production for dairy products and 150 30 Maximum price in data set Food availability is best in Avdiivka, (UAH) vegetables. 26 Kamianka and Pervomaiske where there Upper quartile: 25% of the 120 data is above this point are more shops and greater ranges of KIs identified self-production as very 116 products. 20 common in rural communities, particularly 110 100 Median price in data set 100 17 (UAH) Availability of meat products is poor across for root vegetables and dairy products. 90 90 the BSU. Beef could be purchased only in Therefore root vegetables are not available 90 80 Lower quartile: 25% of the 72 10 Avdiivka and Pervomaiske, while pork was in all markets due to lack of demand, and 80 75 data is below this point

ice (UAH ) 70 70

dairy products are cheaper in rural areas. Pr available only in Pervomaiske, Avdiivka 6 Minimum price in data set 60 (UAH) and Kamianka. 50 45 42.5 0 Prices 40 Item name Prices for dry products were consistent across the BSU. The cost of fresh 8 vegetables varied more, and the prices 0 Beef Boiled sausage Curd Pork Pork fat Poultry of butter and milk showed the greatest (1kg) (1kg) (9%, 1kg) (1kg) (1kg) (1kg) variance across the BSU. Boxplot 2: Prices of other food items

50

42 40 35 35 35

32 30 30 30 27 25 25

25 ice (UAH ) 20

Pr 22 21.1 20 18 17 19.9 16 15 15 17.5 14 15 15 12 15 12 13 13 10 12 12 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 8 9 7 8 7 7 6 6 6.5 5 6 4.9 4 4

0

Beetroot Buckwheat Butter Cabbage Carrot Eggs Milk Oil Onions Pasta Potatoes Rice Rye bread Salt Sour cream Sugar Wheat bread Wheat flour (1kg) (1kg) (200g) (1kg) (1kg) (dozen) (2,5%, 1 litre) (sunflower 1 litre) (1kg) (1kg) (1kg) (1kg) (loaf) (1kg) (15%, 200g) (1kg) (loaf) (1kg)

6 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Shelter Access to drinking water Waste management Accommodation types Access to construction materials Access to potable water is best in the larger Waste collection services are available only There are no reported collective centres Construction materials are available in communities and very poor in the smaller in Avdiivka. Waste collection is restricted for IDPs in this BSU. The majority of IDPs Avdiivka, but are either limited or unavailable communities within the BSU. Running water or prevented by shelling on the roads and live in rented accommodation or are hosted in all other communities. In Opytne, a military is available only in Avdiivka and Pervomaiske, therefore the other eight communities are not by local residents. Compared to IDPs, the checkpoint restricts the delivery of construction where frequent shortages occur. served by municipal collection services. Of local population are more likely to own their materials. these eight communities, only Pervomaiske accommodation. The other communities rely on water trucks Utility shortages has a managed dump site. Burning and sent by non-governmental organisations Housing damage burying are the primary methods of waste All communities in the BSU are connected (NGOs) and wells for potable water. No disposal in the remaining seven communities. Shelling has damaged housing in five of the to the electricity network but experience deliveries are arriving in Sieverne and Vodiane, nine communities assessed within the BSU, shortages. Shortages are most frequent in and only weekly deliveries occur in Nevelske. Figure 9: WaSH situation in assessed according to data provided by administrators. Avdiivka, Novoselivka Druha, Vodiane and Therefore, residents in these communities communities Damage density was particularly high in Opytne. rely on shared wells for drinking water. In Nevelske due to frequent conflict in the area. Nevelske and Sieverne these wells are in Communities without running water 7 / 9 Communities experience difficulties heating poor condition, and some have now run dry Communities following good waste 2 / 9 Enumerators observed high levels of damage their homes during winter periods. KIs cited because of overuse. Despite the low quality of disposal practices due to shelling in Sieverne, but administrators cost, delivery problems and unavailability of well water, KIs in Vesele, Opytne, Kamianka were not able to provide damage data for this fuel as the top three access issues. Opytne’s and Nevelske reported most households do community. military checkpoint also restricts delivery of not treat water before drinking it. fuel to the community. Consequently, inability Figure 10: Key WaSH challenges reported7 Figure 11: Density of housing damage in to obtain fuel in Opytne forced a number of WASH challenges for communities assessed communities families to share one home in winter 2016-17. 44+38+22+22+13 Key WASH challenges for the communities About REACH connected to the water and sewage 1. Water shortages 44% Community Number of Damaged damaged units per 100 REACH facilitates the development of networks are shortages and damage to water 2. Infrastructure damage 38% units residents information tools and products that enhance infrastructure caused by conflict. Damage is 3. Water delivery problems 22% the capacity of aid actors to make evidence- particularly prevalent in Avdiivka. Nevelske 63 150 4. Cannot empty septic tank 22% Pervomaiske 468 31 based decisions in emergency, recovery and In the other communities, lack of water and 5. No challenges 13% Kamianka 26 29 development contexts. All REACH activities are sewage networks are the primary challenges, Avdiivka 2,475 7 conducted through inter-agency aid coordination leading to the other key issues: inability Novoselivka Druha 2 3 mechanisms. For more information, you can to empty septic tanks and problems with write to our global office: geneva@reach- water deliveries. Shelling on the main roads initiative.org. prevents water trucks and sewage tankers Visit www.reach-initiative.org and follow us from accessing some smaller communities, @REACH_info.

7. KIs could report more than one challenge. 7