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Home , Alchevsk, Avdiivka, Bakhmut, Bilovodsk, Hirske, Kurakhove

Situation Overview: Area Based Assessment in Government Controlled Areas within 5km of the Line of Contact , July 2017

Key Findings restrictions on goods significantly reduce Map 1: Assessed Settlements connectivity between large urban centres In order to support humanitarian planning, NGCA and GCA periphery settlements. KHARKIVSKA REACH, between May and June 2017, Adjusting to restrictions, GCA cities and LUHANSKA ² conducted an assessment of access to basic settlements formed new basic service units GCA services and markets in 100 settlements in (BSUs) along the LoC (Map 3). The separation DONETSKA ZAPORIZKA RUSSIAN Government Controlled Areas (GCA) within of large NGCA urban centres from surrounding FEDERATION 5km of the line of contact (LoC). GCA settlements creates significant service EAST LUHANSK The assessed area, a 5km-wide buffer along access and delivery challenges within the assessed area, due to security concerns, the 500km LoC, represents an area of nearly 2,000 square kilometres. Within the area, lack of transport and departure of qualified personnel. the estimated population is between 150,000 1 STANYTSIA and 200,000 , including registered internally Protection BAKHMUT GCA POPASNA LUHANSKA displaced persons (IDPs) and returnees. The Local populations experience regular shelling, LUHANSK population is older than the national average exposure to mines and other risks related to as many youths and younger families have explosive remnants of war (ERW). These TORETSK fled the area. concerns were particularly reported in South Throughout the 27 cities and 73 villages in the Donetsk, West Donetsk, Avdiivka and East 2 LUHANSK NGCA area, there is regular military activity , which Luhansk. The presence of military and shelling AVDIIVKA poses a major protection risk (Map 2). Since was mainly reported in West Donetsk and January 2017, most surveyed settlements Avdiivka. DONETSK have reportedly experienced systematic Education shelling on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. WEST Disruption of Access to Basic Services Education facilities experience regular shelling DONETSK and Markets and over 15 are no longer operational. As DONETSK NGCA of July 2017, 80 facilities reportedly require

The LoC has disrupted health, education and support with infrastructure repairs, heating, market networks. Assessed settlements, most and supplies for gym, libraries and kitchens. Surveyed Settlements RUSSIAN NGCA of which were previously serviced by larger Main access challenges were reportedly BSU Boundary cities in non-government controlled areas distance to facility, specifically in larger BSUs FEDERATION 5km Buffer from INSO Grey Zone SOUTH INSO Grey Zone (May 2017) (NGCA), now access services and markets such as South Donetsk and East Luhansk, and DONETSK almost exclusively in GCA (Map 3). unsafe travel to facilities, particularly within the Kms Although 200,000 to 400,000 people cross the more populated areas of West Donetsk and 0210 040 LoC on a monthly basis, long lines and heavy Avdiivka.

1 Population data was provided by the local administrations based on their official records.The range is due to significant variation between the official data and estimates provided by OCHA and WFP, which adjusts for displacement. 2 Based on key informants’ perception of shelling frequency concerns to those living both on and off the Map 2: Frequency of shelling Health centralized heating grid. In 25 settlements living off the grid, the availability of heating fuel Two thirds of health facilities have been in local markets was reported as insufficient. KHARKIVSKA LUHANSKA ² damaged (54 out of 81), with 38 requiring WASH LUHANSKGCA reconstruction assistance while healthcare DONETSKA

ZAPORIZKA delivery challenges include shortages in Access to drinking water was overall reported RUSSIAN medicines and basic supplies. Healthcare as sufficient. However, due to conflict, utility FEDERATION access challenges include an overall lack of facilities are regularly hit by shelling causing facilities, distance to care and costs. Absence widespread water, electricity and heating SIEVIERODONETSK EAST LUHANSK of healthcare facilities was particularly shortages. Water shortages predominately reported in West Donetsk and East Luhansk. affect those living in urban centres who rely SLOVIANSK POPASNA Unstable acces to water, gas and electricity is on piped water, as many rural areas are not KRAMATORSK widespread, with one in three facilities unable connected to the municipal water and waste BAKHMUT STANYTSIA to provide 24 hour water and electricity. management networks. BAKHMUT DONETSK GCA LUHANSKA Food, Markets and Livelihoods Next Steps POPASNA KOSTIANTYNIVKA LUHANSK

Pork and beef were reported as unavailable The area based assessment shows the TORETSK ALCHEVSK in more than half of markets. Compared to current challenges faced by populations living TORETSK the average food basket price in Donetsk and in conflict affected areas of . It offers a AVDIIVKA 3 Luhansk in September 2016 , prices tool for humanitarian and development actors HORLIVKA LUHANSK NGCA are on average 6 to 10% higher within the to identify critical service providers to enable AVDIIVKA assessed area. Self-production in vegetable communities close to the LoC to meet their gardens was identified as a primary coping basic needs. It offers detailed insight about MAKIIVKA strategy to market product scarcity. the six sectors of the assessment, i) protection ii) education iii) health iv) food v) shelter and KURAKHOVE DONETSK Local authority representatives indicated a vi) water and sanitation hygiene (WASH), to lack of employment opportunities as a main WEST understand the basic service and market livelihood concern throughout all assessed DONETSK networks in which aid actors operate. Frequency of shelling settlements. Farmers reported a lack of DONETSK NGCA (in the past 3 months) access to traditional markets with the NGCA The ‘Grand Bargain’ commits to ‘engage none as their main concern. with local and national responders in a spirit infrequently VOLNOVAKHA monthly of partnership and aims to reinforce, rather weekly Shelter 4 daily than replace, local and national capacities’ . RUSSIAN Housing and infrastructure are regularly This assessment provides a granular picture FEDERATION BSU Boundary affected by shelling. Approximately 1 housing of areas where development action can SOUTH 5km Buffer from Grey Zone unit in 10 is damaged and an estimated 2,700 invest in local capacities, while humanitarian DONETSK Grey Zone (May 2017) to 5,000 people live in damaged accomodation. action continues supporting conflict affected Kms More than 500 houses and 60 apartment populations until their full integration into new 0210 040 buildings have been damaged since January basic service delivery and markets networks. MARIUPOL 2017. Access and cost of heating are major This type of analysis bridges humanitarian and

3 WFP, 2016. Market Update 13. . Available online. 2 4 Inter-Agency Standing Committee, 2017.Available online. Introduction Methodology (UNOCHA) and Shelter Cluster. Figure 3: Number of KIs per Status Conflict between Ukrainian forces and armed This assessment was designed in partnership UNICEF published the ‘Children of the Contact Administrators 85 opposition groups broke out in with 14 agencies involved in the research Line’ report which provides a detailed analysis Community informants 395 of needs for children in the assessed area. in April 2014. More than three years later, design, questionnaire and product validation Health representatives 81 process. From February to August 2017, the The INSO database was important to verify fighting continues to affect civilians living along Education representatives 144 the LoC and restricts access to basic services. ‘community of practice’ chaired by REACH met security dynamics around the LoC. Population Restricted movements of people and goods seven times to ensure regular communication figures were compiled using data from Total 705 significantly disrupt the socio-economic fabric with all stakeholders (Figure 1). UNOCHA, UNICEF, UNHCR, PIN and state of the area. In addition, the humanitarian and statistics of Ukraine. To establish area based basic service units Based on existing humanitarian community (BSUs), REACH used a software called Gephi recovery response to the crisis is hampered priorities and geographic proximity, the area PIN local needs assessments provide a by information gaps regarding access to basic detailed analysis for most assessed areas in the to create a network analysis of basic service of assessment was determined to include access. For this analysis, each settlement services in settlements located along the LoC. a total of 100 settlements within 5km of Donetsk . UNHCR shared a settlement level dataset providing population, housing, was represented as a ‘node’ in the network. To fill these information gaps, REACH the government controlled side of the LoC. The responses on service access were used conducted an assessment of all 100 This is due to heavy military presence, infrastructure and protection information for 106 areas in Donetsk and Luhansk. The to identify ‘connections’ between nodes. settlements within 5km of the LoC with systematic ceasefire violations and movement REACH used community detection algorithms two main objectives: 1. To understand how restrictions, which make areas near the LoC Shelter Cluster also provided data on damage to housing. The data reported in the BSU to extract sets of nodes based on the number residents of settlements in the area access ‘areas of critical concern’. of connections to and from each node. basic services; 2. To identify gaps in service profiles are the official figures provided by the Figure 2: List of surveyed settlements Limitations provision and understand challenges from the local administration, while the total population reported in this summary is an estimate using perspectives of both service providers and Number in Due to security restrictions and heavy military Settlement type adjustments from key informants (KIs). users. assessment presence, 12 settlements were not visited by Urban settlements 27 The assessment provides a detailed Primary data collection took place in May enumerators. In such cases, KIs travelled to understanding of the local population’s ability and July 2017. In total, REACH conducted accessible areas to meet for the interviews. Rural settlements 73 705 semi-structured KI interviews in addition to meet basic needs using existing services. This assessment covers only the 100 cities to 329 direct observations by enumerators of Results will be used to inform strategic planning Total 100 and villages within 5km of the government service delivery facilities (Figure 3). by humanitarian and local government actors. controlled side of the LoC. All findings are Prior to the assessment, REACH undertook a Interviews were conducted in all 100 relevant to these areas and do not apply to the review of available secondary data to identify settlements. Data was collected on mobile wider network surrounding these communities. Figure 1: Assessment Timeline information gaps. The assessment uses devices by a team of 16 REACH trained Results of this assessment should be secondary data from the following partners: enumerators. Focus group discussions Month Research Phases considered as indicative, rather than People in Need (PIN), International NGO (FGDs) were also conducted with the 16 representative, of the situation in the assessed January-February Consultations Safety Organization (INSO), United Nations REACH enumerators, where they shared field settlements. KI responses may not always International Children’s Emergency Fund observations for each assessed settlement. March-April Research Design corroborate the opinions of the population they (UNICEF), United Nations High Commissioner After the initial assessments were complete, a represent. May-June Data Collection for Refugees (UNHCR), World Food second round of additional data was collected Data Analysis and Programme (WFP), United Nations Office July-September on market prices and access constraints. Reporting for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

3 Basic Service Units cities that have become neccessary service Map 3: BSUs near the LoC providers to the assessed communities, many of which fall outside of the assessment The major urban centres of Donetsk and KHARKIVSKA Luhansk oblasts are all currently within the scope. For example, most of the cities within LUHANSKA ² NGCA. To understand how communities along the Avdiivka BSU were highly reliant on LUHANSKGCA (NGCA) for health services but DONETSKA the LoC are now organized, KIs were asked ZAPORIZKA RUSSIAN where populations accessed i) education ii) Figure 4: Top 10 service providing cities FEDERATION health services, including pharmacies and Popasna 1 EAST LUHANSK hospitals iii) courts and policing v) markets SIEVIERODONETSK and shops. Toretsk 2 Mariupol 3 SLOVIANSK Map 3 illustrates how the LoC has rearranged POPASNA 4 the community networks to be entirely within KRAMATORSK Volnovakha 5 BAKHMUT STANYTSIA the GCA. This highlights the significant POPASNA DONETSK GCA LUHANSKA disruption of access to goods and services Bakhmut 6 BAKHMUT Kurakhove 7 KOSTIANTYNIVKA created by conflict. Using network analysis LUHANSK 8 ALCHEVSK tools, settlements were clustered together TORETSK 9 based on their linkages to one another. Seven TORETSK LUHANSK NGCA AVDIIVKA different basic service units were identified 10 HORLIVKA which were closely linked to boundaries5. OCHERETYNE are now going in Pokrovsk. Assessed settlements close to the LoC AVDIIVKA exclusively access basic services and markets Overall, the assessment found that MAKIIVKA in urban centres within GCA. Popasna, the communities are able to access healthcare, KURAKHOVE DONETSK major city of the Popasnianskyi raion, remains education, utilities and markets but restrictions of movement, unsafe roads, shelling and WEST a central node of activity for the 19 communities DONETSK that fall within the same BSU. However, the mines constitute key challenges for the local DONETSK NGCA BSUs of Avdiivka and West Donetsk are now population. Number of inbound connections disconnected from NGCA urban areas of 17 The BSUs enable humanitarian and 8 VOLNOVAKHA Donetsk, Yasynuvata and Makiivka. Those development actors to identify critical nodes 1 Number of reported services living in Avdiivka and West Donetsk must now in the provision of service delivery along the per one connection access services in the cities of Pokrovsk and 15 LoC. Situation overviews of each of the seven 7 Kurakhove. SOUTH RUSSIAN 1 BSU identified are available to help actors DONETSK FEDERATION BSU Boundary Apart from some trade between Stanytsia understand local challenges related to service 5km Buffer from INSO Grey Zone INSO Grey Zone (May 2017) Luhanska and Luhansk city in East Luhansk, and market access. MARIUPOL there are now no connections between Kms the GCA and NGCA. Figure 4 shows GCA 0210 040

5 The LoC crosses 10 which are the second level of governance after the oblasts. 4 Table 1: Main characteristics and service access issues by BSU

South Donetsk West Donetsk Avdiivka Toretsk Bakhmut Popasna East Luhansk Number of administrative units6 17 8 9 14 6 13 19

Stanychno-Luhanskyi, Raions Mariupolska, Volnovaskyi Marinskyi Avdiivska, Yasynuvatskyi Toretska Bakhmutskyi Popasnianskyi Novoaidarskyi

Population7 5,900 16,805 5,774 71,185 24,213 57,961 41,997

Mines / ERW; community Mines / ERW; community Key protection concerns Mines / ERW; shelling; Mines / ERW; shelling; Mines / ERW; shelling; Shelling; mines / ERW; tension; presence of Mines / ERW; community tension; destruction of destruction of property presence of military actors presence of military actors community tension military actors tension; shelling property

Administrative units where checkpoints 9 out of 17 6 out of 8 6 out of 9 7 out of 14 4 out of 6 9 out of 13 13 out of 19 control access

Route to school is unsafe, Route to school is unsafe, Route to school is unsafe, Distance to school is too Distance to school is too Distance to school is too Distance to school is too Key education challenges distance to school is too distance to school is too distance to school is too great, route to school is great, route to school is great, route to school is great, insufficient transport reported great great great unsafe unsafe unsafe to schools

Regular shelling, no Presence of mines, regular Regular shelling, no access Regular shelling, presence No access to bomb Regular shelling, no access Regular shelling, no access Protection issues in access to bomb shelters, shelling, insufficient to bomb shelters, presence of mines, no access to shelters, presence of to bomb shelters, presence to bomb shelters, presence schools presence of mines psychosocial support (PSS) of mines bomb shelters mines, regular shelling of mines of mines

Lack of healthcare Lack of healthcare facilities, Lack of healthcare facilities, Cost of healthcare, lack Lack of qualified health Key healthcare facilities, cost of transport security risks when security risks when of healthcare facilities, Cost of transport to staff, lack of healthcare Lack of healthcare facilities, challenges reported to facilities, security risks travelling to facilities, no travelling to facilities, cost difficulties related to old facilities, lack of healthcare facilities, cost of transport distance to facilities, cost of when travelling to facilities transportation to facilities of healthcare age facilities, cost of healthcare to facilities transport to facilities

Administrative units without running water 14 out of 17 4 out of 8 7 out of 9 4 out of 14 2 out of 6 10 out of 13 13 out of 19

Administrative units following bad waste 11 out of 17 8 out of 8 2 out of 9 12 out of 14 3 out of 6 10 out of 13 18 out of 19 disposal practices

Water shortages, damage Water shortages, damage Cannot empty septic tank, Key WASH challenges Cannot empty septic tank, to infrastructure, no water to infrastructure, water Water shortages, cannot Cannot empty septic tank, Cannot empty septic tank, insufficient water to flush reported water shortages supply delivery problems empty septic tank water shortages water shortages toilets

6 There are 85 administrative units but 100 settlements were assessed. This is due to the fact that administrative units can be composed of several settlements. 7 The population figures provided in the table are based on administration reported data and are higher than the estimated figures from the assessment, which adjusts for estimated 5 displacement figures. Map 4: Population Density Distribution Demographics Ukrainian average, with 31% above 60 and only 13% below 18 (Figure 5). This finding

KHARKIVSKA ² The Donbas (Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts) corroborates observations that elderly LUHANSKA is one of the most developed regions of households are less likely to have resettle than ² 9 LUHANSK GCA Ukraine. Based on 2014 estimates, 9 cities younger households . Donetsk and Luhansk DONETSKA

ZAPORIZKA within Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts have oblasts also experienced youth outmigration RUSSIAN BILOVODSK FEDERATION populations exceeding 100,000 people. The before the conflict began. major urban clusters like Donetsk, Horlivka, Based on official records, more than 10% of Alchevsk and Luhansk are now in the NGCA. people in these settlements are registered SIEVIERODONETSK This leaves many government controlled IDPs (according to national legislation). This SLOVIANSK peripheral areas disconnected from their pre- represents a population of more than 20,000 conflict economic and social service centres people. Additionally, more than 45,000 KRAMATORSK (Map 4). Several urban peripheral cities in the POPASNA people were reported to have left, out of STANYTSIA GCA are within the scope of this assessment DONETSK GCA BAKHMUT LUHANSKA which more than 23,000 have returned. The including: Avdiivka, Marinka, Toretsk, Popasna areas reporting the highest levels of ongoing KOSTIANTYNIVKA LUHANSK and Stanytsia Luhanska. ALCHEVSK displacement were , Avdiivka, Based on figures provided by local authorities Marinka, Stanytsia Luhanska, and TORETSK and secondary sources, there are between Popasna. An estimated 1,340 to 8,000 OCHERETYNE 150,000 to 200,0008 people living in the residents have not returned to these cities as HORLIVKA LUHANSK NGCA 100 assessed settlements. The assessed of July 2017. Data on non-registered conflict AVDIIVKA population is significantly older than the related displaced households is not available and was not reported by local authorities. MAKIIVKA KURAKHOVE Figure 5: Ukraine Population Structure DONETSK

DONETSK NGCA

DEM: CIAT-CSI, SRTM Population data: GHS POP, © European Union, 1995-2017 VOLNOVAKHA

Population Density

RUSSIAN Low High

FEDERATION 5km Buffer from INSO Grey Zone

INSO Grey Zone (May 2017)

Kms MARIUPOL 0210 040

8 Population data was provided by the local administrations based on their official records.The range is due to significant variation between the official data and estimates provided by OCHA and WFP, 6 which adjusts for displacement. 9 International Monitoring System, 2017. Available online. Protection monthly values were higher than average hazardous areas. In the 85 settlements where not available in their settlement and 7% were (Figure 7). The majority of security incidents KIs reported presence of landmines, all or unable to provide information (Figure 10). Assessed settlements are located in an area of happen within 5km of the LoC. Figure 8: Most reported protection concerns Figure 10: Availability of MRE (% of KIs) active conflict, where deaths and injuries linked Figure 7: Recorded security monthly (% of KIs) to military exchanges are regularly reported. security incidents In addition, mines and ERW constitute major Mines and ERW 51% security concerns for populations living in the Shelling 34% area. Community tensions 30% Destruction of property 21% 45+25237z Exposure to Violence MRE available and sufficient 45% Presence of military 14% MRE not available 25% In total, respondents reported 218 deaths Lack of psychosocial support 11% and 683 injuries in 38 and 50 communities MRE available, not sufficient 23% respectively since 2014. most of the known hazardous areas were Don’t know 7% marked. However, in 29 settlements some KIs Settlements within 5km of the LoC are highlighted that none of the hazardous areas constantly affected by conflict, with 60% of KIs Concerns for Women Main Protection Risks are marked (Figure 9). reporting daily, weekly or monthly shelling in A total of 13 KIs from 8 settlements highlighted their community (Figure 6). Only 2% reported As a direct result of the military activity, the Mine risk education (MRE) is reportedly additional protection concerns for women that their community had never experienced main protection concerns reported are mines reaching local populations. Most KIs (67%) on gender based violence such as cases of shelling since the beginning of the conflict, and ERW, shelling, community tensions, indicated that the community had received domestic violence, rape, intimidation, sexual while 39% reported daily shelling. The destruction of property, presence of military MRE with 23% reporting it was insufficient. harassment and survival sex. This points to monthly average number of recorded security actors and lack of psychosocial support (PSS). One in four (25%) KIs reported MRE was a situation of particular concern for women incidents in 2017 was 1,421, which translates In total, 74 assessed settlements reported who are more exposed to protection risks weekly or daily shelling. to 47 events per day. In February and March, Figure 9: Settlements where KIs reported especially in times of conflict as highlighted by 10 West Donetsk and Avdiivka reported higher harzardous areas were unmarked the OHCHR report published in March 2017 . Figure 6: Reported frequency of shelling levels of concern for shelling, reflecting the The report covers 34 documented cases of in community (% of KIs) high number of security incidences recorded Artemove Novobakhmutivka Pshenychne conflict related sexual violence in Ukraine Berdianske Sieverne and both side of the LoC since the conflict Daily 39% in these areas. Heivka Novoselivka has started. In addition, school staff members Not in last three months 19% Mines and ERW were consistently reported Hnutove Novotoshkivske Syze were aware of cases of survial sex11. Weekly 19% as a key concern, albeit at lower frequencies Kirove Novozvanivka Valuiske Infrequenly 18% around Toretsk and Popasna, potentially A lack of awareness on GBV was highlighted. Lomakyne Nyrkove Verkhnia Vilkhova In total 24 KIs from 23 settlements were Monthly 2% indicating lower levels of perceived risk for the population. The presence of military actors Luhanske Nyzhnoteple Vilkhove unable or unwilling to answer the question Never happened 2% was also more frequently mentioned in West Makarove Opytne Vodiane on protection concerns for women. This Donetsk and Avdiivka. Malynove Orlovske Vyskryva highlights that GBV requires specific attention Nevelske Pishchane by protection actors and the importance of There are remaining gaps in marking of

10 OHCHR, 2017. Conflict-Related Sexual Violence in Ukraine. Kyiv. Available online. 11 UNICEF, 2017. Children of the Contact Line. Kyiv. Available online. 7 Figure 11: Settlements where KIs reported Tensions with IDPs was mentioned in one informants were asked about the availability Figure 13: Most frequent means of additional concerns for women settlement, in which frustrations were voiced of pension delivery, in-home social care and transportation (% of KIs)16 54+49+29+28+22+14 Hirske around distribution of humanitarian aid and registration services. They reported a lack of 1. Private bus service 54% access to employment. social service workers, long queues and high Katerynivka 2. Private transport 49% demand for administrative services as key Luhanske Psychosocial Support barriers to access. These challenges also led 3. Public bus service 29% Myronivskyi A lack of adequate PSS was reported in 60 to difficulties in obtaining social payments or 4. Bicycle 28% Popasna assessed settlements. In nine settlements making changes in registration. Stanytsia Luhanska more than half of KIs highlighted PSS as a 5. Walking 22% There were significant differences of access priority13. Issues of shelling, lack of water, 6. Motorbike 14% Svitlodarsk to social services between the BSUs. In inability to purchase medicines and increased Zolote Bakhmut 54% of KIs reported that all services alcohol consumption were factors of stress were available and sufficient, showing better coverage. However, in West Donetsk, only collecting reliable information on types of included in ‘other responses’. As reported by 10% of KIs reported a good coverage of social Figure 12: % of KIs reporting availability or violence, referral pathways and survivor the IAVA, 31% of households did not report services. This is likely due to the fact that most support services in conflict areas. any need for PSS in the area, while 57% sufficient coverage of social services services were provided in Marinka city which is reported no services available14. regularly targeted by shelling. Community Tensions South Donetsk 22% Attitudes towards mental health and PSS West Donetsk 10% Restrictions of Movement Community incidents related to presence of varied significantly. Many KIs were very Avdiivka 27% military actors or IDPs were highlighted as Restrictions on movement of people and receptive and aware of such support, while Toretsk 27% protection concerns by at least one KI in 64 goods vary between areas. For example, 20 others did not understand why people would Bakhmut 54% settlements. In 10 settlements there was high require PSS. communities have entry and exit checkpoints Popasna 34% while 9 communities face restrictions on the consensus on the presence of community East Luhansk 26% tensions12. Tensions with military actors and Access to Social Services type of goods that can enter the area. According to the IAVA, around a quarter of households IDPs were also reported by the enumerators. Social services are reportedly unavailable In order to access social services, local living along the LoC had to cross checkpoints or insufficient in 43 settlements. Community inhabitants are required to travel to the closest in the GCA to access basic services. Table 2: Most reported concern by BSU (% of KIs) local council. The reorganization of services due to the LoC limits the availability of public South Donetsk West Donetsk Avdiivka Toretsk Bakhmut Popasna East Luhansk transport to local councils. Therefore, KIs Figure 14: Key access constraints reported 76+20+9 Mines and reported private bus/car as the main means ERW 1. No restrictions 76% Community of transport. KIs reported the median cost of Tensions 2. Entry and exit 20% Shelling transport was 70 (UAH) 15 Destruction of (2.60 USD) . Using average income figures 3. Restrictions on goods 9% Property Presence of from the IAVA, a round trip is approximately military 10% of the average income. Lack of PSS Highest 74% 4% Lowest

12 Chermalyk, Kodema, Novhorodske, Novohnativka, Stanytsia Luhanska, Staryi Aidar, Svitlodarsk, 15 1 USD=26 UAH, September 2017. National Bank of Ukraine. Exchange rate available online. 8 Vodiane, Voitove, Vyskryva. 16 KIs could report more than one challenge. 13 Artemove, Dachne, Leninske, Lomakyne, Luhanske, Novohryhorivka, Peredilske, Pervomaiske, Sieverne, Berdianske, Hnutove, Leninske, Makarove, Nyzhoteple, Syze and Chermalyk. 14 REACH, 2016. Interagency Vulnerability Asssessment. Kyiv. Available online. Education Overcrowding did not appear to be an issue are damaged, destroyed or temporarily closed. hosting five schools, putting pressure on the in the assessed settlements. This is in line A map developed with the Shelter Cluster learning space18. 54+49+29+28+22+14 Pupil Population with KI responses on low numbers of children in February of 2017, shows the proximity of Exposure to Conflict attending school. In 14 settlements there are shelling damage to schools and kindergartens More than 18,000 children are reportedly no children of primary school age as many near Avdiivka17. Some schools are temporarily A major concern reported by KIs is the attending schools in the assessed areas. This families with children left the area due to high hosting students from other damaged schools. exposure of children to shelling. More than includes more than 730 registered as IDPs levels of conflict. For example, in Krasnohorivka, one facility is 3,800 children in 36 facilities are reportedly (4%). The proportion of IDP to non- displaced exposed to monthly or more frequent shelling, Damage to Education Facilities pupils varied between 0% and 38% depending Figure 15: Status of assessed education including more than 500 kindergarten pupils. facilities on the school assessed. Education facilities in the assessed areas have Bomb shelters were not available in 31 of Education access challenges been significantly affected by conflict. Of the Damaged, need support 83 / 144 those facilities. 144 schools assessed, 83 were damaged and Damaged, no need for support 30 / 144 Overall, access to education in the area was In total 17 facilities that are exposed to at reported needing additional support. According good. Challenges in accessing education No damage 31/144 least monthly shelling, reported insufficient to the Education Cluster, 55 schools in Donbas varied depending on the location of the BSUs access to PSS in schools to mitigate conflict (Table 3). For large BSUs (South Donetsk Table 3: Most reported education access challenge by BSU (% of KIs) induced trauma. This number is likely to be

and East Luhansk), distance was the most South Donetsk West Donetsk Avdiivka Toretsk Bakhmut Popasna East Luhansk under reported as school directors might not frequently cited challenge to accessing be aware of the importance of such services. Distance education services. Unsafe Routes Figure 16: Shellling frequency reported by assessed schools In the BSUs around Donetsk city, 49 settlements Other reported unsafe routes to education facilities No Challenges due to high exposure to military exchanges. Attendance Cost Other challenges included bad roads, lack Don’t Know/ of teachers, parents not sending children to Unsure Highest 67% 0% Lowest schools after shelling episodes and absence Has Happened53 since 2014 +25148z 53% of heating during the winter. Table 4: Most reported education delivery challenge by BSU (% of KIs) Monthly or more 25% Education delivery challenges South Donetsk West Donetsk Avdiivka Toretsk Bakhmut Popasna East Luhansk Infrequently 14% Lack of Regarding the delivery of quality education, Supplies Never Happened 8% the most frequent challenges reported by Lack of Funds informants were the lack of supplies, funds, Other Availability of child friendly spaces varied Lack of significantly between BSUs. Only 2% of KIs inadequate facilities and lack of qualified Facilities teachings staff (Table 4). Other responses Lack of in East Luhansk reported sufficient available Qualified included security concerns, insufficient Teachers areas for children, compared to 25% in Lack of Avdiivka, highlighting coverage discrepancies numbers of pupils and lack of money to pay Internet for education. Access across the assessed areas. Highest 90% 0% Lowest

17 Shelter Cluster, Density of Shelter Damage Due to Conflict in February 2017. Available online. 18 Education Cluster, 2017. Krasnohorivka (Marinskyi raion, Donetska oblast) in need of additional learning spaces. Kyiv. Available online. 9 Health and East Luhansk, restricted access to three months and have no generators and 18 a limited number of doctors were available to hospitals in Yasynuvata and (22%) facilities reported water shortages and provide specialized care for the elderly. increases pressure on the GCA health system no water storage capacity. Shortages of water, Before the conflict, specialized care was In 41 settlements, humanitarian actors in Toretsk and Bakhmut which are now the gas and electricity were especially challenging provided in Donetsk and Luhansk cities, which delivered assistance to support health main emergency care providers for these for South and West Donetsk due to their are now inaccessible to GCA settlements. services. However, in 38 communities health communities. This created issues for remote reliance on the NGCA for such utilities. However, there are 81 health facilities in coverage was reportedly insufficient. Health settlements where KIs highlighted long times the assessed area, including 36 clinics, 10 Figure 17: Utility access in facilities facilities face regular medicine and supply 19 for getting ambulatory assistance because of hospitals, 21 feldsher-midwife stations and shortages. In total, 42 facilities reported a lack restriction of movement. This increased their Facilities unable to provide 24h 18 / 81 14 other facilities providing health services to of basic medicines or essential supplies. Items reliance on mobile clinics. water supply local population. most commonly unavailable included diapers, Facilities unable to provide 24h 28 / 81 Healthcare access challenges Many health service units face water and syringes, bandage materials, gloves and water electricity grid disruptions without back up electricity supply tanks. The main challenges to accessing healthcare sources. In total, 28 (34%) facilities have East Luhansk reported a lack of funding and are a lack of health facilities, the cost of Damage to Healthcare Facilities experienced electricity shortages in the last doctors as primary issues, in particular, only transport, the cost of care and security In total, 49 (66%) health facilities reported concerns (Table 5). The lack of health facilities Table 5: Most reported health access challenges by BSU (% of KIs) conflict related damages including 38 facilities was particularly reported in Avdiivka and South Donetsk West Donetsk Avdiivka Toretsk Bakhmut Popasna East Luhansk (46%) still requiring support. Emergency East Luhansk, as these areas were closely No Health preparedness was relatively low, with 12 connected to Donetsk and Luhansk cities Facility High Cost of facilities, mostly in rural settlements, having before the conflict. In addition, according Transport no fire safety measures in place and no bomb to UNICEF maps, HIV testing labs are Other shelters. Cost of Care now only available in for facilities Figure 18: Status of rehabilitated facilities 20 Insufficient in Donetsk GCA . Disconnection between Transport Security Not fully rehabilitated 38 / 52 GCA peripheries and large NGCA cities is Concerns hampering access to specific lab and medical Highest 75% 2% Lowest Fully rehabilitated 14 / 52 services within the area. Table 6: Most reported health delivery challenges by BSU (% of KIs) Figure 19: Damage Status of Healthcare Healthcare delivery challenges Facilities South Donetsk West Donetsk Avdiivka Toretsk Bakhmut Popasna East Luhansk Health service providers reported a lack Lack of Equipment of equipment, and qualified doctors and Lack of Doctor specialists (Table 6). Eleven facilities reported Lack of challenges related to damaged infrastructure. Funding Inadequate Damaged and47 partially renovated+33173z 47% A lack of ambulances was widely reported Utilities by facilities. All of the 14 surveyed hospitals Other Untouched 33% Insufficient Damaged and fully renovated 17% did not have enough ambulances to serve Supplies their populations. In the BSUs of Avdiivka Highest 75% 0% Lowest Fully destroyed 3%

19 Feldsher-midwife stations are type of rural health facility providing basic primary healthcare and reproductive health services with medical professionals including nurses and midwives but no medical doctor. 10 20 UNICEF, 2017. Children of the Contact Line. Kyiv. Available online. Food Availability shop were salt, wheat bread, butter and boiled as a main challenge by more than 83% of Donetsk city before the conflict (Map 5 and 6). sausages. Food availability is better in urban community KIs. The conflict has clearly disrupted access to settlements than in rural areas. Meat and dairy Food insecurity is a growing concern in the Selling to Markets the markets of the Donbas as shown by the products, in particular, are much more difficult assessed area. In 2016, IAVA found that reduced number of connections for selling to buy from shops in rural areas. The main issues to bringing produce to 13% of households in areas close to the produce to markets. South Donetsk saw the market were distance, lack of access to NGCA LoC were either moderately food insecure or Figure 21: % of shops missing some items least change as Mariupol was the main market 21 78+58+49+54 markets, problems with transportation and severely food insecure . In addition, a survey 1. Beef 78% in the area before the conflict began. conducted in June 2017 highlights increasing security concerns. The disruption of markets Post conflict market flows are smaller in levels of food insecurity in Donetsk and 2. Pork 58% in West Donetsk, Avdiivka and East Luhansk economic and geographic scope then they Luhansk GCA compared to 201622. 3. Beetroot 49% was of particular importance as they were highly dependent on the main urban cities of were pre conflict. Current markets in GCA 4. At least one item 54% Markets the NGCA before the conflict. For example, 29 have not been able to replace marketplaces missing Most markets within the assessed area are assessed settlements used to sell produce in in NGCA. Food Prices functional and sell both food and non-food Table 7. Most reported challenges to accessing markets by BSU (% of KIs) items. The most frequently reported market When compared to the WFP average prices South Donetsk West Donetsk Avdiivka Toretsk Bakhmut Popasna East Luhansk access challenges were distance, cost of in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts in September Distance transport, high prices and security concerns. 201623, prices for a similar basket of goods Transport cost Transport as a challenge was frequently were reportedly 5% to 10% higher at the time High prices cited in South Donetsk, while security was of assessment. Although, there is significant Security cited more frequently in South Donetsk, West variance between items, overall basic food concerns Donetsk and Avdiivka BSUs. Transport commodities are more expensive in Donetsk availability Beef, pork and beetroot were not available than last year (Figure 22). Self-production No challenges is reportedly common in rural area as both in 78%, 58% and 49% of shops respectively. Highest 77% 0% Lowest The only items that were available in every a livelihood source and a coping strategy. However, the cost of agricultural inputs such Figure 20: Market functionality Table 8. Most reported challenges to selling produce by BSU (% of KIs) as tools, seeds and fertilizer was mentioned South Donetsk West Donetsk Avdiivka Toretsk Bakhmut Popasna East Luhansk Figure 22: Price for standard grocery basket Distance Zone Price ( UAH) No more access to 5km Zone as of May 2017 729 NGCA Donetsk GCA as of 690 Transporting 94+321z September 2016 produce Functional 94% Security Closed 3% Luhansk GCA as of 654 September 2016 No problems Destroyed 2% Other Unknown 1% Highest 84% 2% Lowest

21 REACH, 2016. Interagency Vulnerability Assessment. Kyiv. Available online. 22 Food Security and Livelihood Cluster, 2017. Dashboard June – July 2017. Available online. 11 23 WFP, 2016. Market Update. Kyiv. Available online. Price Monitoring

REACH collected observations from more Boxplot 1: Prices of meat and curd How to read a boxplot than 100 stores on the price of a standardized 24 150 basket (established by WFP ) of 28 food 150 30 Maximum price in data set and basic hygiene items. Data was collected (UAH) 130 26 through enumerators visiting shops and Upper quartile: 25% of the data is above this point recording observed prices. There was no 110 110 105 20 major variance in prices between the assessed 100 100 Median price in data set 100 areas apart for meat based products. Beef was 17 (UAH) the most expensive food commodity, followed 90 by port and poultry. This data was used to 10 Lower quartile: 25% of the

ice (UAH ) 73 data is below this point calculate the average price for a food basket Pr 70 65 65 across the 5km area. 6 Minimum price in data set 50 (UAH) 50 40 0 30 Item name 20

9 8 0

Beef Boiled sausage Curd Pork Pork fat Poultry Boxplot 2: Prices of other food items (1kg) (1kg) (9%, 1kg) (1kg) (1kg) (1kg)

60

50 48 48

40 40 36

32 30 32 30 30 32 30 28 27 28 25 25 ice (UAH ) 23 Pr 22.8 20 18 18 15 17 15 15 13 13 13 10 12 13 12 10 10 12 10 9 9 9 8 8 6 7 5.2 55 4 444 3 2.5 3 3 0

Beetroot Buckwheat Butter Cabbage Carrot Eggs Milk Oil Onions Pasta Potatoes Rice Rye bread Salt Sour cream Sugar Wheat bread Wheat flour (1kg) (1kg) (200g) (1kg) (1kg) (dozen) (2,5%, 1 litre) (sunflower 1 litre) (1kg) (1kg) (1kg) (1kg) (loaf) (1kg) (15%, 200g) (1kg) (loaf) (1kg)

24 WFP, 2016. Food Prices. Ukraine. Available online. 12 Map 5: Pre conflict network for selling produce Map 6: Current network for selling produce ² LUHANSK GCA ² LUHANSK GCA ! SIEVIERODONETSK EAST LUHANSK EAST LUHANSK ! SIEVIERODONE! TSK ! ! ! SLOVIANSK ! SLOVIANSK ! POPASNA POPASNA ! ! ! ! ! ! KRAMATORSK KRAMATORSK ! BAKHMUT ! ! ! BAKHMUT ! ! ! STANYTSIA ! STANYTSIA ! ! DONETSK GCA ! DONETSK GCA BAKHMUT POPASNA ! LUHANSKA BAKHMUT ! LUHANSKA ! POPASNA ! ! ! ! ! KOSTIANTYNIVKA LUHANSK KOSTIANTYNIVKA ! LUHANSK ! ! TORETSK ALCHEVSK TORETSK ! ALCHEVSK !! ! ! ! TORETSK ! TORETSK ! AVDIIVKA ! ! AVDIIVKA HORLIVKA ! ! ! ! LUHANSK NGCA ! LUHANSK NGCA AVDIIVKA ! ! AVDIIVKA ! ! MAKIIVKA MAKIIVKA ! KURAKHOVE ! KURAKHOVE ! DONETSK ! DONETSK

WEST WEST Settlements Selling Produce PreConflict Settlements Selling Produce Now !DONETSK DONETSK (symbol size based on number of ! ! (symbol size based on number of ! DONETSK NGCA settlements with citizens who sold within) DONETSK NGCA settlements with citizens who sold within) ! 1 ! ! 1 ! ! ≤ 5 ! ≤ 5 ! ! ! ≤ 10 ! ≤ 10 VOLNOVAKHA VOLNOVAKHA ! ! ≤ 15 ! ≤ 15 ! ! !

≤ 30 ≤ 30 ! ! ! ! Selling own agricultural produce Selling own agricultural produce RUSSIAN connection connection SOUTH SOUTH RUSSIAN BSU Boundary BSU Boundary ! FEDERATION FEDERATION DONETSK 5km Buffer from INSO Grey Zone DONETSK 5km Buffer from INSO Grey Zone

INSO Grey Zone (May 2017) INSO Grey Zone (May 2017) !! Kms ! Kms MARIUPOL ! MARIUPOL 0210 040 ! 0210 040

13 Markets and Livelihoods Access to Financial Service Points Map 7: Approximate Driving times to the closest FSP (FSPs) " Sources of Income FSPs were available and operational in 31

settlements. Distribution of FSPs across KHARKIVSKA ² The main sources of income reported by KIs LUHANSKA were allowances (97%), followed by farming the assessed areas varied significantly. In the densely populated BSUs of Avdiivka, LUHANSK GCA " (46%), unstable employment (33%) and stable DONETSKA BILOVODSK " ZAPORIZKA Toretsk, Bakhmut and Popasna, FSPs are RUSSIAN employment (22%) (Table 9). FEDERATION less than an approximate 20-minute drive FGDs on markets and livelihoods highlighted away. In rural settlements, the drive times difficult employment conditions in the area. SIEVIERODONETSK EAST LUHANSK are estimated to be longer. These variations " " Many people from assessed communities are important to consider when planning cash " "SLOVIANSK worked in cities in the NGCA before the conflict. based interventions. The main challenges in POPASNA " " " Employment was most commonly reported in " accessing FSPs were reportedly distance, KRAMATORSK " " " BAKHMUT " larger cities such as Mariupol, Popasna and " cost of travel and lack of service, especially in STANYTSIA " DONETSK GCA BAKHMUT LUHANSKA" Shchastia. A majority of assessed settlements " POPASNA" isolated areas. " are rural areas were farming is an important LUHANSK KOSTIANTYNIVKA " source of income. " TORETSK " ALCHEVSK " TORETSK " " Table 9: Reported source of income by BSU (% of KIs) " LUHANSK NGCA AVDIIVKA " " " HORLIVKA South Donetsk West Donetsk Avdiivka Toretsk Bakhmut Popasna East Luhansk "

Social AVDIIVKA payments " " Methodology: Drive times were generatered Farming with Open Street Map data and processed MAKIIVKA with ArcGIS Editor for OSM 10.4 toolbox. Stable Times were determined based on road turn " restrictions, oneway roads and maximum employment KURAKHOVE DONETSK speed limitations. Data on road condidtions, Unstable closures, checkpoints, and terrain were not employment WEST available. Due to limitations in the data, drive Family DONETSK times are estimations and may not be Support accurate in all areas. " DONETSK NGCA 100% 3% " Approximate Drive time to Highest Lowest Financial Service Points (min)

< 5 Table 10: Main concerns according to local administration by BSU (% of KIs) VOLNOVAKHA " 5 - 10

10 - 20 South Donetsk West Donetsk Avdiivka Toretsk Bakhmut Popasna East Luhansk " RUSSIAN > 20 Employment FEDERATION " Security SOUTH Settlement with FSP DONETSK Surveyed Settlements Health BSU Boundary

Infrastructure 5km Buffer from INSO Grey Zone

INSO Grey Zone (May 2017) Education " Highest 100% 0% Lowest MARIUPOL "

14 Based on KIs from the local administration Access to Heating According to an energy analysis, 85 of the Shelter/Winterization between 2,700 and 5,000 households live in 150 mines in Donetsk and Luhansk are in the Access to adequate heating was also damaged shelter. Krasnohrivka KIs reported NGCA27. The challenges related to delivery Accomodation types identified as a major concern, as average more than 1,000 households living in damaged of fuel support the notion that the LoC is The IAVA showed that non-displaced winter temperatures in the region frequently accommodation. It is important to highlight that disrupting fuel supply chains. populations were more likely to live in self- are below 0 degrees Celsius from November nine local administrations did not know or did owned accommodation, while displaced to March (Figure 26). The most frequently The shelter cluster estimates that the minimum not provide an answer, highlighting information populations were more likely to rent housing. reported challenges to accessing heat was recommended amount of fuel for the winter is gaps on housing conditions at the local level. Most KIs reported rent was below 250 UAH. price of fuel, the poor quality of fuel and around 5,200 UAH (around 200 USD28) with However, in 12 settlements, KIs reported Figure 24: Number of settlements by delivery problems (Table 11). KIs from 88 the average pension of around 1,900 UAH ranges from 750 to 1,500 UAH (approximately estimated % of people living in damaged settlements reported no centralized heating, (around 70 USD29). It means that during winter, 28-56 USD). shelters with 67 reporting issues accessing fuel during the monthly cost of fuel represents more than 51+6+3+3+5+10+7 the previous winter. 50% of the average pension (Figure 27). Figure 23: Settlements where rent prices 0-20% 48 Figure 26: Average monthly temperature in were reportedly higher 21-40% 6 Donetsk in degree Celsius26 Figure 27: Cost of fuel for winter and average Artemove Petrivka 41-60% 3 pension payment per month Avdiivka Popasna 61-80% 3 Cost of fuel for one winter month 1,040 UAH Stanytsia Luhanska Hirske 81-100% 4 Average pension payment per month 1,900 UAH Komyshuvakha Stepne Do not Know 10 Krasnohorivka Toretsk No Data 7 Novobakhmutivka Zolote Table 11: Most reported challenges accessing fuel in the last winter (% of KIs) In four settlements, it was estimated that 80- South Donetsk West Donetsk Avdiivka Toretsk Bakhmut Popasna East Luhansk Damage to Civilian Property 100% people live in damaged accommodation. In 48 settlements, KIs between 0-20% of Too expensive Delivery Civilian housing continues to face significant residents live in damaged houses. This problems risk of shelling, especially in high density urban data confirms the conflict is still very active Not available areas, such as Avdiivka and Krasnohorivka. Quality is too and continues to affect civilians along the bad Since January 2017, 177 incidents have LoC. Small settlements in South Donetsk Other reportedly occurred, resulting in collateral were particularly damaged according to No problems damages to residential property in both GCA enumerators. Highest 99% 0% Lowest and NGCA. As a result, an estimated 570 Figure 25: No. of damaged housing units by individual houses were affected, along with Table 12: Settlements reporting heating shortages in the last winter 57 buildings. This has led the shelter cluster level of damage to increase its forecast of damaged homes in Heavy 1,067 South Donetsk West Donetsk Avdiivka Toretsk Bakhmut Popasna East Luhansk 25 Novohnativka Krasnohorivka, Avdiivka Kirove, Myronivskyi, Hirske, Krymske, Petrivka, Stanytsia their May 2017 factsheet . Medium 7,304 Marinka, Stepne Leninske, Zaitseve Nyrkove, Popasna, Luhanska, Verkhnia Light 9,121 Toretsk Vyskryva, Zolote Vilkhova, Vilkhove

25 Shelter Cluster, 2017. Factsheet May 2017. Kyiv. Available online. 27 EuraCoal, 2016. Available online 26 Climate Report. Available online. 28 Shelter Cluster, 2017. Winterization 2017-2018 Recommendations. Kyiv. Available online. 15 29 Ukrinform, 2017. Ukraine’s Pension Fund: Average pension in July was UAH 1,886. Kyiv. Available online. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Map 8: Frequency of water shortages Damage to Infrastructure West Donetsk and Avdiivka. These are areas KHARKIVSKA with higher levels of disruption due to conflict LUHANSKA Utility infrastructure is frequently affected ² (unsafe routes, infrastructure damage). by conflict. Since January 2017, 30 military LUHANSKGCA Damages and water shortages are affecting DONETSKA exchanges damaged electricity facilities and ZAPORIZKA RUSSIAN schools and health care facilities. More than FEDERATION 36 hit water facilities or pipelines. This has 54% of schools and 48% of health care led to significant utility shortages. A total of facilities experience water shortages (Figure 27 settlements reportedly experience daily or SIEVIERODONETSK EAST LUHANSK 28). weekly water shortages, including cities such SLOVIANSK as Popasna, Avdiivka, Toretsk, Marinka and Damages to infrastructure often lead to a lack POPASNA !

! ! ! ! ! Krasnohorivka. In addition, 29 settlements of water or of heating during winter, putting KRAMATORSK ! BAKHMUT ! ! reported weekly or daily electricity shortages. residents at risk due to the harsh weather ! STANYTSIA ! BAKHMUT ! ! 30 DONETSK GCA LUHANSKA conditions. For example, the WASH bulletin POPASNA ! ! Water and Electricty Shortages ! ! estimates that in Avdiivka and Toretsk 18,000 KOSTIANTYNIVKA LUHANSK ! TORETSK ! Electricity and water networks in the region are and 70,000 people respectively are at high risk ! ALCHEVSK !! highly interlinked between the GCA and NGCA. TORETSK Water shortages seem to affect areas around Figure 28: Frequency of water shortages per AVDIIVKA ! ! % of facilities HORLIVKA Avdiivka, West Donetsk, Toretsk and Bakhmut !! Health care LUHANSK NGCA Schools AVDIIVKA ! the most. East Luhansk did not report major facilities ! MAKIIVKA problems, however, this may be due to the fact Yes, daily 11% 8% ! that the majority of settlements are rural and Yes, weekly 5% 7% rely on local wells for water provision, rather KURAKHOVE DONETSK Yes, infrequently 32% 39% ! than the municipal network. ! No 25% 43% WEST Damage to infrastructure was more frequently DONETSK ! The facility has no Frequency of water shortages 27% 3% DONETSK NGCA (in the past 3 months) cited as a WASH challenge in South Donetsk, water supply no water shortages infrequently ! Table 13: Most reported WASH challenges (% of KIs) VOLNOVAKHA weekly daily ! Settlements not connected South Donetsk West Donetsk Avdiivka Toretsk Bakhmut Popasna East Luhansk ! ! RUSSIAN to water supply system ! Shortages FEDERATION BSU Boundary SOUTH 5km Buffer from INSO Grey Zone Damage to infrastructure DONETSK INSO Grey Zone (May 2017)

No problems ! ! Kms Cannot 0210 040 empty sceptic tank MARIUPOL Highest 57% 0% Lowest

30 WASH Cluster, 2017. WASH Cluster Ukraine Alert Bulletin. Kyiv. Available online. 16 of heating collapse if the water management Waste Management Map 9: Improper waste disposal practices system fails. A precedent of heating system Issues of waste management are important failure in 2006 in Alchevsk led to the evacuation 31 to highlight. According to direct observations KHARKIVSKA of 120,000 people . LUHANSKA by enumerators, waste is a major concern ² Water Source and Testing in 16 settlements. This included the cities of LUHANSKGCA DONETSKA

Zaitseve and Stanytsia Luhanska. Residents ZAPORIZKA The main sources of water for the majority RUSSIAN reported garbage piling up on streets and FEDERATION of settlements are wells. However, 23 inadequate waste management facilities. communities continue to rely on water trucking SIEVIERODONETSK EAST LUHANSK as a source of drinking water. Water testing Based on KIs’ responses, 88 communities practices varied greatly between BSUs. follow poor waste management practices. SLOVIANSK POPASNA This was particularly an issue in West Donetsk Figure 29: Solid waste management KRAMATORSK practices by % of settlement and East Luhansk where a large majority of BAKHMUT STANYTSIA BAKHMUT settlements reportedly followed inadequate DONETSK GCA POPASNA LUHANSKA waste management practices such as burning waste and storing it without treatment. This KOSTIANTYNIVKA LUHANSK TORETSK constitutes an environmental and health risk. ALCHEVSK TORETSK Figure 30: Percentage of administration AVDIIVKA 53+2522z not conducting water testing by BSU (% of HORLIVKA Inadequate waste management 53% communities) LUHANSK NGCA Good waste management 25% AVDIIVKA MAKIIVKA Do not know 22% South Donetsk 50% West Donetsk 40% KURAKHOVE DONETSK In Toretsk, for example, all administration Avdiivka 57% informants reported conducting water tests. Toretsk 0% WEST DONETSK Conversely, in East Luhansk, one in five local Bakhmut 25% DONETSK NGCA Percentage of settlements reporting Popasna 63% improper waste disposal practices authorities reported testing water. per BSU East Luhansk 80% 100% VOLNOVAKHA

50% Table 14: WASH situation in assessed communities in BSU (% of communities) RUSSIAN Assessed Settlements BSU Boundary South Donetsk West Donetsk Avdiivka Toretsk Bakhmut Popasna East Luhansk FEDERATION SOUTH 5km Buffer from INSO Grey Zone Communities DONETSK INSO Grey Zone (May 2017) following bad waste disposal 50% 100% 78% 50% 50% 77% 95% practices Kms 0210 040 Communities MARIUPOL without 33% 50% 22% 33% 33% 77% 68% running water

31 UNICEF, 2015. Available online. 17 Partners

About REACH REACH is a joint initiative of two international non-governmental organizations - ACTED and IMPACT Initiatives - and the UN Operational Satellite Applications Programme (UNOSAT). REACH facilitates the development of information tools and products that enhance the capacity of aid actors to make evidence- based decisions in emergency, recovery and development contexts. All REACH activities are conducted in support to and within the framework of inter-agency aid coordination mechanisms. For more information please visit our website: www.reach-initiative.org. Follow us on Twitter @REACH_info

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