Initial Environmental Examination

June 2021

Viet Nam: Lotus Wind Power Project

Appendix B

Prepared by ERM Vietnam for the Asian Development Bank. This is an updated version of the draft originally posted in March 2021 available on http://www.adb.org/projects/54211- 001/documents.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT CONTENTS Lien Lap wind Farm

Table 4.4 Surveyed Labour Force by Livelihood ...... 72 Table 4.5 Surveyed Working People with Secondary Occupation ...... 73 Table 4.6 Agricultural Cultivation in the Surveyed Households by Village ...... 76 Table 4.7 Changes in Agriculture and Forestry Production in the Surveyed Villages over the Last Five Years ...... 79 Table 4.8 Livelihood Diversification of the Surveyed Households ...... 82 Table 4.9 Average Monthly Income and Expenditure per Household and per Capita ...... 82 Table 4.10 Average Monthly Expenditure per Household and Capita ...... 85 Table 4.11 Residential and Garden Land Ownership among the Surveyed Households ...... 87 Table 4.12 Agricultural Land Ownership among the Surveyed Households ...... 88 Table 4.13 Forestry Land Ownership among the Surveyed Households ...... 89 Table 4.14 Alcohol and Tobacco Use of the Surveyed Population ...... 99 Table 4.15 Place of Birth of the Youngest Members Born by Timeframe ...... 99 Table 4.22 Well-Being Ranking by FGD Group ...... 107 Table 4.16 Participation of the Surveyed Households in Community Consultation ...... 108 Table 4.17 Land Compensation Payment Received by Affected Households ...... 111 Table 4.18 Livelihood Impacts by the Project ...... 112 Table 4.19 Current Livelihood Challenges of Affected Households ...... 113 Table 4.20 Concerns of Affected Households ...... 115 Table 4.21 Local Needs and Recommendations ...... 116

List of Figures Figure 1.1 FGD Respondents by Group, Residence and Gender ...... 10 Figure 2.1 Vietnam at a Glance ...... 13 Figure 2.2 The State System of Vietnam ...... 14 Figure 2.3 Formal Education Attainment of Commune-level Permanent Staff in Vietnam ...... 16 Figure 2.4 Vietnam’s GDP at Current Prices by Types of Ownership 2017 and 2018 ...... 16 Figure 2.5 Vietnam’s GDP at Current Prices by Kinds of Economic Activity 2017-2018 ...... 17 Figure 2.6 Vietnam’s Average Monthly Income per Capital at Current Prices 2010-2018 ...... 18 Figure 2.7 Vietnam’s Multi-Dimensional Poverty Rate by Region 2016-2018 ...... 19 Figure 3.1 Quang Tri Province at a Glance ...... 21 Figure 3.2 Population of Quang Tri Province by District 2018 ...... 23 Figure 3.3 Population of Quang Tri Province by District and Residence 2018 ...... 23 Figure 3.4 Unemployment Rate of Labour Force at Working Age of Quang Tri Province by Gender 2010- 2018 ...... 24 Figure 3.5 Religion of Quang Tri Province 2009 ...... 26 Figure 3.6 Land Use Structure of Quang Tri Province 2018 ...... 28 Figure 3.7 Land Area of Quang Tri Province by District 2018 ...... 29 Figure 3.8 Quang Tri Province’s Structure of GRDP 2018-2019 ...... 30 Figure 3.9 Livestock of Quang Tri Province 2010-2018 ...... 31 Figure 3.10 Forested Area of Quang Tri Province 2010-2019 ...... 31 Figure 3.11 Aquaculture Area and Fishery Production of Quang Tri Province 2010-2019...... 32 Figure 3.12 Number of Schools, Classes, Teachers and Pupils of Quang Tri Province in the School Year 2018-2019...... 34 Figure 3.13 School Drop-out Rates of Quang Tri Province 2010-2018 ...... 34 Figure 3.14 Pilgrimage Center of Our Lady of La Vang (left) and Quang Tri Ancient Citadel (right) ...... 37 Figure 3.15 Huong Hoa District at a Glance ...... 38 Figure 3.16 Population of Huong Hoa District by Township/Commune 2018 ...... 38 Figure 3.17 Population Sex Ratio of Huong Hoa District by Residence 2010-2018 ...... 39 Figure 3.18 Households of Huong Hoa District by Ethnic Group and Commune 2018 ...... 40 Figure 3.19 Local Road in Huong Hoa District ...... 41 Figure 3.20 Passenger and Freight Transport Volume of Huong Hoa District 2010-2019 ...... 41

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Figure 3.21 Land Use Structure of Huong Hoa District 2018 ...... 43 Figure 3.22 Livestock of Huong Hoa District 2010-2019 ...... 44 Figure 3.23 Number of Schools, Classes, Teachers and Pupils of Huong Hoa District in the School Year 2018-2019...... 45 Figure 3.24 Number of Villages with Special Difficulties of Huong Hoa District by Commune and Zone ...... 48 Figure 3.25 Number of Poor and Near Poor Households of Huong Hoa District 2015-2019 ...... 48 Figure 3.26 Historical and Cultural Relics in Huong Hoa District ...... 51 Figure 3.27 Tan Lap Commune at a Glance ...... 51 Figure 3.28 A Small Road in Bu Village, Tan Lap Commune ...... 52 Figure 3.29 Land Use Structure of Tan Lap Commune 2018 ...... 53 Figure 3.30 Local schools in Tan Lap Commune ...... 55 Figure 3.31 Number of Schools, Classes, Teachers and Pupils of Tan Lap Commune in the School Year 2018-2019...... 55 Figure 3.32 Religious Establishments in Tan Lap Commune ...... 56 Figure 3.33 Tan Lien Commune at a Glance ...... 57 Figure 3.34 Land Use Structure of Tan Lien Commune 2018 ...... 58 Figure 3.35 Number of Schools, Classrooms, Teachers and Pupils of Tan Lien Commune 2019 ...... 60 Figure 3.36 Local Schools in Tan Lien Commune ...... 60 Figure 3.37 Health Station of Tan Lien Commune ...... 61 Figure 3.38 The Memorial Stele House at the High Spot 689 in Tan Lien Commune ...... 62 Figure 4.1 Surveyed Households and Population by Residence ...... 63 Figure 4.2 Surveyed Population by Gender ...... 64 Figure 4.3 Surveyed Households by Ethnicity ...... 65 Figure 4.4 Scared Forests in Bu Village ...... 66 Figure 4.5 Surveyed Households by Religion ...... 67 Figure 4.6 Surveyed Population by Age Group ...... 67 Figure 4.7 Surveyed Population by Marital Status ...... 68 Figure 4.8 Surveyed Population by Educational Attainment ...... 69 Figure 4.9 Surveyed Population by Education Attainment and Gender ...... 70 Figure 4.10 Surveyed Population by Working Age ...... 71 Figure 4.11 Surveyed Labour Force by Livelihood and Gender ...... 72 Figure 4.12 Agricultural Production Area of Bu Village ...... 74 Figure 4.13 Agricultural Production Area of Tan Hao Village ...... 75 Figure 4.14 Main Agricultural Products among Surveyed Villages ...... 77 Figure 4.15 Animal Husbandry in the Surveyed Villages ...... 79 Figure 4.16 Small Business Activities in Tan Hao Village ...... 81 Figure 4.17 Average Annual Household Income by Livelihood ...... 84 Figure 4.18 Annual Household Expenditure Structure ...... 85 Figure 4.19 Financial Support Sources of the Surveyed Households ...... 86 Figure 4.20 Debt Sources of the Surveyed Households ...... 87 Figure 4.21 Number of Houses Owned by the Surveyed Households ...... 89 Figure 4.22 Different Types of Houses Owned by the Surveyed Households ...... 90 Figure 4.23 House Types in the Surveyed Villages ...... 91 Figure 4.24 Household Asset Items Owned by the Surveyed Households ...... 92 Figure 4.25 Production Facilities Owned by the Surveyed Households ...... 93 Figure 4.26 Drinking Water Sources of the Surveyed Households ...... 94 Figure 4.27 Drinking Water Sources in the Surveyed Villages ...... 94 Figure 4.28 Cooking Energy Sources of the Surveyed Households ...... 95 Figure 4.29 Firewood Use in the Surveyed Villages ...... 95 Figure 4.30 Toilet Conditions among the Surveyed Households ...... 96 Figure 4.31 Frequency of Health Facilities Use over 12 Months among the Surveyed Households ...... 97 Figure 4.32 Common Diseases over the 12 Months among the Surveyed Population ...... 98 Figure 4.33 Health Issues among the Surveyed Households over the Last 12 Months ...... 98

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Figure 4.34 Level of Satisfaction of Surveyed Households towards Public Infrastructure and Services ...... 100 Figure 4.38 Local Roads in the Surveyed Villages ...... 101 Figure 4.42 Markets in Tan Lap Commune (left) and Tan Lien Commune (right) ...... 103 Figure 4.45 Vulnerable Households among the Surveyed Villages ...... 104 Figure 4.46 Multiple Vulnerability of Surveyed Households ...... 105 Figure 4.47 Vulnerable Households by Category ...... 105 Figure 4.48 Income Sources of Vulnerable Households ...... 106 Figure 4.49 Circles of Support by Vulnerable Group ...... 107 Figure 4.50 Perceptions of AHs towards DMS process ...... 110 Figure 4.51 Production Land Loss of Surveyed Households ...... 112 Figure 4.52 Perceived Impact Significance on Household Livelihoods ...... 113 Figure 4.53 Use of Compensation by the Land Affected Households ...... 115 Figure 4.54 Project Information Channels ...... 117 Figure 4.55 Further Request for Project Information ...... 117 Figure 4.56 Features Affected by the Project ...... 118 Figure 4.57 Local Concerns Related to the Project Development ...... 119

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Acronyms and Abbreviations Name Description ADB Asian Development Bank ADP Area Development Program AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome DSRE Development Strategy of Renewable Energy of Vietnam DWT Deadweight tonnage ERM Environmental Resource Management ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment FDI Foreign Direct Investment FGDs Focus Group Discussions GDP Gross Domestic Product GRDP Gross Regional Domestic Product HDI Human Development Index HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection KIIs Key Informant Interviews LAA Land Acquisition Audit LURCs Land Use Right Certificates NGOs Non-governmental Organisations ODA Official Development Assistance PDP VII Revised National Power Development Master Plan for the 2011- 2020 Period, with a vision for 2030 VND Vietnam Dong WVV World Vision in Vietnam

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to the Report This report describes the baseline of social and economic conditions for the communities affected by the Lien Lap Wind Farm Project (the Project) in Tan Lap and Tan Lien communes, Huong Hoa district, Quang Tri province. It is one of the specialist studies for the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) report and Livelihood Restoration Plan (LRP) report for the Project. The economic and social analyses demonstrate the Project’s intention to manage and mitigate its impacts on the local community’s living conditions and livelihoods. The objectives of this socio-economic survey are to:

 Gather data about socio-economic conditions in the Project area to help identify potential impacts and the development of livelihood restoration plans; and

 Identify and understand the perceptions and concerns of stakeholders including local authorities and local communities, who might be affected by the Project’s construction and operation activities. The baseline report analyses the socio-economic and cultural contexts at national and local (provincial, district, and commune) levels. It also includes household-level socio-economic characteristics for the communities which are potentially affected by the Project. The findings reported are based on a review of socio-economic conditions collected during site visits between 4th and 9th May 2020. Efforts have been made to highlight the differences between surveyed areas and between genders on a number of socio-economic parameters. The study employed the research and engagement methodology to achieve data validity with methodological triangulation and to adhere to Asian Development Bank (ADB) guidelines.

1.2 Methodology

1.2.1 Data Collection The socio-economic data collection was designed so that information was gathered at the national, local, and household levels, and in enough detail to detect changes in perceptions of stakeholders towards the Project. The task includes secondary socio-economic baseline data collection (see Section 1.2.1.1) and primary socio-economic data collection (see Section 1.2.1.2). Data for the national level is from secondary data sources and desk-based research while data for the local and household levels is based on both secondary and primary data sources. Primary socio-economic data collection was conducted through engagement with relevant state agencies, local authorities, and local communities. For local community engagement, key informant interviews (KIIs), focus group discussions (FGDs), household surveys, and field observations were carried out.

1.2.1.1 Secondary Data Collection The study collected secondary data sources such as socio-economic statistical data and published reports from reliable sources at the national, provincial, and district levels. In addition, socio-economic reports were collected from local authorities at the provincial, district, and commune levels. Secondary sources were used to build a socio-economic baseline at national and local levels including the following aspects:

 Demographic profiles: population, ethnicity, and religion;

 Administration and institutions;

 Natural conditions;

 Infrastructure and public services: road network, electricity, water, irrigation system, waste management;

 Land use and tenure;

 Economy, livelihood, and employment;

 Education and healthcare;

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 Vulnerability;

 Security and rule of law/governance; and

 Archaeological, cultural heritage and religious sites. Sources were also identified to provide a basis for comparison between the reported local context, and the primary baseline data collected.

1.2.1.2 Primary Data Collection

1.2.1.2.1 Methods and Sampling During the periods of 4th – 9th May 2020, a scoping site visit and a socio-economic survey were conducted by ERM to collect primary data for the establishment of socio-economic baseline at local level. The study undertook the primary data collection with a multi-layer approach to socio-economic analysis using mixed methods combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Particular methods applied in this research include:

 Semi-structured interviews with local authorities;

 Key informant interviews (KIIs);

 Household interviews;

 Focus group discussions (FGDs); and

 Observation. In order to organise the interview and household survey, invitation letters were prepared and sent to the local authorities prior to the meetings. The household survey with 97 households was organised in collaboration with the commune level authorities, and in particular the village heads. Table 1.1 shows the engagement activities that have been done for the study.

Table 1.1 Engagement Activities for Primary Data Collection

Location Number of Semi- Number of KIIs Number of FGDs Number of structured Household Interviews interviews

Tan Lap Commune 1 2 4 66

Tan Lien Commune 1 1 2 31

Total 2 3 6 97

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

1.2.1.2.2 Consultations with Local Authorities Using semi-structured interviews, ERM collected updated information on the socio-economic conditions of the area as well as the key concerns and perceptions of local authorities about the Project. Suggestions were also presented to the Project for environmental and social performance management and impact mitigation. This consultation assisted the team in confirming development trends and any changes in socio-economic conditions, infrastructure, and public services. The consultation process also aimed to inform stakeholders about Project progress, while assessing awareness at different levels and identifying some of the key issues, concerns, and expectations of the community (see Table 1.2).

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Table 1.2 Consultation with Local Authorities

Interviewed Organisations Topics Covered in the Interviews and Meetings Group Local Authority ■ PC of Tan Lap ■ Update about Project progress and current status of the Commune People’s ESHIA; Committee ■ Obtain up to date socio-economic data about infrastructure ■ PC of Tan Lien and public services , health, livelihoods, and employment of Commune People’s people in the commune; Committee ■ Gain feedback or perceptions about the Project development; ■ Obtain acceptance and support from the People’s Committee to conduct the household survey in the area.

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

1.2.1.2.3 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) Village heads of the affected villages including Bu and Tan Thuan villages of Tan Lap commune, and Tan Hao village of Tan Lien commune were identified as key informants and hence, involved in the KIIs. The KII was semi-structured with major questions prepared in advance in the form of checklists. The questions for the village head concentrated on general information about the community, social networks, community context, employment, and perceptions about the Project. The interview lasted approximately one hour and was recorded. A name list of the KII interviewees is provided in Attachment A.

1.2.1.2.4 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) A focus group discussion (FGD) approach enables ERM to observe interactions between group members and to listen to their views, opinions, experiences, and attitudes about their socio-economic conditions. This method is useful for producing a consensus as people collectively address concerned topics which they may not have previously considered as individuals. By conducting the FGD, ERM has obtained an understanding of the current socio-economic condition of the potentially impacted villages, their livelihoods, customs and culture, their dependence on natural resources, their access to public services, and their opinions or concerns about the Project. ERM completed six FGDs comprising of two agriculture groups, one forestry group, one vulnerable group, one women group, and one Van Kieu ethnic minority group (see Figure 1.1). A total of 56 participants including 24 females and 32 males were engaged in FGDs. They comprise of 20 participants in Bu village (Tan Lap commune), 20 participants in Tan Thuan village (Tan Lap commune), and 16 participants in Tan Hao village (Tan Lien commune). Besides, priorities were given to the displaced households in order to evaluate the land acqusition impacts on their livelihoods, capture their perception about the Project development as well as identify their needs of livelihood development. To be specific, 41 out of 56 FGD participants were affected people.

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12

10

4 8 2 1

6 11 6 9 4

Number of respondents of Number 7 7 7

2

2 0 Agriculture group Van Kieu group Forestry group Women group Agriculture group Vulnerable group Bu village, Tan Lap commune Tan Thuan village, Tan Lap Tan Hao village, Tan Lien commune commune

Male Female

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 1.1 FGD Respondents by Group, Residence and Gender The FGD began with an introduction about objectives and methods. The focus group was structured around the following main sections.

 ERM enquired about the participants’ socio-economic condition and their thoughts on the Project.

 Participants were asked to list stakeholders who might support them during time of need. These might include friends, family, local authorities or non-governmental organisations (NGOs). Based on a list of stakeholders, participants were invited to rank them in terms of importance for their needs. Visual illustrations were presented to support illiterate people during the discussion. Photos and note-taking were carried out during the focus group, which lasted from one to one and a half hours. The list of FGD respondents and photos in the social baseline survey are provided in Attachment A and Attachment B.

1.2.1.2.5 Household Interviews As the purpose of the socio-economic survey is for developing the ESIA and Land Acquisition Audit (LAA) reports for the Project, it would require a census survey of all affected households. A list of 93 households with land situated in the Project area was obtained from the Project Owner at time of the survey in May 2020.

 Out of the 93 households who were listed to have land parcels within the Project site, there were 17 duplicated names, resulting in 76 affected households who should be engaged in the interviews. Of the 76 affected households, four (4) households were not approached due to their absence at the locality and one (1) household refused the interview. As a result, 71 households in the initial list of affected households were involved in the household interviews.

 During the household survey, ERM was informed by village heads that there were one household in Bu village and eight households in Tan Thuan village who have land plots within the Project site but have not been included in the initial list. The survey team interviewed the mentioned nine households.

 In addition, to gain an insight into socio-economic conditions of the fence-line community, 17 households were randomly selected and invited to participate in the survey. A total of 97 households including 71 households listed as affected by land acquisition and 26 households out of the list were engaged in the survey. Among whom, there were 32 households in Bu

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village, 33 households in Tan Thuan village and one household in Tan Tai village (Tan Lap commune) and 30 households in Tan Hao village and one household in Tan Tien village (Tan Lien commune). It is noted that there are two households residing in Tan Tai and Tan Tien villages but having affected land situated in Tan Lap and Tan Lien communes. A named list of interviewed households and household survey photos are provided in Attachment A and Attachment B. The point of contact for interviews at the household level was any appropriate adult member of the household. The interviews were mostly conducted at the community house but in all cases, respondent’s home visits were offered by the interviewers. In addition, depending on respondent’s availability and convenience, some interviews were organised at their house. The survey used the household questionnaire method, whereby a set of data was collected at the household level using structured questionnaires. The questionnaire for the household interview was designed to capture the following data and information:

 Family status and demographics;

 Education background (i.e. education level of members in the surveyed households);

 Occupation, livelihood, and status;

 Health profile of household members being interviewed;

 Economic conditions (i.e. condition of household assets and utilities, income and expenditure [seasonal income is also accounted for]);

 Current condition of local public services and infrastructure including road, electricity and water supply, waste management, market, education and healthcare, as well as the household’s access to such services; and

 Vulnerability status (i.e. people who may be more adversely affected by the Project by virtue of gender, ethnicity, age, physical or mental disability, economic disadvantage, or social status);

 Land acquisition and livelihood restoration (for households affected by land acquisition); and

 Awareness and concerns about the Project’s activities.

1.2.1.2.6 Field Observations Field observations were carried out during the survey, at the village and commune level covering the following aspects:

 Health facilities;

 Education facilities;

 Religious facilities;

 Community security;

 Commune and village government facilities;

 Public transport services and infrastructure;

 Daily community activities; and

 Community use of natural resources and livelihood.

1.2.2 Data Analysis The data collected was systematically transcribed and thematically analysed. The method for identifying, analysing, and reporting themes from data transcripts was applied. Narrative development, network analysis, and community asset mapping were also used to highlight different aspects of the research issues. Data collected from the paper-based questionnaires of the household survey was entered using Microsoft Excel. Before the analysis however, multiple checking processes were conducted to further identify potential errors. Some of the answers were cross-checked to make sure of the consistency of data. The final databases for both surveys were then analysed by Excel to provide different frequency

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and percentage tables. Baseline information for the surveyed communities is presented in terms of the following socio-economic components:

 Demographic information;

 Education;

 Employment and livelihoods;

 Income and expenditure;

 Land, housing and household assets;

 Health;

 Access to public services;

 Gender relations and vulnerability description;

 Land acquisition and needs for livelihood restoration; and

 Local perceptions and evaluation of the Project. Where appropriate, data for each of the communities in the Project has been checked with comparable information to provide context.

1.2.3 Limitations Even though every effort was made to achieve the best database and sample-size, the research team recognises that the key limitation to this study is the dependency of the quality and extent of available information. This study relies on the most recent reports and statistical information available at the time of writing. For some indicators, the analysis has relied on information from the 2018 Statistical Yearbook and the 2009 Population and Housing Census, which may not accurately reflect current social and economic conditions. However, this information remains the most up to date official data source available at the time of writing, particularly based on the preliminary results of the 2019 Population and Housing Census. Consultations with local authorities, interviews with village heads and FGDs with local villagers supplemented the available statistical data, helped to confirm our understandings of existing conditions, and provided insights into local issues and trends. Efforts were made to cross-check and triangulate information from different sources to confirm their accuracy. The survey team made attempts to reach all households in the list of households affected by land acquisition provided by the Project; however four households were not available at the time of survey and one household refused to engage in interviews. Some households expressed reluctance when being invited to participate in the survey and did not really engage in the interview or FGDs even they agreed to involve in. In these cases, the surveyors patiently introduced again the purpose of the survey to help the interviewees’ better understanding and build rapport among the interviewees and surveyors. The study recorded one interview with a young female Van Kieu respondent that could not be completed due to language barriers between the surveyor and the respondent. In this case, the support of another local Van Kieu villager who can speak Vietnamese fluently helped the surveyor obtaining all necessary information related to the household. Although 97 affected households reside in five villages, their affected land are situated in the three main villages of Bu, Tan Thuan (Tan Lap commune) and Tan Hao (Tan Lien commune). Therefore, to highlight differences among affected villages, the household data was mainly analysed based on their land location, i.e. the three villages of Bu, Tan Thuan and Tan Hao.

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2. NATIONAL CONTEXT

This section describes the country of Vietnam in terms of demographics, institutional context, economy and industry, and human rights.

2.1 Demographic Information The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is located on the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the North, Laos, and Cambodia to the West, the Gulf of Thailand to the Southwest, and the East Sea to the East and South, and has a mainland area of 331,235 km2 and more than 4,000 islands. It has a population of 96.2 million (2019), an increase of 1.6% over 2018, of which the urban population is 33.1 million people (34.4%), and the rural population is 63.1 million people (65.6%). The male and female populations are 47.9 million people and 48.3 million respectively with a corresponding share of 49.8% and 50.2%1 (see Figure 2.1). With the population density of 290 people/km2 in 2019, Vietnam has the population density ranked third in the Southeast Asia (Philippines with 363 people/km2 and Singapore with 8,292 people/km2). The country has a total of 26,870,079 households with the average family size of 3.6 people/household2.

Source: GSO (2019); Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee (2019) Figure 2.1 Vietnam at a Glance Vietnam has a total of 54 ethnic groups. According to the statistical data 2019, the Kinh ethnic group makes up the largest proportion with approximately 85.3% of the population (82.1 million people), and mainly lives in the deltas and major cities while the other 53 ethnic minority groups, especially those with small populations, are scattered across mountain areas with very limited access to infrastructure, health care and education3 . Of the 53 ethnic minority groups, there are six ethnic groups with over one million people: Tay, Thai, Muong, Mong, Khmer, and Nung, in which Tay has the highest population of

1 Source: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee (2019) 2 Source: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee (2019) 3 Source: World Bank (2009)

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1.85 million. Eleven ethnic groups with the population of under 5,000, in which O Du ethnic group has the lowest population of 428 people4 . Vietnamese is the official language and is spoken by around 90% of the population. Minority groups have distinct languages including Tay, Hmong, Thai, and Khmer in the more remote rural areas. The language of ethnic groups belongs to five linguistic families, namely Austroasiatic, Austronesia, Tai- Kadai, Miao-Yao and Sino-Tibetan5. Some ethnic minority groups such as Tay, Thai, Nung, Hmong, Muong, Cham, Khmer, Kohor, Ede, Bahnar, and Jarai have their own writing systems6. Despite rapid economic growth in recent decades, ethnic minority communities living in mountainous and highland areas are still trapped in poverty. Ethnic minorities account for 14% of the total population but up to 50% of the total poor population7. In 2019, there were 16 religions in Vietnam with 13.2 religious adherents, accounting for 13.7% of total population. Of the 13.2 religious adherents, 5.9 million people practiced Catholics, accounting for 44.6% (6.1% of total national population); and 4.6 million people were identified as Buddhists, accounting for 35% (4.8% of total national population). The number of people following other religions such as Caodaism, Muslim, and Hoa Hao Buddhism took a small proportion of total religious adherents8.

2.2 Institutional Context Vietnam’s system of governance has four levels: national, provincial, district and commune in Figure 2.2. Provincial, district and communal levels are classified under local governance.

Source: ERM Figure 2.2 The State System of Vietnam At the national level, the State of Vietnam consists of the National Assembly, the President, the Government, the People’s Supreme Court and the People’s Supreme Procuracy.

 The National Assembly is the supreme organ of the state and the only body with constitutional and legislative power to draw up, adopt, and amend the constitution and to make and amend laws, to

4 Source: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee (2019) 5 Source: Michaud et al. (2016) 6 Source: DFAT (2017) 7 Source: World Bank (2013) 8 Source: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee (2019)

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legislate and implement state plans and budgets, to initiate or conclude wars, and to assume other duties and powers it deems necessary.

 The President represents Vietnam both domestically and internationally, maintains the regular and coordinated operation and stability of the national government, and safeguards the independence and territorial integrity of the country.

 The Government is the executive organ of the National Assembly and the highest body of state administration of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. It carries out the overall management of work for the fulfilment of the political, economic, cultural, social, national defence, security and external duties of the State.

 The Supreme People’s Court supervises the judicial work of both the local People’s Courts, which are responsible to their corresponding People’s Councils, and the Military Tribunals. The People’s Courts function at all levels of government except the commune, where the commune administrative committee functions as a primary court.

 The Supreme People’s Procuracy, with its local and military subdivisions, acts as a watchdog for the state. It monitors the performance of government agencies, maintains vast powers of surveillance, and acts as a prosecutor before the People’s Courts. At the local level, organisation of institutional governance from the provincial/city level to the commune level consists of:

 The People’s Council at provincial, district, and commune levels9: a body of state power at the local level, representing the rights of the people and is elected by local people; and

 The People’s Committee at provincial, district, and commune levels: the executive body of the People's Councils and State administrative agencies at the local level. The People’s Committee at the provincial/city and district level includes departments for fields such as agriculture and rural development, natural resources and environment, transport etc. The number of staff varies from commune to commune depending on the population size and land mass of a commune. Currently, Vietnam has 11,162 commune-level administration units, including 1,567 wards, 597 townships and 9,064 communes10. The capacity of the rural commune’s human resources needs to be strengthened to meet increasing demands of national development. Of 145,112 permanent staff at the commune level, 31% are reported to have no formal education (see Figure 2.3). While they are not recognised under the State’s local administration system, village level institutions are the basic unit of Vietnamese society and their interactions with the State are vital to understanding Vietnamese socio-political characteristics and citizen behaviour11. Under the New Rural Development Program, village leadership and participation is becoming more important for village development planning and grassroots democracy, and thus community development.

9 Provincial level includes cities under the central governance (thành phố trực thuộc trung ương) and provinces (tỉnh). District level includes cities under the provincial governance (thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh), quarters (quận), town (thị xã), and districts (huyện). Commune level includes township (thị trấn), wards (phường) and communes (xã). 10 Source: Mai Duc Ngoc (2015). 11 See further: Nguyen The Anh (2003)

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22% 31% No formal education Primary 4% High school College

7% University

36%

Source: Mai Duc Ngoc (2015) Figure 2.3 Formal Education Attainment of Commune-level Permanent Staff in Vietnam

2.3 Economy and Industry Vietnam is described as ‘a development success story’ with the dramatic transformation of one of the poorest countries in the world at the time of economic reforms in the 80s (Doi Moi or Renovation reforms), to ‘low middle income status’ over a period of 25 years12. In 2018, gross domestic product (GDP) at current prices was 5,542 trillion VND. GDP in 2018 increased by 7.08% from 2017 with the agriculture, forestry and fishery sector increasing by 3.76%; industry and construction by 8.85%; and the service sector by 7.03%. The GDP per capita in 2018 was estimated to be 58.5 million VND, an increase of 5.1 million VND over 201713.

State State

10% 10.0% 28% Non-state 27.7% Non State 20% 20.3% 2017 2018 Foreign investment Foreign investment sector sector

42% Products taxes less 42.1% Products taxes less subsidies on subsidies on production products

Source: GSO (2018, 2019) Figure 2.4 Vietnam’s GDP at Current Prices by Types of Ownership 2017 and 2018 In terms of ownership, the non-state economy accounted for the highest proportion (42.1%) while the foreign investment sector made up 20.3% (see Figure 2.4). The GDP of the non-state economy and foreign investment sector in 2018 were higher than in 2017 while the state economy in 2018 was slightly

12 Source: DFAT (2017) 13 Source: GSO (2019)

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lower. Vietnam’s two largest export partners are the US and EU while its key foreign direct investment (FDI) investors are the Republic of Korea, Japan, and Singapore14. The structure of the economy has experienced a positive shift with the share of agriculture gradually reducing, and the share of industry and services increasing. In 2018 the share of the agriculture, forestry, and fishery sector accounted for 14.7%, while the share of the industry and service sectors was 34.2% and 41.1% respectively and taxes less subsidies on products accounted for 9.97% (corresponding figures for 2017 were 15.3%, 33.4%, 41.3% and 10.0%)15. GDP of economic activities in 2018 increased compared to those in 2017 as shown in Figure 2.5.

1,000,000

900,000

800,000

700,000

600,000

500,000

Billion VND Billion 400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

0

2017 2018

Source: GSO (2019) Figure 2.5 Vietnam’s GDP at Current Prices by Kinds of Economic Activity 2017-2018 In 2018, there were 55.4 million people in the labour force (people aged 15 years and over). This was an increase of 530,500 people over the previous year, and of these 52.2% were male and 47.8% were female. According to the results of the 2019 Population and Housing Census, gender structure within the labour force remains relatively balanced with the proportion of 52.7% of men and 47.3% of women participating in the labour force 2019. The employed population aged 15 years and above working in economic activities was 54.2 million people in 2018, an increase of 546,100 people compared to 2017. The unemployment rate was 2.19% in 2018 which was down from 2017 (2.24%) and this rate continuously reduced to 2.05% in 2019. The North Central and Central coastal areas recorded the highest unemployment rate for the whole country with 2.68% in 2018 and 2.14% in 2019. The

14 Source: VCCI and PWC (2017) 15 Source: GSO (2019)

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underemployment rate of the labour force at working age was 1.4% in 2018 (down from 1.7% in 2017), and the corresponding figures for urban and rural areas were 0.65% and 1.78%. Vietnam’s living standards have been improved but the improvement has not been consistent over recent years. The human development index (HDI) rose from 0.695 in 2016 to 0.700 in 2017 but decreased slightly to 0.693 in 2018. Vietnam was ranked 118 out of 189 countries in the latest United Nations Human Development Report 201916. There was a sharp increase in the national monthly income per capita at current prices during the period 2010-2018 (see Figure 2.6). In 2018, the national monthly income per capita at current prices was 3.88 million VND with the monthly income per capita at current prices of urban and rural areas at 5.62 million VND and 2.99 million VND respectively.

4.5

4 3.88

3.5 3.09 3 2.64 2.5 2 2 Million VND Million 1.5 1.39

1

0.5

0 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Source: GSO (2019) Figure 2.6 Vietnam’s Average Monthly Income per Capital at Current Prices 2010-2018 The overall multi-dimensional poverty rate17 was 6.8% in 2018, a decrease of 1.1 percentage points from 2017. In urban areas the rate was 1.5% and in rural areas it was 9.6% - a decline of 1.2 percentage

16 Source: UNDP (2018, 2019) 17 Multi-dimensional poverty households are households whose monthly average income per capita is at or below income-based poverty line (welfare poverty line) or whose monthly average income per capita is above income- based poverty line but below the minimum living standard and deprives from at least three indices for measuring deprivation of access to basic social services. The multi-dimensional poverty line is defined from two criteria, including income-based criteria and basic-social-service-based criteria as follows: Income-based criteria: - Income-based minimum living standard is the income level that guarantees to afford basic minimum needs for a person to survive, including food, foodstuff demands and non-food consumption suitable with socio-economic situation of the province/city directly under central management in each period. - Income-based poverty line (also welfare poverty line) is the income level which household is considered as income poverty if its income is lower than that level. Criteria for deprivation of accessing to basic social services: - Five basic social services include: health, education, housing, clean water and sanitation and information accessibility. - Ten indicators for measuring level of deprivation: (1) adult education; (2) child school attendance; (3) accessibility to health care services; (4) health insurance; (5) quality of house; (6) housing area per capita; (7) drinking water

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points for both areas18. The North Midlands and Mountain Areas, the Central Highlands, and the North Central and Central coastal areas were the regions with the highest multi-dimensional poverty household rates, 18.4%, 13.9%, and 8.7% respectively. However these areas saw a remarkable reduction in the percentage of multi-dimensional poor households (by 2.6, 3.2 and 1.5 percentage points from 2017). As shown in Figure 2.7, the South East region recorded the lowest rate, 0.6% - a decrease of 0.3 percentage points over 2017. The poverty rate of the Mekong Delta has recorded a consecutive decrease over the period from 8.6% in 2016 to 5.8% in 2018 and a constantly lower ratio compared to the national average poverty rate.

25

20

15 %

10

5

0 Red River Delta Northern midlands North Central and Central Highlands South East Mekong River and mountain Central coastal Delta areas areas

2016 2017 2018

Source: GSO (2019) Figure 2.7 Vietnam’s Multi-Dimensional Poverty Rate by Region 2016-2018

2.4 Human Rights The 2013 Constitution states that “The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a socialist rule of law State of the People, by the People and for the People” (Article 2) and that “The State guarantees and promotes the People's mastery; acknowledges, respects, protects and guarantees human rights and citizens’ rights; implements the objectives of prosperous people, state powers, democracy, justice, civilization, and all that people enjoy that is abundant and free for a happy life with conditions for all-round development.” (Article 3). For the first time in the history of constitutionalism of Vietnam, human rights have become the title of one Chapter (Chapter 2), which confirms “human rights and citizens’ rights in the political, civic, economic, cultural and social fields are recognised, respected, protected, and guaranteed in concordance with the Constitution and the law”. Vietnam has signed and ratified the following United Nations treaties: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR); the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR); the International Covenant on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICEFRD); the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRD); the Convention on Elimination of Discrimination of Women (CEDAV) and its two Optional Protocols on the sale of children, child

supply; (8) hygienic toilet/latrine; (9) use of telecommunication services; and (10) assets for information accessibility. Source: GSO (2018, 771) 18 Source: GSO (2019)

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prostitution and child pornography (OP-CRC-SC) and on the involvement of children in armed conflict (OP-CRC-AC)19. Vietnam ratified the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatments or Punishments - one of the nine fundamental United Nations conventions on human rights - and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in 201520. The country’s further integration into the international economy through 16 bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements with 56 economies worldwide has contributed to a more favourable business climate with economic restructuring as well as a more transparent administration21. It is expected that together with the EU-Vietnam Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (UVFTA) which was ratified by the European Parliament in February 2020 and by the National Assembly of Vietnam in June 2020, will serve “as the foundation for the commitment from both sides to the principles of sustainable development, human rights, and labour rights22. The past decades have witnessed significant progress to enhance gender equality in Vietnam. In line with the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the 2006 Law on Gender Equality, a legislative framework on gender equality has been established23. Vietnam has also implemented a National Strategy on Gender Equality from 2011-2020 to promote women’s status and close the gender gap. As reported by the World Bank24 , despite gender successes in poverty reduction, education attendance and health care provision, women in Vietnam tend to be rooted in social norms and customs that cannot be legislated away, are under-represented in leadership positions at all levels, and are vulnerable to the expanded formal economy and globalisation. The report’s recommendations stress that gender awareness and capacity building should be prioritised, and that research on gender issues should be promoted systematically to inform policy making. Poverty alleviation and economic development is a foundation, but not a guarantee to protect and promote human rights - civil and political, as well as economic and social. As such, while further Government actions are necessary, the private sector as well as harnessing economic benefits for social ends - should be encouraged to directly advance human rights25.

19 Source: DFAT (2017) 20 Source: United Nations Human Rights Council (2018) 21 Source: European Chamber of Commerce in Vietnam (2019) 22 Source: Tran Ngoc Diep (2019) 23 Source: JICA (2011) 24 Source: World Bank (2011) 25 See further: Kinley, David and Hai Nguyen (2008)

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3. LOCAL CONTEXT

This section provides details about the local context where the Project components are located, including demographic information (i.e. population, ethnicity, and religion), public infrastructure and facilities, land use, economy, education, health, vulnerability, security, and cultural sites. The local context includes three levels of analysis: provincial (Quang Tri province), district (Huong Hoa district) and communal (Tan Lap and Tan Lien communes) levels.

3.1 Provincial Level: Quang Tri

3.1.1 Overview of Quang Tri Province Quang Tri is a coastal province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam (see Figure 3.1). The province covers an area of 4,737 km2, accounting for 1.4% of the national natural area. It borders Le Thuy district of Quang Binh province to the north, Phong Dien and A Luoi districts of Thua Thien Hue province to the south; Savanakhet and Salavan provinces of the Lao People's Democratic Republic to the west, and the East Sea to the east. The center of the province is Dong Ha city, about 1,120 km away from Ho Chi Minh City to the south and about 593 km away from Ha Noi city to the north. Quang Tri is located at the intersection of national arterial roads: the National Highway 1A, the Ho Chi Minh road (including East Ho Chi Minh road and West Ho Chi Minh road), the National Highway 9 linked to trans-Asian road (Asian Highway Network), the Highway 15D, and the north-south railway, connecting with Cua Viet port and My Thuy seaport26.

Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019); Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019) Figure 3.1 Quang Tri Province at a Glance Quang Tri contains ten administrative units including a city (Dong Ha city), a town (Quang Tri), and eight districts (Vinh Linh, Huong Hoa, Gio Linh, Dakrong, Cam Lo, Trieu Phong, Hai Lang, and Con Co districts) (see Table 3.1 for key information about the province). There are 141 communes, wards, and townships in the province. Dong Ha city is the political, economic, and cultural center of the province.

26 Source: Quang Tri Province Portal (2019)

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Table 3.1 Administrative Units of Quang Tri Province

Administrative Wards Township under Communes Total Units District

Dong Ha city 9 - - 9

Quang Tri town 4 - 1 5

Vinh Linh district - 3 19 22

Huong Hoa district - 2 20 22

Gio Linh district - 2 19 21

Dakrong district - 1 13 14

Cam Lo district - 1 8 9

Trieu Phong district - 1 18 19

Hai Lang district - 1 19 20

Con Co district - - - -

Total 13 11 117 141

Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019)

3.1.2 Population

3.1.2.1 Structure of Population In 2018, the province had a total population of 630,545 people, an increase of 0.5% compared to 201727. The natural growth rate in 2018 was 7.6% which is lower than the previous year (9.8%). The crude birth rate was 16.2% and the crude death rate was 8.7% in 2018. The fertility rate was 2.61 children per woman, of which the corresponding figures for urban and rural areas were 2.1 and 2.8. The population density was 133 person/km2. The population is mainly concentrated in Dong Ha city, Huong Hoa and Trieu Phong districts with 95,314, 88,954, and 88,335 people respectively. Con Co island district has the lowest population with 299 people (see Figure 3.2).

27 Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019)

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120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000

40,000 Number of population of Number 20,000

0 Dong Ha Huong Trieu Vinh Linh Hai Lang Gio Linh Cam Lo Dakrong Quang Tri Con Co city Hoa Phong district district district district district town district district district

Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019) Figure 3.2 Population of Quang Tri Province by District 2018 In 2018, the male and female population was 308,126 people and 322,419 people, accounting for 48.9% and 51.1% of the total population respectively. The urban population was 192,929 people (30.6%), and the rural population was 437,616 people (69.4%). Dong Ha city has no rural population, while Con Co island district has no urban population (see Figure 4.3).

120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000 65,313 65,093 83,997 62,347 78,690

Number of people of Number 40,000

3,955 40,152 37,770 20,000

0 299 Dong Ha Huong Vinh Linh Quang Tri Gio Linh Cam Lo Trieu Dakrong Hai Lang Con Co city Hoa district town district district Phong district district district district district

Urban population Rural population

Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019) Figure 3.3 Population of Quang Tri Province by District and Residence 2018 In 2018, the province had 459,254 people aged 15 and above, which accounts for 72.8% of total population in 2018. By marital status, this included 94,172 single, 323,452 married, 34,953 widowed and 6,677 divorced and the average age of first marriage has went up from 24.9 in 2010 to 25.3 in 2018.

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The literacy rate among the population aged 15 and above fluctuated around 92.7%, 93.2%, and 92.6% in 2016, 2017 and 2018 respectively28.

3.1.2.2 Labour Force The labour force (15 years of age and above)29 was 349,807 people in 2018. The employed labour force at 15 years of age and above was 338,596 people in 2018, equivalent to more than half of the province total population (53.7%), with 171,243 male and 167,353 female (50.6% and 49.4% of the employed labour force respectively). From 2010-2018, both male and female unemployment rates experienced an upward trend, except 2011 and 2014. The rate of unemployed male was 3.9% and the rate of unemployed female was 3.2% in 2018, which was greater than in 2017 (3.6% and 2.8% respectively) (see Figure 3.4). The province is currently implementing many solutions to improve the quality of human resources. These include policies on employment, remuneration, attracting high-qualified experts and skilled labourers, upgrading vocational schools, and adopting policies to support investors to train workers30.

4.5

4

3.5

3

2.5 % 2

1.5

1

0.5

0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Male Female

Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019) Figure 3.4 Unemployment Rate of Labour Force at Working Age of Quang Tri Province by Gender 2010-2018

3.1.3 Ethnic Minorities

3.1.3.1 An Overview Quang Tri has three main ethnic groups: Kinh, Van Kieu, and Pa Co. Ethnic minorities account for about 9% of the total population. Each ethnic minority group has a long cultural history with rich and unique traditions and folk culture. Ethnic minorities such as Van Kieu and Pa Co live mainly in mountainous districts in the west of the province, including the Huong Hoa and Dakrong districts31 . Main features of the two main ethnic minority groups are discussed in the below sections.

28 Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019) 29 Labour force includes the employed persons aged 15 years and over (currently working) and the unemployed persons during the reference period (seven days prior to the time point of observation). Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019) 30 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019) 31 Source: Photo Newspaper on Ethnicity and Mountainous Areas (2017)

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3.1.3.2 Van Kieu Ethnic Minority Group Van Kieu is one indigenous ethnic minority residing in the mountainous areas of Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue provinces32. In the past, the Van Kieu people had settled in the Central Laos. Later, due to historical changes, they had to migrate to other places, including to northwest to Thailand, some to the east to settle down in the West of Quang Tri province where they set up their villages around the mountain called Vien Kieu, which was popularly pronounced as Van Kieu. As such they are called Van Kieu or Bru-Van Kieu. According to the statistical data 200933, the Van Kieu in Viet Nam had a population of 74,506 people, residing in 39 out of 63 provinces in 2009. The Van Kieu people reside largely in Quang Tri Province, 55,079 people, accounting for nearly 74% of the total population of Van Kieu in Vietnam34. Of the 55,079 Van Kieu people, there are 4,793 people living in urban areas while most of Van Kieu people (50,286 or 91.3%) are living in the rural areas35.

3.1.3.3 Pa Co Ethnic Minority Group The Pa Co, whose name means “the people of the mountains”, has over 50,000 people in Vietnam. Pa Co people reside mainly in mountainous districts including A Luoi district of Thua Thien Hue province and Dakrong and Huong Hoa districts of Quang Tri province. As Pa Co people live closely with other ethnic minority communities such as Co Tu, Ta Oi, and Van Kieu ethnic groups, they share similarities in farming methods and costumes. However, they use their own language. Pa Co people live in hamlets of five to 10 stilt houses made of wood, bamboo, and leaves. People in a hamlet belong to the same clan. Elephants are of symbolic value to the Pa Co, showing the strength and prosperity of a family or clan. Maintaining a strong community solidarity, Pa Co people retain many customs, unique folk dances (Cha Chap, A Den, Ka Loi, Oat and Ta Oi), and festivals including Pul Boh (field ceremony), Ada (crop festival), and Arieu Ping (grave exhumation ceremony)36.

3.1.4 Religion It is reported that in 2009, Quang Tri had 12 different religions37 with a total of 55,014 adherents, of which 44,990 were identified as Buddhist (76.3%), 9,634 as Catholics (17.5%), and 3,378 as Protestants (6.1%) (see Figure 3.5). Only a very small number (12 out of 55,014 religious people) practice other religions such as Hoa Hao Buddhism, Muslim, Caodaism, Tinh Do Cu Si Phat Hoi Viet Nam, Dao Tu An Hieu Nghia, and Ba Ha’i.

32 Source: Thua Thien Hue Portal 33 Source: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee (2010) 34 Source: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee (2010) 35 Source: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee (2010) 36 Source: To Tuan (2017) 37 Source: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee (2010)

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6.1%

17.5% Buddhism Catholicism Potestanism Others

76.3%

Source: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee (2010) Figure 3.5 Religion of Quang Tri Province 2009

3.1.5 Infrastructure and Public Services

3.1.5.1 Roads and Transportation Quang Tri has a well-developed and convenient transport system in terms of roads, railways and waterways. Highways have been upgraded and provincial and district roads connecting urban centers have been asphalted. All communes are accessible by car throughout the year38. Cua Viet Port (Gio Linh district) is being upgraded to accommodate ships of up to 5,000 tons deadweight (DWT). My Thuy deep-water seaport (Hai Lang district) connecting to the Southeast Economic Zone (the nearest gateway to the East Sea for the East-West Economic Corridor) has been approved by the government and is expected to accommodate ships of up to 100,000 DWT39.

3.1.5.2 Electricity Supply Quang Tri has a relatively adequate power grid system. In 2018, 99.6% of households using electricity was recorded in Quang Tri province40.

3.1.5.3 Water Supply Quang Tri has three main river systems flowing to the sea: the Ben Hai, Thach Han and O Lau which provide water for production and domestic purposes. The rivers have large flows during the rainy seasons, but in the dry season some small streams and rivers are often depleted causing water shortages. Ground water in sedimentary and weathered strata develops in low mountains and terrain along rivers, which provides a useful water supply for production and living. The water in weathered red basalt soils has a good quality and chemical specifications, and is a very valuable source for local people living in mountainous areas41.

38 Source: Quang Tri Province Portal (2019) 39 Source: Quang Tri Province Portal (2019) 40 Source: GSO (2019) 41 Source: Photo Newspaper on Ethnicity and Mountainous Areas (2017)

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According to the statistical data 201942, 94.5% of urban population accessed clean water43, and 94.5% of rural population used hygienic water.

3.1.5.4 Irrigation System The province has a system of approximately 500 irrigation works, including 131 reservoirs, 221 weirs, 157 pumping stations, 15 sluice gates and a 2,125 km canal system. This irrigation system basically meets the water supply demand for domestic lives and production activities. In addition, the dyke system with a length of more than 180 km and 72 ha of forest play an important role in wave attenuation and coast protection in the province44 .

3.1.5.5 Domestic Waste Management and Drainage In 2018, the average amount of solid waste collected per day in Quang Tri was 363 tons, but 269 tons were treated in accordance with corresponding defined national criteria45. The province has no waste treatment factory. It is reported that waste landfills have not been properly managed and operated, causing pollution especially during hot weather days. Particularly, Huong Hoa and Vinh Linh districts have not meet requirements on waste treatment at concentrated landfills46 . On 8th December 2018, the provincial People's Council issued Resolution No. 30/2018/NQ-HDND, which approved for a project to address the environment pollution issues, focusing on pollution treatment, improvement and restoration of environmental quality in some seriously polluted areas in Quang Tri province. The resolution sets out target of, from 2019 to 2025, treating the environment issues in 100% of areas and establishments that causes serious pollution and preventing new cases from arising. The implementation of the plan is divided into two stages as follows.

 Period 2019 - 2021: Treating pollution and improving the environment for 17 areas suffering from chemical pollution. Waste treatment at four unhygienic solid waste disposal sites, including the Dong Ha, Khe Sanh, Vinh Linh, and Dakrong landfills. Treating pollution and improving the environment at Cam Thach village (Cam An commune, Cam Lo district), Linh Chieu village, and Thuong Trach village (Trieu Son commune, Trieu Phong district).

 Vision to 2025: Treating pollution and improving the environment for 19 areas contaminated by chemical pollution. Investment in construction of the Dong Ha landfill, the Khe Sanh township landfill site, and completing stage 2 investment for four landfill sites in the townships (Hai Lang, Ai Tu, Gio Linh, and Cam Lo). Dealing with pollution in five markets including Khe Sanh, Bo Ban, My Chanh, Cam Lo, and Cau markets. Handling pollution treatment from cattle slaughter at the abattoirs in Ward 1 (Dong Ha city) and Ward 2 (Quang Tri town) and Khe Sanh Abattoir Cooperative. Control of establishments causing environmental pollution is a long-term mission for the province, and requires increased resources to contribute to sustainable development in the area47. According to the statistical data 201948, the rate of solid waste in urban areas collected was 99%.

3.1.5.6 Telecommunications Telecommunication and information technology revenue was 1,462 billion VND in 2019, up by 8.6% over 2018. In 2019, the province had 178 postal service stations and 2,310 base transceiver stations49.

42 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019) 43 Vietnam Government set targets and monitoring indicators in terms of ‘hygienic’, ‘clean’ and ‘safe’ water which have been subject to change. ‘Clean’ water is currently defined as water that meets the Ministry of Health Quality Standard QCVN 02-BYT. With lesser standards, ‘hygienic’ water, means water that would be safe for drinking after filtering or boiling (World Bank 2014) 44 Source: Huu Tien (2019) 45 Source: GSO (2019) 46 Source: Ho Chien and Trong Hoang (2019) 47 Source: Phuong Tam (2019) 48 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019) 49 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019)

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There were 79,275 internet subscribers and 631,154 telephone subscribers, an increase of 8.6% and 0.9% over 2018 respectively. Telecommunication infrastructure management has been carried out in accordance with local authority regulations to ensure service quality.

3.1.6 Land Use and Tenure The total landmass 50 of Quang Tri province is 473,744 ha (data in 2018), including 388,353 ha agricultural land, 41,306 ha non-agricultural land, and 44,085 ha unused land (82%, 8.7%, and 9.3% respectively). Agricultural land includes land for agriculture, forestry, aquaculture, and other agricultural production area. A large area of 263,450 ha is forestry land (55.6%), with 120,166 ha productive forest land, 80,843 ha protective forest land, and 62,441 ha specially used forest, accounting for 25.4%, 17.1% and 13.2% of the total landmass respectively. It is noticeable that agriculture production (25.7%) has a large proportion for perennial and annual crops - 15.5% and 10.2% of the total land respectively. A further 2,942 ha land is for aquaculture, accounting for 0.6% of the total land (see Figure 3.6). Non-agricultural land includes land for housing, special uses, religion, cemeteries and other uses. Residential land in urban and rural territories makes up 0.9% of the non-agriculture purpose land. Special use land for offices, security and defence, non-agricultural production and business, and public purposes makes up 3.9% of the total landmass (18,478 ha). Rivers and specialised water surfaces make up 2.8% of total provincial land. Other land functional as religious land, cemeteries, salt production, other agricultural and non-agricultural land, and unused land occupy 10.5% of total land.

0.92% 2.78% 10.46%

25.71% Agricultural production land 0.62% 3.90% Forestry land Aquaculture land Specially used land Residential land River and specialised water surfaces Others

55.61%

Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019) Figure 3.6 Land Use Structure of Quang Tri Province 2018 Of the provincial total area of 473,744 ha, Dakrong district accounts for the largest share (122,467 ha) and Huong Hoa district occupies the second largest share (115,235 ha), while the Con Co island district is the smallest district (230 ha) (see Figure 3.7).

50 Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019)

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140,000

120,000

100,000

80,000 Ha 60,000

40,000

20,000

0 Dakrong Huong Vinh Linh Gio Linh Hai Lang Trieu Cam Lo Dong Ha Quang Tri Con Co district Hoa district district district Phong district city town district district district

Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019) Figure 3.7 Land Area of Quang Tri Province by District 2018

3.1.7 Economic Development

3.1.7.1 Economic Structure The province’s gross regional domestic production51 (GRDP) in 2019 at constant 2010 prices was 20,967 billion VND, increasing by 7.5% compared to 2018. Of this, the agriculture, forestry and fishery sector was estimated at 4,084 billion VND (increased by 4%), the industry and construction sector gained 5,169 billion VND (rose by 11.8%), and the service sector obtained 10,899 billion VND (increased by 7%). GRDP per capita at current prices in 2018 was 48.1 million VND52. The structure of GRDP of Quang Tri Province in the period from 2018 to 2019 has followed a transformation pattern similar to the national trend, being gradual increases within both service and industrial sectors and slight declines within the agricultural sector (see Figure 3.8). In terms of 2019 economic structure, the agriculture, forestry, and fishery sector made up 19.5%, industry and construction comprised 24.6%; service sector accounted for 52%; and production taxes less subsidies on production was 3.9%.

51 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019) 52 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019)

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3.89%

19.48% 3.92% 20.14% Agriculture, forestry and fishery

Industry and construction

Service 52.23% 51.98% 23.71% 24.65% Product taxes less subsidies on production

Note: Inner circle: 2018; outer circle: 2019 Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019) Figure 3.8 Quang Tri Province’s Structure of GRDP 2018-2019

3.1.7.2 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery

3.1.7.2.1 Agriculture

3.1.7.2.1.1 Cultivation Total cereal production53 gained 286,000 tons in 2019. The planted area of perennial crops remained stable in 2019; however, production of some crops slightly reduced compared to 2018. Total planted area of perennial crops (including fruit crops such as orange, lemon, pineapple, banana, mango, jackfruit, longan and litchi and industrial crops such as coffee, rubber, pepper and cashew) was 33,924 ha, an increase of 0.19% compared to 201854.

3.1.7.2.1.2 Animal Husbandry Animal husbandry output decreased in 2018 in terms of buffaloes, cows and pigs while goat and poultry output experienced a slight increase. The total number of animals was reported at 24,297 buffaloes (a fall of 7.8% compared to 2017), 62,923 cows (a fall of 6.7%), 243,243 pigs (a fall of 2.2%), 24,796 goats (an increase of 3.9%), and 2,955,300 poultry - an increase of 12.3% compared to 2017 (see Figure 3.9). Animal husbandry55 has been promoted with the focus of biosafety and environmental sanitation. In 2019, the number of husbandry farms dramatically increased, including husbandry models under the Vietnamese Good Agricultural Practices (VietGap) standards. The province has 78 husbandry farms; of which there are four husbandry cooperatives, 48 associated husbandry farms, and three VietGap certified husbandry farms. Total living weight of pigs in 2019 was estimated at 40,375 tons, an increase of 0.4% over 2018.

53 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019) 54 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019) 55 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019)

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2,955,300 2,632,700 2,540,200 2,163,000 1,685,300 286,896 274,836 251,578 248,674 243,243 69,419 67,612 67,462 62,923 55,842 30,801 27,181 26,680 26,360 24,796 24,297 23,865 18,732 17,500 12,574

2010 2015 2016 2017 2018

Buffaloes Cows Pigs Goats Poultry

Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019) Figure 3.9 Livestock of Quang Tri Province 2010-2018

3.1.7.2.2 Forestry In 2019, the forested area56 reached 9,320 ha, an increase of 4.6% over the previous year (see Figure 3.10). The output of exploited timber was 945,000 m3, an increase of 14.8%. The rate of forest cover remained stable, above 50%.

10,000

9,000

8,000

7,000

6,000

5,000 Ha

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019) Figure 3.10 Forested Area of Quang Tri Province 2010-2019

56 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019)

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3.1.7.2.3 Fishery The total area of aquaculture57 in the province was 3,450 ha in 2019, an increase of 1.1% over 2018. Fishery production increased significantly over the period 2010-2019, from 24,668 tons in 2010 to 35,250 tons in 2019 (see Figure 3.11). Fishery production in 2019 increased by 9.2% compared to 2018.

3,500 40,000

3,400 35,000 30,000 3,300 25,000 3,200

Ha 20,000 3,100 Ton 15,000 3,000 10,000 2,900 5,000 2,800 0 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Aquaculture area Fishery production

Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019); Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019) Figure 3.11 Aquaculture Area and Fishery Production of Quang Tri Province 2010-2019

3.1.7.3 Industry In 2019, the index of the province’s industrial production increased by 10.3% over the previous year. Industrial production has continued to develop such as wood processing, agricultural product processing, construction material production and especially renewable energy industry. According to statistical data, by October 2019, Quang Tri province had 68 wind power projects58 either operating, under construction, or under research and survey, with a total capacity of over 3,600 MW. Of these, the Huong Linh Wind Farm 2 is now operating, 16 projects with a total capacity of 578 MW have been approved, 45 projects with total a capacity of over 2,500 MW have been submitted to the Ministry of Industry and Trade for approval, eight projects with a capacity of 400 MW have been approved by Quang Tri Provincial People's Committee for research and survey, and two projects with a capacity of 100 MW are being investigated. In 2019, twelve projects with total investment of 783 billion VND have been started in the province, including five projects with total investment of 238 billion VND within the industrial and economic zones and seven projects with total capital of 545 billion VND that do not belong to the province’s industrial and economic zones59 in 2019. Eight large-scale projects such as Huong Linh 1 wind farm project, DaKrong 4 hydropower project, quartz sand processing plant, and other manufacturing projects were licensed and put into operation with total investment of 5,120 billion VND during this year60. In addition, the province had one Official Development Assistance (ODA) project with total investment of 151,155 billion VND approved by the Prime Minister and one FDI project granted with certificate of investment with total capital of 20 million USD (PI VINA Quang Tri textile and garment factory). By November 2019, the province had 15 FDI projects with total registered capital of 66.7 million USD61.

57 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019) 58 Source: Minh Anh (2019) 59 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019) 60 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019) 61 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019)

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3.1.7.4 Trade and Services With stable prices and a diversity of goods, retail sales of goods and services increased over the same period from last year. Preliminary figures for 2019 showed retail sales of consumer goods and services at 30,065 billion VND, a growth of 10.7% over 201862. Transport business activities in the province have maintained a relatively high growth rate. Overall, transport revenue in 2019 was 1,510 billion VND (an increase of 10.9% over the previous year), the number of passengers carried was 7,789 thousand passengers (up by 3.9%), and the amount of freight carried was 9,699 thousand tons, an increase of 5.6% over 201863. The province attracted a large number of visitors with many successful political and cultural events. In 2019 accommodation and catering revenue64 was 3,135 billion VND (up by 11.7% from 2018) and tourism revenue was 35.2 billion VND (up by 11.4% from 2018). The number of overnight visitors in 2019 was over two million, with growth of 11.4% over the previous year. Of which, the number of foreign visitors was 176,000, up by 4.7% over 2018 and the number of domestic visitors was 1.9 million, an increase of 11.5%65 .

3.1.8 Education In the school year 2018-2019, Quang Tri had 168 kindergartens, 154 primary schools (including 67 primary and lower secondary schools), 65 lower secondary schools (including five lower and upper secondary schools), and 25 upper secondary schools. The province had 6,110 classes, 10,849 teachers, and 168,064 pupils in the school year 2018-2019 at kindergarten, primary, lower secondary, and upper secondary schools. The numbers of schools, classes, teachers, and pupils of each school level in the school year 2018-2019 are presented in Figure 3.12. In the school year 2018-2019, there were 25 pupils per class in preschools, 24 pupils per class in primary schools, 34 pupils per class in lower secondary schools, and 37 pupils per class in upper secondary schools. The average number of pupils per class in Quang Tri at all discussed levels of education are well below the national requirements on the maximum number of pupils per class66. The average number of pupils per teacher in primary schools, lower secondary schools and upper secondary schools had the same figure of 1667.

62 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019) 63 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019) 64 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019) 65 Source: Thuy Bich (2019) 66 The number of pupils per class in kindergarten, primary, lower secondary, and upper secondary are not over 35, 35, 45, and 45 respectively, as regulated at the Joint Circular No. 06/2015/TTLT-BGDDT-BNV, Primary School Charter 2019 (promulgated with the Document No. 03/VBHN-BGDDT) and the Circular No. 12/2022/TT-BGDDT. 67 Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019)

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59,345 43,170 41,462 24,087 3,654 3,004 2,664 2,520 1,670 1,527 1,269 651 168 154 65 25

KINDERGARTEN PRIMARY LOWER SECONDARY UPPER SECONDARY

Number of schools Number of classes Number of teachers Number of pupils

Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019) Figure 3.12 Number of Schools, Classes, Teachers and Pupils of Quang Tri Province in the School Year 2018-2019 The rate of drop-outs for all grades has gone up from 0.4% in 2010-2011, reaching the peak of 1.2% in the school-year 2016-2017 but showed a downward trend for the school year 2018-2019 with 0.7%. The upper secondary level has the most concerned drop-out rate during the period from 2015-2019, which fluctuated around 2.3% and 3.5%. (see Figure 3.13).

4

3.5

3

2.5

2

Percentage 1.5

1

0.5

0 2010-2011 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019

Drop-out rate of primary school Drop-out rate of lower secondary school Drop-out rate of upper secondary school Drop-out rate of all grades

Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019) Figure 3.13 School Drop-out Rates of Quang Tri Province 2010-2018 The enrolment rate for general education was 93% of total school-age population, with females at 95.5% of female school-age population in 2018. The percentage of graduates in upper secondary education in 2017-2018 was 94.8% of total pupils attending the upper secondary education examination, with female participation at 97.6% of total female attendees. There were 60 scientific and technological organisations in the province in 2018, including two education and training establishments, and 58 scientific and technology service organisations. In addition, Quang Tri has 22 vocational training establishments including two colleges, four vocational schools, nine continuing education and vocational education centers, seven vocational training centers, and several vocational guidance centers meeting the demand for vocational training for production and

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business in local area. In particular, in 2018 the Ischool Quang Tri International Integration School was built and started operating, offering a high standard education service68.

3.1.9 Health In 2018, the province had 162 health establishments including 11 hospitals, one sanatorium and rehabilitation hospital, seven regional polyclinics, 141 commune-level health stations, and two other medical facilities. The province had 2,821 patient beds, 2,779 medical staff (610 doctors, 269 physicians, 827 nurses, 385 midwives, 220 medical technicians, and 468 others), and 211 pharmaceutical staff (see Table 3.2).

Table 3.2 Statistics on Health Services in Quang Tri Province 2018

Number

Total health care establishments, including: 162

Hospital 11

Sanatorium and rehabilitation hospital 1

Regional polyclinic 7

Health stations in communes, precincts 141

Others 2

Total medical and pharmaceutical personnel, including: 2,990

Medical staff 2,779

Pharmaceutical staff 211

Patient beds 2,821

Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019) According to the statistical data 2018, the number of doctors per 1,000 inhabitants was 0.97 person, which is slightly lower than the WHO standard (1:1,000). The rate of fully vaccinated children under- one-year was 98.1%69 in 2018. In 2018, the rate of communes and wards meeting national health standards70 was 97.9% in 2018, with 100% having midwives and 90.8% having doctors. The province recorded 225 HIV infected persons and 68 persons suffering from AIDS in 2018. There were eight new cases of HIV infected persons and three new cases of AIDS identified in 201871.

3.1.10 Vulnerability According to Decision 582/QD-TTg dated 28/4/2017 by the Prime Minister, communes of ethnic minority and mountainous areas are categorised into three zones. Zone III communes72 are the most vulnerable

68 Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019) 69 Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019) 70 Standards for health care center and hospital ranking are defined in the Circular No. 23/2005/TT-BYT dated 25 August 2005 by the Ministry of Health. 71 Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019) 72 Zone III communes have at least four out of five criteria as follows: (i) Number of extremely difficult villages is 35% and above (compulsory criteria); (ii) The rate of poor and near poor households is 45% and above; in which the rate of poor households is 20% and above; (iii) Satisfying at least three out of five following conditions: Communal or inter-commune roads are not concreted; At least one village is not connected to the national electricity grid; Lack of primary classrooms or village classrooms as regulated by the Ministry of Education and Training; Communal health station does not satisfy requirements of the Ministry of Health;

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communes in terms of socio-economic development; Zone II communes has difficulties but temporarily stable socio-economic conditions; Zone I communes are the remaining. Quang Tri province has six Zone I communes, 15 Zone II communes and 26 Zone III communes with 213 villages categorised as “villages with special difficulties” (see Table 3.3).

Table 3.3 Number of Villages “with Special Difficulties” in Quang Tri Province

Zoning Number of Communes Number of Villages Categorised “With Special Difficulties”

Zone I 6 0

Zone II 15 29

Zone III 26 184

Total 47 213

Source: Decision 582/QD-TTg dated 28/4/2017 by the Prime Minister The poverty rate73 across the province decreased from 9.68% at the end of 2018 (16,723 households) to 8.03% at the end of 2019 (13,998 households), a reduction of 1.65%. The rate of poor households in Dakrong (a poor district of the province) decreased from 39.7% (4,028 households) in 2018 to 34.7% (3,522 households) at the end of 2019, a decline of 5.01%.

3.1.11 Security and Rule of Law/Governance In 2018, there were 67 fire and explosion incidents, causing five injuries and no deaths. There were eight deaths and 760 houses damaged by natural disasters such as tornadoes and floods in 2018 and agriculture was also affected in terms of rice and vegetable production with a financial loss of 122.1 billion VND. With regard to judicial activities, there were 299 instituted cases with 480 instituted people, and 290 cases were prosecuted with 472 people involved. Some 287 cases were sentenced (470 criminals) and 66 people received legal aid74. During the period December 2018 - October 2019, there were 129 traffic accidents75 in Quang Tri province, causing 97 deaths and 90 injuries. Compared to the figures for the previous same period, the number of traffic accidents declined by 20.4% (33 cases), the number of fatality cases fell by 7.6% (eight cases), and injuries went down by 22.4% (26 cases).

3.1.12 Archaeological, Cultural Heritage and Religious Sites Quang Tri is well-known for its historical relics. These include the Quang Tri Ancient Citadel76, the Hien Luong bridge on the Ben Hai river, Road 9 (Khe Sanh), the Ho Chi Minh trail, the Vinh Moc tunnel, Ta Con airport, McNamara electrical fence, Lao Bao prison, Con Co island with the Truong Son Military

Communal culture house does not satisfy requirements of the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism; (iv) Having at least two out of three following conditions: From 30% of households do not access clean water; The rate of untrained laborer is over 60%; Over 50% of specialized cadres and communal civil servants do not satisfy qualification requirements as regulated; and (v) Having at least two out of three following conditions: 20% of households lack production areas as regulated; Lack of qualified agriculture, forestry, fishery extension officer; Below 10% of households work in the non-agriculture field. 73 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019) 74 Source: Quang Tri Statistics Office (2019) 75 Source: Quang Tri People’s Committee (2019) 76 Source: https://huesmiletravel.com.vn/blog/779-thanh-dia-la-vang

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Cemetery, and the National Road 9 Military Cemetery. This makes Quang Tri’s war relic collection a unique attraction for the province. Quang Tri also has many unique spiritual and cultural relics, folk festivals, and revolutionary festivals. The Sac Tu Temple (Trieu Phong district) is one of the oldest temples in Central Vietnam and the Pilgrimage Center of Our Lady of La Vang77 (Hai Lang district) attracts thousands of worshipers and tourists to the province. Quang Tri also has many famous tours including the "Central Heritage Road", "The legendary path" and "Nostalgia for the battlefield and comrade in the wartime".

Figure 3.14 Pilgrimage Center of Our Lady of La Vang (left) and Quang Tri Ancient Citadel (right)

3.2 District Level: Huong Hoa

3.2.1 Overview of Huong Hoa District Huong Hoa is a mountainous district in the west of Quang Tri province and has a total area of 1,152 km2 (see Figure 3.15). The district is about 65 kilometres to the west of Dong Ha city from Khe Sanh township, which is the district center. Huong Hoa is bordered by Quang Binh province to the north, by the Lao People’s Democratic Republic to the south and west, and by Do Linh, Vinh Linh and Dakrong districts to the east. The district has the Lao Bao International Border Gate on National Road 9 which connects the Central Vietnam to other countries including Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar. Its geographical coordinates are N16°42’ latitude and W106°42’ longitude78. The whole district has 22 administrative units including two townships (Khe Sanh and Lao Bao) and 20 communes (Tan Hop, Tan Lien, Tan Lap, Tan Long, Tan Thanh, Thuan, Xy, Thanh, A Xing, A Tuc, Huong Loc, Pa Tang, A Doi, Huong Tan, Huc, Huong Linh, Huong Son, Huong Phung, Huong Viet and Huong Lap)79. Of those 20 communes, 13 are classified as extremely difficult and 11 communes have borders with Laos80.

77 Source: https://medium.com/@infoexplorevietnam/quang-tri-ancient-citadel-the-great-evidence-for-vietnam-war- c62c44865618 78 Source: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bng_H%C3%B3a 79 Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019) 80 Source: Huong Hoa District Portal (http://huonghoa.quangtri.gov.vn/)

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Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019); Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) Figure 3.15 Huong Hoa District at a Glance

3.2.2 Population Huong Hoa district had the population of 87,782 people with its population density of 76.2 people per km2 in total area of 1,152 km2 in 201881. Khe Sanh and Lao Bao townships has the highest population of 12,044 and 11,340 respectively and the highest population densities of 935.8 people/km2 and 660.5 people/km2 respectively. Huong Lap and Huong Viet communes have the lowest populations with 1,529 people and 1,460 people respectively82 (see Figure 3.16).

14,000

12,000

10,000

8,000

6,000 Number of people of Number 4,000

2,000

0

Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019) Figure 3.16 Population of Huong Hoa District by Township/Commune 2018

81 Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019) 82 Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019)

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Of the district population of 87,782, there are 45,144 females and 42,638 males (accounting for 51.4% and 48.6% respectively). The majority of the population is rural with 64,397 people (73.4%), while the remainder are urban with 23,385 people (26.6%). Figure 3.17 below shows the gender difference between rural and urban areas in Huong Hoa district during 2010-2018. In 2010, there was small difference in the sex ratio by population between the two areas with 102.1 males to 100 females in rural areas, and 101.3 males to 100 females in urban areas. During the period from 2015-2018, the gender gap was getting wider, and until the end of the period (2018), the ratios were 100 males to 100 females in rural areas and 92.5 males to 100 females in urban areas. 102.1 101.3 100.3 100 100 99.7 95 95 94.9 92.5 MALES PER 100 FEMALES 100 PER MALES

2010 2015 2016 2017 2018

Urban Rural

Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019)

Figure 3.17 Population Sex Ratio of Huong Hoa District by Residence 2010-2018

3.2.3 Ethnicity There were 21,451 households in the district with 87,782 people in 2018. The average household size was 4.09 people per household (see Table 3.4). The district is home to three ethnic communities including Kinh, Bru-Van Kieu and Pa Co people. The Kinh group makes up the largest proportion of total population with 51.05%, followed by Van Kieu people with 43.39%. Pa Co group only accounts for 5.42% of total population and the rest are other ethnic groups.

Table 3.4 Households and Population of Huong Hoa District by Ethnicity 2018

Ethnic Groups Households Population Percentage of Average Household Population (%) Size

Kinh 12,159 44,810 51.05 3.69

Van Kieu 8,211 38,091 43.39 4.64

Pa Co 1,057 4,755 5.42 4.50

Others 24 126 0.14 5.25

Total 21,451 87,782 100.00 4.09

Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019) The Kinh people are mainly found in Khe Sanh and Lao Bao townships with 2,689 and 2,496 households respectively but no Kinh people is recorded in Thanh commune. Most of the Van Kieu people live in Huc, Pa Tang and Thanh communes (765, 706, and 694 households respectively) and there are only 46 Van Kieu households living in Tan Hop commune. Most of the Pa Co people live in A Xing and A

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Tuc communes (486 and 427 households respectively), while the other ethnic minority communities are mainly located in Tan Hop with six households (see Figure 3.18). 3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

Number of households of Number 1,000

500

0

Kinh Van Kieu Paco Others

Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019)

Figure 3.18 Households of Huong Hoa District by Ethnic Group and Commune 2018

3.2.4 Religion Buddhism, Catholicism, and Protestantism are three main religions in Huong Hoa district. Some main religious establishments in Huong Hoa district include Khe Sanh pagoda, Phuoc Bao pagoda, Lien Hoa pagoda and Khe Sanh parish. Huong Hoa is one of the two main centers of Protestants in Quang Tri province.

3.2.5 Infrastructure and Public Services

3.2.5.1 Roads and Transportation Huong Hoa district has a number of major routes including National Road 9, the Ho Chi Minh Road, the Provincial Road 586, and the urban and rural road system. The National Road 9 connects Vietnam with Laos and is entirely within Quang Tri province. In 2019, the district upgraded and repaired communal and district routes with funding from the State Program 135 83 and planned to carry out regular maintenance to local routes84.

83 The Program 135 is the program of socio-economic development of the most vulnerable communes in ethnic minority and mountainous areas, aming at promoting production and access to basic infrastructure, improving education, training local officials and raising people's awareness for better living standards and quality of life. 84 Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019)

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Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 3.19 Local Road in Huong Hoa District Passenger transportation in the district shows an upward trend from 2010-2019. In 2010, the number of passengers transported was 48,895 passenger.km and increased to 127,300 passenger.km in 2019. Freight transport increased similarly from 10,652 tons.km in 2010 to 39,364 tons.km in 2017 then rising rapidly to 97,045 tons.km in 2019 (see Figure 3.20).

140,000 120,000

120,000 100,000

100,000 80,000 80,000 60,000 60,000

40,000 Tons.kilometer 40,000 1,000 passengers.kilometer 1,000 20,000 20,000

0 0 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Passenger transport volume Freight transport volume

Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019); Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019)

Figure 3.20 Passenger and Freight Transport Volume of Huong Hoa District 2010-2019

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3.2.5.2 Electricity Supply According to the statistical data 2019, the rate of villages accessing the national electricity grid85 was 100% while the rate of households using electricity was 99.2%.

3.2.5.3 Water Supply and Irrigation System The district has abundant water sources from rivers such as the Se Pang Hieng, Se Pon, and Rao Quan and from ponds, streams, and underground water which meet people’s needs for living and production. The Ha Rao Quan and La La hydropower projects are also under construction and will contribute to the electricity resources in the district and provide a better irrigation system for local agricultural production86. In 2018, Huong Hoa had a total of 50 irrigation works distributed in 22 communes and townships87. Of which, 20 works built in in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s for serving agricultural production irrigation in remote and isolated communes were evaluated to be degraded, including Cu Bai irrigation work (Huong Lap commune), Xa Nghet and Hoong irrigation systems (Huong Linh commune), Moi irrigation work (Huong Son commune), and Khe Sanh lake (Khe Sanh township). They are prioritised to be upgraded within the local government plan. According to the report by Huong Hoa People’s Committee88, 75.2% of households accessed hygiene water in 2019.

3.2.5.4 Domestic Waste Management and Drainage The Huong Hoa Urban and Environment Center, a public non-business unit, is responsible for solid waste collection and treatment in Huong Hoa district. Solid waste collection and management is implemented in seven out of 22 communes and townships with a total collected volume of 18,542 ton solid waste per year. The rate of solid waste collection and treatment89 was 39.3% at the end of 2019. Solid waste management service is carried out in communes in the district center and along the National Road 9, but is not conducted in remote communes because of the high costs and resident’s affordability. Huong Hoa District has two landfills in Khe Sanh and Lao Bao townships which are managed by the Urban and Environment Center. Both landfills do not meet technical and environmental standards. The landfill in Khe Sanh township causes serious environmental pollution and has to be closed under the Prime Minister’s Decision No. 1788/QD-TTg; however it has been still in operation until new investment is made90. Solid waste collection and management is partially run by State funding and service fee payment from organisations, households and individuals.

3.2.6 Land Use and Tenure Of the district’s 115,235 ha91, 30,759 ha (26.7%) was used for agricultural production land, 61,370 ha (53.3%) for forestry, 108 ha (0.1%) for aquaculture, and 3.37 ha for other agricultural land. In addition, the district’s total area also comprises of 4,647 ha (4%) for non-agricultural land, and 18,347 ha (15.9%) for unused land (see Figure 3.21).

85 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 86 Source: Huong Hoa District Portal (http://huonghoa.quangtri.gov.vn/about/Gioi-thieu-chung-ve-huyen-Huong-Hoa.html) 87 Source: Cong Dien (2018) 88 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 89 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2020b) 90 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2020b) 91 Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019)

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Non-agricultural land Unused land 26.7% 15.9% 80.1% Argicultural production land 53.3% Forestry land

4.0% Aquaculture land 0.1%

Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019) Figure 3.21 Land Use Structure of Huong Hoa District 2018

3.2.7 Economic Development The total production value92 in 2019 gained 14,435.8 billion VND, in which agriculture, forestry and fishery produced 1,300.3 billion VND, accounting for 9%; industry and construction gained 6,190.7 billion VND, accounting for 42.9%; trade and services 6,944.8 billion VND, accounting for 48.1%. Average annually income per capita was 34.7 million VND in 2019, lower than that of the province (48.1 million VND).

3.2.7.1 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery The agricultural production (cultivation and husbandry) value93 in 2019 gained nearly 1,277 billion VND, a reduction of 8.2% compared to 2018 (1,179 billion VND).

 Agricultural Cultivation: Total planted area94 in 2019 was 18,964 ha including 8,480 ha for annual crops and 10,484 ha for perennial crops. Total cereal production was 8,580 tons, a reduction of 5.6% compared to 2018. Rice is one of the main agriculture products in the district and is a key food for the local community. However, rice planted area and production in 2019 were decreased to 2,524 ha (a reduction of 5.1% over 2018) and 7,462 tons (a decline of 4.1% over 2018) respectively. Planted area of coffee in 2019 was 4,869 ha, reduced by 0.16% compared to 2018 due to coffee land acquisition for project implementation, but its production gained 5,532 tons (a slight increase of 0.07% over 2018). In addition, the production of some perennial crops increased, including 159.7 tons of pepper (an increase of 18.8% over 2018), and 601.2 tons of rubber (an increase of 54.2% over 2018). Fruit tree planted area in 2019 increased to 4,290 ha in 2019; of which, banana occupied a large planted area of 3,550 ha (a rise of 0.2% over 2018) and produced 47,837 tons (an increase of 15% over 2018). In 2019, banana price increased, at 5,500-6,200 VND per kg due to banana export to Thailand95.

 Animal Husbandry: In 2019, there were challenges from African swine fever virus. According to statistical data 201996, 576 pigs infected with African swine fever virus from 98 households in 10 communes were destroyed. In 2019, the district had 3,523 buffaloes (up 2.2% over 2018), 11,126

92 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 93 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 94 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 95 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 96 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019)

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cows (down 0.3% from 2018), 12,969 goats (up 2.1% from 2018), 21,013 pigs (down 10.5% from 2018), and 172,100 poultry (down 10.4% from 2018)97 (see Figure 3.22). 192,100 172,100 148,200 126,800 120,800 75,600 NUMBER OF ANIMALS OF NUMBER 30,982 25,558 25,005 23,470 21,013 18,315 12,969 12,699 12,549 11,427 11,126 10,942 9,639 9,629 9,272 8,758 7,817 3,829 3,523 3,446 3,363 3,325 3,294 1,225

2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Buffaloes Cows Goats Pigs Poultry

Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019) Figure 3.22 Livestock of Huong Hoa District 2010-2019

 Forestry: The forestry value98 in 2019 was 21.6 billion VND, a decrease of 3.8% over 2018. The additional forested area gradually decreased from 872.5 ha in 2010 to 217.9 ha in 2018 and then increased to 345.1 ha in 2019 (an increase of 34.4% over 2018). The district authorities have focused on forest management, protection, and development. In 2019, 26 cases of forest violation (a reduction of 32 cases compared to 2018) were detected and solved. In addition, law dissemination and education on forest management and protection were carried out in 63 villages with 3,042 local participants. 400 posters and four television news on forest protection were made. Fifty-eight local groups on forest protection with 432 participants were established and three villages with 49 participants made a commitment on forest protection and forest fire prevention99.

 Fishery: The fishery value of the district in 2019 was two billion VND, a decrease of nearly 16% compared to 2018. There is a decline in fishery production of the district from 2010 to 2019. In 2010, fishery production was 139.9 tons, then dramatically reduced to 73.3 tons in 2016, and kept decreasing to 51.1 tons in 2019. Compared to 2018, fishery production in 2019 decreased by 27.6%100.

 Aquaculture: The total area for aquaculture in the district was 76.2 ha in 2018 and this was for fish cultivation only. The largest aquaculture area was at Khe Sanh township with 13.5 ha, while 16 other township/communes shared the remaining of 62.7 ha. In 2018, five communes had no aquaculture activities, including Tan Long, Thuan, Ba Tang, Thanh, and Xy101.

3.2.7.2 Industry The production value of industrial sectors increased to 3,251 billion VND in 2019, an increase of 10.2% over 2018102. Main industrial products in the district comprise stone and sand with 33,197 m3 (up 4.5% over 2018), 22.5 million bricks (up 0.5%), 594.8 million kW/h electricity (up 8%), 18.8 million m3 piped water (up 2.7%), 598.9 m3 wood processing (down 14.6%), 368,500 clothes (up 0.1% over 2018), and

97 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 98 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 99 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 100 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 101 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 102 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019)

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50,000 ton tapioca 103. In 2019, Huong Linh 1 wind farm was put into operation. In addition, three wind farm projects - Huong Phung 1, 2, 3 and the project of extending basin for supplying water to irrigation and hydropower works were started in the district104. The district had a total of 267 active enterprises105 in 2018. Nearly all were non-state-owned enterprises - 264 of which 31 are private enterprises and two were collective enterprises. Some 208 are limited liability companies with State capital, and 23 are joint stock companies without State capital. There were three 100% foreign-owned enterprises, and no state-owned enterprises in the district. There were 1,529 employees in the 264 non-state owned enterprises and 561 employees in foreign-owned enterprises, accounting for 73.2% and 26.8% of total business employees respectively.

3.2.7.3 Trade and Services The trade and services value 106 reached approximately 6,945 billion VND, an increase of 8.3% compared to 2018. In 2019, 229 business households were registered while 289 business households and cooperatives ceased operations.

3.2.8 Education In the 2018-2019 school year, the district had 25 kindergartens, 24 primary schools (including nine primary and lower secondary schools), 14 lower secondary schools, and four upper secondary schools. The district had 1,095 classes, 1,650 teachers and 27,956 pupils. The number of schools, classes, teachers, and pupils of each school level for the school year 2018-2019 are shown in Figure 3.23. 10,775 7,596 7,105 2,480 588 500 494 423 317 211 145 67 25 24 14 4

KINDERGARTEN PRIMARY LOWER SECONDARY UPPER SECONDARY

Number of schools Number of classes Number of teachers Number of pupils

Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019) Figure 3.23 Number of Schools, Classes, Teachers and Pupils of Huong Hoa District in the School Year 2018-2019 In the school year 2018-2019, all townships and communes107 completed preschool, primary and lower secondary education universalisation. Two communes (Tan Hop and Tan Lien) fulfilled the target of

103 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 104 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 105 Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019) 106 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 107 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019)

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universalising upper secondary education. The district had 20 schools meeting national standards108. The rate of pupils completing primary education and lower secondary education109 was 99.5% and 100% respectively. In 2019, the district organised six classes for 179 pupils to eradicate illiteracy including three classes in Huc commune with 134 pupils and three classes in Huong Linh commune with 45 pupils. The local authorities invested in building 88 new classrooms with total fund of 41,246 million VND; improving schooling infrastructure with total investment of 16,474 million VND; and purchasing teaching and learning facilities with total cost of 46,428 million VND110 in 2019.

3.2.9 Health In 2018, there were 25 health care establishments in the district, including one district hospital, two regional polyclinics and 22 medical service units in communes, precincts, offices and enterprises. There were no sanatorium and rehabilitation hospitals, dermatology and venereology hospitals or maternity clinics in the district. The district had 188 patient beds, of which the district hospital had 130 beds, the regional clinics had 10 beds and the other medical service units in communes, precincts, offices and enterprises had 48 patient beds111 (see Table 3.5). In 2018, the district health care system employed 244 medical people including 60 doctors, 29 physicians, 57 nurses, 39 midwives, 14 technicians, 45 other staff and 22 pharmaceutical staff. The rate of vaccination for children under one year was 96.7% in 2018, of which three out of 22 communes/townships achieved 100% vaccination rates112.

Table 3.5 Statistics on Health Services in Huong Hoa District 2018

Number Total health care establishments, including: 25 District hospital 1 Regional polyclinics 2 Medical service units in communes, precincts, offices and enterprises 22 Total medical personnel, including: 244 Doctors 60 Physicians 29 Nurses 57 Midwives 39 Medical technicians 14 Other 45 Pharmaceutical staff 22 Total patient beds 188 Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019)

108 See futher Circular 19/2018/TT-BGDDT, Circular 17/2018/TT-BGDDT, and Circular 18/2018/TT-BGDDT on education quality control and recognition of meeting national standards for kindergartens, primary schools, and lower secondary and upper secondary schools respectively. 109 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 110 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 111 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 112 Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019)

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In 2019, the district hospital and health stations delivered health check-ups and treatment services to 42,063 patients113 including 7,296 inpatients - an increase of 617 compared to 2018. Communal health stations provided health care services to 53,736 patients. In 2019, 1,831 cases with dengue fever were recorded in 97 villages from 16 townships/communes. Malaria increased in 2019 with 60 cases mainly found in Lia commune, a rise of 22 cases over 2018. The rate of weight-for-age malnutrition for children under five years old was 16.9%, a decline of 0.4% over 2018 whereas the rate of height-for-age malnutrition was 21.4%, a reduction of 0.6% over 2018. The rate of height-for-age malnutrition in communes reduced in 2019, but there was a big difference between ethnic minority communes and township/communes along the Road 9 of the district. Seven communes along the Road 9 had a 10% malnutrition for children under five years old, while that for ethnic minority communes was 25%114. The district recorded 12 HIV infected persons and there were no reported cases of AIDS in 2018. There were no fatalities from HIV/ AIDS and nor were any new HIV/AIDS cases recorded in the district115.

3.2.10 Security and Rule of Law/Governance In 2019, eight traffic accidents occurred in Huong Hoa district causing seven deaths and no injuries116. Compared to 2018, the number of traffic accidents, deaths and injuries reduced by 61.9%, 36.4% and 100% respectively. Fraud cases117 increased with 42 cases (33 people) trading illegally in prohibited goods in 2019. Thirty three cases (45 people) were arrested for using drugs comprising 6,267 synthetic pills and 14.7 kg of ice drug (an increase of 11 cases with 14 people from 2018). There were 692 people accused of illegal use of other drugs. There were seven cases relating to social evils with 19 people involved in gambling and using drugs who were charged the administrative penalty of 30,500,000 VND.

3.2.11 Vulnerability In Huong Hoa district, there are 13 communes categorised as Zone III commune (Huong Lap, Tan Viet, Huong Son, Huong Linh, Huong Tan, Huc, Huong Loc, Thanh, A Xing, A Tuc, Xi, A Doi, and Ba Tang), eight as Zone II communes (Khe Sanh, Tan Lap, Tan Long, Tan Hop, Tan Thanh, Lao Bao, Thuan, and Huong Phung), and only one commune (Tan Lien) categorised as Zone I commune (see Figure 3.24). Among 13 Zone III communes, A Doi, Huong Loc, and Thanh have the highest number of villages with special difficulties while Huong Tan has the lowest number of villages with special difficulties (three villages).

113 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 114 Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019) 115 Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019) 116 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 117 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019)

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12

10

8

6

4 Number of villages of Number

2

0 Xy Huc A Doi A A Tuc A Thanh Thuan A Xing A Tan Lap Tan Lao Bao Lao Ba Tang Ba Tan Hop Tan Tan Lien Tan Tan Long Tan Khe Sanh Khe Tan Thanh Tan Huong Loc Huong Huong Lap Huong Huong Viet Huong Tan Huong Huong Son Huong Huong Linh Huong Huong Phung Huong Zone III Zone II Zone I

Source: Decision 582/QD-TTg dated 28/4/2017 by the Prime Minister Figure 3.24 Number of Villages with Special Difficulties of Huong Hoa District by Commune and Zone Over the period 2015-2019, the district’s poverty rate declined, from 6,695 poor households to 4,708 poor households at the end of the period (of which 4,408 households are of ethnic minority groups) (see Figure 3.25). The number of near poor households increased from 1,022 households to 2,346 households over the same period118. At the end of 2019, the rate of poor and near poor households were 21.3% and 10.6% of total households in the district respectively.

8,000

7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

Number of households of Number 2,000

1,000

0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Poor households Near-poor households

Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019); Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019, 2020a) Figure 3.25 Number of Poor and Near Poor Households of Huong Hoa District 2015-2019 To achieve the poverty rate as above, the district carried out various programs such as preferential loans, vocational training and employment creation, production support, education support, medical support, housing support, legal support and information policies for the poor; and other social welfare policies (see further Table 3.6).

118 Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019); Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019)

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Table 3.6 Poverty Reduction Program Implementation Results of Huong Hoa District 2019

Programs Program Implementation Results in 2019

Preferential loans 2,665 poor and near poor households accessing preferential loans with total capital of 91,735 million VND

Vocational training and ■ 77 workers sent to work abroad in South Korea, Japan and Taiwan (including employment creation three ethnic minority people); ■ 1,354 people having new jobs; and ■ 16 vocational training courses organised for 342 rural participants.

Production development Providing rice seeds, forestry tree seedlings, cows, chicken, and agricultural and livelihood diversification production tools (lawn mowers) for 1,210 households with 5,128 beneficiaries

Education support ■ Tuition exemption and reduction for 9,129 pupils with total amount of 8,161 million VND; ■ Lunch meal allowances for 3,798 children aged from three to five years with total amount of 4,729 million VND and meal allowances for 1,789 pupils with total amount of 8,306 million VND; and ■ Providing scholarships and learning equipment for 117 pupils who are of poor and near poor household or disabled with total amount of 1,336 million VND.

Medical support 27,749 people of poor households granted with health insurance cards

Residential house support ■ 22 houses newly built for poor households with total investment of 940 million VND; and ■ 87 houses newly built or upgraded through preferential loans programs for poor households.

Legal aid Providing legal aid for 60 cases of poor and ethnic minority households.

Information accessibility 142 village cultural houses invested and upgraded for information and cultural exchange purposes

Infrastructure development 49 infrastructure works invested with total cost of 18,162 million VND (including 27 newly built works) under the National target programme on sustainable poverty reduction with a focus on infrastructure and socio-economic improvement of extremely difficult villages

Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2020a) In addition, World Vision Vietnam (WVV) has implemented supporting programs for the disadvantaged in six communes of Huong Hoa district, including Huong Tan, Huong Phung, Huong Linh, Huong Son, Huong Viet, and Huong Lap. WVV has currently carried out Area Development Program (ADP) aiming to child focused development, emphasising the process of community participation, sustainability, and integrating activities in the areas of food security, agriculture, micro-enterprise, health, nutrition, education, water, and sanitation. There are four main components of ADP in the period 2018-2022, including119:

 Children’s nutrition program: providing knowledge on maternal and child health care for mother with children under five years old and raising local awareness on clean water and sanitation;

 Children’s protection program: propagating and protecting children from abuse and injuries (traffic accidents and drowning);

119 ERM’s meeting with representative office of World Vision Vietnam in Huong Hoa district, 12 February 2020

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 Livelihood development: improving local knowledge on husbandry through training and vocational training for drop-out teenagers; and

 Capacity building: mobilising communal and village people to participate in monitoring and implementing the organisation’s programs and mobilising sponsorship.

3.2.12 Archaeological, Cultural Heritage and Religious Sites The historic Ta Con Airport (Sân bay Tà Cơn), Lao Bao Prison (Nhà tù Lao Bảo), Ta Puong Waterfall (Thác Tà Puồng) and Vay village Military Base (Căn cứ Làng Vây) are notable sites in Huong Hoa district (see Figure 3.26).

 Ta Con Airport is a historic site located in Hoa Thanh village, Tan Hop commune, Huong Hoa district (around 10km from the Project site). It has a museum with exhibits of aircrafts, helicopters, and tanks. Lao Bao prison was built in 1908 and located in Lao Bao township of Huong Hoa district. It is regarded as one of the five largest prisons in Indochina where served to imprison patriots and communist soldiers from the Central region. On 25th January 1991, it was recognised as a national historical and cultural relic. Ta Puong Waterfall is 30-35 metres high, with a huge flow and majestic flowing water all year round like white silk in the forest, creating a pristine and charming beauty for the district.

 Vay Village Military Base120 historical relic is located in the east of Tan Long commune, adjacent to Tan Lap commune (about 3km from Project site). Vay village is a key base, a project of the gateway for the central area of Ta Con airport, and the front line of the defensive line of Road 9. Vay village base is built on two peaks 320 and 230, with 600 metres length and 200 metres wide. Vay village base becomes a historical monument, marking the glorious victories of Vietnamese resistance war against the US imperialists. Vay village victory site was recognised as a national level relic in 2011.

 Lao Bao Prison121 is situated in Lao Bao, Quang Tri (about 15km from Project site). The prison was constructed in 1908 by the French colonists on an area of about 10ha, completely isolated from the populated areas. The prison was built for local political prisoners. Today, this prison is classified as a special historical site by the Vietnamese government, it is also a local popular tourists destination.

122 Ta Con Airport Vay Village Military Base

120 Source: http://testapi.quangtri.gov.vn/vi/news/Tai-nguyen-du-lich/Can-cu-Lang-Vay-480.html 121 Source: Wikipedia 122 Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

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Lao Bao Prison Ta Puong Waterfall123

Figure 3.26 Historical and Cultural Relics in Huong Hoa District

3.3 Communal Level

3.3.1 Tan Lap Commune

3.3.1.1 Overview of Tan Lap Commune Tan Lap is a mountainous commune of Huong Hoa district. Tan Lap commune is located six km from Huong Hoa district to the west with residential areas along the National Road 9. It is bordered by Tan Lien commune to the east, Tan Long commune to the west, Huong Tan commune to the north, and Huong Loc and Thuan communes to the south. Tan Lap has eight villages including Tan Trung, Tan Tai, Tan Thuan, Tan Son, Bu, Con, Vay 1, and Vay 2 (see Figure 3.27).

Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019); Tan Lap People’s Committee (2019) Figure 3.27 Tan Lap Commune at a Glance

123 Source: Internet

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3.3.1.2 Population, Ethnicity and Religion The commune124 had 1,161 households with the population of 4,905 in 2019. The male population was 2,448 people which relatively equals to their female counterparts with 2,457 people. Of the two surveyed villages of Tan Lap commune, Bu village has 86 households with the population of 300, Tan Thuan village has 322 households with 1,002 people ((KIIs, male respondents, Bu and Tan Thuan villages, 6th-8th May 2020). Tan Lap has two main ethnic groups of Kinh and Van Kieu. Of the total 1,161 households, there are 244 Van Kieu ethnic households with 1,142 people who mainly resides in Bu, Con, Vay 1 and Vay 2 villages. By religion, the commune has 111 households with 172 people as Buddhists, 86 households with 458 people as Protestants, 74 households with 325 people as Catholics125.

3.3.1.3 Infrastructure and Public Facilities  Roads: Tan Lap has an inter-village and intra-village road system asphalted and concreted for local convenient commuting. Currently, 3.88 km of commune roads have been asphalted and concreted. Alley roads are concreted with road surface of 2m to 2.5m wide and with drainage systems, facilitating local people to travel conveniently during the rainy season. The rational planning of in- field roads helps to transport machinery and supportive machine into agricultural production areas and agricultural products, contributing to reduce heavy labor work for farmers. In 2019, the road to Tan Tai village’s cemetery, the road to Tan Thuan village and the sewer in Bu village had been refurbished with total investment of 70 million VND. Roads to production areas in Con village, Bu village, and Vay villages had been completed with total State investment of nearly 1.2 billion VND126.

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 3.28 A Small Road in Bu Village, Tan Lap Commune

124 Source: Tan Lap People’s Committee (2019) 125 Source: Tan Lap People’s Committee (2019) 126 Source: Tan Lap People’s Committee (2019)

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 Electricity: 100% of households use electricity safely127. Street light system was installed in Con village funded by the rural roadway lighting programme with the commune’s corresponding capital of five million VND.

 Irrigation system: The commune has built four irrigation works of nearly three kilometres of solidified canals to irrigate 87.85 ha of agricultural land, meeting local people's daily needs128.

3.3.1.4 Land Use and Tenure Of the commune’s total landmass of 1,515 ha, agriculture land occupied a large proportion of land used (59.6% or 903.6 ha) (see Figure 3.29). One third of the total land (33.3% or 504.3 ha) is for forestry production. Accounted for a small proportion is residential land, about 2.2% of the total land mass of the commune (32.7 ha). The remaining land is used for special purposes 129 (4.1% or 62 ha) and aquaculture production (approximately 1% or 12.9 ha).

2.2% 0.9% 4.1%

Agricultural production land Forestry land 33.3% Aquaculture land Specially used land 59.6% Residential land

Source: Huong Hoa Statistical Office (2019) Figure 3.29 Land Use Structure of Tan Lap Commune 2018

3.3.1.5 Economy The total production value of the whole commune130 in 2017 reached nearly 51.3 billion VND, an increase of over 11 billion VND over 2016. The average annually income per capita was 26.15 million VND, an increase of 3.86 million VND over 2016. Agriculture and forestry production is the main economic sector with involvement from majority of the community.

 Cultivation: The commune has reinforced the monitoring and management of irrigation systems for agricultural production. High yielding varieties such as Thien Uu 8, Thien Uu 128 and P6 have been widely used for rice crop production. Total planted area of the commune was 577.45 ha in 2019, including 54.35 ha for wet rice, three ha for upland rice, 158.5 ha for cassava, 8.32 ha for corn and bean, 9.12 ha for vegetables, 253.85 ha for banana, 72 ha for coffee, and 18.31 ha for pepper131.

127 Source: Tien Nhat (2018) 128 Source: Tien Nhat (2018) 129 Specially used land includes land used by office and non-profit agencies, security and defence land, land for non-agricultural production and business. 130 Source: Tan Lap People’s Committee (2017) 131 Source: Tan Lap People’s Committee (2019)

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 Animal husbandry: Taking advantage of the hilly terrain and natural resources, Tan Lap commune has focused on animal development. In 2019, the livestock of the whole commune included 56 buffaloes, 691 cows, 443 sheep, 2,618 pigs including 333 breeding pigs and 2,285 market pigs. The number of poultry in the whole commune was 11,800132. In 2019, the local authorities provided vaccinations for buffaloes and cows against haemorrhagic septicaemia and foot and mouth diseases and for dogs against rabies. Cleaning and disfection were carried out on 260 households raising animals to prevent diseases related to animals. No cases of foot and mouth disease and African swine fever was recorded in the commune in 2019.

 The total area for aquaculture activities was 11 ha in 2019. During this year, watershed forest management has been reinforced and no forest fire and illegal forest product exploitation cases were recorded. Apart from that, there are a few small carpenter workshop and construction worker groups in the commune that attract less than 20 local labors. No major industry establishment is currently existing in the commune. As agriculture and forestry production make very small income and become less productive in recent years, many local people mobilized to the southern industrial zones to look for jobs, or participate in labor export programs by Government. (ERM’s meeting with Tan Lap Commune PC, 2020). Services also engage a very small number of households, who are mainly selling groceries, coffee shop, food stalls for local demand only. It is noted that Tan Lap commune is only 13km from the Lao Bao border gate – the international border gate on land between Vietnam and Laos, it is common that local people find opportunities to work as porters or doing “motorbike trading” from the border gate to Khe Sanh Town. (ERM’s meeting with Tan Lap Commune PC, 2020).

3.3.1.6 Education Tan Lap has one kindergarten, one primary school, and one lower secondary school (see Figure 3.30). The Tan Lap primary school has two campuses in Bu and Vay villages.

Tan Lap kindergarten Tan Lap primary school

132 Source: Tan Lap people’s committee 2019

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Tan Lap primary school - Bu campus Tan Lap lower secondary school

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 3.30 Local schools in Tan Lap Commune In the school year 2018-2019, the commune has a total of 40 classes133, 67 teachers, and 1,104 pupils (see Figure 3.31). The commune continues to firmly maintain the results of universalising preschool education for 5-year-old children. The percentage of pupils graduating from lower secondary schools for attending upper secondary level school annually reached 100% in 2018. All villages in the commune have cultural houses and community learning centers134. 479 322 303 30 21 19 18 10 9 1 1 1

KINDERGARTEN PRIMARY LOWER SECONDARY

Number of schools Number of classes Number of teachers Number of pupils

Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019)

Figure 3.31 Number of Schools, Classes, Teachers and Pupils of Tan Lap Commune in the School Year 2018-2019 In the school year 2019-2020, there are 11 classes with 295 pupils at kindergarten, 22 classes with 504 pupils including 161 ethnic minority pupils at primary school and nine classes with 314 pupils at lower secondary school135. In the school year of 2019-2020, Tan Lap Primary School continues to renovate

133 Source: Huong Hoa People’s Committee (2019) 134 Source: Tien Nhat (2018) 135 Source: Tan Lap People’s Committee (2019)

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the management work, invest in building facilities and purchasing equipment, and accelerate better educational quality136.

3.3.1.7 Health In 2019, there were 1,911 patients, an increase of 680 patients over 2018, receiving medical treatment at the local health station. In 2019, the vaccination for children under one year old had been properly executed. Seventy-six out of 115 children received vaccination. The rate of weight-for-age malnutrition was 8.1%, a reduction of 0.6% over 2018. Thirty-one out of 40 women received vaccination in pregnancy. 98.2% of children from six months old to 60 months old were provided with vitamin A137. Cleaning and disfection were conducted in all eight villages to prevent dengue fever in 2019.

3.3.1.8 Vulnerable Group Tan Lap is classified as a Zone II commune138 with four extremely difficult villages including Con, Bu, Vay 1 and Vay 2 villages. By 2019, the rate of poor households was 4.82% (a reduction of five households over 2018) and the rate of near poor households was 6.45% (an increase of five households over 2018). In 2019, poor and near poor households were supported with 70 health insurance cards and allowance for electricity costs with the total of 32,840,000 VND139.

3.3.1.9 Archaeological, Cultural Heritage and Religious Sites Ethnic minority villages such as Bu village in Tan Lap commune have “ghost” forests. For Van Kieu people, “ghost” forests are the holy cemeteries for their family lines. Like the stilt houses for the living Van Kieu indigenous people, ghost forests are the homes for the dead. Van Kieu people maintain a belief that ghost forests must be a quiet and “green” place for the dead and outsiders must obtain permission from the head of the family line if they wish to enter this area. In addition, there are sacred forests where village patriarch and local villagers celebrate worshipping every year. There are religious establishments in the commune for religious practices and activities such as Bu Ta Noong Chapel (Protestanism) and Trung Son Tai Buddhist temple (Buddhism).

Bu Ta Noong chapel (Protestantism) A Buddhist temple in Tan Lap commune

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 3.32 Religious Establishments in Tan Lap Commune

136 Source: Tien Nhat (2018) 137 Source: Tan Lap People’s Committee (2019) 138 Decision No. 582/QD-TTg dated 28 April 2017 by the Prime Minister 139 Source: Tan Lap People’s Committee (2019)

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3.3.2 Tan Lien Commune

3.3.2.1 Overview of Tan Lap Commune Tan Lien commune is located in the western border area of Quang Tri Province, covering a natural area of 12.9 km2. The commune is about eight km from the border with the Lao People's Democratic Republic. The commune borders Khe Sanh township to the east, Tan Lap commune to the west, Huong Tan commune to the north, and Huong Loc commune to the south140 (see Figure 3.33). Tan Lien has eight villages including Tan Hao, Tan Hoa, Tan Tien, Tan Huu, Hoa Hiep, Tan Phu, Duy Hoa and Cheng (Van Kieu ethnic minority village).

Source: Huong Hoa Statistics Office (2019); Tan Lien People’s Committee (2019) Figure 3.33 Tan Lien Commune at a Glance

3.3.2.2 Population, Ethnicity and Religion In 2019, the commune141 had 1,191 households with 4,984 people and the population density was 385 people per km2. The surveyed village of Tan Lien commune -Tan Hao village has 153 households with 598 people (KII, male respondent, Tan Hao village, 8th May 2020). Kinh and Van Kieu are two main ethnic groups in the commune with the recorded population in 2018 of 3,844 people (1,062 households) and 440 people (105 households mainly residing in Cheng village) respectively. The natural growth rate and the birth rate was in 2019 was 1.2% and 14.7%, a reduction of 0.1% and 0.2% respectively over 2018. There is no available data related to religion in Tan Lien commune. The household survey findings as analysed in Section 4.1.5 implies that local people in Tan Hao village are non-religious while others follow Buddhism.

3.3.2.3 Infrastructure and Public Facilities  Roads: Villages and Inter-villages roads are concreted or asphalted in accordance to the national standards with frequent refurbishment and ensuring traffic safety. 85% of inter-village and alley roads were concreted and 85% of local roads were regularly maintained. 40% of communal, village and alley roads was equipped with street lighting systems.

140 Source: Huong Hoa Statistic Office (2019) 141 Source: Tan Lien People’s Committee (2020)

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 Waste management: 70% solid waste of the commune was collected and properly managed. Used agricultural chemical bottles and containers are properly collected and treated142.

 Water supply: 100% of the population used hygienic water143.

3.3.2.4 Land Tenure and Land Use Across the commune, the total land mass is 1,240.6 ha, of which agricultural production land occupies a large proportion of land used in the commune (64.4% or 799.4 ha). Nearly one third of the total land (27.7% or 343.6 ha) is for forestry production. A small proportion is used for residential land, 3% of the total land mass of the commune (36.6 ha). The remaining land is used for special purposes (3.4% or 41.8 ha) and aquaculture production (1.5% or 19.2 ha).

3.4%3.0% 1.5%

Agricultural production land

27.7% Forestry land Aquaculture land Specially used land 64.4% Residential land

Source: Huong Hoa Statistical Office (2019) Figure 3.34 Land Use Structure of Tan Lien Commune 2018

3.3.2.5 Economy The total estimated production value of the whole commune reached 157 billion VND in 2019, in which agricultural and forestry accounted for 22% or 35 billion VND, trade and services accounted for 64% or 100 billion VND, and industry sector contributed 14% or 22 billion VND. The average annually income per capita was 32 million VND.

3.3.2.5.1 Agriculture, Aquaculture and Forestry Agricultural cultivation: The total agricultural cultivated area in 2019 was 594 ha, a decrease of 56 ha over 2018, including 49 ha of rice production (a decline by four ha over 2018), 109 ha of other annual crops such as corns, cassava, potatoes, and vegetables (a reduction of 11 ha over 2018). The cultivated area of perennial crops reached 387.1 ha (a decline of 12 ha compared to 2018) including 270.5 ha of coffee and 56.6 ha of pepper. Fruit crops were planted on 60 ha, an increase of three ha over 2018144. Apart from focusing on high value industrial crops such as coffee, cassava, bananas, and rubber tree, many households in Tan Lien commune started intercropping or converting a part of old and inefficient pepper and coffee growing areas to invest in avocado cultivation during recent years. Booth 7 avocado variety is an exotic imported plant with high adaptivity. It does not require much of the caring work which saves a substantial expense for farmers and it is pest resistance with high productivity and quality. After

142 Source: Tan Lien People’s Committee (2019) 143 Source: Tan Lien People’s Committee (2019) 144 Source: Tan Lien People’s Committee (2019)

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3-4 years each tree yields on an average from 200 to 300 kg of fruit /year. In particular, growing avocado in the off-season brings about 2-3 times the income of the main avocado season145. In addition, ginger and turmeric are the short-term crops selected by farmers in Tan Lien commune146. These crops produce high production with increasing commodity value, helping to improve local living147. Broom production is also grown in the commune. Taking advantage of available raw materials to contribute to creating jobs for leisure workers, the Farmer’s Union of Tan Lien Commune has established a model for linking broom production. Although newly put into operation, the linkage model has started to grow steadily, initially bringing high incomes for many farmers148. Husbandry: In 2019, the total livestock of the commune included 3,700 pigs (a reduction of 1,032 animals over 2018), 768 cows (an increase of 21 animals), 150 buffaloes (a reduction of 36 animals), 520 goats (a reduction of three animals) and 15,000 poultry (an increase of 2,530 animals)149. In 2019, 88.6% of buffaloes, cows and pigs were vaccinated and 93% of dogs were vaccinated against rabies. There were outbreaks of African swine fever in Tan Hoa, Tan Huu and Tan Tien villages with 62 pigs destroyed in 2019. The total surface area of aquaculture was eight ha in 2019. The total area of planted forest was 45 ha in 2019150. No available data relating to a

3.3.2.5.2 Trade and Services In Tan Lien commune, there was five enterprises trading in construction materials, agricultural and forestry products, 11 timber-based commodity production establishments, 13 mechanical-based businesses, five wholesalers of agriculture and forestry products, agricultural materials, and animal feeding stuff, three establishments of ice production and rice milling, nine fashion-related and cosmetic businesses, 15 grocery stores, 14 food and beverage businesses, three internet service providers. Additionally, there were over 200 labourers trading in goods across the commune and also in Laos and over 450 labourers currently work as carpenters, and bricklayers in the commune151.

3.3.2.6 Education In 2019, the Tan Lien primary school and Tan Lien lower secondary school were merged into Tan Lien primary and lower secondary school. Across the commune there are one kindergarten and one primary and lower secondary school (see Figure 3.35 and Figure 3.36). Tan Lien kindergarten has two campuses with 11 classrooms, 331 pupils with 34 teachers. Tan Lien primary and lower secondary school has three campuses in the commune with totally 24 classrooms, 54 teachers, and 752 pupils including 440 students at the primary level and 256 students at the lower secondary level152.

145 Source: Kan Suong (2019) 146 Source: http://baoquangtri.vn/Thời-sự/modid/445/ItemID/126598 147 Source: Cong San and Kim Hue (2016) 148 Source: Khanh Hung (2014) 149 Source: Tan Lien People’s Committee (2019) 150 Source: Tan Lien People’s Committee (2019) 151 Source: Tan Lien People’s Committee (2019) 152 Source: Tan Lien People’s Committee (2019)

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752 331 54 34 24 11 1 1

KINDERGARTEN PRIMARY AND LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL

Number of schools Number of classrooms Number of teachers Number of pupils

Source: Tan Lien People’s Committee (2019) Figure 3.35 Number of Schools, Classrooms, Teachers and Pupils of Tan Lien Commune 2019

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 3.36 Local Schools in Tan Lien Commune

3.3.2.7 Health The communal health station has maintained health care for local people with 3,255 cases visiting the station in 2019. Children under five years old received free health care and vaccination, women in pregnancy received constant health care and medical check-up. The rate of malnutrition for children under five years old was 5.01%, a reduction of 0.1% compared to 2018153. Regarding the dengue fever and malaria, the diseases are reportedly increased by an unpredicted pattern. In the commune, 220 cases of dengue fever was reported with the first patient in Van Hoa village in 2019.

153 Source: Tan Lien People’s Committee 2019

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Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 3.37 Health Station of Tan Lien Commune

3.3.2.8 Vulnerable Group Tan Lien is the only commune of Huong Hoa district classified as a Zone 1 commune and the commune has no village with extremely difficulties. The commune recorded 37 poor households and 130 near poor households in 2019, accounting for 3.11% and 10.9% respectively154. Local mass organisations such as Women’s Union, Farmer’s Union, and Youth Association have supported local people, especially poor and near poor households to access preferential loan programs of social policy banks and commercial banks for livelihood development.

3.3.2.9 Security and Rule of Law/Governance Security has been maintained in the commune155. In 2019, there were seven cases related to local security including two criminal offenses, one case of deliberately inflicting injury, one administrative violation, one traffic accident, one fire explosion, and one suicidal case. The commune recorded 47 people illegally using narcotic substances in 2019.

3.3.2.10 Archaeological, Cultural Heritage, and Religious Sites The memorial stele house was built at the height spot 689 where many heroic soldiers were sacrificed during the campaign to liberate Khe Sanh from June 12th to July 7th, 1968. Highpoint 689 is located at an altitude of 689 m above sea level, located on a mountain between Tan Lien commune and Huong Tan territory. It was the historical significance and ideal construction location that the memorial monument has been attracting a large number of visitors every day156.

154 Source: Tan Lien People’s Committee (2019) 155 Source: Tan Lien People’s Committee (2019) 156 Source: Bich Lien and Khanh Hung (2020)

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Source: Internet Figure 3.38 The Memorial Stele House at the High Spot 689 in Tan Lien Commune

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4. HOUSEHOLD LEVEL DATA ANALYSIS

This section analyses the findings of the household survey undertaken in Bu and Tan Thuan villages of Tan Lap commune and Tan Hao village of Tan Lien commune, Huong Hoa district, Quang Tri province. It is noted that there are two AHs residing in Tan Tai village (Tan Lap commune) and Tan Tien village (Tan Lien commune), therefore, in some sections, data will be analysed based on their place of residence. A total of 97 household interviews (with the population of 490 people) from the three villages were undertaken on the 6th to 9th May, 2020 (see Figure 4.1). The majority of the survey sample (71 households) was interviewed based on the list of households with land parcels acquired for the Project. Other 26 households were selected based on the potential impact significance and the commune population representation in the survey sample. The detailed methodology and applied methods for this study are presented in Section 1.2.

200 175 180 162 160 139 140 120 100 80 60 40 32 33 30 20 8 1 6 1 0 Bu Tan Thuan Tan Tai Tan Hao Tan Tien Tan Lap Commune Tan Lien Commune

Surveyed Households Surveyed Population

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.1 Surveyed Households and Population by Residence

4.1 Demographic Information

4.1.1 Population The population of the 97 surveyed households is 490 people 157. By gender, of the 490 surveyed population, it is noted that the ratio between number of males and females are roughly equal with 49:51 (242 males versus 248 females), as shown in Figure 4.2. There is no significant gender gap in all surveyed villages. Particularly, the male and female ratio is approximately 50:50 (87 males versus 88

157 The surveyed 490 population include (1) those who are registered in the household record book and living in the households; (2) those who are registered in the household record book but are not currently living in the households; and (3) those who are not registered in the household record book but are currently living in the households. In presenting the data, it is noticeable that people whose names are recorded in the formal household registration book (which has to be kept and continually updated in Vietnam) but who are not living with the family, are included in the demographic statistics but are not included in household expenditure and income statistics. This includes for example, females who have married recently and moved into a separate dwelling with their husbands, or those who are working in other cities/provinces and are not contributing to household income or expenditure. However, those listed as students living in other areas are still included in household expenditure calculations and have been reported.

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females) in Bu village, 49:51 (80 males versus 82 females) in Tan Thuan village, and 49:51 (68 males vesus 71 females) in Tan Hao village. The number of females doubles the number of males (four females versus two males) in Tan Tai village, while the number of males outnumbers females in Tan Tien village (five males versus three females).

100.00%

90.00%

80.00% 37.50% 50.29% 50.62% 51.08% 70.00% 66.67% 60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00% 62.50% 49.71% 49.38% 48.92% 20.00% 33.33% 10.00%

0.00% Bu Tan Thuan Tan Tai Tan Hao Tan Tien

Male Female

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.2 Surveyed Population by Gender

4.1.2 Household Size As shown in Table 4.1, the average household size is 5.05 people per household with the highest number of household members at nine people (both Bu and Tan Hao villages) and the lowest at one person per household (Tan Hao village).

Table 4.1 Household Size of the Surveyed Villages

Villages Bu (N=32) Tan Thuan Tan Hao Others158 All Surveyed (N=33) (N=30) (N=2) Villages (N=97)

Average Family Size (people) 5.47 4.91 4.63 7.00 5.05

Minimum Family Size (people) 2 2 1 3 1

Maximum Family Size (people) 9 7 9 8 9

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

4.1.3 Length of Local Residence The average number of years of residence in the locality for the surveyed households is 33.9 years with the corresponding figures of Bu, Tan Thuan, and Tan Hao villages at 35 years, 33 years and 34 years (see Table 4.2). Notably, one household in Bu village have lived for 75 years through many generations

158 From this section on, survey data were analysed by locations, including Bu village with 32 households, Tan Thuan village with 33 households, Tan Hao village with 30 households, and Others with two households (Tan Tien and Tan Tai villages) for comprehensively highlighting socio-economic differences among the surveyed areas.

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and nine households in Tan Thuan village have the highest time span with 45 years in Tan Lap commune. Thirteen surveyed households in Tan Hao village have the longest residence length of 45 years and one household has the shortest length of three years in Tan Lap commune. Regarding the history of Tan Hao village, as shared by the village head, around 100 households had moved to the village under the State economic development scheme since September 1975. However, a half of them then left the village and migrated to the South as they could not endure extremely difficult living conditions. When local living has been slightly improved, some former households returned to the village and many new households from the delta areas of the province moved there for settlement (KII, male respondent, Kinh ethnic group, Tan Hao village, 7th May 2020).

Table 4.2 Length of Local Residence of the Surveyed Households

Residence Length Bu (N=32) Tan Thuan Tan Hao Others All Surveyed (N=33) (N=30) (N=2) Villages (N=97)

Average Residence Length (year) 35 32.97 34.10 29.50 33.92

Minimum Residence Length (year) 8 15 3 14 3

Maximum Residence Length (year) 75 45 45 45 75

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

4.1.4 Ethnicity

4.1.4.1 Ethnic Groups There are two main ethnic groups including Kinh and Van Kieu, accounting for 67% and 33% of total surveyed households respectively (see Figure 4.3). A distinctively ethnogeographical distribution is observed in the surveyed villages. While the surveyed population in Tan Thuan, Tan Hao, Tan Tien and Tan Tai villages are 100% Kinh people, all surveyed Van Kieu people stay in Bu village. As shared by the Bu village head, the village population is diverse, comprising of 80% Van Kieu, 10% Kinh and 10% Van Kieu people who originally reside in Laos and move to the village due to inter-marriages (KII, male respondent, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020).

32.99%

Kinh ethnic group

67.01% Van Kieu ethnic group

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.3 Surveyed Households by Ethnicity

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4.1.4.2 Characteristics of Van Kieu Ethnic Minority During interviews and FGDs, Van Kieu people in Bu village share the following similar characteristics like other Van Kieu communities:

 Language: Van Kieu is the main language among Van Kieu ethnic minority households. They use Vietnamese language in social meetings and activities that are organised out of their village.

 Village head and village patriarch: During observation in Bu village, a village head is the most powerful person who takes care of everything in the village and has a significant influence to the locals. The village head disseminates State policies and programs to the locals, solving any conflicts arisen among households, and supporting local villagers under difficult or emergency situations. Whereas, the village patriarch is respected and trusted in ethnic minority affairs such as organising community worshipping activities, preserving Van Kieu traditions and customs, and supporting the locals in important household affairs.

 “Ghost” and “sacred” forests: Bu village has two ghost forests which are the holy cemeteries for their family lines and two sacred forests where people celebrate annual worship (see Figure 4.4). Those are about 2km away from the village community house and any exploitation is prohibited in these forests.

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.4 Scared Forests in Bu Village  Festivals: Some typical festivals of Van Kieu ethnic group in Bu village include “Cong Chieng” festival normally organised on the New Year holidays, and new rice festival held in lunar August. In new rice ceremony, each household worships on their rice field with chicken offering. Then they put some rice grains in dried gourds and hang them on the house for worshipping at home to pray the God of Rice for best luck in their agricultural production. Upon celebrating the worship at home, local people commence their harvesting. They also organise another worship upon the end of harvest season (normally in lunar October) to express their gratitude to the God of Rice for bringing them a good harvest. For Van Kieu ethnic minority group, the most important support groups are identified as family members and relatives. Village patriarch (worshipping), churches (resolving conflicts, praying for good health to patients) and neighbours (labour exchange and mutual support in difficult times) are mentioned as the second group of important support in community affairs and production activities (FGD, Van Kieu ethnic minority group, Bu village, 8th May 2020).

4.1.5 Religion The highest proportion of the surveyed households (61 households or 62.9%) identify themselves as non-religious (see Figure 4.5). Twenty-six households in Bu village (26.8%) are Protestants. Nine households (9.3%) including five in Tan Thuan village and four in Tan Hao village are Buddhist adherents and one household (1%) from Bu village practices Catholicism.

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26.80% Protestantism

Buddhism

62.89% 9.28% Catholicism

No religion 1.03%

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.5 Surveyed Households by Religion Local people visit establishments such as Tan Thuan pagoda (Buddhism), Bu Ta Noong chapel and Tan Lien Protestant Association (Protestanism) and Tan Lien Catholics Association (Catholicism) for religious practices. As shared by the Bu village head, there are different customs among religions in the village. For Van Kieu people practising Protestanism, they strongly refrain from drinking alcohol, smoking and stealing and visit regularly the chapel every Sunday for reading a Bible. According to Kinh and non-religious Van Kieu practices, households inform village head, village patriarch, and local authorities when having any family member passed away for burial arrangement while Protestants follow guidance of pastors for burials (KII, male respondent, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020).

4.1.6 Age Groups More than half of the surveyed population (63.9% or 313 people) are of the age group of 15 to 60 years (see Figure 4.6). Another 28.8% of the surveyed population (141 people) are below 15 years old, and the elderly group (people above 60 years old) is accounted for 7.3% of the surveyed population (36 people).

7.35%

28.78% Under 15 years old

15 - 60 years old

Over 60 years old

63.88%

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.6 Surveyed Population by Age Group Of the 490 surveyed population, there is significant ratio differences for males and females in the age group of 15-60 years (52.1% versus 47.9% respectively) and the age group of under 15 years (44.7% and 55.3% respectively) (see Table 4.3). Whereas, the number of females approximately equals to that

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of males in the age group of over 60 years, with the corresponding figures of 20 females versus 16 males.

Table 4.3 Surveyed Population by Age Group and Gender

Age Groups Male Female All Surveyed Population (N=490)

N % N % N %

Below 15 years old 63 44.68 78 55.32 141 100.00

15 - 60 years old 163 52.08 150 47.92 313 100.00

Over 60 years old 16 44.44 20 55.56 36 100.00

Total 242 49.39 248 50.61 490 100.00

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

4.1.7 Marital Status 226 out of the 490 surveyed population are married, accounting for 46.1% (see Figure 4.7). Some 180 surveyed people are under the marriage age159 which is equivalent to 36.7% and 71 people are single (14.5%). Throughout the surveyed villages, there are 12 widowed individuals (2.5%) including two males and ten females. One divorce case is recorded in Tan Hao village, accounting for 0.2%. Early marriage occurs among Van Kieu ethnic minority people, around 3-4% of the village population (KII, male respondent, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020). One household in Bu village is recorded as getting married before the regulated marriage age (1% of the surveyed sample). This couple completed marriage registration after they reached the legal marriage age.

Married 36.73% Single 46.12% Divorced Widowed Under marriage age

14.49% 2.45% 0.20%

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.7 Surveyed Population by Marital Status

159 The 2014 Marriage and Family Law of Vietnam regulates that the marriage age is 18 years or older for females and 20 years or older for males.

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4.1.8 Education Attainment Education levels were calculated for household members who were six years old and older at the time of the survey (May 2020). Sixty-seven surveyed people are identified as under school age. Hence, education attainment analysis was based on the collected data of 423 surveyed people Among the 423 surveyed people, 8.3% or 35 surveyed people are illiterate, in which, the majority (27 people) are residing in Bu village while the remaining are in Tan Thuan village (four people) and Tan Hao village (four people) (see Figure 4.8). Illiteracy not only occurs among the elderly but also among people of working age. Indeed, 26 out of the 35 illiterate people are in labour force, aged from 15 to 52 years, and the remaining nine people are over 60 years old. The two youngest 15-years-old illiterate men are in Bu and Tan Hao villages, while one oldest 85-year-old illiterate woman is in Tan Thuan village. The reason might be related to their physical disability or difficult living conditions. Eleven surveyed people are literate without schooling (2.6%), including six in Bu village, three in Tan Thuan village, and two in Tan Hao village. Among the 11 literate people without attending formal schools, five people participated in the local illiteracy eradication scheme and one mute person have studied in a sign language class for four years.

1.18% 8.75% 1.65% 21.51% Literacy without schooling Primary education Lower secondary education Upper secondary education 23.88% 32.15% 1.65248227 Vocational education 100% College education 2.60% University education All education levels

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.8 Surveyed Population by Educational Attainment Literacy occupies a large proportion of the surveyed population with 89.1% or 377 people (see Figure 4.8). By educational attainment level, 101 people have acquired or are attending the primary education, accounting for 23.9%, 136 people in the lower secondary level and 91 people in the upper secondary level, making up 32.1% and 21.5% respectively. Five people (1.2%) completed vocational training and seven people (1.6%) attended college. Thirty seven people have attended the university level, accounting for 8.8%, of which 24 people have graduated and 13 people are still pursuing their study in various universities. Of the 24 university graduates, two run small businesses, eight as public servants, ten as company workers, three in unemployment, and one in early retirement. With regard to gender, the number of males is seemingly equivalent to that of their counterparts at primary, lower secondary and university levels (see Figure 4.9). The rate is 50 males versus 51 females for the primary level, 67 males versus 69 females for lower secondary level, and 19 males versus 18 females for university level. Males outnumber females in the upper secondary education (51 males versus 40 females) and the college level (five males versus two females). Whereas, females surpass males at the vocational education level (four females vesus one male). Also, number of illiterate females are higher than illiterate males (21 females versus 14 males). The number of males and females literate without schooling is approximately equal.

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80

69 70 67

60 50 51 51 50 40 40

30 Number of people people of Number 21 19 20 18 14

10 6 5 4 5 1 2 0 Illiteracy Literacy Primary Lower Upper Vocational College University without education secondary secondary education education education schooling education education Axis Title

Male Female

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.9 Surveyed Population by Education Attainment and Gender

4.1.9 Labour Force The survey data indicates that 308 people (62.9% of the surveyed population) are of working age, defined as between 15 and 55 years old for females and between 15 and 60 years old for males160 (see Figure 4.10). 141 out of the surveyed population (28.8%) are below working age (below 15 years old) and the remaining 41 people (8.4%) are over working age (over 55 years old for females and 60 years old for males).

160 Under the Vietnam’s Labour Code, the working-age population consists of those aged 15 and 55 years old for females and 15-60 for males, considered able and likely to work.

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8.37% Below working age

50.00% Above working age 62.86% 28.78%

Working age people engaging in work

12.86% Working age people not engaging in work

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

Figure 4.10 Surveyed Population by Working Age Of the 306 working age people161, 245 people (80.1% of the surveyed working age people or 50% of the surveyed population) are engaged in work while the remaining 61 people (19.9% of the surveyed labour force or 12.9% of the surveyed population) does not involve in income generation activities. They include 35 students, 10 people with unpaid activities (eight doing housework and two serving as a solider in the army), 10 unemployed, and six people as incapable of work due to illness or disability. There are a further 19 people over the working age and two people below working age who are engaged in work. This makes a total of 266 people having jobs, accounting for 54.3% of the surveyed population. Of the 19 people above the age of labour force, 15 people do cultivation activities, two people running small businesses, one in the public employment sector, and one as a day labourer. Whereas, two people under labour force having jobs in Bu village are doing cultivation and husbandry for their family income generation. There is a gender imbalance ratio among 266 working people, with 125 females and 141 males, accounting for 47% and 53% respectively.

4.2 Employment and Livelihoods

4.2.1 Livelihood Engagement

4.2.1.1 Main Livelihoods As mentioned in Section 4.1.9, the surveyed labour force comprises of 266 people who are engaged in land-based, wage-based, and enterprise-based livelihoods. Land-based livelihoods, including cultivation and husbandry, are the dominant group as shown in Table 4.4, with 165 people out of 266 working people (62%). This is followed by 28.2% (75 people) involving in wage-based livelihoods including State cadres (17 people or 6.3%), company workers (38 people or 14.3%), and day labourers (20 people or 7.5%). Enterprise-based livelihoods, particular small businesses, occupy a small proportion in livelihood categories with 9.8% or 26 people.

161 Of the 308 people in working age, 306 people were included for e analysis because occupation data of two working age people were not provided in details.

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Table 4.4 Surveyed Labour Force by Livelihood

Livelihoods Bu Tan Thuan Tan Hao Others All Surveyed Villages

N % N % N % N % N %

Land-based Cultivation 91 93.81 42 49.41 32 40.00 0 0.00 165 62.03 Husbandry

Enterprise- Small 0 0.00 11 12.94 12 15.00 3 75.00 26 9.77 based business

Wage- State cadre 1 1.03 10 11.76 5 6.25 1 25.00 17 6.39 based Company 5 5.15 16 18.82 17 21.25 0 0.00 38 14.29 worker

Day labourer 0 0.00 6 7.06 14 17.50 0 0.00 20 7.52

All Surveyed Working 97 100.00 85 100.00 80 100.00 4 100.00 266 100.00 People

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Of the 266 working people, 188 people describe their work as stable (71%). Meanwhile 78 people consider their work as temporary, accounting for 29%. Of the 266-working people, the gender ratio is 53:47 (141 males versus 125 females). Gender disaggregated data shows there is an imbalance between gender participation in some specific livelihood types. Land-based livelihoods show a dominant number of males with 89 males versus 76 females (53.9% versus 46.1%) (see Figure 4.11). In addition, males outnumber female in wage-based livelihoods, as company worker with 20 males versus 18 females and day labourers with 13 males versus seven females (52.6% versus 47.4% and 65% versus 35% respectively). Whereas, females outnumber males in enterprise-based livelihoods with 15 females versus 11 males (57.7% versus 42.3%).

100.00% 90.00% 80.00% 35.00% 46.06% 47.37% 52.94% 70.00% 57.69% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 65.00% 53.94% 52.63% 47.06% 20.00% 42.31% 10.00% 0.00% Cultivation and Small business State cadre Company worker Day labourer husbandry Land-based Enterprise-based Wage-based livelihoods livelihoods livelihoods

Male Female

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.11 Surveyed Labour Force by Livelihood and Gender

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4.2.1.2 Secondary Occupation Of the 266 working people, a high proportion has one occupation, 180 people or 67.7%. The rest of 86 working people or 32.3% have more than one job, of which, 84 have two occupations and two people in Bu and Tan Thuan villages have three jobs. Of the 87 people with secondary occupations, 49 people work as day labourers, 21 people in cultivation and husbandry, seven in small businesses, four in aquaculture, and three in forestry. Notably, one man in Tan Thuan catches fish in local rivers and springs for extra income apart from their main cultivation work. The remaining two people have multiple secondary occupations such as aquaculture, day labour, and small business. Multiple occupations help them to generate their income (see Table 4.5).

Table 4.5 Surveyed Working People with Secondary Occupation

Number of Surveyed Working People Description of Secondary and Main Occupations with Secondary Occupations (N=86)

N % Secondary Occupation Main Occupation

49 56.9 Day labour Cultivation and husbandry (49)

21 24.4 Cultivation and Husbandry Day labour (12) Small business (6) Public cadre (2) Company worker (1)

7 8.14 Small business Cultivation and husbandry (7)

4 4.65 Aquaculture Cultivation and husbandry (4)

2 2.33 Forestry Cultivation and husbandry (2)

1 1.16 Fishing Cultivation and husbandry (1)

1 1.16 Aquaculture Cultivation and husbandry (1)

Day labour

1 1.16 Aquaculture Cultivation and husbandry (1)

Small business

86 100

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

4.2.2 Land-based Livelihoods

4.2.2.1 Overview Land-based livelihoods include diverse activities such as cultivation, husbandry, aquaculture and forestation. Cultivation and husbandry are the most common work with 165 out of the 266 people (62%) engaging in. Bu village has the highest number of people involved in this livelihood with 91 people, while the figures are 42 people and 32 people in Tan Thuan and Tan Hao villages respectively. Most of these people has agricultural production land with the smallest area of 200 m2 and the largest of 83,500 m2. Some of them have forest land for cultivation with the smallest area of 500 m2 and the largest of 100,000 m2. Figure 4.12 present overview about agricultural production of Bu and Tan Hao villages.

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Source: FGD conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.12 Agricultural Production Area of Bu Village

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Source: FGD conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.13 Agricultural Production Area of Tan Hao Village

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4.2.2.2 Agro-forestry Rice, banana, acacia, cassava, coffee and other crops (corn, sesame, sweet potatoes, pepper and fruit trees) are planted in the surveyed villages (see Figure 4.14). Rice is for domestic use and animal husbandry while other crops are for sale. Agricultural products are sold to local traders in the district. The distance from local residence to cultivation fields are from 0.4 to 2.5 km. Local people normally travel to their cultivation land by (motor) bike. Household interview and FGDs with local villagers in Bu, Tan Thuan and Tan Hao villages show some specific features of agricultural cultivation in terms of crops and cultivation area (see Table 4.6).

Table 4.6 Agricultural Cultivation in the Surveyed Households by Village

Features Bu Village Tan Thuan Village Tan Hao Village

General crops Upland rice, cassava, corn, Upland rice, Liberia and Rice, Liberia and Arabica sesame, mango, jackfruit Arabica coffee, cassava, coffee, cassava, sweet and Liberia coffee. sweet potatoes, pepper, potatoes, pepper, mango, mango, dragon fruit and dragon fruit and avocado. avocado.

Focused crops Wet rice, banana (since Banana, cassava, acacia, Acacia 2004) and acacia (since and coffee. 2000).

Cultivation area The smallest area is three The smallest area is one The smallest area is 0.75 ha and the largest is five ha and the largest is 15 ha. ha and the largest is 5 ha. ha.

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

Drying rice in Bu village Rice storage in Tan Thuan village

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Drying coffee bean in Tan Hao village Coffee planting in Bu village

Banana planting in Tan Thuan village Acacia seedling planting in Bu village

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.14 Main Agricultural Products among Surveyed Villages  Rice: Rice is mainly cultivated in Bu village, mainly observed along Ta Noong and Ra Pong streams (see Figure 4.12). Previously, ethnic minority people used to cultivate upland rice crops but they started planting both wet and upland rice for domestic food security. They carry out one or two rice crops per year. A rice crop lasts five months, from January to May, June to October, or October to April of the following year. Some households in Tan Thuan and Tan Hao villages also have rice crops apart from main crops of banana and acacia (FGDs, agriculture and forestry groups, Bu, Tan Thuan and Tan Hao villages, 7th-8th May 2020).

 Banana: Banana is the focal crop in Bu and Tan Thuan villages which brings a stable production, but does not require much labour investment. The life cycle of banana tree is from seven to eight years and it is normally harvested after one or two years of planting. Banana production in the second year of harvesting is always the best and the production gradually reduces in the third and fourth year of harvesting. On average, 30 banana trees are planted in an area of 500 m2 and it is intercropped with upland rice. A 20kg banana brunch is normally sold at the price of 120,000 VND (FGDs, agriculture and forestry groups, Bu and Tan Thuan villages, 7th-8th May 2020). The survey findings show that surveyed households get an income from two to 150 million VND in 2019 from banana, depending on their cultivation area and production.

 Acacia: Acacia is one of the main perennial crops of Bu, Tan Thuan and Tan Hao villages. Compare to other perennial crops such as neolamarckia cadamba (gáo trắng), acacia has a shorter harvest time of 5-7 years per crop and does not require a large investment cost, around 15-22 million VND per crop. On average, one ha of acacia has about 4,000 trees with 1-1.5 metres spacing between trees and brings an income of 165 million VND for five years of planting (FGDs, agriculture and forestry groups, Bu, Tan Thuan and Tan Hao villages, 7th-8th May 2020).

 Cassava: Cassava is mostly cultivated in Bu and Tan Thuan villages and planted one crop per year. The investment cost per crop is about 22 million VND for land improvement, seedlings,

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fertilizers, and hired labour. Normally harvested within March and May, cassava production is about 1.5 tons for a 500 m2 planted area, which is sold at the price of 2,600 VND per kilogram (FGDs, agriculture and forestry groups, Bu and Tan Thuan villages, 7th-8th May 2020).  Coffee: Coffee is the popular perennial crop for most of villagers in Bu village. Main types of coffee are Arabica coffee and Liberia coffee. Coffee is fertilized by cow dung and chemicals and does not require water for irrigation. Arabica coffee is normally harvested after four years of planting while Liberia coffee brings an income upon 1.5 years of cultivating. Production of Arabia coffee and Liberia coffee per a 500 m2 planted area are 2.5 quintals and 2 quintals respectively (FGD, agriculture group, Bu village, 8th May 2020). The survey data shows that surveyed households get an income from two to 45 million VND in 2019 from coffee planting, depending on their cultivation area and production.

 Other crops: The surveyed households plant other crops such as avocado and neolamarckia cadamba (gáo trắng) in Bu village. Avocado is intercropped with banana and is harvested every year. It can be sold at the price of 17,000 - 30,000 VND per kilogram and estimated to bring an income of 1.5 million VND per year. Neolamarckia cadamba has a long planting duration of 10 years; however it does not require water and fertilizers. On average, 25 trees are planted on an area of 500 m2 with five metres distance between trees. Neolamarckia cadamba can be sold at the price of 1-2 million VND per kilogram (FGD, agriculture group, Bu village, 8th May 2020) Most of surveyed households practice crop rotation and intercropping in cultivation. Crop rotation as defined by FGD respondents relates to changing different kinds of crops by year within the same field. A rotation cycle may include different durations from 3-5 years and the choice and sequence of rotated crops depend on various factors including financial ability, market demands, and family farming traditions or agricultural peculiarities in the locality. For example, farmers plant cassava for three years, then plant acacia within the next five years, and change to plant banana the following two years. This method brings benefits to local farmers such as land protection from erosion and agricultural production promotion (FGDs, agriculture and forestry groups, Bu, Tan Thuan and Tan Hao villages, 7th-8th May 2020). Whereas, intercropping is also a predominant cultivation method during household interviews. Intercropping is the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources or ecological processes that would otherwise not be utilised by a single crop. Many surveyed households in Bu village normally intercrop banana and upland rice for ensuring production efficiency.

4.2.2.3 Animal Husbandry and Aquaculture Most of the 165 surveyed working people doing cultivation involve in animal husbandry activities. Main livestock include cows, buffaloes, chickens, ducks, pigs, and goats (see Figure 4.15). Animal husbandry helps surveyed households secure their domestic foods or expand their household income. Apart from cultivation and husbandry as a main occupation, six households including one in Bu village and five in Tan Thuan village have an extra income source from aquaculture with total net income of 23.2 million VND last year. They raise tilapia, carp, and chub fish.

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Cow raising in Bu village Cow raising in Bu village

Goat raising in Tan Hao village Cow raising in Tan Thuan village

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.15 Animal Husbandry in the Surveyed Villages

4.2.2.4 Changes in Land-based Livelihoods Labour exchange practice among farming communities in Bu and Tan Hao villages has been maintained to reduce labour costs and increasing community solidarity. Agricultural production in the surveyed households during recent years has been strengthened with the application of advanced machinery and technology to reduce manual labour. In addition, the State has implemented support programs on preferential loans, technical training, and seedling provision. However, local agricultural activities encounter challenges such as water scarcity, capital shortage, limited professional techniques, and reduced labour force. Changes in agriculture and forestry production have been observed during the last five years and identified by FGD respondents in Bu, Tan Thuan and Tan Hao villages. They include crop switch, transportation improvement, and fluctuation of agricultural products price (see Table 4.7).

Table 4.7 Changes in Agriculture and Forestry Production in the Surveyed Villages over the Last Five Years

Villages Changes in Agriculture and Forestry Positive Negative Changes Changes

Bu Local people start using new rice varieties such as Thien Uu 8 for  village a higher production.

Local roads to production areas are increasingly improved for  convenient commuting.

Motorbikes are popularly used to travel to production areas. 

Tan Banana, which provides stable production but less labor input  Thuan required, becomes the main crop of local farmers. village Coffee and pepper are no longer planted due to low sale price,  plant diseases and high requirements in plant care.

Local farmers keep switching crops continuously by the crop  rotation method.

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Agricultural product prices are fluctuating. 

Tan Hao Local farmers plant acacia because coffee and pepper crops did  village not bring good income. .

Husbandry is no longer invested by local people due to diseases  such as African swine fever.

Agricultural production and product prices are fluctuating 

Source: FGDs conducted by ERM, 2020 FGDs participants forecast that more changes will happen in agriculture and forestry activities due to work shift and crop switch. In Bu village, local people want to change from land-based occupation such as cultivation and animal husbandry to wage-based livelihoods such as working for local companies or private establishments for a stable income. In Tan Thuan and Tan Hao village, forestation, planting perennial or fruit crops will be more popular because these crops require less labour and financial investment (FGDs, agriculture and forestry groups, Bu, Tan Thuan and Tan Hao villages, 7th-8th May 2020).

4.2.3 Wage-based Livelihoods As discussed in Section 4.2.1, among 266 working people, 28.2% or 75 people engage in wage-based livelihoods as their main livelihood, including working for private companies or corporations (14.3% or 38 people), day labourers (7.5% or 20 people), and State cadres (6.4% or 17 people). Alongside land- based incomes, wage-based incomes also assist financial security for the surveyed households.

 Company workers: Thirty-eight surveyed people working for private companies or corporations include five people from Bu village, 16 people from Tan Thuan village, and 17 people from Tan Hao village. They are migrant workers in the district (Lao Bao township) and other provinces/cities (Hue, Da Nang, Binh Duong, Ho Chi Minh City, and Phu Quoc island). They are textile and garment factory workers, petrol station staff, architectures, designers, construction labourers, security staff, engineers, accountants, and chefs with a monthly income of three to ten million VND.

 Day labourers: Twenty people including six from Tan Thuan village and 14 from Tan Hao village work as day labourers. This occupation is not popular among the surveyed people in Bu village because local farming households practice labour exchange for every agricultural production activity. The majority work in the locality while a few number of the surveyed people work in Quang Ngai and Laos. They works as gardeners, bricklayers, mechanical repair labourers, masons, porters, hired labourers for agricultural and forestry production activities. The daily wage ranges from 120,000 VND to 330,000 VND. Twelve out of the 20 day labourers have secondary occupation in cultivation and husbandry for their household income improvement. Additionally, this occupation also brings an extra income for another 50 people in the surveyed villages.

 State cadres: Of the total of 266 working people, 17 surveyed people or 6.4% have their main occupation as State cadres (see Table 4.4) with the highest number of people from Tan Thuan village (10 people). Most of them are working and living in the locality. They are public servants, teachers, nurses, policemen, school staff, judicial officer, and members of Vietnam border defence force and Vietnam military force. Their monthly income ranges 1.5 million VND to 11 million VND. Two of them are currently engaging in cultivation and husbandry to increase their income sources.

4.2.4 Enterprise-based Livelihoods Enterprise-based livelihoods, particularly small businesses, occupy a small proportion in livelihood categories with 9.8% or 26 people (see Table 4.4). They include 11 people in Tan Thuan village, 12 people in Tan Hao village, and three people in Tan Tai and Tan Tien villages. Apart from that, another eight people saw it as their secondary source of income. Small businesses include orchid planting and selling, wine making, beekeeping, construction materials trading, groceries, bike repair services, tailor, and home business (see Figure 4.16). The lowest annual net income per household is six million VND and the highest is up to 1.8 billion VND over the last year.

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Small groceries

Beekeeping

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.16 Small Business Activities in Tan Hao Village

4.2.5 Livelihood Diversification Among the 97 surveyed households, seven HHs did not provide adequate information about their income source, therefore, analysis of the livelihood diversification are based on the survey result of 90 HHs. Thirty-four out of the 90 surveyed households, accounting for 37.8%, rely on one livelihood including 19 households with land-based livelihoods, nine households with wage-based livelihoods, five with enterprise-based livelihoods, and one household having other source of income such as children’s financial support (see Table 4.8). Other 48 households (53.3%) have two types of livelihoods. In particular, 42 households (46.7%) generate their income from both land-based and wage-based livelihoods, five people (5.5%) have income sources from land-based and enterprise-based livelihoods, and one household (1.1%) gains their income by both wage-based and enterprise-based livelihoods. Eight households (8.9%) exceed their income by engaging in three livelihoods162.

162 Apart from the three main land-based, wage-based, and enterprise-based livlihoods, 26 surveyed households get other income sources from social allowances (poor households, physically or mentally disabled people, pension, and veterans), and children’s financial support.

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Table 4.8 Livelihood Diversification of the Surveyed Households

Number of Livelihood Surveyed Households All Surveyed Households Livelihoods by Livelihood

N % N %

Single livelihood Land-based 19 21.11 34 37.78

Wage-based 9 10.00

Enterprise-based 5 5.56

Other sources 1 1.11

Two livelihoods Land-based and wage-based 42 46.67 48 53.33

Land-based and enterprise-based 5 5.56

Wage-based and enterprise-based 1 1.11

Three Land-based, wage-based, and 8 8.89 8 8.89 livelihoods enterprise-based

Total 90 100.00 90 100.00

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

4.3 Income and Expenditure Household income and expenditure is calculated from data from 90 surveyed households with 425 people. Data for 38 out of the 490 surveyed sample was not included as they are currently not living with the household and do not contribute to household expenditure and income even they are officially registered in the household record. In addition, another seven households with 27 people were also excluded from the data analysis, including two households with five people in Bu village, one household with six people in Tan Thuan village, three households with 10 people in Tan Hao village and one household with six people in Tan Tai village since these households did not provide adequate of information about their income.

4.3.1 Income

4.3.1.1 Average Household Income The average monthly household income of the 90 surveyed households is 8,872,485 VND, and the average monthly income per capita is 1,878,879 VND (see Table 4.9). The minimum monthly income is recorded in Tan Hao village at 453,333 VND and the maximum monthly income is in Tan Thuan village, 150 million VND. Bu village has the lowest average monthly income per household and per capita with 3,365,333 VND and 619,387 VND respectively. The highest average monthly incomes per household and per capita are recoded in Tan Thuan village, at 15,321,641 VND and 3,404,809 VND respectively.

Table 4.9 Average Monthly Income and Expenditure per Household and per Capita

Average Monthly Income Bu (N=30) Tan Thuan Tan Hao Other (N=1) All Surveyed (N=32) (N=27) Villages (N=90)

Average Monthly Income per 3,365,333 15,321,641 7,480,414 5,300,000 8,872,485 Household (VND)

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Average Monthly Income per 619,387 3,404,809 1,836,102 662,500 1,878,879 Capita (VND)

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Using the multidimensional poverty standard163, the survey results show that the average monthly income per capita of the surveyed households (1,878,879 VND) is well above the national poverty line for poor or near poor households. However, of the 90 households, 29 households have a monthly income per capita below the poverty level for poor households, and eight households have a monthly income per capita in the poverty level for near poor households. Of these 37 households, 22 households are in Bu village, six households in Tan Thuan village, eight households in Tan Hao village, and one in Tan Tien village. Among these 37 households, three households are classified as poor and nine households are categorised as near poor as they are not eligible for at least three basic social services under the multi- dimensional poverty level164. The remaining households have a monthly income per capita below the poverty level but they are not classified as near-poor or poor. In these cases, it might be because they can access more than three basic social services.

4.3.1.2 Household Income by Livelihood When disaggregated by livelihood type, Figure 4.17 shows that enterprise-based livelihoods are the largest contributor to the annual income per household (32.6%) (see Figure 4.17), and its overall contribution is significant in Tan Thuan village (44.7% of the average annual household income of the 32 surveyed households). Wage-based livelihoods are the second main contributor to the annual income per household of the surveyed households (29.9%), and its overall contribution is particularly high in Tan Hao village (42.7% of the average annual household income of the 27 surveyed households). Land-based livelihoods contribute a considerable proportion (29.7%) to the average annual income per household. This is a predominant income source for the 30 surveyed households in Bu village (63.6% of the average annual household income among the 30 surveyed households).

163 According to Government Decision 59/2015/QD-TTg (2015) regarding multidimensional poverty for the period 2016-2020, poverty levels for those living in rural areas are 700,000 VND/month/capita for poor households, and 700,000-1,000,000 VND/month/capita for near poor households. 164 The poverty certificate will be given yearly to households with low income and accessibility to basic social services under national standards as described in Decision 59/2015/QD-TTg which was valid from 1/1/2016. Income norms: (a) Having a monthly per capita income of VND 700,000 or lower for rural areas and VND 900,000 or lower for urban areas; or (b) Having a monthly per capita income of between VND 700,000 and VND 1,000,000 for rural areas and between VND 900,000 and VND 1,300,000 for urban areas, and deprived of at least 3 indicators measuring deprivation of access to basic social services. Norms on deprivation of accessing to basic social services: (c) Basic social services (5 services): health; education; housing; clean water and sanitation; and information; (d) Indicators measuring the level of deprivation of access to basic social services (10 indicators): accessibility to health care services; health insurance; adult education; child school attendance; housing quality; housing area per capita; drinking water supply; hygienic toilet/latrine; use of telecommunication services; and assets for information accessibility.

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7.43%

29.68% Land-based livelihoods

29.88% Water-based livelihoods

Enterprise-based livelihoods 0.44% Wage-based livelihoods

Other sources 32.57%

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.17 Average Annual Household Income by Livelihood It is noted that land-based livelihoods have a high engagement of the surveyed labour force (165 people or 62% of the 266 surveyed working people) but its contribution to the annual household income is not prevailing. The findings may be explained that land-based livelihood requires long-term investment for perennial crops such as acacia and coffee but its income source is fluctuated, depending on the market prices and crop management. In addition, this livelihood aims to meet household food demands from rice cultivation and animal husbandry that are normally not quantified in their household income. Whereas, enterprise-based and wage-based livelihoods help the surveyed households secure their finance regularly. Apart from the three main livelihood types mentioned, water-based livelihoods, specifically catching, make up a modest contribution to the average annual household income, 0.4%. In addition, social allowances, land rental fees or financial support from children together contribute 7.4% to the average annual household income. Households in the surveyed villages report a range of livelihood activities which suggest that diversified strategies are one way of coping with fluctuating income levels.

4.3.2 Expenditure

4.3.2.1 Average Household Expenditure The average monthly household expenditure165 is 7,917,180 VND among the 90 surveyed households, which is slightly below the average monthly household income (8,872,485 VND) (see Table 4.10). Bu village has the lowest average monthly expenditures per household and per capita with 3,759,333 VND and 691,902 VND. The highest average monthly expenditures per household and per capita are 11,700,000 VND and 2,557,850 VND.

165 Over the past 12 months, many households incurred unexpected expenditure, with 20 of the 90 households spending a total 3.1 billion VND on housing renovation or construction, 31 households paying 725.7 million VND for serious medical conditions such as accidents or surgery. Two households using 82 million VND for other expenditures such as a new bicycle, funeral, and cultivation investment. Since these expenditures are unexpected, they are not included in the calculations for average monthly household expenditure.

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Table 4.10 Average Monthly Expenditure per Household and Capita

Average Monthly Expenditure Bu (N=30) Tan Thuan Tan Hao Other (N=1) All Surveyed (N=32) (N=27) Villages (N=90)

Average Monthly Expenditure 3,759,333 11,510,323 8,138,364 11,700,000 7,917,180 per Household (VND)

Average Monthly Expenditure 691,902 2,557,850 1,997,598 1,462,500 1,676,579 per Capita (VND)

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

4.3.2.2 Expenditure Structure ‘Food and daily commodities’ and ‘Daily expenses (Electricity/Energy/Transportation/Communications)’ are the highest housing expenditures surpassing other expenditure items, accounting for 36.6% and 19.4% of the average annual household expense respectively (see Figure 4.18). While ‘Clothing, entertainment and community activities’ and ‘Debt interest payment’ are considerable (17.2%, and 13.3% respectively). Others expenditures occupy a small proportion with 5.4% for education, 4.9% for supporting household members living away, and 3.2% for health care.

3.17% 4.91% Food and daily commodities

5.43% Clothing, entertainment and community activities

36.59% Daily expenses 13.33% (Electricity/Energy/Transportation/Communications) Debt interest payment

Education

Health care 19.40% Support for household members living away 17.16%

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.18 Annual Household Expenditure Structure

4.3.3 Income and Expenditure Balance Among the 90 surveyed households, 41 households have their total income of the last year exceeding their annual expenses. The annual household income surplus range is from 500,000 VND to 1.6 billion VND. The rest of 49 households have an annual income below their annual cost and the annual household income shortage range is from 1.6 million VND to 280 million VND. Of the 49 households with income shortage, 15 households are in Bu village, 20 households in Tan Thuan village, 13 in Tan Hao village, and one household in Tan Tien village. Forty-one households (45.6% of total 90 surveyed households) seek financial supports as their monthly income over the preceding three years did not cover their household expenditure. The remaining 49 households (54.4%) confirmed they do not need any financial supports over the past three years.

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Of the 41 households seeking financial supports, 58.5% (24 households) borrowed money from relatives, 39% (16 households) got financial support from banks, 2.4% (one household) used savings, 2.4% (one household) sold land plots, and 9.8% (four households) received financial supports through Farmer’s Union and Elderly Association loan programs or from acquaintants to cover their shortcomings. It is noted that surveyed households may reach more than one source for financial aids to cover their expenditure over the last three years (see Figure 4.19).

2.44%

2.44% 9.76%

Borrow from relatives Borrow from banks Savings 58.54% Selling land plots 39.02% Others

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.19 Financial Support Sources of the Surveyed Households

4.3.4 Debts The survey findings reveals that debts are reportedly used for children’s education, business investment, and daily expenses. Sixty-eight out of 90 surveyed households (75.6%) are in debts while the remaining 22 households (24.4%) are not. The total amount of loans for the 59 households166 is nearly 6.3 billion VND with the biggest loan at 800 million VND and the smallest at six million VND. An average debt per household is approximately 107 million VND. Of the 68 households with debts, the highest number of households (37 households or 54.4%) had loans from the social policy banks (see Figure 4.20). Another 30 households (44.1%) borrowed money from commercial banks such as the Saigon Thuong Tin Commercial Bank (Sacombank), Vietnam Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Industry and Trade (VietinBank), and Agriculture and Rural Development Bank (Agribank). Seventeen households (25%) had a loan from relatives and one (1.5%) had loans from acquaintants. Three households (4.4%) have debts from other sources such as black credit (one household).

166 It is noticeable that 59 households out of these 68 households have provided detailed information about their debts.

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60.00% 54.41%

50.00% 44.12%

40.00%

30.00% 25.00%

20.00%

10.00% 4.41% 1.47% 0.00% Social policy bank Commercial bank Relatives Other Aquaintants

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.20 Debt Sources of the Surveyed Households

4.4 Land, Housing and Household Assets

4.4.1 Land Ownership The data below analyses the information of 95 households as two households did not provide adequate information related to land plots. The 95 surveyed households own different types of land such as residential land, agricultural land, and forestry land.

4.4.1.1 Residential Land (Including Garden Land) Ninety-five surveyed households, accounting for 100%, own residential and garden land, in which one household in Tan Hao has a rentidential land plot in Thua Thien Hue province (see Table 4.11). The average residential and garden land area per household167 is 1,158 m2, the smallest area is 35 m2 and the largest is 7,500 m2. Eighty-three households (87.4% of the 95 households with residential and garden land) have land use right certificates (LURCs), in which the corresponding figures are 78.1%, 90.3%, and 93.3% in Bu, Tan Thuan, and Tan Hao villages respectively. Of these 83 households with LURCs, five households in Bu village have their parents or relatives named in LURCs. The remaining 12 households do not own a LURC for their residential land.

Table 4.11 Residential and Garden Land Ownership among the Surveyed Households

Villages Number of Households Total Area Average LURC among Surveyed with Residential Land (m2) Area per Households with Residential (including Garden Area) Household Land (including Garden Area) (m2) N % N %

Bu (N=32) 32 100 32,172 1,109 25 78.13

Tan Thuan (N=31) 31 100 40,136 1,338 28 90.32

Tan Hao (N=30) 30 100 29,882 1,030 28 93.33

167 This figure is calculated based on the information of 90 households providing their residential land area. The remaining five households who did not know exactly their land area include three in Bu village, one in Tan Thuan and one in Tan Hao.

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Others (N=2) 2 100 2,061 1,031 2 100

All Surveyed 95 100 104,251 1,158 83 87.37 Villages (N=95)

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

4.4.1.2 Agricultural Land There are 73 households out of 95 households, accounting for 76.8%, owning agricultural land (see Table 4.12). The average agricultural land area per household168 is 18,080 m2, the smallest area is 200m2 and the largest is 83,500m2. In addition, one household in Tan Thuan owns an area of 40,000m2 in A Sin village of Laos. Fifty-five households (75.3% of the 73 households with agricultural land) have LURCs, in which the corresponding figures are 75%, 84.6%, and 66.7% in Bu, Tan Thuan, and Tan Hao villages respectively. One household in Tan Tien having agricultural land plots in Tan Hao village does not have a LURC. Of these 55 households, two households (Bu and Tan Thuan villages) have their parents or relatives named in LURCs and 16 households only have LURCs for a part of their land plots. The remaining 18 households do not own LURCs for their agricultural land.

Table 4.12 Agricultural Land Ownership among the Surveyed Households

Villages Number of Households Total Area Average LURC among Surveyed with Agricultural Land (m2) Area per Households with Household Agricultural Land (m2) N % N %

Bu (N=32) 28 87.50 459,687 16,417 21 75.00

Tan Thuan (N=31) 26 83.87 520,590 20,824 22 84.62

Tan Hao (N=30) 18 60.00 273,410 16,083 12 66.67

Other (N=2) 1 50.00 30,000 30,000 0 0.00

All Surveyed Villages 73 76.84 1,283,687 18,080 55 75.34 (N=95)

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

4.4.1.3 Forestry Land According to household interviews, thirty-one out of 95 surveyed households (32.6%) own forestry land plots with a total area of 622,552m2. The average area of forestry land per household169 is 21,467 m2, the smallest area is 500 m2 and the largest is 100,000 m2. Most of them currently plant banana, cassava, and acacia while the remaining households leave their land plot for other people to cultivate or abandon it due to their age. Of these 31 surveyed households, 19 households (61.3%) have LURCs, in which three households having LURCs named by their relatives and three households only have LURCs for a part of their land plots (see Table 4.13).

168 This figure is calculated based on the information of 71 households providing their agriculture land area. The remaining two households who did not know exactly their land area include one in Tan Thuan and one in Tan Hao. 169 This figure is calculated based on the information of 29 households providing their forestry land area. The remaining two households did not know exactly their land area including one in Bu and one in Tan Thuan.

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Table 4.13 Forestry Land Ownership among the Surveyed Households

Villages Number of Households Total Area Average LURC among Surveyed with Forestry Land (m2) Area per Households with Household Forestry Land (m2) N % N %

Bu (N=32) 11 34.38 120,750 12,075 4 36.36

Tan Thuan (N=31) 11 35.48 365,450 36,545 9 81.82

Tan Hao (N=30) 8 26.67 111,352 13,919 6 75.00

Other (N=2) 1 50.00 25,000 25,000 0 0.00

All Surveyed Villages 31 32.63 622,552 21,467 19 61.29 (N=95)

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

4.4.2 House Ownership and Household Assets

4.4.2.1 House Ownership All of 97 surveyed households privately own their current house, in which one household in Tan Hao village have their house in Thua Thien Hue province. All surveyed households have their households built on residential land and have been living in their house for nearly 20 years on average. The majority of surveyed households own at least one house (90 households or 92.8%). Six households (6.2%) have two houses, and one household (1%) in Tan Tai owns three houses (see Figure 4.21).

1.03%

6.19%

One house

Two houses

Three houses

92.78%

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.21 Number of Houses Owned by the Surveyed Households The typical house design in the surveyed areas is a semi-permanent 170 house and one-storey permanent house, and this design was noted 53 times and 39 times respectively (54.6% and 40.2%).

170 According to the definition of the Ministry of Construction on permanent and semi-permanent houses, there are three criteria to categorise permanent house and semi-permanent house. In particular, permanent house is a house meets all three criteria, and semi-permanent house is a house meets two criteria. The criteria include: (1) Pillar made of materials: concrete, brick/stone, iron/steel/ durable wood; (2) Roof made of materials: concrete, tile (cement, terracotta); (3) Wall made of materials: concrete, brick / stone, wood/metal.

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During household interviews, some households in Bu village own stilt house made of oak woods, woods or bamboo while there is no stilt house recorded in Tan Thuan and Tan Hao villages. There are five surveyed households (5.2%) currently dwelling in non-permanent houses, in which four households live in Bu village (see Figure 4.22 and Figure 4.23).

5.15%

Semi-permanent house

Permanent house with one storey 40.21% Non-permanent house

54.64%

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

Figure 4.22 Different Types of Houses Owned by the Surveyed Households

Non-permanent house Semi-permanent stilt house

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Semi-permanent house One-storey permanent house

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.23 House Types in the Surveyed Villages

4.4.2.2 Household Assets All surveyed households in the surveyed villages are connected to the national electricity grird. The majority of households own basic home appliances (light bulbs, coloured televisions, and rice cookers), communication devices (mobile phones), and transport vehicles (motorbikes) (see Figure 4.24). Apart from basic home equipment, a small number of surveyed households have fridges (55 households or 56.7%), TV cable/satellite radio receivers (43 households or 44.3%), water pumps (27 households or 27.8%), washing machines (16 households or 16.5%), computers (11 households or 11.3%), and radios (three households or 3.1%). Twenty-eight out of the 97 surveyed households (28.9%) use internet service. There is one household in Tan Hao village having solar energy equipment, one in Tan Hao village having air conditioner and one in Tan Tien village having a car. In addition, some household assets are recorded such as water filter, water vapour fan, electric kettle, speaker, and water heater.

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Car 1.03% Air conditioner 1.03% Solar energy equipment 1.03% Radio 3.09% Computer 11.34% Washing machine 16.49% Water pump 27.84% Internet service 28.87% Bicycle 34.02% TV cable & satellite radio receiver 44.33% Fridge 56.70% Rice cooker 76.29% Coloured TV 83.51% Mobile phone/Telephone 85.57% Motorbike 93.81% Bulbs 100.00%

0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00% 120.00%

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.24 Household Asset Items Owned by the Surveyed Households Some surveyed households possess other production facilities including lawn mowers (17 households or 17.5%), pump machines (three households or 3.1%), sewing machine (two households or 2.1%), truck (one household or 1%), and others (pesticide sprayer. truck, metal cutting machine, soldering machine, cultivator, rice grinder, rice thresher, and sawmill machine) (see Figure 4.25).

Lawn mower in Bu village Pesticide sprayer in Bu village

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Cultivator in Bu village Rice thresher in Bu village

Rice grinder in Tan Hao village Truck in Tan Hao village

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.25 Production Facilities Owned by the Surveyed Households

4.4.2.3 Sources of Drinking Water The survey results suggest that surveyed households use more than one source of drinking water including piped water, borehole water, gravity water, underground water, bottled drinking water, spring water, and rain water (see Figure 4.27). Piped and borehole water are considered the main sources of drinking water for most surveyed households, accounting for 28.9% and 20.6% of the total surveyed households respectively. Households in Tan Thuan village mainly use piped water while households in Tan Hao village access borehole water. Seventeen households (17.5%), all in Bu village, use gravity water. Sixteen out of the 97 surveyed households (16.5%) use underground water and 14.4% of surveyed households use bottled drinking water. Four households in Bu village directly use spring water (4.1%) and one household in Tan Hao village use rain water (1%) (see Figure 4.26).

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35.00%

30.00% 28.87%

25.00% 20.62% 20.00% 17.53% 16.49% 14.43% 15.00%

10.00%

4.12% 5.00% 1.03% 0.00% Piped water Borehole water Gravity water Underground Bottled drinking Spring water Rain water water water

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.26 Drinking Water Sources of the Surveyed Households

Gravity tank in Bu village Underground water well in Bu village

Piped water in Tan Hao village Underground water well in Tan Hao village

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

Figure 4.27 Drinking Water Sources in the Surveyed Villages

4.4.2.4 Sources of Cooking Energy Firewood (83.5% or 81 households) is the most popular cooking fuel among the surveyed households (see Figure 4.28). Almost surveyed households in Bu, Tan Thuan and Tan Hao villages use firewood

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(dried tree or wood) as the primary cooking energy which is collected from forests or gardening areas for domestic use (see Figure 4.28 and Figure 4.29). Electricity and gas are commonly used by the surveyed households, mostly in Tan Thuan and Tan Hao villages, accounting to 49.5% and 45.4% respectively. Reportedly, electricity is mainly used for rice cookers or kettles. Apart from the aforementioned popular types of energy, some surveyed households use biogas (20.6%) and only 3.1% of the surveyed households use charcoal for daily cooking activities.

90.00% 83.51%

80.00%

70.00%

60.00% 49.48% 50.00% 45.36%

40.00%

30.00% 20.62% 20.00%

10.00% 3.09% 0.00% Firewood Electricity Gas Bio-gas Coal

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.28 Cooking Energy Sources of the Surveyed Households

Firewood stored under the stilt house in Bu village Firewood for domestic use in Tan Thuan village

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.29 Firewood Use in the Surveyed Villages

4.4.2.5 Toilet Conditions The survey indicates that 54 out of the surveyed households (55.7%) use a toilet with spetic tank, seven households have latrines (7.2%), and four households (4.1%) use a toilet with no septic tank (see Figure 4.30). It is noted that the remaining 32 households (33%) do not have a private toilet which is mostly concentrated in Bu village with 28 surveyed households. Reportedly, there is outside defecation in garden areas, in fields or in the forest, some households share toilets with their relatives or neighbours.

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7.22% 4.12%

32.99% Latrine

Toilet with no septic tank

Toilet with septic tank

No toilet

55.67%

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.30 Toilet Conditions among the Surveyed Households

4.5 Health and Healthcare Issues

4.5.1 Frequency of Local Health Facilities Use The surveyed communes, Tan Lien and Tan Lap have the communal-level health stations that provide first aid and basic treatments such as vaccinations, vitamin provision, maternal healthcare, and medical treatment for common diseases (i.e. colds, headaches, and common flu). Figure 4.31 indicates the most frequently-opted health care establishment by the surveyed households is district/town health centre (59.8%), which is followed by communal health station (41.2%) and provincial/city hospitals (36.1%). Over one-fourth of the surveyed households came to private health establishments for medical treatment, while a relatively small number of households access central hospitals for health problems last year (18.6%). Only one household in Tan Thuan village visit traditional doctors and one household in Bu village self-treat by herbs when having any health issue.

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Other 98.97% 1.03%

Traditional doctors 98.97% 1.03%

6.19% Private health establishment 72.16% 15.46% 6.19%

3.09%

Central hospital 81.44% 14.43% 1.03%

Provincial/city hospital 63.92% 24.74% 6.19% 5.15%

District/town health centre 40.21% 34.02% 17.53% 8.25%

Communal health station 58.76% 25.77% 9.28% 6.19%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

No visit Sometimes Often Very often

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.31 Frequency of Health Facilities Use over 12 Months among the Surveyed Households

4.5.2 Common Diseases Over the last 12 months, many common diseases were reported by the surveyed population including gastritis (3.7% or 18 people), helminthiasis (1.6% or eight people), rickets (1.4%), hypertension (1.4%), traffic accidents (1.4%) and dengue fever (1.2%) (see Figure 4.32). A very small number of cases are recorded with malaria, heart diseases, pneumonia, hepatitis B, stroke, yellow fever, respiratory infection, tuberculosis, labour accidents, diabetes, and cancer. Apart from the diseases listed in the survey, a wider range of health issues are reported such as digestive disorders, disorders of cerebral blood circulation, vestibular disorders, appendix, colitis, polyarthritis, degenerative neck vertebrae, spinal degenerative, arthritis, sciatic nerve, schizophrenia, backache, fever, viral fever, sinusitis, asthma, tonsils, pharyngitis, kidney stones, liver-related diseases, steatosis, rectal tumour, fat tumour, hemorrhoids, low blood pressure, gout, burn disease, eye-related diseases, venereal diseases, and mental illness.

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Cancer 0.20% Diabetes 0.20% Labor accident in construction 0.20% Tuberculosis 0.20% Respiratory infection 0.20% Yellow fever 0.20% Stroke 0.41% Hepatitis B 0.41% Pneumonia 0.61% Heart disease 0.61% Malaria 0.61% Dengue fever 1.22% Hypertension 1.43% Traffic accidents 1.43% Rickets 1.43% Helminthiasis 1.63% Gastritis 3.67%

0.00% 0.50% 1.00% 1.50% 2.00% 2.50% 3.00% 3.50% 4.00%

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.32 Common Diseases over the 12 Months among the Surveyed Population Of the 97 surveyed households, 23 households (23.7%) did not have any health issues over the past 12 months (see Figure 4.33). Whereas, 30 households (30.9%) had at least one health issue, 21 households (21.6%) had two health issues, and ten households (10.3%) had three health issues over the last 12 months. Notably, 13 households in the surveyed villages have more than three health issues, accounting for 13.4%, including ten households with four health issues and three households with five health issues.

13.40% 23.71% Households without any health issues

10.31% Households with one health issue

Households with two health issues

Households with three health issues 21.65% Households with more than three health issues 30.93%

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.33 Health Issues among the Surveyed Households over the Last 12 Months

4.5.3 Alcohol and Tobacco Use Habits There are 10 cases of alcohol abuse, accounting for 2% of the surveyed population, and 42 cases of tobacco addiction, accounting for 8.6% (see Table 4.14). Specifically, the highest number of 18 people in Tan Thuan village are reported to be addicted to tobacco, followed by 13 people in Tan Hao village and nine people in Bu village. It is reported that those who are addicted to tobacco can consume 10 to

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60 cigarette per day. In terms of alcohol abuse, five people overuse alcohol in Tan Thuan village, three people reported in Tan Hao village, and two in Bu village.

Table 4.14 Alcohol and Tobacco Use of the Surveyed Population

Bu (N=175) Tan Thuan Tan Hao (N=139) Others (N=14) All Surveyed (N=162) Villages (N=490)

N % N % N % N % N %

Alcohol abuse 2 1.14 5 3.09 3 2.16 0 0.00 10 2.04

Tobacco 9 5.14 18 11.11 13 9.35 2 14.29 42 8.57 addiction

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

4.5.4 Place of Birth By place of birth, a high proportion of the surveyed households (41 households or 42.3%) select district/town health centre for birth delivery (see Table 4.15). Communal health station is the second popular option by 26 households (26.8%) for giving birth to their youngest members, which is the most popular birth place in the 2000s (10 households or 43.5%). In the period from 2010 to 2019, there was a great shift towards district level health establishments from six households in the 2000s to 34 households in the next decade. Eleven households opt for provincial level health establishments as birth places for their youngest members, accounting for 11.4% and the least popular birth place is central hospital with only one household (1%). Seventeen households giving birth at home are recorded, accounting for 17.5%, including six households in Bu village, six in Tan Thuan village and five in Tan Hao village. By timeframe, before the year 2000, there were eight out of 17 households having members born at home (see Table 4.15). The number of households giving birth at home is decreasing by year with five households in the 2000s and four households during the 2010s. Home birth poses risks on pregnant women and babies; as shared by a male respondent in Bu village, his wife and babies were life-threatened when giving birth at home. He further explained that they did not precisely estimate delivery day and could not access the communal health station due to long distance (around three km) (LL17, male respondent, 50 years old, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020).

Table 4.15 Place of Birth of the Youngest Members Born by Timeframe

Before 2000 2000-2009 2010-1019 All Surveyed Villages

N % N % N % N %

Communal health station 3 21.43 10 43.48 13 21.67 26 26.80

District/town health centre 1 7.14 6 26.09 34 56.67 41 42.27

Provincial/city health centre 1 7.14 1 4.35 9 15.00 11 11.34

Central hospital 0 0.00 1 4.35 0 0.00 1 1.03

At home 8 57.14 5 21.74 4 6.67 17 17.53

Don’t know 1 7.14 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 1.03

All Surveyed Households 14 100.00 23 100.00 60 100.00 97 100.00

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

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4.6 Access to Public Services The survey evaluates the access of surveyed households to public facilities and services including local health stations, schools, roads, electricity supply, water supply, local markets, solid waste collection, and internet services. Overal satisfaction levels to the mentioned topics are presented in Figure 4.34 below:

Internet 71.13% 8.25% 17.53%

Solid waste collection 23.08% 72.31%

Markets 21.66% 56.70% 16.49%

Water supply 17.50% 42.30% 40.20%

Electricity supply 30.90% 65.00%

Local roads 23.70% 30.90% 45.40%

Local schools 22.68% 39.18% 31.96%

Health care service 23.71% 42.27% 30.93%

0.00% 10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%80.00%90.00%100.00%

No opinion Bad and Very bad Satisfied Good and Very good

Figure 4.34 Level of Satisfaction of Surveyed Households towards Public Infrastructure and Services

Commune Health Stations Overall, more than two-thirds of surveyed respondents showed their satisfaction with the commune health clinic as “Satisfied” and “Good and very good”, in terms of the overall quality, staff attitude, medicine, working hour, and medical equipment. A considerable number of the surveyed respondents did not give an evaluation to the quality of health station as they did not visit this establishment or had a low demand of health care during last year. A very limited number of surveyed households are dissatisfied with equipment (5.2%) and medicine (3.1%) available in the communal health stations. Due to limited sources of medicine, medical equipment and staff, the communal health stations only provide basic health care and treatment such as vaccination, vitamin provision and common diseases (cough, fever, flu, headache, or blood pressure check) while serious health issues are transferred to higher-level health establishments. Surveyed respondents see a need for better medicine, medical equipment, and more qualified doctors at the communal health stations. We sometimes visit Tan Lap health station to get medicines for common flu. In case of serious illness, we will go to Khe Sanh hospital (LL12, female respondent, 38 years old, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020). It is noted during household interviews and FGD in Bu village that some households have their health treated by a traditional healer (thầy mo). The traditional healer treats patients with broken/dislocated arms or legs by blowing wine on pained arms or legs. He uses herbals (tree leaves and roots) for patients with problems related to liver, colon, and kidney. As shared by a female respondent in the FGD with Van Kieu ethnic group, she had a liver-related disease but her health did not make any progress when being treating in the district hospital. She then visited a traditional healer and took herbals. Her health has been better now. The traditional healer not only treat patients in the village but a lot of people,

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even Kinh people, from other communes and other big cities (Ho Chi Minh and Ha Noi city) visit him for health treatment (FGD, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 8th May 2020).

Local Schools The education system of the surveyed communes includes kindergarten, primary, and lower secondary education levels. For a higher education level, pupils have to attend the district upper secondary school. Tan Lap kindergarten and primary school have campuses in Bu village for convenient access to schooling while the communal lower secondary school are two km away from the village (KII, male respondent, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020). A high proportion of surveyed respondents ranked the predetermined criteria of local schools as ‘satisfied’ and ‘good and very good’, including school surrounding (83.5%), classrooms (77.3%), teacher quality (74.2%), and facilities (71.1%). Apart from compliments about local schools, some recommendations are recorded during interviews including rebuilding local schools, upgrading infrastructure (fences, playgrounds and toilets), improving school surrounding, and supplying diverse teaching equipment.

Local Roads Forty-four out of the 97 surveyed respondents, accounting for 45.4%, express their satisfaction with local roads and 30 surveyed respondents (30.9%) rank local roads as ‘good and very good’. The remaining twenty-three respondents, accounting for 23.7%, are dissatisfied with the conditions of local roads. The proportion of local roads concreted is different among the surveyed villages (KIIs, male respondents, Bu, Tan Thuan and Tan Hao village, 6th-8th May 2020). In Bu village, only 30% of local roads are concreted and improved under the implementation of the Program 135 while the remaining roads have not yet been covered with concrete and degraded with potholes which make commuting more difficult in the rainy season. Meanwhile, 80% of the local roads in Tan Thuan village have been concreted. In Tan Hao village, local roads are mostly concreted and in good conditions but roads to cultivation areas have not been invested (FGD, agriculture group, Tan Hao village, 8th May 2020). Upgrading and expanding local roads need to be continuously maintained as mentioned by most of the surveyed respondents. In addition, the installation of street lighting system would help local commuting easier and more convenient.

A section of concreted road in Bu village A section of non-concreted road in Tan Thuan village

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.35 Local Roads in the Surveyed Villages

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Electricity Supply All surveyed households are connected to the national electricity grid. Of the 97 households accessing the national grid, 30.9% are satisfied with electricity supply and 65% evaluate it as ‘good and very good’ while some (4.1% of the surveyed respondents) are dissatisfied with power weakness and high electricity price.

Water Supply Almost surveyed respondents evaluate water supply as ‘satisfied’ and ‘good and very good’, accounting for 42.3% (41 households) and 40.2% (39 households) respectively. Meanwhile, 17 households of the sample (17.5%) are displeased with the water quality, degraded water supply system and shortage of water supply during the dry season. In Bu village, a gravity water supply system was invested in 1999. There are nine water tanks in the village and each tank is used by every ten households. Each household pays 10,000 VND per month for water supply system maintenance. However, as evaluated by the village head, the gravity water supply system does not operate well because of degraded water pipelines, water tanks and filter tanks. In addition, the operation design of gravity water supply system is not really effective when water tanks in high locations do not provide enough water for the local. These households have to fetch water from other tanks in lower locations by motorbike (KII, male respondent, Van Kieu ethnic people, Bu village, 6th May 2020). Water quality is reported as good; however agricultural activities with pesticides and their residues have recently affected the water quality. From March to May, water shortage becomes serious. Some households in Bu village switch to use bottled drinking water or underground well. The village sent a request to the commune People’s Committee for constructing two bore wells and got an approval from the local authorities (KII, male respondent, Van Kieu ethnic people, Bu village, 6th May 2020). Surveyed villagers shared the same opinions as their village head: Water tanks are degraded and water quality is poor and usually in shortage. We have to buy bottled drinking water. Those who cannot afford bottled drinking water can share bore water sources of other households in the village (LL12, female respondent, 38 years old, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020). Currently, water source is polluted due to the use of herbicides from banana farming in the upstream. In addition, the village now is in water shortage. The village should build boreholes to supply clean water for households (LL23, male respondent, 26 years old, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020). Some respondents who are not satisfied with current water supply in Tan Thuan and Tan Hao villages shared that the unstable water supply also happens in dry season and the water is not clean, regardless of piped water or ground water. There is a dam in Tan Hao village where people can get water for daily activities but now there is no more water due to drought (LL69, female respondent, 70 years old, Kinh ethnic group, Tan Hao village, 7th May 2020). Piped water is not clean, sometimes its color is opaque white (LL55, male respondent, 66 years old, Kinh ethnic group, Tan Thuan village, 7th May 2020).

Markets Markets are available at the surveyed communes which meet local needs for food and daily necessities. For higher level shopping needs, people go to big markets in Khe Sanh township. In Tan Thuan and Bu villages, the locals go to Tan Lap market for daily shopping, which is about one km from the village and the residents in Tan Hao village go to Tan Lien market which is far away two km. In addition, local people can buy daily food from mobile goods vendors.

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56.7% of the surveyed respondents are satisfied with the local markets and 16.5% of the respondents rank local markets as good. Meanwhile, 21 households (21.7%) are dissatisfied with the local markets due to high price, low hygiene, and small space. These respondents recommend that local markets should be expanded and re-arranged. In addition, the local markets should take measures against encroachment status which causes disorder. The remaining five respondents did not give an evaluation to local markets due to limited visit to markets.

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.36 Markets in Tan Lap Commune (left) and Tan Lien Commune (right)

Solid Waste Collection All 32 surveyed households in Bu village did not give an evaluation of the solid waste collection as there is no official waste management system in their residential areas. They treat their domestic waste by burning in the forest or landfilling in the garden. Some households complained that local environment is not hygienic with a lot of waste. Waste collection service is a need to the locals in the village. In Tan Hao and Tan Thuan villages, solid waste is collected once a week and each household pays a monthly fee of 15,000 VND for this service. Fourty-seven households or 72.3% evaluate the current waste collection services as ‘good and very good’ and fifteen households or 23.1% show their satisfaction with solid waste services. Meanwhile, only one household is not satisfied with the service and gives suggestion to increase the frequency of waste collection service. The remaining two households (3.1%) did not evaluate the service quality.

Internet Service Sixty-nine surveyed households, accounting for 71.1%, did not give an evaluation of the service because they may not use internet services or pay little attention to this service. Of the 28 surveyed households with access to the internet service, 17 households or 17.5% rank its quality as ‘good and very good’ and eight households (8.3%) are satisfied with it. A very few number of households (three households or 3.1%) show their dissatisfaction with the current internet services.

4.7 Gender Relations and Vulnerability Description

4.7.1 Gender Relations There is no profound gender differentiation among surveyed Kinh households in Tan Thuan and Tan Hao villages in terms of labour division in household work and community affairs. Both women and men share housework, children care, and income generation activities. Since men are physically stronger and can undertake heavy work, their day labor wage is higher than women’s wage. In general, women and men discuss to make decisions on household related issues; however men have the right

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to make final decisions because they are regarded to be main labors and more thoughtful than their counterparts (FGD, women group, Kinh ethnic group, Tan Thuan, 7th May 2020). Positive changes in gender relations are observed in Van Kieu communities, as shared by Van Kieu group via the FGD in Bu village. Previously, men used to have multiple concubines (but monogamy is strongly maintained in Van Kieu family nowadays). Women were not allowed to sit with men during meals but they now share the same table. Women took charge of all work related to taking care of children, doing all the chores and doing crop production while men spent time for resting, drinking or going out after their farming work. Men did not share with women in housework because they were afraid to be judged as being “inferior to wife” or “lost face”. In recent years, however, a shared responsibility between men and women in housework has been observed in many households in Bu village. This is more obviously found among Protestant people who follow Bible teachings on gender respect and equality. Women are increasingly respected in their household and community.

4.7.2 Vulnerability Groups

4.7.2.1 Overview Vulnerable households are defined as meeting at least one of the following criteria:

 Poor and near-poor households certified by the Government;

 Households with orphans/abandoned children;

 Households of elderly people above the age of 60 living alone;

 Households with elderly people over 80 without social welfare or insurance;

 Households with physically disabled members;

 Households with mentally disabled members who are unable to work;

 Households with members with HIV/AIDs and unable to work;

 Households with a single parent in a poor household who are raising children under the age of 16, or children aged 16-18 and attending school;

 Households with an illiterate breadwinner; and

 Female-headed households. Twenty-nine out of 97 surveyed households (29.9%) have been identified as vulnerable while 70.1% of the surveyed households are not. These 29 vulnerable households consist of 147 members. Bu village has the highest number of vulnerable households, 18 households with 102 people (see Figure 4.37).

120 102 100

80

60

40 31 18 20 14 8 3 0 Bu village Tan Thuan village Tan Hao village

Number of vulnerable households Population of vulnerable households

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.37 Vulnerable Households among the Surveyed Villages

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4.7.2.2 Multiple Vulnerability Surveyed households in the vulnerable group could match more than one vulnerability criteria. Of the 29 vulnerable households, there are 24 households categorised as one vulnerability (82.8%). Three out of the 29 households have two vulnerabilities (10.3%) and two households in Bu and Tan Hao villages (6.9%) have three vulnerabilities (see Figure 4.38).

6.90%

10.34%

Households with one vulnerability

Households with two vulnerabilities

Households with three vulnerabilities

82.76%

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.38 Multiple Vulnerability of Surveyed Households

4.7.2.3 Vulnerability Category Among the 29 vulnerable households, eleven households (37.9%) are recognised as near poor and this is the highest category (see Figure 4.39). Eight out of 29 vulnerable households have an illiterate bread- winner (27.6%). Six households (20.7%) are classified as poor. Six households have family members with physical disabilities, accounting for 20.7% and all these households are entitled to receive a monthly social allowance of 400,000 - 500,000 VND. Two households (6.9%), with a family member who is mentally disabled and cannot work, are listed as vulnerable and eligible for social allowance (270,000 VND - 540,000 VND per month for each). In addition, other three vulnerable households include a female-headed household, a household with elderly person above the age of 60 years old living alone and a household with elderly person from 80 years old without social allowance or insurance.

Households with elderly person from 80 years old without social 3.45% allowance

Households with elderly person aged over 60 years living alone 3.45%

Female-headed households 3.45%

Households with mentally disabled people 6.90%

Households with physically disabled people 20.69%

Poor households 20.69%

Households with illiterate main labor 27.59%

Near poor households 37.93%

0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00% 35.00% 40.00%

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.39 Vulnerable Households by Category

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4.7.2.4 Income Structure of Vulnerable Households Among the 29 vulnerable households, the average monthly income171 per household and per capita are 4,053,429 VND and 752,780 VND respectively. In terms of household economic structure, land- based and wage-based livelihoods are the main sources of the average annual household income, accounting for 42.1% and 33% respectively (see Figure 4.40). For these households, social allowance and financial support from children or relatives contribute to 16.9% of the annual household income. Enterprise-based livelihoods only account for approximately 8.0%.

16.94%

Land-based livelihoods 7.97% 42.07% Wage-based livelihoods

Enterprise-based livelihoods

Other sources 33.02%

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.40 Income Sources of Vulnerable Households

4.7.2.5 Support Circles of Vulnerable Households In terms of circles of support, the most important groups for vulnerable group are family members and relatives (see Figure 4.41). Neighbors, local authorities, Women’s Union, and Farmer’s Union are identified as a second order circle of support. Banks are as the third order circle of support (FGD, vulnerable group, Kinh ethnic group, Tan Hao village, 8th May 2020). Bu village as an extremely difficult village, where 18 out of 29 surveyed vulnerable households are residing in, is entitled to free health insurance, school tuition and supports from the Program 135 (KII, male respondent, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020). The vulnerable groups also receive in-kind supports such as rice, instant noodles, and other daily necessities from charity organizations and individuals and sometimes financial support from local mass organizations.

171 The average monthly income per household and per capita were based on the data of 26 vulnerable households with 140 people as three households could not provide adequate information about income sources.

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Source: FGD conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.41 Circles of Support by Vulnerable Group

4.8 Local Perceptions about their Well-being Fifty-one interviewed households or 52.6% of the 97 surveyed households have the contentment to their living conditions. Meanwhile, the remaining 46 households (47.4%) are dissatisfied with their lives because of vulnerability status, unaffordability of daily living costs, debts, parental pressures, housing conditions, and health problems. All respondents in the FGDs were requested to show their satisfaction level towards different specific aspects of their life, on a scale of 0 to 10 (zero means ‘totally dissatisfied’ and 10 means ‘completely satisfied’) (see Table 4.16). The participants highly evaluate local security, interpersonal relations and community cohesion. They are dissatisfied with their time allocation for their hobby, current health, current living standards, and life achievement. In addition, environment is a concern to Bu villagers because of water pollution and indiscriminate littering.

Table 4.16 Well-Being Ranking by FGD Group

Aspects of Well-being Ranking Score

Van Kieu Ethnic Vulnerable Group All Groups Minority Group

How satisfied are you with your family current 7.50 4.10 5.80 standard of living?

How satisfied are you with your health? 7.30 5.30 6.30

How satisfied are you with what you are achieving in 7.20 5.00 6.10 life?

How satisfied are you with your personal relations? 8.50 10.00 9.25

How satisfied are you with your local security? 8.00 10.00 10.00

How satisfied are you with feeling part of your 9.00 10.00 9.50 community?

How satisfied are you with the quality of your local 6.90 10.00 8.45 environment?

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How satisfied are you with time allocation for a 6.00 5.80 5.90 hobby?

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

4.9 Land Acquisition and Livelihood Restoration Strategy This section discusses the land acquisition process and affected households’ perceptions to the Project’s impacts. Local recommendations for livelihood restoration are also presented. The analysis sample consists of 71 households who are listed as affected by land acquisition for the Project implementation, including 31 households from Bu village, 25 from Tan Thuan village, 13 from Tan Hao village, one from Tan Tai village, and one from Tan Tien village.

4.9.1 Land Acquisition Process

4.9.1.1 Land Acquisition Consultations Community consultations on land acquisition were organised with the participation of related stakeholders including local authorities, Project representatives, and land affected households. These community meetings were taken place from early 2020 to April 2020. Thirty-three out of 71 surveyed households (46.5%) stated that they attended the community consultations while the remaining 38 households did not participate in any meetings, accounting for 53.5% (see Table 4.17). By residence, a large proportion of affected households in Tan Hao village (84.6% of the 13 affected households) did join land acquisition consultation meetings while up to 71% of the 31 surveyed Bu villagers did not.

Table 4.17 Participation of the Surveyed Households in Community Consultation

Response Bu (N=31) Tan Thuan (N=25) Tan Hao (N=13) Others (N=2) All Surveyed Villages (N=71)

N % N % N % N % N %

Yes 9 29.03 12 48.00 11 84.62 1 50.00 33 46.48

No 22 70.97 13 52.00 2 15.38 1 50.00 38 53.52

Total 31 100.00 25 100.00 13 100.00 2 100.00 71 100.00

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

4.9.1.2 Inventory of Loss (IoL) and Detailed Measurement Survey (DMS) Eighteen households (25.4% of the 71 affected households) involved in the Inventory of Loss (IoL) and Detailed Measurement Survey (DMS) by the local authorities and the Project representatives from early 2020 till May 2020. Among these 18 households, some households in Bu, Tan Thuan and Tan Hao villages reported that they counted their trees on land plots acquired but not involving in land measurement. Land measurement survey was carried out last month. We only counted the number of trees affected by land acquisition but did not participate in the land measurement process (LL16, male respondent, 31 years old, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020). We participated in the community meeting and received information about the Project. During the land measurement survey, we only counted trees because our affected land was pre-measured (LL37, female respondent, 49 years old, Kinh ethnic group, Tan Thuan village, 7th May 2020). We went with the Project team and the local authorities to visit our affected land plots once for identifying the location of land acquired but we did not

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participate in the land measurement process (LL71, male respondent, Kinh ethnic group, Tan Hao village, 7th May 2020). Apart from 26 households (36.6%) who did not provide any information about land measurement survey, 38% of respondents (27 respondents) confirmed that they did not participate in any survey on their affected land. They include 12 households in Bu village, nine in Tan Thuan village, five in Tan Hao village, and one in Tan Tai village. Households not involved in land measurement surveys said that the land measurement minutes were handed by the village head and requested for signing. They were advised that they could make any response about land acquisition to the Project through the village head. We did not involve in the land measurement surveys but received a measurement minutes for signing in (LL18, male respondent, 43 years old Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020). We were informed that our land will be acquired over one ha even when we did not participate in any measurement survey (LL34, male respondent, 39 years old, Kinh ethnic group, Tan Thuan village, 7th May 2020). The land measurement survey was carried out without our participation. We only received an inventory minutes for confirmation and were told that if we have any concerns related to this minutes, we can respond the Project team via the village head (LL68, male respondent, 68 years old, Kinh ethnic group, Tan Hao village, 7th May 2020). Sixty-five out of 71 affected households (91.6%) signed the IoL & DMS minutes while four households (5.6%) refused to sign in, one household in Tan Hao village (1.4%) did not receive any minutes even though they already participated in the land measurement and survey, and one household in Bu village (1.4%) did not have any information about the minutes signing (see Figure 4.42). It is noted that one household in Tan Thuan village explained that they have not signed in the minutes because road construction by the Project might affect to their house yard. Of the 71 land affected households, only five households (7%) show their satisfaction towards the land measurement process and 24 households (33.8%) express their dissatisfaction with the process. The reasons might include differences between the actual number of trees and land area and what is officially described in the minutes, limited participation of affected households in the land survey, and insufficient information related to the Project. Forty-two households (59.2%) did not give their evaluation toward the land measurement survey process.

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DMS signing status Satisfaction with DMS process 1% 1% 6%

34%

92% 59%

7%

Signed DMS minutes Not signed DMS minutes Not received DMS minute for signing No informatin No evaluation Satisfied Dissatisfied

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.42 Perceptions of AHs towards DMS process

4.9.1.3 Compensation Eligibility Sixty-nine out of the 71 affected households (97.2%) reported that they are entitled to compensation for land and land-associated assets affected. Two households (2.8%) in Tan Thuan village do not know about their eligibility for compensation. Eight households (11.3% of the 71 affected households) have received the land compensation, including three households in Bu village, four in Tan Hao village, and one household in Tan Tien village. Of these eight households, four households showed their satisfaction to the compensation price and one household in Bu village did not show any opinion during the household interview. Three households are dissatisfied with low compensation for acquired land (one in Bu village and two in Tan Thuan village). I did not involve in any negotiation with the Project about compensation prices for land and trees affected. What I knew is general information as total compensation amount, land area acquired, and the number of affected trees. In addition, I did not have any opportunity to raise my opinions related to land acquisition and compensation. Eventually, I accepted and received compensation for land loss and did not directly show any complains to the Project (LL01, male respondent, 47 years old, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020). A high proportion of the affected households (63 households or 88.7%) have not received compensation from the Project. It is noted that 28 out of the 31 affected households in Bu village did not receive compensation (see Table 4.18). As shared by a male respondent in Bu village, he wants to get higher compensation because his land is everything to his family (LL20, male respondent, 40 years old, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020).

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Table 4.18 Land Compensation Payment Received by Affected Households

Response Bu (N=31) Tan Thuan Tan Hao (N=13) Others (N=2) All surveyed (N=25) villages (N=71)

N % N % N % N % N %

Have already 3 9.68 0 0.00 4 30.77 1 50.00 8 11.27 recieved money

Have not 28 90.32 25 100.00 9 69.23 1 50.00 63 88.73 recieved money yet

Total 31 100.00 25 100.00 13 100.00 2 100.00 71 100.00

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

4.9.1.4 Land Grievances All affected households did not fill any petition related to land acquisition at the time of the research survey. One household in Bu village reported that they may do it in case of unreasonable compensation (LL06, male respondent, 24 years old, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020). 4.9.1.5 Changes after Land Measurement Survey Sixty-eight households, accounting for 97.1% of surveyed affected households, reported that there is no change related to household population and assets since the latest land measurement. However, two households in Bu village (2.9%) planted more cassava and acacia trees on the acquired land.

4.9.2 Perceived Impacts from Land Acquisition

4.9.2.1 Land Acquired Twenty-six out of the 68 affected households172 (38.2%) have land acquired of less than 10% of their production land area (see Figure 4.43). They include six households in Bu village, 15 households in Tan Thuan village, three households in Tan Hao village, and two households in Tan Tien and Tan Tai villages. While 34 households with 175 people (50%) have a land loss of 10%-90% of their land area, in which 19 households reside in Bu village. Six households (8.8%) have land loss of more than 90% of their production land, including four households in Bu village, one in Tan Thuan village, and one in Tan Hao village. Other two households (3%) in Tan Thuan village reported no production land loss but they have residential land plots acquired less than 10% of total land. Sixty-six households (97.1%) confirmed that their residential land plots are not affected by the Project. No physical displacement is recorded among the 68 affected households.

172 There are three households (two in Bu village and one Tan Thuan village) did not know information related to their production land area acquired for the Project. A total of 68 households was included in the data analysis.

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3%

9% Less than 10%

38% From 10 - 90%

Over 90%

50% No production land acquired

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.43 Production Land Loss of Surveyed Households

4.9.2.2 Impacts on Livelihoods Forty out of the 68 affected household173 (58.8%) reported that their livelihoods are affected by the Project, including 23 households in Bu village, 11 households in Tan Thuan village, and six households in Tan Hao village. Livelihoods of other 27 households (39.7%) are not affected by the Project with the majority of 13 households in Tan Thuan village. One household in Bu village (1.5%) do not know whether the Project affects their livelihoods or not (see Table 4.19).

Table 4.19 Livelihood Impacts by the Project

Response Bu village (N=29) Tan Thuan Tan Hao (N=13) Others (N=2) All Surveyed (N=24) Villages (N=68)

N % N % N % N % N %

Yes 23 79.31 11 45.83 6 46.15 0 0.00 40 58.82

No 5 17.24 13 54.17 7 53.85 2 100.00 27 39.71

Don’t know 1 3.45 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 1.47

Total 29 100.00 24 100.00 13 100.00 2 100.00 68 100.00

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Eleven out of the 40 households174 with livelihoods affected by the Project (27.5%) thought that the Project impacts are insignificant on their livelihoods. Twenty-two households (55%) evaluated the Project impacts to their livelihoods as minimal. Seven households (17.5%) found the impact of land acquisition significant and they may change their livelihoods (see Figure 4.44).

173 There are three households (two in Bu village and one Tan Thuan village) did not know information related their production land area acquired for the Project. A total of 68 households was included in the data analysis. 174 The 40 households with livelihoods affected by the Project evaluated the extent of the impacts by following level: (1) insignificant (Housholds do not see any significant impact from land acquisition and they continue and maintain their current livelihoods); (2) minimal (Housholds continue their current work but need some further support; and (3) significant (Households cannot continue their current work due to the land acquisition).

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17.50% 27.50% Not significant

Minimal

Significant

55.00%

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.44 Perceived Impact Significance on Household Livelihoods

4.9.3 Livelihood Restoration Strategies

4.9.3.1 Current Livelihood Challenges As discussed in Section 4.9.2.2, 40 land affected households have livelihoods affected by land acquisition. Twenty-seven out of the 40 households (67.5%) revealed that they are struggling with their current livelihoods. Main challenges include inadequate production land, reduced cultivation production, unfavorable weather conditions, shortage of agricultural investment, insufficient water supply, fluctuated agricultural product price, unstable occupation, and health (see Table 4.20). Most of the affected surveyed households do not know how to deal with their difficulties so they tolerate those challenges by a business as usual approach.

Table 4.20 Current Livelihood Challenges of Affected Households

Challenges Number of Household Interview Notes Affected Households

Reduced production 6 It will be difficult for us to keep cultivating on the remaining land after the land land acquisition due to the reduction of land area and long distance from residence to production area (LL16, male respondent, 31 years old, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020).

Declined cultivation 5 We worry that land acquisition may affect our productivity (LL20, male production respondent, 40 years old, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020).

Unfavorable weather 3 Our agricultural cultivation has not ever been being easy when we have to conditions work under harsh weather conditions such as high temperature, hot and dry southwest winds, and drought (LL73, male respondent, 49 years old, Kinh ethnic group, Tan Hao village, 7th May 2020).

Shortage of 3 Coffee planting requires a considerable investment in fertilizers and production capital seedling that are unaffordable to us (LL31, male respondent, 39 years old, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020).

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Inadequacy of water 3 Water for domestic use and production activities is always in shortage supply (LL11, male respondent, 47 years old, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020).

Fluctuated 3 The market price for agricultural products is fluctuated that directly affects agricultural product my household income (LL25, male respondent, 25 years old, Van Kieu price ethnic group, Bu village, 6th May 2020).

Unstable occupation 3 Unsteady income from agricultural production and aquaculture does not cover our expenses and debts. I do not have any solutions to my current situation (LL35, male respondent, 49 years old, Kinh ethnic group, Tan Thuan village, 7th May 2020). Banana cultivation may not be maintained when a considerable proportion of our land will be acquired for the Project. Livelihood switch is inevitable to secure household living (LL36, male respondent, 51 years old, Kinh ethnic group, Tan Thuan village, 7th May 2020).

Health 1 Agricultural production requires manual labor while our health conditions are decreasing. We need to try different crops that are less labor- consuming (LL40, male respondent, 49 years old, Kinh ethnic group, Tan Thuan village, 7th May 2020).

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

4.9.3.2 Livelihood Changes Of seven affected households whose livelihoods might be significantly affected by the Project, six households (85.7%) in Bu village do not want to change their current occupation. They want to maintain by further investing in their current land-based livelihoods such as forestation, aquaculture, and animal husbandry. They expect to gain husbandry and C-level driving skills and receive fingerling support. Meanwhile, one farming household in Tan Hao village (14.3%) wants to set up their own business and they has prepared for this livelihood change by investing in a small truck.

4.9.3.3 Use of Compensation Sixty out of 71 land affected households shared their plans to use compensation by land acquisition while eleven households have no specific plan to use the money. In the FGD with agriculture group in Bu village, Van Kieu participants acknowledged that land compensation will be an opportunity for them to improve livelihood development and enhance living standards if an effective plan of land cash use is made (FGD, agriculture group, Van Kieu ethnic group, Bu village, 8th May 2020). Purchasing new cultivation land is the first priority plan among the land affected households after receiving compensation (19 households or 31.7% of the 60 households) (see Figure 4.45). Some households have a plan to use compensation for developing new business (6.7%), purchasing new production equipment (5%), and opening a bank saving account (3.3%). Paying debts, husbandry development, house renovation and children’s education support are also aimed by a considerable number of affected households (28.3%, 16.7%, 11.7% and 1.7% respectively) and FGD female participants in Tan Thuan village.

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Support for children 1.67%

Bank saving 3.33%

Investment in production equipment 5.00%

Investment in small business 6.67%

Educational investment 6.67%

House building or renovation 11.67%

Investment in cultivation 13.33%

Covering household expenditure 13.33%

Investment in animal husbandry 16.67%

Paying debts 28.33%

Buying cultivation land 31.67%

0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00% 35.00%

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.45 Use of Compensation by the Land Affected Households

4.9.3.4 Concerns and Needs of Land Affected Households Concerns about the Project development are recorded through interviews and FGDs including land loss, livelihood, architectural works, health, and environment (see Table 4.21). Affected Van Kieu households expressed their expectation towards the Project that community consultation on land acquisition needs to be organised to inform them about the Project implementation via oral and visual presentation methods. Reasonable compensation and employment opportunities for the locals, especially young labourers, are recommended by affected Kinh households.

Table 4.21 Concerns of Affected Households

Concerns Details

Land loss Land is considered as an important property because their income source is land-based. Land is not only for agricultural cultivation but also an asset for our children’s livelihood development (LL07, male respondent, 42 years old, Bu village, 6th May 2020). For some illiterate households, getting an alternative livelihood other than land-based livelihood is a challenge (LL12, female respondent, 38 years old, Bu village, 6th May 2020).

Livelihoods Land-based livelihoods are affected due to land acquisition, resulting in unsecure domestic food, decreased agricultural production, and an increase in unemployment rate. Cultivation on the remaining land after land acquisition becomes more difficult due to scattered land separation (LL81, female respondent, 39 years old, Tan Hao village, 7th May 2020).

Architectural Land acquisition for the Project development may affect roads, bridges, and graves. The works increase of construction material transportation may result in road and bridge degradation.

Health The operation of wind turbines may affect local people’s health (LL01, male respondent, 47 years old, Bu village, 6th May 2020).

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Environment Land erosion, dust and noise during the Project construction may affect local living.

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 According to the survey with local households, KIIs, the FGDs with local groups in the surveyed areas, Table 4.22 below presents the needs for community development including livelihood development, employment opportunities, and infrastructure improvementt in the surveyed villages and local recommendations for the Project.

Table 4.22 Local Needs and Recommendations

Villages Needs for Community Recommendations for the Project Development

Bu village Local infrastructure comprising of Project information related to implementation time and the construction of a football court progress and compensation policies needs to be fully updated and improvement of the current to the locals through community consultations. gravity water supply system Vocational training helps affected households in work switch needs to be taken into after land acquisition. consideration. Broadening employment possibilities is a focal need. Crop diversification for cultivation communities needs to be promoted.

Tan Thuan General health check-ups are Land measurement survey should be undertaken with the village provided to women. participation of the affected households. Compensation prices for land and trees need to be reasonably considered. The Project should inform the locals about the implementation time so that local people can make plans for their cultivation activities. Mitigation strategies to land erosion caused by the Project construction should be taken. More job opportunities are offered to local people, especially women. Roads constructed during the Project implementation may be handed over for local use.

Tan Hao Local infrastructure such as inter- Direct dialogues between the Project and affected households village village roads and street lighting should be more productive for mutual understanding. system needs to be reinforced. Working with affected households during land acquisition Water supply for agricultural requires flexibility to gain agreement between the Project and production and domestic use the locals. needs to be improved. Public meeting will help the locals and the Project share the same understanding and reach agreement. Employment needs to be prioritized for the locals.

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020

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4.10 Local Perceptions about the Project

4.10.1 Project Acknowledgement Most of surveyed respondents (92 respondents or 94.9%) have heard about the Project since September 2019 while only five respondents (5.1%) do not know about the Project. Of these five respondents, there are four respondents in Tan Hao village and one in Bu village. Surveyed respondents may reach more than one information source. Most of the 92 respondents who know about the Project receive information from the local authorities (37 respondents or 40.2%), from relatives or neighbors (26 respondents or 28.3%) and from the Project staff during the process of land survey (25 respondents or 27.2%). Twelve respondents (13%) approach the Project information through other sources such as the Internet, leaflets, and the Project surveys. One respondent in Tan Hao village know about the Project as he is working for the Project. Other eight respondents hear about the Project via the Project owners during the process of environment impact assessment (8.7%) (see Figure 4.46).

45.00% 40.22% 40.00%

35.00%

30.00% 28.26% 27.17% 25.00%

20.00%

15.00% 13.04% 8.70% 10.00%

5.00%

0.00% Local authorities Relatives/Neigbors Project staff during Others Project owners during the process of land the process of measurement environment impact assessment

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.46 Project Information Channels Fifty-four out of the 92 surveyed respondents want to get further information about the Project: Project description (65.5%), Project impacts (54.6%), Project impact mitigation strategies (41.8%), and compensation policies (23.6%) (see Figure 4.47). Surveyed respondents have more than one request for further Project-related information.

70.00% 65.45%

60.00% 54.55%

50.00% 41.82% 40.00%

30.00% 23.64% 20.00%

10.00%

0.00% Project description Project impacts Impact mitigation strategies Compensation information

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.47 Further Request for Project Information

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4.10.2 Local Concerns Relating to the Project Development

4.10.2.1 Impacts on Surveyed Households All 97 surveyed participants responded when being asked how the Project would impact to their households. Sixty-nine respondents (71.1%) who are mostly affected by land acquisition, mentioned that their production land may be affected and 31 respondents (or 32%) say that the Project will impact their livelihood or income in the future. In addition, surveyed respondents shared the Project may affect their residential land (nine respondents or 9.3%) and architectural works (three respondents or 3.1%). Other 14 respondents (14.4%) not affected by land acquisition asserted that there are no impacts from the Project on their current living. Two respondents (2.1%) though that the Project would have other impacts on health and landslides during the Project construction. It is noticeable that surveyed respondents can identify more than one impacts from the Project (see Figure 4.48)

80.00% 71.13% 70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00% 31.96% 30.00%

20.00% 14.43% 9.28% 10.00% 3.09% 2.06% 0.00% Production land Livelihood/ No impact Residential land Architectural Others Income works

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.48 Features Affected by the Project

4.10.2.2 Other Concerns Relating to the Project Development The majority of surveyed households (77 households or 79.4%) have concerns toward the Project implementation, and the remaining 20 households (20.6%) respond that they do have any opinion about the Project. A high proportion of 77 surveyed households concerns about household livelihoods (37 households or 48.1%) and land loss (32 households or 41.6%). Land is considered as an important property for surveyed households. For them, land is not only for agricultural cultivation that brings income and domestic food to households, but also provides long-term livelihood for their future generation. In addition, health (eight households or 10.4%), environment (eight households or 10.4%), job opportunities (two households or 2.6%), and resettlement (one household or 1.3%) are concerned by surveyed households (see Figure 4.49). Other concerns related to the Project implementation are identified during the interviews, including compensation price (land and tree compensation), safety during construction (transportation, traffic, and installation of wind turbines), and architectural works (bridges, roads, and graves).

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60.00%

50.00% 48.05%

41.56% 40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.39% 10.39% 10.00%

2.60% 1.30% 0.00% Livelihood Land loss Health Environment Job opportunities Resettlement

Source: Socio-economic survey conducted by ERM, 2020 Figure 4.49 Local Concerns Related to the Project Development

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Quang Tri Province Portal. 2019. Introduction about Quang Tri. https://www.quangtri.gov.vn/xem-chi- tiet-gioi-thieu-tong-quan/-/view-article/1/3500113539863336577/1573630224087 (Accessed 22 March 2020). Quang Tri Statistics Office. 2019. Statistical Yearbook of Quang Tri 2018. Quang Tri: Statistics Office. Quang Tri Trade and Tourism Investment Promotion Portal (IPA Quang Tri). 2013. Vay Village Military Base (Cổng thông tin Xúc tiến Đầu tư, Thương mại và Du lịch Quảng Trị - Căn cứ làng Vây) http://testapi.quangtri.gov.vn/vi/news/Tai-nguyen-du-lich/Can-cu-Lang-Vay-480.html (Accessed 9 May 2020). Tan Lap People’s Committee. 2019. Report on social, economic, security and national defense situation of the year 2019 and orientations for the year 2020. Tan Lap People’s Committee. 2017. The implementation results of rural development criteria 2017 of Tan Lap commune, Huong Hoa district. Tan Lien People’s Committee. 2019. Report on social, economic, security and national defense situation of the year 2019 and orientations for the year 2020. The Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee. 2010. The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Cencus: Completed Results. Vietnam: The Statistical Publishing House. The Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee. 2019. The 2019 Vietnam Population and Housing Cencus (April 2019). Vietnam: The Statistical Publishing House. Thua Thien Hue Portal. https://www.thuathienhue.gov.vn/vi-vn/Thong-tin-du-dia-chi/tid/Dan- cu/newsid/6DABF5AE-88A1-4947-8179-AD8FAED258CC/cid/547476B3-0EF9-495D-BB0A- 45FFFC7CEDF2 (Accessed 15 April 2020). Thuy Bich. 2019. Quang Tri: Setting a goal of 2.3 million visitors in 2020 (Quang Tri: Dat muc tieu da hon 2.3 trieu luot khach du lich nam 2020). http://toquoc.vn/quang-tri-dat-muc-tieu-dat-hon-23- trieu-luot-khach-du-lich-nam-2020-20191031171938609.htm (Accessed 22 March 2020). Tien Nhat. 2018. Tan Lap received the title of commune meeting new rural standard (Tan Lap don nhan danh hieu xa dat chuan nong thon). http://baoquangtri.vn/Thời-sự/modid/445/ItemID/131067, (Accessed on 26th May 2020) To Tuan. 2017. Pa Ko ethnic group (Dan toc Pa Co). https://vovworld.vn/vi-VN/sac-mau-cac-dan-toc- viet-nam/dan-toc-pa-ko-563664.vov (Accessed 15 April 2020). Tran Ngoc Diep. 2019. The EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement: Reflecting on the Issue of Child Labour. Brussels: European Institute for Asian Studies United Nations Development Program (UNDP). 2018. Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update. New York: UNDP. United Nations Development Program (UNDP). 2019. Human Development Report 2019. Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond data: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century. New York: UNDP. United Nations Human Rights Council. 2018. Universal Periodic Review of Vietnam. France: International Federation for Human Rights. Vietnam Briefing. 2019. Renewables in Vietnam: Current Opportunities and Future Outlook. https://www.vietnam-briefing.com/news/vietnams-push-for-renewable-energy.html/. (Accessed 22 July 2019). Work Bank. 2009. Country Social Analysis: Ethnicity and Development in Vietnam World Bank. 2011. Vietnam Country Gender Assessment. World Bank. 2013. 2012 Vietnam Poverty Assessment: Well Begun, Not yet Done - Vietnam’s Remarkable Progress on Poverty Reduction and the Emerging Challenge. Washington, D.C: World Bank.

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World Bank. 2014. Water Supply and Sanitation in Vietnam: Turning Finance into Services for the Future.

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LIST OF RESPONDENTS

LIST OF HOUSEHOLD INTERVIEWEES

No. Code Name Provided by Name of Name of Village Date of In the List of the Project Interviewee Household Head Interview Affected Households

1 LL01 Hồ A Xài Hồ A Xài Hồ A Xài Bu 06.05.2020 

2 LL02 Hồ Pã Dục Hồ A Chăng Hồ Pã Dục Bu 06.05.2020 

3 LL03 Hồ Văn Thiên Hồ Thị Sương Hồ Văn Thiên Bu 06.05.2020 

4 LL04 Hồ Ta Ơn Hồ Thị Mưn Hồ Ta Ơn Bu 06.05.2020 

5 LL05 Hồ Quý Hồ Quý Hồ Quý Bu 06.05.2020 

6 LL06 Hồ Văn Toàn Hồ Văn Toàn Hồ Văn Toàn Bu 06.05.2020 

7 LL07 Hồ Ai Dũng Hồ Ai Dũng Hồ Ai Dũng Bu 06.05.2020 

8 LL08 Hồ Ta Cam Hồ Viên Hồ Ta Cam Bu 06.05.2020 

9 LL09 Hồ Pã Cua Hồ Thị Pa Lất Hồ Pã Cua Bu 06.05.2020 

10 LL10 Hồ Ai Miệt Hồ Ai Miệt Hồ Ai Miệt Bu 06.05.2020 

11 LL11 Hồ Văn Chung Hồ Văn Chung Hồ Văn Chung Bu 06.05.2020 

12 LL12 Hồ Văn Kêng Hồ Thị Chon Hồ Văn Kêng Bu 06.05.2020 

13 LL13 Hồ A Xuân Hồ A Xuân Hồ A Xuân Bu 06.05.2020 

14 LL14 Hồ Xa Câu Hồ Xa Câu Hồ Xa Câu Bu 06.05.2020 

15 LL15 Hồ Thị Tam Hồ Thị Tam Hồ Thị Tam Bu 06.05.2020 

16 LL16 Hồ Văn Kẻ Hồ Văn Kẻ Hồ Văn Kẻ Bu 06.05.2020 

17 LL17 Hồ Ai Cum Hồ Ai Cum Hồ Ai Cum Bu 06.05.2020 

18 LL18 Hồ Ai Xưn Hồ Ai Xưn Hồ Ai Xưn Bu 06.05.2020 

19 LL19 Ai Pa Noang Ai Pa Noang Ai Pa Noang Bu 06.05.2020 

20 LL20 Hồ Văn Hùng Hồ Văn Hùng Hồ Văn Hùng Bu 06.05.2020 

21 LL21 Hồ Văn Vung Hồ Văn Vung Hồ Thị Mỹ Bu 06.05.2020 

22 LL22 Hồ Văn Pha Hồ Văn Pha Hồ Văn Pha Bu 06.05.2020 

23 LL23 Hồ Văn Bích Hồ A Bích Hồ Pi Ta Vét Bu 06.05.2020 

24 LL24 Hồ Văn Xăng Hồ A Xăng Hồ A Xăng Bu 06.05.2020 

25 LL25 Hồ Văn Phay Hồ Văn Phay Hồ Văn Phay Bu 06.05.2020 

26 LL26 Hồ Văn Hào Hồ Thị Gái Hồ Văn Hào Bu 06.05.2020 

27 LL27 Hồ Văn Ning Hồ Văn Ning Hồ Văn Ning Bu 06.05.2020 

28 LL28 Hồ Văn Ring Hồ Văn Ring Hồ Văn Ring Bu 06.05.2020 

29 LL29 Hồ A Ding Hồ Ai Ding Hồ Ai Ding Bu 06.05.2020 

30 LL30 Hồ Ai Hơn Hồ Ai Hơn Hồ Ai Hơn Bu 06.05.2020 

No. Code Name Provided by Name of Name of Village Date of In the List of the Project Interviewee Household Head Interview Affected Households

31 LL31 Hồ A Lý Hồ A Lý Hồ A Lý Bu 06.05.2020 

32 LL32 Hồ Thị Bo Hồ Văn Che Bu 06.05.2020

33 LL33 Nguyễn Văn Quang Nguyễn Văn Nguyễn Văn Quang Tan Thuan 06.05.2020  Quang

34 LL34 Đoàn Quang Phúc Đoàn Quang Phúc Đoàn Quang Phúc Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

35 LL35 Đoàn Thanh Phong Đoàn Thanh Đoàn Thanh Phong Tan Thuan 06.05.2020  Phong

36 LL36 Trương Vĩnh Tú Trương Vĩnh Tú Trương Vĩnh Tú Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

37 LL37 Trần Văn Hành Nguyễn Thị Diệu Trần Văn Hành Tan Thuan 06.05.2020  Hiền

38 LL38 Hồ Sỹ Vinh Hồ Sỹ Vinh Hồ Sỹ Vinh Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

39 LL39 Hồ Thị Me Trần Thị Chi Hồ Thị Me Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

40 LL40 Hồ Viết Lộc Hồ Viết Lộc Hồ Viết Lộc Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

41 LL41 Trần Văn Minh Đoàn Thị Phụng Trần Văn Minh Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

42 LL42 Từ Cường Đoàn Thị Loan Từ Cường Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

43 LL43 Trần Văn Cương Trần Văn Cương Trần Văn Cương Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

44 LL44 Lê Văn Đoàn Lê Văn Đoàn Lê Văn Đoàn Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

45 LL45 Dương Thị Duyên Lê Công Hành Dương Thị Duyên Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

46 LL46 Trần Văn Hùng Trần Văn Hùng Trần Văn Hùng Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

47 LL47 Võ Văn Lĩnh Võ Văn Lĩnh Võ Văn Lĩnh Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

48 LL48 Nguyễn Đông Hồ Thị Hồng Nguyễn Đông Tan Thuan 06.05.2020  Nhung

49 LL49 Trần Thị Hiền Trần Thị Hiền Trần Thị Hiền Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

50 LL50 Đoàn Quang Ủy Đoàn Quang Ủy Tan Thuan 06.05.2020

51 LL51 Nguyễn Hữu Sơn Nguyễn Hữu Sơn Nguyễn Hữu Sơn Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

52 LL52 Từ Hùng Từ Hùng Từ Hùng Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

53 LL53 Lê Văn Tú Lê Văn Tú Lê Văn Tú Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

54 LL54 Hồ Sỹ Huynh Hồ Sỹ Huynh Hồ Sỹ Huynh Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

55 LL55 Phạm Hữu Cường Phạm Hữu Cường Phạm Hữu Cường Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

56 LL56 Đoàn Quang Trị Nguyễn Thị Huê Đoàn Quang Trị Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

57 LL57 Hồ Sỹ Thắng Đoàn Thị Nga Hồ Sỹ Thắng Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

58 LL58 Nguyễn Thị Thảo Hồ Sỹ Quý Tan Thuan 06.05.2020

No. Code Name Provided by Name of Name of Village Date of In the List of the Project Interviewee Household Head Interview Affected Households

59 LL59 Đoàn Quang Huy Đoàn Quang Huy Tan Thuan 06.05.2020

60 LL60 Hoàng Hữu Nghị Hoàng Hữu Nghị Tan Thuan 06.05.2020

61 LL61 Đinh Thị Lương Lê Nguyễn Bảo Lộc Tan Thuan 06.05.2020

62 LL62 Đoàn Văn Châu Đoàn Văn Châu Tan Thuan 06.05.2020

63 LL63 Trần Thị Hoa Võ Văn Lượng Tan Thuan 06.05.2020

64 LL64 Phạm Văn Thanh Phạm Văn Thanh Tan Thuan 06.05.2020

65 LL65 Lê Thị Uất Dương Thị Nhơn Dương Thị Nhơn Tan Thuan 06.05.2020 

66 LL66 Phan Văn Nghĩa Hàn Thị Hà Phan Văn Nghĩa Tan Hao 06.05.2020 

67 LL67 Nguyễn Ngọc Tiềm Nguyễn Ngọc Tiềm Nguyễn Ngọc Tiềm Tan Hao 06.05.2020 

68 LL68 Nguyễn Ngọc Cử Nguyễn Ngọc Cử Nguyễn Ngọc Cử Tan Hao 06.05.2020 

69 LL69 Phạm Củ Nguyễn Thị Cẩm Phạm Củ Tan Hao 06.05.2020 

70 LL70 Võ Thị Ngọc Huệ Võ Thị Ngọc Huệ Nguyễn Thị Dãn Tan Hao 06.05.2020 

71 LL71 Nguyễn Ngọc Luyện Nguyễn Ngọc Nguyễn Ngọc Tan Hao 06.05.2020  Luyện Luyện

72 LL72 Phạm Đức Phạm Đức Phạm Đức Tan Hao 06.05.2020 

73 LL73 Nguyễn Ngọc Hoàng Nguyễn Ngọc Nguyễn Ngọc Tan Hao 06.05.2020  Hoàng Hoàng

74 LL74 Hoàng Thế Châu Hoàng Thế Châu Hoàng Thế Châu Tan Hao 06.05.2020 

75 LL75 Nguyễn Ngọc Ánh Nguyễn Ngọc Ánh Nguyễn Ngọc Ánh Tan Hao 06.05.2020 

76 LL76 Nguyễn Hữu Đạo Nguyễn Hữu Nguyễn Hữu Đạo Tan Hao 06.05.2020  Trường

77 LL77 Nguyễn Quyền Trương Thị Vui Nguyễn Ngọc Tan Hao 06.05.2020  Quyền

78 LL78 Nguyễn Thanh Toản Nguyễn Thị Linh Nguyễn Thành Tan Hao 06.05.2020  Toản

79 LL79 Hoàng Văn Mãn Hoàng Văn Mãn Tan Hao 06.05.2020

80 LL80 Nguyễn Hữu Việt Nguyễn Hữu Việt Tan Hao 06.05.2020

81 LL81 Ngô Thị Nhung Phạm Hùng Tan Hao 06.05.2020

82 LL82 Phan Thị Hương Nguyễn Văn Tiến Tan Hao 06.05.2020

83 LL83 Phạm Dỏ Phạm Dỏ Tan Hao 06.05.2020

84 LL84 Hàn Thị Phong Hàn Thị Phong Lan Tan Hao 06.05.2020 Lan

85 LL85 Lê Thị Hoa Lê Thị Hoa Tan Hao 06.05.2020

No. Code Name Provided by Name of Name of Village Date of In the List of the Project Interviewee Household Head Interview Affected Households

86 LL86 Nguyễn Thị Hà Nguyễn Hữu Tan Hao 06.05.2020 Cường

87 LL87 Nguyễn Thị Hương Nguyễn Ngọc Tân Tan Hao 06.05.2020

88 LL88 Phạm Thị Thủy Nguyễn Ngọc Thu Tan Hao 06.05.2020

89 LL89 Phan Thị Kiều Nguyễn Ngọc Hiếu Tan Hao 06.05.2020

90 LL90 Nguyễn Thân Thiết Nguyễn Thân Thiết Tan Hao 06.05.2020

91 LL91 Hoàng Thị Hương Nguyễn Ngọc Hoà Tan Hao 06.05.2020

92 LL92 Đinh Thị Thảo Hồ Văn Liên Tan Hao 06.05.2020

93 LL93 Hồ Thị Liên Phạm Thái Ngà Tan Hao 06.05.2020

94 LL94 Nguyễn Hữu Hùng Nguyễn Hữu Hùng Tan Hao 06.05.2020

95 LL95 Bùi Công Minh Bùi Công Minh Tan Hao 06.05.2020

96 LL96 Nguyễn Ngọc Hoàng Nguyễn Ngọc Nguyễn Ngọc Tan Tai 06.05.2020  Hoàng Hoàng

97 LL97 Nguyễn Hữu Nam Nguyễn Hữu Nam Nguyễn Hữu Nam Tan Tien 06.05.2020 

LIST OF AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS NOT ENGAGING IN INTERVIEWS

No. Name Provided by the Village Commune District Reason Project

1 Hồ Pĩ Pầng Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa She was not residing in the locality at the time of survey.

2 Hồ Văn Tùng Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa He refused to participate in the interview.

3 Trần Kiên Quyết Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa He was not residing in the locality at the time of survey.

4 Nguyễn Hưu Sinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa He was not residing in the locality at the time of survey.

5 Đoàn Quang Thạnh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa He was not residing in the locality at the time of survey.

6 Hồ Văn Hùng Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa Duplicate 1 time

7 Hồ Văn Trung (Hồ Pã Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa Duplicate 1 time Cua)

8 Hồ Ta Cam Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa Duplicate 1 time

9 Hồ Văn Kẻ Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa Duplicate 1 time

10 Ai Pa Noang Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa Duplicate 1 time

11 Trương Văn Tú Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa Duplicate 1 time (Trương Vĩnh Tú)

12 Hồ Ai Dủng Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa Duplicate 2 times

13 Hồ A Xài Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa Duplicate 2 times

14 Đoàn Thanh Phong Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa Duplicate 2 times

15 Võ Ngọc Huệ (Võ Thị Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa Duplicate 2 times Ngọc Huệ)

16 Hồ A Chăng ( Dục) Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa Duplicate 3 times

LIST OF VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS

No. Code Informant's Name Vulnerability Ethnicity Village Commune District Characteristics

1 LL04 Hồ Ta Ơn Near poor Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

2 LL05 Hồ Quý Near poor Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

3 LL08 Hồ Ta Cam Poor Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

4 LL09 Hồ Pã Cua Near poor Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

5 LL10 Hồ Ai Miệt Near poor and Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa illiterate main labour

6 LL11 Hồ Văn Chung Illiterate main Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa labour

7 LL12 Hồ Văn Kêng Poor, physcially Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa disabled member, and illiterate main labour

8 LL13 Hồ A Xuân Poor Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

9 LL15 Hồ Thị Tam Near poor and Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa mentally disabled member

10 LL16 Hồ Văn Kẻ Near poor Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

11 LL20 Hồ Văn Hùng Near poor Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

12 LL21 Hồ Văn Vung Illiterate main Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa labour

13 LL26 Hồ Văn Hào Illiterate main Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa labour

14 LL28 Hồ Văn Ring Near poor Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

15 LL29 Hồ Ai Ding Poor Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

16 LL30 Hồ Ai Hơn Illiterate main Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa labour

17 LL31 Hồ A Lý Near poor Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

18 LL32 Hồ Văn Che Poor Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

19 LL33 Nguyễn Văn Quang Elderly person Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa from 80 years old without social insurance

No. Code Informant's Name Vulnerability Ethnicity Village Commune District Characteristics

20 LL52 Từ Hùng Physically Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa disabled member

21 LL58 Hồ Sỹ Quý Near pood and Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa physically disabled member

22 LL66 Phan Văn Nghĩa Physically Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lap Huong Hoa disabled member

23 LL70 Nguyễn Thị Dãn Poor, female- Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lap Huong Hoa headed, and physically disabled member

24 LL72 Phạm Đức Mentally Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lap Huong Hoa disabled member

25 LL80 Nguyễn Hữu Việt Elderly person Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lap Huong Hoa from 80 years old without social insurance

26 LL83 Phạm Dỏ Near poor Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lap Huong Hoa

27 LL86 Nguyễn Hữu Cường Illiterate main Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lap Huong Hoa labour

28 LL90 Nguyễn Thân Thiết Physically Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lap Huong Hoa disabled member

29 LL94 Nguyễn Hữu Hùng Illiterate main Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lap Huong Hoa labour

LIST OF FGD RESPONDENTS WOMEN GROUP IN TAN THUAN VILLAGE Location: Tan Thuan cultural house, Tan Thuan village, Tan Lap commune, Huong Hoa district Time: 14:00 - 15:30, 7th May 2020

No. Informant's Name Year of Birth Ethnicity Village Commune District

1 Trần Thị Diệu 1966 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

2 Trần Thị Hoa 1988 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

3 Nguyễn Thị Thảo 1979 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

4 Nguyễn Thị Diệu Hiền 1971 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

5 Đoàn Thị Phụng 1974 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

6 Trần Thị Vĩnh 1973 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

7 Đoàn Thị Loan 1971 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

8 Đặng Thị Phương Nhung 1978 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

9 Dương Thị Phương 1977 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

10 Đoàn Thị Niệm 1970 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

11 Trần Thị Yến 1970 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

FORESTRY GROUP IN TAN THUAN VILLAGE Location: Tan Thuan cultural house, Tan Thuan village, Tan Lap commune, Huong Hoa district Time: 15:30 - 17:15, 7th May 2020

No. Informant's Name Year of Birth Ethnicity Village Commune District

1 Hồ Viết Lộc 1971 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

2 Lê Văn Đoàn 1978 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

3 Lê Công Hành 1978 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

4 Võ Văn Lĩnh 1968 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

5 Trần Phương Nam 1980 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

6 Nguyễn Văn Quang 1968 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

7 Đoàn Văn Châu 1981 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

8 Đoàn Thanh Phong 1971 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

9 Đoàn Quang Huy 1969 Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa

VAN KIEU GROUP IN BU VILLAGE Location: Cultural house, Bu village, Tan Lap commune, Huong Hoa district Time: 7:30 - 9:30, 8th May 2020

No. Informant's Name Year of Birth Ethnicity Village Commune District

1 Hồ Thị Bo 1970 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

2 Hồ Thị Lơ 1980 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

3 Hồ Thị Chòn 1982 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

4 Hồ Xa Câu 1952 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

5 Ai Pa Noang 1980 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

6 Hồ A Xuân 1955 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

7 Hồ A Bích 1994 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

8 Hồ Ai Xưn 1977 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

9 Hồ Thị Sương 1983 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

10 Hồ Ta Cam 1983 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

11 Hồ Văn Cum 1972 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

AGRICULTURE GROUP IN BU VILLAGE Location: Cultural house, Bu village, Tan Lap commune, Huong Hoa district Time: 9:30 - 11:30, 8th May 2020

No. Informant's Name Year of Birth Ethnicity Village Commune District

1 Hồ Ai Dũng 1978 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

2 Hồ Văn Chung 1973 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

3 Hồ Thị Ứng 1997 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

4 Hồ Thị Men 1982 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

5 Hồ Ai Hơn 1975 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

6 Hồ Văn Vung 1996 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

7 Hồ Văn Ning 1996 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

8 Hồ A Chăng 1986 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

9 Hồ Văn Chung 1981 Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa

AGRICULTURE GROUP IN TAN HAO VILLAGE Location: Cultural house, Tan Hao village, Tan Lien commune, Huong Hoa district Time: 14:00 - 15:30, 8th May 2020

No. Informant's Name Year of Birth Ethnicity Village Commune District

1 Nguyễn Ngọc Cử 1952 Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa

2 Nguyễn Ngọc Ánh 1962 Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa

3 Nguyễn Quyền 1989 Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa

4 Phạm Cũ 1949 Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa

5 Nguyễn Ngọc Luyện 1965 Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa

6 Võ Thị Ngọc Huệ 1977 Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa

7 Hoàng Thế Châu 1966 Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa

8 Nguyễn Hữu Đạo 1956 Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa

VULNERABLE GROUP IN TAN HAO VILLAGE Location: Cultural house, Tan Hao village, Tan Lien commune, Huong Hoa district Time: 15:30 - 17:00, 8th May 2020

No. Informant's Name Year of Birth Ethnicity Village Commune District

1 Võ Thị Ngọc Huệ 1977 Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa

2 Nguyễn Thị Thùy Mỹ 1979 Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa

3 Phạm Dỏ 1952 Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa

4 Phạm Duy Dũng 1972 Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa

5 Phạm Hường 1975 Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa

6 Phạm Thị Mai 1976 Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa

7 Nguyễn Thị Hà 1981 Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa

8 Ngô Thị Nhung 1981 Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa

LIST OF KII RESPONDENTS

No. Informant's Name Position Ethnicity Village Commune District Date of Interview

1 Hồ Văn Chung Village head Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa 06.05.2020

2 Đoàn Quang Soa Village head Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa 07.05.2020

3 Lê Đức Hữu Village head Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa 07.05.2020

PHOTO LOG

Photo of Household Interviews

Household interview in Bu village, 06/05/2020 Household interview in Bu village, 06/05/2020

Household interview in Tan Thuan village, 07/05/2020 Household interview in Tan Thuan village, 07/05/2020

Household interview in Tan Hao village, 07/05/2020 Household interview in Tan Hao village, 07/05/2020

Photo of Focus Group Discussions

FGD, women group, Tan Thuan village, 07/5/2020

FGD, forestry group, Tan Thuan village, 09/5/2020

FGD, Van Kieu group, Bu village, 08/5/2020

FGD, Agriculture group, Bu village, 08/05/2020

FGD, Vulnerable group, Tan Hao village, 09/05/2020

HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EXAMINATION REPORT

APPENDIX M PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE REPORT

www.erm.com Version: Final 14 May 2021 Project No.: 0552758 Client: Power Construction JSC No. 1

Physical Environmental Baseline

Lien Lap Wind Power Project, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam

1 July 2020

Prepared by ERM’s subcontractor for ERM Vietnam

Document details Document title Physical Environmental Baseline Document subtitle Lien Lap Wind Power Project, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam Date 1 July 2020 Version 1.0 Author ERM’s subcontractor Client Name ERM Vietnam

Document history Version Revision Author Reviewed by ERM approval to issue Comments Name Date Draft 1.0 ERM’s TH, HienP HP 01.07.2020 Approved for subcontractor Issuance

Version: 1.0 Client: ERM Vietnam 1 July 2020 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE CONTENTS Lien Lap Wind Power Project, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam

CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 4

2. METHODOLOGY ...... 5 2.1 Sampling Sites ...... 5 2.2 Sampling Method ...... 6 2.2.1 Ambient Air ...... 6 2.2.2 Surface and Groundwater ...... 7 2.2.3 Soil ...... 8 3. EQUIPMENT ...... 9 3.1 In-situ/Field Equipment ...... 9 3.1.1 Ambient air ...... 9 3.1.2 Surface Water ...... 10 3.1.3 Soil sampling...... 11 3.2 Laboratory analytical equipment ...... 11 3.3 Quality Assurance/ Quality Control ...... 12 3.3.1 Survey design ...... 12 3.3.2 Field survey...... 13 3.3.3 Laboratory analysis ...... 15 4. RESULTS & DISCUSSION ...... 18 4.1 Ambient air ...... 18 4.1.1 Total Suspended Particles (TSP) ...... 18 4.1.2 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) ...... 19 4.1.3 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) ...... 19 4.1.4 Carbon monoxide (CO) ...... 20 4.2 Ground water ...... 21 4.3 Surface water ...... 21 4.4 Soil ...... 23 4.5 Quality Control / Blank samples ...... 23 4.6 Comprehensiveness of survey data ...... 25 5. CONCLUSION ...... 26

ANALYTICAL METHODS AND EQUIPMENT IN THE LABORATORY IMAGES OF MONITORING ACTIVITIES ON FIELD

List of Tables Table 2.1 Ambient Air and Soil Sampling Sites ...... 5 Table 2.2 Water Sampling Sites ...... 5 Table 2.3 Ambient Air Monitoring Schedule ...... 7 Table 2.4 Preservation Method for Water Samples ...... 7 Table 3.1 Ambient Air Measurement Guidelines and LODs ...... 10 Table 3.2 Surface and Groundwater Measurement Guidelines and LODs ...... 11 Table 3.3 Quality Assurance Compliance Status of the Survey Design...... 12 Table 3.4 The current status of quality assurance and quality control activities on field (Lien Lap Wind Power Project) ...... 14 Table 3.5 Quality Assurance Compliance Status of the Laboratory Analysis ...... 16 Table 4.1 Results of Ambient Air Monitoring ...... 18

Version: 1.0 Client: ERM Vietnam 1 July 2020 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE CONTENTS Lien Lap Wind Power Project, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam

List of Figures Figure 1.1 Project Map ...... 4 Figure 2.1 Map of Monitoring Locations ...... 6 Figure 3.1 Some Major Equipment for Sample Analysis ...... 12 Figure 3.2 QA/QC in Lab (ISO/IEC 17025:2005) ...... 16 Figure 4.1 The TSP Concentration at Monitoring locations ...... 19 Figure 4.2 The SO2 Concentration in monitoring locations ...... 19 Figure 4.3 The NO2 Concentration in monitoring locations ...... 20 Figure 4.4 CO Concentration in Monitoring locations ...... 20

Version: 1.0 Client: ERM Vietnam 1 July 2020 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE CONTENTS Lien Lap Wind Power Project, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam

Acronyms and Abbreviations Name Description COD Chemical Oxygen Demand LOD Limit of detection MDL Method detection limit QA Quality Assurance QC Quality Control RPD Relative Percent Difference TDS Total Dissolved Solid TSP Total Suspended Particles TSS Total Suspended Solid

Version: 1.0 Client: ERM Vietnam 1 July 2020 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE INTRODUCTION Lien Lap Wind Power Project, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam

1. INTRODUCTION

Environmental Resources Management (ERM) has engaged the subcontractor to conduct a physical environment survey of Lien Lap Wind Power Project (hereinafter as “Project”) from 12th May to 14th May 2020. The baseline survey results are intended to inform the Initial Environmental and Social Examination (IESE) for the proposed Wind Power Project at Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province. Some environmental baseline surveys were conducted as follows: 1. Ambient air quality; 2. Surface water quality; 3. Ground water quality; and 4. Soil quality. Project area boundaries include:

 The East: borders Ho Chi Minh Road

 The West: borders Laos.

 The South borders the AH 16 road.

 The North borders the Huong Phung Commune, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province. The survey was conducted during the dry season. The sampling survey time lasts 24 hours per day with the temperature ranging between 20-45oC and a humidity of approximately 40 - 90%. The prevailing wind direction was South-East (SE) with a speed of approximately 0 – 5.0 m/s. The locations of the two projects are illustrated in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Project Map

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2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 Sampling Sites The sampling sites were selected to represent receptors within a 5km radius which were likely to be impacted by the Project activities, such as residential areas, places of worship and educational institutions. Microclimatic conditions, and wind speeds and direction were also taken into account to ensure a comprehensive survey was conducted. Coordinates and descriptions of the sampling sites are detailed in Table 2.1 and Table 2.2, and further illustrated in Figure 2.1

Table 2.1 Ambient Air and Soil Sampling Sites

Site Description Distance from sampling location Coordinate (WGS84) Code to nearest wind turbine Longitude Latitude (m) (m) (m)

Ambient Air Quality

A1 Mr Son’s house, Tan Hao 350 106.70202741 16.62948680 Village, Tan Lien Commune, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province

A2 Ms Hoa’s house, Tan Thuan 500 106.68430535 16.61309708 Village, Tan Lap Commune, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province

A3 Mr Hung’s house, Ban Bu 350 106.69163796 16.62537514 Village, Tan Lap Commune, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province

Soil Quality

S1 Tan Thuan Village, Tan Lap Within project area 106.70083301 16.63306963 Commune, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province

Table 2.2 Water Sampling Sites

Site Depth Description Distance from sampling Coordinate (WGS84) Code (m) location to nearest wind Longitude (m) Latitude (m) turbine (m)

Groundwater Quality

GW1 60 m Mr Son’s house, 400 106.70222187 16.62943098 Tan Hao Village, Tan Lien Commune, Huong Hoa District,

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Quang Tri Province

GW2 57m Mr Hao’s house, 450 106.68372107 16.61337472 Tan Thuan Village, Tan Lap Commune, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province

Surface water quality

SW1 Agricultural water reservoir 350m from turbine LL02 106.70241599 16.63390337

SW2 Tan Tai Stream, Tan Thuan 640m from turbine LL10 106.63358578 16.65104623 Village, Tan Lap Commune, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province

Figure 2.1 Map of Monitoring Locations

2.2 Sampling Method

2.2.1 Ambient Air The ambient air quality monitoring was conducted in accordance with the National Technical Regulations on Ambient Air Quality (QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT) developed by the Vietnam Environmental Administration, Department of Science and Technology, Department of Legal Affairs alongside Circular

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No. 32/2013/TT-BTNMT dated October 25th, 2013 issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. Detailed method of specific parameters was described below:

 Particulate matter 10 (PM10) and particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) were monitored over 24 hour periods with a filter rate of 5 L/min.

 Total suspended Particles (TSP), VOCs, sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) were monitored over 1 hour periods with an air flow rate of 1000 L/min for TSP, 0.5 L/min for VOCs, NO2 and SO2, and 0.05 L/min for CO. The monitoring was conducted over three (3) days according to the schedule in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3 Ambient Air Monitoring Schedule

Parameters Monitoring Period

A1 A2 A3

SO2 12/05/2020 13/05/2020 13/05/2020

NO2 17h00-18h00 14h00-15h00 6h40-7h40 CO VOCs Benzene Toluene

PM10 12÷13/05/2020 13÷14/05/2020 12÷13/05/2020 PM2.5 13h30÷13h30 14h00÷14h00 18h00:18h00

2.2.2 Surface and Groundwater Surface and groundwater sampling were conducted in accordance with the following National Standards:

 TCVN 6663-1:2011(ISO 5667-1:2006): Guidance on the Design of Sampling Programs and Sampling Techniques.

 TCVN 6663-6:2008 (ISO 5667-6:2005): Guidance on Sampling of Rivers and Streams.

 TCVN 6663-11:2011 (ISO 5667-11:2009): Guidance on Sampling of Groundwater.

 TCVN 6663-3:2016 (ISO 5667-3:2012): Guidance on the Preservation and Handling of Water Samples Surface water samples were collected at a depth of 0.5 m below of water surface in Huong Hoa District with 3 liter per sample. Groundwater samples were collected at two locations at depths of 60m and 57m respectively using a pump. The samples were taken a volume of 2 litres per sample. In-situ measurements of pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and total dissolved solids (TDS) were taken for all water samples using the Hach Hq40d portable multi-indicator water quality meter. In addition, salinity and turbidity measurements were recorded for the surface water samples. The samples were stored in sterile bottles and preserved separately via cold storage and acidification, depending on the parameters to be tested (refer to Table 2.4).

Table 2.4 Preservation Method for Water Samples

Preservation method Cold Storage (2-5oC) Acidification Acidification

(H2SO4, pH≤2) (HNO3, pH≤2)

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Parameters Suspended solids (SS) Chemical Oxygen Metals Demand (COD) Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) Heavy metals Chloride (Cl-), Ammonia (NH3) − 3− Nitrate (NO3 ) Phosphate (PO4 ) Nitrite, Coliform, E.coli,

2- Sulphate (SO4 ) Total mineral oil Oil and grease (O&G)

2.2.3 Soil Soil samples were collected at one (1) site using a soil auger. One (1) replicates were collected at a depth of 0.6 m and homogenized. The sampling was conducted in accordance with:

 TCVN 5297:1995 General Requirement for Soil Sampling

 TCVN 7538-2: 2005 (ISO 10381-2:2002): Guidance on Sampling Techniques.

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3. EQUIPMENT

All equipment utilized are calibrated annually and prior to any field work.

3.1 In-situ/Field Equipment

3.1.1 Ambient air The Kimoto 121FT high volume sampler was used to monitor TSP and dust-borne lead at an air flow rate of 1000 L/ min while PM10 and PM2.5 were monitored using the Airmetric MiniVol portable air sampler at an air flow rate of 5 L/ min into a 47 µm filter. The Kimoto HS7 pump was used to monitor NO2, SO2 and CO levels. The pump is equipped with two impingers for air absorption. The air flow rate can be manipulated easily and was fixed at 0.5 L/min for this survey The Testo 445 was used to measure temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction.

Kimoto- 121FT sampler Airmetric Mini Vol sampler

Kimoto HS7 and impinger tube

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Table 3.1 Ambient Air Measurement Guidelines and LODs

No. Parameter Measurement Guideline Limit of Detection (LOD)

1. Temperature QCVN 46:2012/BTNMT 0oC – 50oC

2. Humidity 0 – 100% RH

3. Wind speed 0 – 60m/s

4. Wind direction 0 – 360o

3.1.2 Surface Water The Alpha water sampler was used to collect surface water samples while the Hach Hq40d multiparameter water quality meter was used to conduct on-site measurements of pH, temperature, DO, TDS, salinity and turbidity.

Alpha water sampler Hq40d portable multi-parameter measurement

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Table 3.2 Surface and Groundwater Measurement Guidelines and LODs

No. Parameters Measurement Guideline Limit of Detection (LOD)

1. Temperature SMEWW 2550B:2012 4- 50oC

2. pH TCVN 6492:2011 2-12

3. DO TCVN 7325:2016 0-16 mg/L

4. Turbidity TCVN 6184:2008 0-1000 NTU

5. TDSa SOP-TDS 0 – 1999 mg/L

a Only for groundwater. Notes: TCVN: Viet Nam standards QCVN: Viet Nam technical regulations SOP-CO: Standard Operating Procedure for on-field sampling of CO SOP-TDS: Standard Operating Procedure for on-field measurement of TDS MASA: Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis SMEWW: Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater

3.1.3 Soil sampling Soil augers were used for collecting soil samples.

Soil auger

3.2 Laboratory analytical equipment Laboratory analytical equipment and Analytical methods in the Laboratory (see Attachment A). - - + 3- Analysis of the nutrient: SO2, NO2, CO, NO2 , NO3 , NH4 , TN, PO4 , etc

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UV/vis Spectrometer Nitrogen distillation and digestion Lambda 35 – Perkin Elmer equipment Analysis of Metal parameters

AAS 800 perkin Elmer ICP-MS, Elan DRCe, Perkin Elmer Mercury analysis Digestion equipment

MA-2 NIC Oven microwave digestion, Ethos D

Figure 3.1 Some Major Equipment for Sample Analysis

3.3 Quality Assurance/ Quality Control

3.3.1 Survey design The survey was designed in accordance with the requirements of Circular 24/2017/TT-BTNMT dated 1st September 2017 by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment guiding the quality assurance and quality control in environmental monitoring- Chapter III - Regulations on quality assurance and quality control in periodic environmental monitoring. Table 3.3 Table 2.1summarizes the compliance status.

Table 3.3 Quality Assurance Compliance Status of the Survey Design

Activities Compliance status in Note comparison to Circular 24/2017/TT-BTNMT

Determine the objectives of + monitoring program

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Design the environmental monitoring + Monitoring of ambient air, soil, surface program water, and groundwater quality

Compliance with environmental + protection programs and national strategies

Compliance with the technical + Circular 24/2017/TT-BTNMT of Ministry guidance, procedures and regulations of Environment and Resources: for each environmental component Technical Regulation on environmental monitoring

Follow all steps in design + environmental monitoring program

(+) sufficient compliance (-) insufficient compliance

3.3.2 Field survey The activities on field can be classified as follows:

 QA/QC in direct measurement on field (this activity can be operated independently out of other activities);

 QA/QC in sampling, sample pre-treatment, samples preservation; In this environmental monitoring program for Lien Lap Wind Power Project, QC samples were carried out include: On field blank sample (code: QCHT). This is defined as the small sample of handled clean material, which is stored, transported and analyzed in laboratory similar to real samples. These QC samples are used to control contamination in the sampling process.

On-field blanks for ambient air are SO2 and NO2 (1h)

- + On-field blanks for water are NO3 and NH4

 QA/QC in transporting samples to the laboratory QC sample was chosen transportation blank sample (code: QCVC). QCVC is a small sample of the clean material transporting and researching with true samples in the same environment, the preservation and analysis of laboratory parameters as true sample. This QC sample types are used to control contamination during transporting samples.

Transportation blanks sample for ambient air are: SO2 and NO2 (1h) Transportation blanks for water are TSS and COD QC sample at the laboratory (code: QCPTN) is replicate analyzed for the same above parameters.

Measure in Samplers Sampler field Sampling treatment reservation Transport to Lab

Activities to ensure quality assurance in the field of monitoring are summarized in Table 3.4 as follows:

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Table 3.4 The current status of quality assurance and quality control activities on field (Lien Lap Wind Power Project)

No. Activities Current status in comparison to Notes the requirements of Circular 24/2017/TT-BTNMT

1 Environmental Monitoring + Followed the plan on field

1.1. Determination of + Represent for each environmental environmental parameters component, based on proposed report of EIA

1.2. Analytical method + Current Vietnamese standards (TCVN)

1.3. On-field environmental + Periodically maintenance and facilities and equipment calibration

1.4. Chemicals, standards + Prepare before going to the field

1.5. Personnel + Assign members of performing each item

1.6. Data processing and + reporting

1.7. Quality control - Applied QC samples for 02 parameters of ambient air and 02 parameters in water, not for all parameters.

2. Sampling, samples pre- + Followed current Vietnamese treatment and standards (TCVN) preservation on field

2.1. Quality assurance +

2.1.1. Determination of sampling + Representative for the area, site followed the surveyed results

2.1.2. Assurance of monitoring + Followed the plan parameters

2.1.3. Assurance of sampling time - Followed the plan, some changes in and frequency accordance to train schedule

2.1.4. Sampling methods, + Followed current Vietnamese samples pre-treatment and standards (TCVN) preservation

2.1.5. Equipment and instruments + Periodical maintenance and calibration

2.1.6. Personnel + Group work

2.1.7. Sample containers + Cleaned and sterilized

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No. Activities Current status in comparison to Notes the requirements of Circular 24/2017/TT-BTNMT

2.1.8. Chemicals +

2.1.9. On-field sampling minutes +

2.2. Quality control - Applied QC samples for 02 parameters of ambient air, 02 for water not for all parameters

3. Sample transportation to + laboratory

3.1. Quality assurance +

3.1.1. Sample transportation +

3.1.2. Sample delivery + Using delivery minute

3.2. Quality control - Applied QC samples for 02 parameters of ambient air and 02 parameters in water, not for all parameters

(+) sufficient compliance (-) insufficient compliance

3.3.3 Laboratory analysis QA/QC procedures undertaken during the laboratory analysis was in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025- 2005.

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Figure 3.2 QA/QC in Lab (ISO/IEC 17025:2005)

Table 3.5 Quality Assurance Compliance Status of the Laboratory Analysis

Activities Current status in Notes comparison to the requirements of Circular 24/2017/TT-BTNMT

Laboratory Analysis

Management requirement + In accordance with the laboratory regulations (ISO/IEC 17025 VILAS No Determine the laboratory organization, + 406 of R & D laboratory – School of appoint the duty and responsibility for each Environmental Science and staff Technology) Document system +

Internal evaluation +

Periodical review the quality management + system and laboratory operation to ensure the effectiveness and continuous

Technical requirement +

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Quality assurance (analytical method, method + selection, and method approval)

Facilities and equipment (calibration, + labelling, maintenance)

Inter-laboratory comparison +

Environmental condition +

Sample management +

Data quality assurance +

Quality control +

Using QC samples +

Develop the QC accepted criteria +

QA/QC in data processing and reporting

Environmental Monitoring data processing + Utilising software issued by Ministry of and management Natural resources and environment

Documents related to monitoring process + In accordance with the laboratory needed to update regulations (ISO/IEC 17025 VILAS No 406 of R & D laboratory – School of Environmental Science and Technology)

Store all document related to monitoring + In accordance with the form issued by process Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Check, calculate and process all data from + In accordance with the laboratory the field and/or laboratory regulations (ISO/IEC 17025 VILAS No 406 of R & D laboratory – School of Reporting + Environmental Science and Phase report needed to ensure the accuracy + Technology) and honest

Review the reports +

Report submission + Report submitted to client and saved on server

(+) sufficient compliance (-) insufficient compliance

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4. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

4.1 Ambient air All parameters tested were below the limits stipulated by the QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT – National Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality and QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT – National Technical Regulation on hazardous substances in ambient air. The ambient air quality results are summarized in Table 4.1 below.

Table 4.1 Results of Ambient Air Monitoring

No. Parameters Unit Results QCVN QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT1 06:2009/BTNMT2 A1 A2 A3

3 1. SO2 (1h) µg/m 26 24 28 350 -

3 2. NO2 (1h) µg/m 24 20 18 200 -

3. CO (1h) µg/m3 2100 1900 2200 30,000 -

4. TSP (1h) µg/m3 125 110 98 300 -

5. PM10 (24h) µg/m3 20 14 12 150 -

6. PM2.5 (24h) µg/m3 <10 <10 <10 50 -

7. VOCs µg/m3 81.3 35.37 21.5 - -

8. Benzene µg/m3 1.07 0.76 0.55 - 22

9. Toluene µg/m3 4.50 2.84 3.17 - 500 Note: Symbol (-): unstipulated

4.1.1 Total Suspended Particles (TSP) The highest TSP concentration was recorded at A1 (125 µg/m3) followed by A2 (110 µg/m3) and smallest at A3 (98 µg/m3). TSP concentrations at two locations including A1 and A2 are illustrated in Figure 4.1.

1 QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality. 2 QCVN 06:2013/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation on hazardous Substances in ambient air

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Figure 4.1 The TSP Concentration at Monitoring locations

4.1.2 Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

The SO2 concentrations across all sites did not differ significantly, with the highest concentration 3 observed at A3 (28 µg/m ) results. The SO2 concentrations are illustrated in Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2 The SO2 Concentration in monitoring locations

4.1.3 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

The NO2 concentrations across the sites also did not differ significantly with the highest value observed at A1 (24 µg/m3). Results are illustrated in Figure 4.3.

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Figure 4.3 The NO2 Concentration in monitoring locations

4.1.4 Carbon monoxide (CO) The CO concentrations across all sites did not differ significantly with the highest value observed at A3 (2,200 µg/m3). Results are illustrated in Figure 4.4.

Figure 4.4 CO Concentration in Monitoring locations

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4.2 Ground water Ground water samples were collected at two (2) sites of households. The main purpose is used for domestic water supply. At GW1, the ground water sample was extracted from a depth of 60m whereas at GW2, the sample was extracted from a depth of 57m. The ground water taken at two (2) sites showed that all parameters were lower than the allowable permits of national technical regulation on ground water quality QCVN 09-MT:2015/BTNMT. In which, parameters of ammonium, cyanide, cadmium and coliform at two (2) sites and chloride at GW1 were lower than limit of detection (LOD) (See Attachment A)

Table 4.2 Results of Ground Water

No. Parameters Unit Results QCVN 09-MT :2015/BTNMT (3) GW1 GW2

1 Temperature oC 27.3 25.5 - 2 pH - 6.28 6.30 5.5-8.5 3 TDS mg/L 100.6 82.2 1,500

4 Hardness mg CaCO3/L 77 67 500 5 Chloride (Cl-) mg/L <1.0 2.2 250

- 6 Nitrite (NO2 ) mg/L 0.02 0.01 1

- 7 Nitrate (NO3 ) mg/L 0.32 0.21 15

2- 8 Sulfate (SO4 ) mg/L 7 2 400

+ 9 Ammonium (NH4 ) mg/L <0.03 <0.03 1 10 CN-(*) mg/L <0.005 <0.005 0.01 11 As mg/L 0.0012 0.0009 0.05 12 Cd mg/L <0.0003 <0.0003 0.005 13 Mn mg/L 0.0131 0.0264 0.5 14 Fe mg/L 0.058 0.012 5 15 Coliform MPN/ <3 <3 3 100 mL

4.3 Surface water Surface water samples were taken at two locations, SW1 at agricultural reservoir, SW2 at 49th stream on 13th May 2020. The results were compared with column B1 limits for irrigation, water transportation or other similar purposes. Almost parameters of all samples were showed smaller than allowed limits of the QCVN 08- MT:2015/BTNMT (Colum B1 – For irrigated agriculture, irrigation purposes or other purposes which require waterway transport and other purposes with low quality of water requirements) - National technical regulation on surface water quality. Except for TSS parameter of SW1 sample exceeded QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT by 1.28. While, parameters phosphate, cadmium, chromium (VI),

3 QCVN 09-MT:2015/BTNMT: National technical regulation on ground water quality

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chromium (III), mercury, oil and grease, cyanide, E.coli and coliform at two sites and ammonium parameter at SW2 were shown lower than detection limit of the method (See Attachment A).

Table 4.3 Results of Surface Water Monitoring

No. Parameters Unit Results QCVN 08- MT:2015/BTNMT SW1 SW2 (Colum B1)4

1 Temperature oC 33.2 32.2 -

2 pH - 7.68 7.62 5.5-9

3 BOD5 mg/L 4 3 15

4 COD mg/L 20 25 30

5 DO mg/L 6.8 6.4 4

6 Turbidity NTU 117 15 -

7 TSS mg/L 64 20 50

+ 8 Ammonium (NH4 ) mg/L 0.10 <0.03 0.9

9 Chloride (Cl-) mg/L 5 12 350

- 10 Nitrite (NO2 ) mg/L 0.015 0.027 0.05

- 11 Nitrate (NO3 ) mg/L 0.309 0.428 10

3- 12 Phosphate (PO4 ) mg/L <0.004 <0.004 0.3

13 As mg/L 0.006 0.007 0.05

14 Cd mg/L <0.0003 <0.0003 0.01

15 Pb mg/L 0.018 0.108 0.05

16 Cr6+ mg/L <0.0012 <0.0012 0.04

17 Cr3+(*) mg/L <0.009 <0.009 -

18 Cu mg/L 0.004 0.001 0.5

19 Zn mg/L 0.018 0.012 1.5

20 Ni mg/L 0.0008 0.0011 0.1

21 Hg mg/L <0.0001 <0.0001 0.001

22 Fe mg/L 0.023 0.018 1.5

23 Oil & grease mg/L <0.3 <0.3 1

24 CN-(*) mg/L <0.005 <0.005 0.05

25 E.Coli MPN/100 mL <3 <3 100

26 Coliform MPN/100 mL <3 <3 7,500

4 QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT: National technical regulation on surface water quality

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4.4 Soil Soil samples were collected at S1 on 12th May 2020. All parameters tested were within the stipulated limits of the QCVN 03-MT:2015/BTNMT - National technical regulation on the allowable limits of heavy metals in the soils.

Table 4.4 Results of Soil Sample Monitoring

No. Parameters Unit Results QCVN 03-MT:2015/ BTNMT S1 (Agricultural land) (5)

1. Arsenic mg/Kg 3.99 41.6

2. Cadmium mg/Kg 0.17 4.2

3. Total Chromium mg/Kg 5.59 160

4. Copper mg/Kg 5.05 108

5. Lead mg/Kg 6.47 112

6. Zinc mg/Kg 17.27 271

4.5 Quality Control / Blank samples

Four (4) blank samples were utilized for the field survey, transportation process and laboratory. SO2, NO2, COD, and TSS concentrations were measured. None of the parameters were above the LODs, indicating the absence of contamination.

Table 4.5 Field Blank Samples (Ambient Air)

3 3 Type of sample Code SO2 (µg/m ) NO2 (µg/m )

QCHT: Field % value ≤5 % value ≥5 % value ≤ 5 % value ≥5 blank samples A3 100 0 100 0

Table 4.6 Field Blank Samples (Water)

Type of Code TSS (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) sample % value ≤2 % value ≥2 % value ≤1 % value ≥1

QCHT: Field SW1 100 0 100 0 blank samples

Transportation blank duplicates and Laboratory blank duplicates (QCPTN) were analysed for SO2 and NO2 concentrations in ambient air and TSS and COD concentrations in water. All RPD values were within the +20% limit, indicating the absence of contamination.

5 QCVN 03-MT: 2015/BTNMT- National technical regulation on the allowable limits of heavy metals in the soils

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Table 4.7 Transportation Blank Samples (Ambient Air)

3 3 Type of sample Code SO2 (µg/m ) NO2 (µg/m )

QCHT: % value ≤5 % value ≥5 % value ≤ 5 % value ≥5 Transportation blank A3 100 0 100 0 samples

Table 4.8 Transportation Blank Samples (Water)

Type of sample Code TSS (mg/L) COD (mg/L)

% value ≤2 % value ≥2 % value ≤1 % value ≥1

QCHT: SW1 100 0 100 0 Transportation blank samples SW2 100 0 100 0

Table 4.9 Laboratory Blank Samples (Ambient Air)

3 3 Type of sample Code SO2 (µg/m ) NO2 (µg/m )

QCHT: Laboratory % value ≤5 % value ≥5 % value ≤ 5 % value ≥5 blank samples A3 100 0 100 0

Table 4.10 Laboratory Blank Samples (Water)

Type of sample Code TSS (mg/L) COD (mg/L)

% value ≤2 % value ≥2 % value ≤1 % value ≥1

QCHT: Laboratory SW1 100 0 100 0 blank samples SW2 100 0 100 0

Table 4.11 %RPD of QC Duplicate Samples (Ambient Air)

No. Code % RPD

SO2 NO2

1 A3 7.41 11.76

Table 4.12 %RPD of QC Duplicate Samples (Water)

No Code % RPD

COD TSS

1 SW1 10.52 8.13

2 SW2 12.77 10.53

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4.6 Comprehensiveness of survey data Completed survey data was evaluated in comparison to the expected data in the initial survey plan using the mathematical formula: V C  100(%) T In which: - C: % of completed data - V: number of acceptable samples - T: total samples in beginning plan A level of C ≥ 95% is considered sufficient. Therefore:

푉 7 퐶 = × 100% = × 100% = 100% 푇 7 This result indicated that the survey data has been completed.

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5. CONCLUSION

The physical environmental baseline survey for the proposed Wind Power Project at Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province was conducted from 12th May 2020 to 14th May 2020 comprising three (3) ambient air samples, two (2) surface water samples, two (2) groundwater samples and one (1) soil samples.

 Ambient air: The results of SO2, CO, NO2, TSP, PM2.5, PM10 in 3 sampling positions were rather lower than standard of QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT, the same as organic parameters as VOCs, Benzene, Toluene in comparison to QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT during the sampling period;

 Surface water: The results of almost parameters of surface water in 2 sampling positions of SW1, SW2 were all lower than QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT. Except for TSS parameter of SW1 sample exceeded QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT by 1.28. The water quality of SW2 (49th stream) may show better than SW1 (agricultural reservoir) in some parameters such as TSS, COD, ammonium, turbidity;

 Ground water: The ground water taken at two (2) sites shown that all parameters were lower than the national standards of ground water quality QCVN 09-MT:2015/BTNMT allowed. Then it’s good enough for domestic water supply;

 Soil: All parameters in soil tested were within the stipulated limits of the QCVN 03- MT:2015/BTNMT - National technical regulation on the allowable limits of heavy metals in the soils. From above results, it can be concluded that the background environment of the project area is at pretty good status at the current time. It’s necessary to continue implementation of environmental monitoring activities periodically with the noise component, ambient air, wastewater (discharging from project activities), surface water, ground water, soil. Monitoring should be carried out in rainy and dry seasons. The number of samples of ambient air from 3 to 5 locations, 2 sample locations for soil, 2-3 sample locations for surface water. In addition, wastewater should be monitoring during the construction in accordance with Vietnam standards QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT – National technical regulation on domestic wastewater and QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT- National technical regulation on Industrial Wastewater. This is to detect early signals of environmental pollution due to the impact of the project construction through each stage or other events affecting the region.

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ANALYTICAL METHODS AND EQUIPMENT IN THE LABORATORY

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Analytical methods in the Laboratory

No Environmental components Name/ number of analytical methods MDL/LOD

Ambient air

Total suspended particulate TCVN 5067:1995 10 µg/m3 (TSP)

PM10 AS/NZS 3580.9.6:2003 10 µg/m3

PM2.5 SOP- PM2.5 10 µg/m3

Lead dust TCVN 6152:1996 0.10 µg/m3

CO SOP-PT-01 1.0 mg/m3

3 SO2 MASA 704A:1988, TCVN 5971:1995 5.0 µg/m

3 NO2 MASA 406, TCVN 6137:2009 5.0 µg/m

VOCs MASA Method 834 0.10 µg/m3

Benzen MASA Method 834 0.4 µg/m3

Toluen MASA Method 834 0.5 µg/m3

Groundwater

Hardness SMEWW 2340C:2012 4.0 mg/L

Permanganate TCVN 6186:1996 0.50 mg/L

Chloride (Cl-) TCVN 6194:1996 1.0 mg/L

- Nitrite (NO2 ) SMEWW 4500-NO2-.B:2012 0.01 mg/L

- Nitrate (NO3 ) SMEWW 4500-NO3-.E:2012 0.01 mg/L

2- Sulfate (SO4 ) SMEWW 4500-SO42-.E:2012 1.0 mg/L

+ Ammonium (NH4 ) SMEWW4500-NH3.B&F:2012 0.03 mg/L

CN- SMEWW 4500-Cl-.B:2012 0.001 mg/L

As US EPA Method 200.8 0.0003 mg/L

Cd US EPA Method 200.8 0.0003 mg/L

Mn US EPA Method 200.8 0.0003 mg/L

E.Coli TCVN 6187-2:1996 3 MPN/100 mL

Coliform TCVN 6187-2:1996 3 MPN/100 mL

Surface water

BOD5 TCVN 6001-1:2008 1.0 mg/L

COD SMEWW 5220C:2012 2.0 mg/L

TSS TCVN 6625:2000 2.0 mg/L

+ Ammonium (NH4 ) SMEWW4500-NH3.B&F:2012 0.03 mg/L

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No Environmental components Name/ number of analytical methods MDL/LOD

Chloride (Cl-) TCVN 6194:1996 1.0 mg/L

- Nitrite (NO2 ) SMEWW 4500-NO2-.B:2012 0.005 mg/L

- Nitrate (NO3 ) SMEWW 4500-NO3-.E:2012 0.01 mg/L

3- Phosphate (PO4 ) TCVN 6202:2008 0.004 mg/L

Arsenic US EPA Method 200.8 0.0003 mg/L

Cadmium US EPA Method 200.8 0.0003 mg/L

Lead US EPA Method 200.8 0.0003 mg/L

Chromium (VI) TCVN 7939:2008 0.0012 mg/L

Chromium (III) SMEWW 3125:2012 + SMEWW 3500Cr.B:2012 0.01 mg/L

Copper US EPA Method 200.8 0.003 mg/L

Zinc US EPA Method 200.8 0.003 mg/L

Nickel US EPA Method 200.8 0.0003 mg/L

Mercury US EPA Method 200.8 0.0001 mg/L

Iron US EPA Method 200.8 0.003 mg/L

Total mineral Oil and grease SMEWW 5520B:2012 0.3 mg/L

Coliform TCVN 6187-2:1996 3 MPN/100 mL

Soil

Arsenic US EPA Method 3050B + US EPA Method 200.8 0.30 mg/kg

Cadmium US EPA Method 3050B + US EPA Method 200.8 0.15 mg/kg

Total Chromium US EPA Method 3051B+ 0.01 mg/kg SMEWW 125:2012

Copper EPA Method 3050 + EPA Method 200.8 1.0 mg/kg

Lead US EPA Method 3050B + US EPA Method 200.8 0.30 mg/kg

Zinc US EPA Method 3050B + US EPA Method 200.8 0.50 mg/kg

Notes: TCVN: Viet Nam standards SOP-CO: Standard Operating Procedure for on-field sampling of CO MASA: Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis EPA: Environment Protection Agency SMEWW: Standard Method for The Examination of Water and Wastewater

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Laboratory Analytical Equipment

No. Name of equipment Manufacturer

I. The environmental monitoring and environmental analysis equipment

1. Perkin-Elmer’s SIGMA 3B Gas Chromatography (US)

2. Hitachi-556 Spectrophotometer (Japan)

3. 965 Oven

4. Dohrmann-Rosemount DC-190 Carbon Analyser (Poland)

5. Vacuum Pump

6. Dosing Pump Model (Germany)

7. Thermostat

8. SHIMADZU UV-VIS Spectrophotometer UV1201 (Japan)

9. Kiln (China)

10. Kiln (Germany)

11. Sound Level Meters D-1422C (England)

12. COD analyzer (England)

13. Portable Dissolved Oxygen Meters WTW (Germany)

14. Portable Conductivity Meters WTW (Germany)

15. Portable pH Meters WTW (Germany)

16. BOD analyzer WTW (Germany)

Sanyo Thermostat (Japan)

17. GX-86 Toxic Gas Meter (Japan)

18. Portable Colorimeters (England)

19. Water Quality Testing Equipment WQC-TOA (Japan)

20. AEG 220 analytical balances Shimadzu (Japan)

21. Personal Dust Sampler Cassella (England)

23. Jar – test equipment (US)

24. Horizontal Water Sampler (US)

25. Sibata Model SL-15P Dust Sampler (Japan)

26. Model 224 - PCXR8 Air chek Sampler (US)

27. Quest 2800 Sound Level Meters (US)

28. KK 7056 Microscope (US)

29. Two eyes microscope (Germany)

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No. Name of equipment Manufacturer

30. Ultracentrifugation Machine (Germany)

31. Analytical balances (Switzerland)

33. HP5750G Gas Chromatography (US)

34. Oven Poland

35. Heralus UT 5042EK Oven (Germany)

36. Hero 048A/982 Oven (Germany)

37. Sterilizing pot (Hungary)

38. Hydrolysis Machine (Japan)

39. QUINTOX combustion analyzer (US)

40. DUFX3 - D1 Flow in pipe meter (US)

41. Global Water Flow in open canal meter (US)

42. Meter Toledo AT 261 Analytical balance (Switzerland)

43. Technical balance (Switzerland)

44. EG & G Model 394 (US)

45. Digestion Equipment Digesdahn (US)

46. Double-distilled water Hamital (England)

47. DO Meter HACH (US)

48. pH meter with 5 selective electrode (US)

50. Biostat Fermenter (attached PC and printer) Italia

51. Anaerobic treatment equipment BIOA/EV (atteched PC) Italia

52. Wastewater treatment pilot by chemical method Deltalab - France

53. Waste treatment pilot by method of adsorption Amfield -England

54. NUAIRE-425 Biological safety cabinet USA

55. 110 liter pasteurisation pot Hyamaya -Japan

56. Thermostat cabinets Germany

57. BOD Cabinets Germany

58. Oxitop equipment/6 bottles (using for analysis of BOD)

59. BGZ Bacterial Counting Machine Germany

60. High-performance liquid chromatography Agilent - US

70. Ion-exchange chromatography Dionex – US

75. Agilent 6890 N Gas chromatography/mass HP- Agilent, USA spectrometry (GC/MS) systems

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No. Name of equipment Manufacturer

76. Atomic absorption spectroscopy machine AAS, Model Analyst 800 Perkin – Elmer, USA

77. 757 VA Computrace Polarography Machine Metrohm- Switzerland

78. Ultrapure water purification system Labocon -USA

82. Model YS100 - Two eyes microscope Nikon-Japan

83. Electrical microscope and digital camera Nikon-Japan

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IMAGES OF MONITORING ACTIVITIES ON FIELD

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Ambient Air Monitoring

A1 position

A2 position

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A3 position

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Groundwater monitoring

Groundwater sampling at GW1 position Groundwater sampling at GW2 position

Soil monitoring

Soil monitoring at S1 position Surface water monitoring

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SW1: Reservoir of agricultural water SW2: Stream No. 49, Tân thuận, Tân Lập

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APPENDIX N MINUTES OF MEETINGS IN MAY, SEPTEMBER, AND NOVEMBER 2020

www.erm.com Version: Final 14 May 2021 Project No.: 0552758 Client: Power Construction JSC No. 1

Minute of Meeting

Project 0552758 Phong Nguyen Phong Huy Lien Lap Wind Farm ESIAs

Subject Consultation with PC of Tan Lap, Tan Lien, Tan Thanh, Huong Phung and Huong Tan Communes for ESIA development

Date 4 May 2020 – 6 May 2020

Location The office of Tan Lap, Tan Lien, Tan Thanh, Huong Phung and Huong Tan Communes

Attendees ■ Representatives of the PC of Communes ■ ERM (Ngan Vu, Yen Ngo) ■ PCC1 (Nguyen Ngoc Tien)

ERM opened the meeting by providing the purpose of this discussion, introducing the participants, and expressing its role in the creation of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) following international guidelines as well as briefing through the provided questionnaire.

The PC of Tan Lap, Tan Lien, Tan Thanh, Huong Phung and Huong Tan Communes showed their great supports for the Projects because of their benefits below and also expressed their concerns over impacts that the Projects could cause in the area of the Communes. Overall, the PCs has been supporting the Project throughout the land acquisition process and committed to continue their support throughout the Projects’ life cycle.

Key issues discussed during the meeting were as follows:

Page 1 of 3

Place & Time Attendants Discussion

Tan Lap Commune ■ Nguyen Van Nhuan – Chairman; ■ Land acquisition for the development of the project; ■ Nguyen Dang Dinh – Secretary; ■ Affected people concern on the compensation and 3:15 PM – 4:15 PM ■ Hoang Dung Chinh – Vice Secretary; support; ■ Nguyen Thi Tuyet – Chairman of the Fatherland Front Concern on health and safety while construction 4 May 2020 Committee happens;

Tan Lien Commune ■ Phan Dinh Nguyen – Chairman; ■ Noise during construction phase; ■ Phan Chau Tuan – Vice-chairman; ■ Concerns on construction activities that may affect 8:00 AM – 9:00 AM ■ Hoang Thi Lan – Chairman of People’s Council; irrigation system; ■ Concerns on transportation route; 5 May 2020 ■ Land acquisition for the development of the project; ■ Affected people concern on the compensation and support

Tan Thanh Commune ■ Le Ba Minh – Chairman; ■ The project area was located far from the residential ■ Le Ly – Vice-chairman; area; 2:00 PM – 3:00 PM ■ Dang Ba Vinh – Cadastral Specialist; ■ Concern on transportation route that may affect transportation of local people 5 May 2020

Huong Phung Commune ■ Phan Ngoc Long – Vice-chairman ■ The project area was located far from the residential area 9:30 AM – 10:15 AM ■ Concern on noise/ dust due to construction phase; ■ Concerns on construction activities that may affect 6 May 2020 irrigation system

Page 2 of 3

Huong Tan Commune ■ Ho Van Tinh – Vice-chairman ■ The project area was located far from the residential area 10:30 AM – 11:30 AM ■ Concerns on construction activities that may affect irrigation system; 6 May 2020 ■ Require the Project Owner to manage construction work not lead to soil erosion

ERM Vietnam Telephone: +84 28 3914 7800 ERM Floor 3, Saigon Finance Centre Fax: +84 28 3914 7801 09 Dinh Tien Hoang, Dakao Ward District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam www.erm.com

Minute of Meeting

Project 0552758 Phong Nguyen Phong Huy Lien Lap Wind Farm ESIAs

Subject Consultation with Huong Hoa District People’s Committee for ESIA development

Date 10:30 AM - 11:15 AM - 7 May 2020

Location The office of Huong Hoa – Dakrong Protection Forest Management Board, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province

Attendees ■ Chairman of Huong Hoa District PC (DPC) ■ ERM (Yen Ngo) ■ PCC1 (Nguyen Ngoc Tien)

ERM opened the meeting by providing the purpose of this discussion, introducing the participants, and expressing its role in the creation of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) following international guidelines as well as briefing through the provided questionnaire.

Key issues discussed during the meeting were as follows:

1. Chairman of Huong Hoa DPC welcome and support clean energy projects that have been developed in the area of Huong Hoa District. This is also the development policy of Quang Tri Province in general and Huong Hoa DPC in general. 2. The development of wind farm projects including Phong Nguyen, Phong Huy and Lien Lap would contribute to the development of socio-economic condition of the District by creating job for local people (skilful and unskilled workers) and attracting tourist. 3. Since wind farm projects did not have impact to the environment and not acquire much land, these projects would be expected not to cause damage to the environment as well as impact to livelihood of local people. 4. The chairman showed the concern on the capacity of EVN in the area of Huong Hoa District to receive the electricity from many wind farm projects when these projects are in operation.

ERM Vietnam Telephone: +84 28 3914 7800 ERM Floor 3, Saigon Finance Centre Fax: +84 28 3914 7801 09 Dinh Tien Hoang, Dakao Ward District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam www.erm.com

Minute of Meeting

Project 0552758 Phong Nguyen Phong Huy Lien Lap Wind Farm ESIAs

Subject Consultation with Huong Hoa – Dakrong Protection Forest Management Board for ESIA development

Date 08:30 AM - 09:30 AM - 6 May 2020

Location The office of Huong Hoa – Dakrong Protection Forest Management Board, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province

Attendees ■ Huong Hoa – Dakrong Forest MB ■ ERM (Ngan Vu, Yen Ngo) ■ PCC1 (Nguyen Ngoc Tien)

ERM opened the meeting by providing the purpose of this discussion, introducing the participants, and expressing its role in the creation of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) following international guidelines as well as briefing through the provided questionnaire.

Key issues discussed during the meeting were as follows:

1. Most of the protection forest area will be managed and protected by the Forest Management Board. A small part is given to the contracted local people for protection and payment according to the unit price stated in the provincial People's Committee Decision No. 38. The amount of land allocated to people will depend on the annual budget. The production forest area will be managed by the Forest Management Board. 2. There is no nature reserve within the protection and management area of Huong Hoa - Dakrong Protection Forest Management Board. The project area for wind power projects of Lien Lap, Phong Huy and Phong Nguyen is not located in the nature reserve. 3. Livelihoods in forest areas managed by the Forest management board: ■ Alternaties among protection forests are areas of wet rice cultivation and cattle grazing areas of ethnic minorities ■ The Forest Management Board has planted Trau (cây trẩu ) and Boi Loi (cây Bời Lời) trees and allowed local people to collect them

The above forest protection programs are part of the national target program on sustainable forestry development in the period of 2016-2020 according to Decision No. 886 TT-CP and implemented based on Decree 168/2016 / ND-CP and Decision No. 38/2016 /QD-TTg. The purpose of these programs is to create jobs and raise awareness of forest protection for ethnic minority people in mountainous areas. 4. Opinions related to the construction of wind power plants:

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■ The wind power plant construction itself does not cause much impact on the environment and people's livelihoods, but it will have a great influence on the forest from the construction of roads leading to the project area. During construction and operation of the wind power plant, it will create favourable conditions for people to enter the forest and illegally exploit timber, causing great and long-term damage. ■ To manage this impact, the Forest Management Board will have to strengthen checkpoints but the current force is weak and limited while the management area is wide. Currently, the forest protection force consists of 4 protection posts (3-4 people/ post) and protection groups of local people.

5. Landslides and forest fires often occur in this area, especially in hot weather. However, small and frequent fires are detected and extinguished in time so they do not cause great damage. 6. This forest area used to be the battle in the war; therefore, it may have potential risk of unexplored ordnance.

MINUTE OF MEETING IN SEPTEMBER 2020

Project 0552758 - PCC1 Lien Lap, Phong Huy and Phong Nguyen Wind Power Projects

Subject Project Disclosure and Engagement with People’s Committee of Huong Hoa District

Date 4th September 2020 – 14:00 to 16:00

Location Office of People’s Committee of Huong Hoa District

Attendees  PCC1 representative (Ms. Nhu)  People’s Committee of Huong Hoa District  ERM (Mr. Hanh Nguyen, Mr. Phat Tran)

The Vice Chairman of People’s Committee (PC) of Huong Hoa District opened the meeting with the purpose of this discussion, introduced the participants and the Project development progress.

PCC1 introduced the ERM and PCC1’s participants and presented the Project information and its role in the creation of an Environmental and Impact Assessment (ESIA) following international guidelines as well as briefed through the current status of ESIA.

The disclosure would be divided into two sections: Disclosure of the current status of ESIA report and engagement for the development of Livelihood Restoration and Ethnic Minority Development Plan (LREMDP). PROJECT DISCLOSURE

Mr. Vuong Viet Thang – Deputy Head of Natural Resource and Environment Department The project should ensure and comply with both national and international standards. It would be great if each impact was explained in detail of its magnitude and significance. There were yet any information regarding whether project’s road will be available for public use or not. Furthermore, what if soil erosion and landslide issues occurred outside project’s boundary due to the project’s activities given the precipitation rate was relatively high in the area? PCC1’s response: The projects road would be freely accessed and under management of local authorities once the projects started. PCC1 would investigate in case-by-case for any issues incurred by the projects. If it was indeed by the projects, PCC1 would compensate accordingly.

Mr. Le Dinh Tan – Deputy Director of Land Fund Development and Investment Management Board It should be noted that there were yet any issues of the land acquisition process so far. There was one pending household that had not received the compensation due to the committee did not have chances to meet the head of household. A number of households were still under by-phase planning. For Phong Huy and Phong Nguyen projects, the change of land use purpose from forest land to construction land was submitted to Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Quang Tri Province. PCC1’s response: Noted.

Mr. Dinh Van Dung – Vice Head of Office

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Beside the fixed-term acquired land for turbines, how would temporarily acquire land be treated and their conditions once the project completed its construction phase? In addition, a further study and assessment should be conducted given there would be a loss of forest for the development of the projects. The projects should be mindful about the noise, dust emission from transportation and safety zone of such impacts. Furthermore, due to the project was located in a high elevation level with relatively stiff slopes, how did the project anticipate the landslide issues?

PCC1’s response: Noted. Any areas that the projects rented from local people would be returned back to them when the construction phases ended.

Mr. Truong Van Due – Chair of Veterans Association The project should be mindful about the amount of water consumption for construction given most of households in affected communities mainly used water from natural water bodies (river, creek). It was undeniable that to cultivate paddy fields in mountainous area required lots of efforts. Given landslides and cover up cultivated area already happened from other projects in Huong Linh commune, it raised a question on how the project coped with such outstanding problems.

The project should also keep the responsibility for any outstanding issues and responded in action as per verbally committed as well as returned land tenancy and roads back to original conditions when constructing activities were done.

PCC1’s response: Noted.

Mr. Le Ba Van – Vice Chair of Farmer Association Given the project construction phase would last for at least more than three months, the project should be fully aware and minimise dust and noise emissions either spraying water or limiting the timeframe of constructing activities. As per Mr. Truong Van Due’s concern, agricultural businesses were the main livelihood of local residents and the projects must ensure that the impacts should be minimum to none for mentioned aspects.

PCC1’s response: Noted. Mr. Le Quang Thuan– Vice Chair of Huong Hoa District People’s Committee It was undeniable that any projects came to one’s local community would bring significantly advantages for the development of that local economy. Still, they were also bring lots of drawbacks on environmental and social aspects. It might not major but could possibly change local people’s lives. These projects luckily did not require lots of production land which made the process of land acquisition was straightforward without issues. When the projects started, project owners should understand how large of the impacts, positively and negatively, from projects’ activities to locals and responded with mitigative measures timely.

PCC1’s response: Noted. LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION AND ETHNIC MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

1. There would be lots of external impacts during the land acquisition process. The project should ensure local people receive their supports and compensations equally and appropriately when LREMDP implemented. 2. Supporting for the development of tourism services 3. Supporting on agricultural businesses (seedlings, cattle and poultry for animal husbandry) 4. Constructing and renovating infrastructures (community houses, roads) COMMITMENTS (IF ANY) / FOLLOW UP ACTIONS

1. Implementing the LREMDP’s programmes and grievance mechanism as a commitment between project developer, local authorities, consultants and project financiers.

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2. Implementing social welfare programs as part of PCC1’s policies (Tet holiday, Mid-Autumn Festival, scholarships, etc.).

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MINUTE OF MEETING IN SEPTEMBER 2020

Project 0552758 - PCC1 Lien Lap Wind Power Project

Subject Project Disclosure and Engagement with People’s Committee of Tan Lap Commune

Date 3rd September 2020 – 14:00 to 16:00

Location Office of People’s Committee of Tan Lap Commune

Attendees  PCC1 representative (Ms. Nhu Lai)  People’s Committee of Tan Lap Commune  ERM (Mr. Hanh Nguyen, Mr. Phat Tran)

The Chairman of People’s Committee (PC) of Tan Lap Commune opened the meeting with the purpose of this discussion, introduced the participants and the Project development progress.

ERM introduced the ERM and PCC1’s participants and presented the Project information and its role in the creation of an Environmental and Impact Assessment (ESIA) following international guidelines as well as briefed through the current status of ESIA.

The disclosure would be divided into two sections: Disclosure of the current status of ESIA report and engagement for the development of Livelihood Restoration and Ethnic Minority Development Plan (LREMDP). PROJECT DISCLOSURE

Mr. Doan Quang Soa – Head of Tan Thuan village There were two or three landfills for the construction of access/internal roads and levelling activities that located within Tan Thuan village; however, these dumping sites started to fill up and created a slope for excavated soil to slide off especially during the rainy season and cover up local people’s arable area even though they are not directly affected by Lien Lap project. I had encouraged them to file grievances to PC with my consent in regards to the project’s landfill issues but the PC could not receive and address such complaints given these are out of PC’s responsibilities and authorised village’s head to handle. Understood that the Project Owner engaged third parties for the construction of the Project so which bodies and how those grievances would be addressed?

PCC1’s response: Those dumping sites could possibly belong to other projects. The areas of dumping sites were rented from local people and would returned to local people after construction phase which were different from acquired land for the development of turbines and transmission line towers. Nonetheless, in case of such events were happened to PCC1’s projects, PCC1 would investigate case-by-case and compensate for those households that were indirectly affected by the mentioned event. PCC1 had constructed a number of projects in Vietnam, there were yet any grievances that PCC1 had not addressed. However, PCC1 always examined the rationales of these events if the problems came from PCC1’s projects, dumping site issue in this case, and compensated accordingly for indirect affected households.

Mr. Pham Xuan Hung – Head of Tan Tai Village Given only two turbines would be positioned within Tan Tai village area and construction had yet started, there were no outstanding issues at this moment including the compensation of land acquisition process.

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On the other hand, we strongly suggested the Project Owner to have a formal commitment with local authority on the subject of landfill issues as well as other environmental and social aspects.

PCC1’s response: All of the sentiments within this engagement would be a commitment between local authorities, project owner, consultants and project financiers. Ms. Nguyen Thi Thuy – Chair of Fatherland Front Committee As the Project would impact mainly to Bu village, there were questions that I obtained during my engagement with Bu village’s residents.

Were local people able to use the road freely when the project in operation since (i) the road was originally a transportation route of local people and (ii) they utilise that road to access their cultivated areas? It was reported that the road condition went drastically awful since the project start constructing. I suggested that the project ensure to restore its condition back to normal as before the project comes.

PCC1’s response: Aside from safety zone around the wind turbines, when the project started operating, these roads would be handed back to local authority to manage and local people allowed to use them without obstruction. In regards to road condition, they would be returned back to the condition before the project came. Regarding noise emissions, the project should engage directly with local people not local authority so they could be well-informed and understood about the environment and social impacts from the project.

PCC1’s response: Noted. The project will monitor yearly to ensure the noise emissions would be under the thresholds of Vietnamese standards. Government body would also conduct the monitoring Local people in Bu village had logged grievances for the landfill issues as per Mr. Soa had raised. The landfill started filling up and created a “soil mountain” plus heavy rains couple days ago, the excavated soil slid down and filled up part of residents’ paddy fields and fish pond. The project should be responsible for these issues and responded in action with some sort of letter of commitment rather than just verbally committed.

PCC1’s response: Noted. As PCC1 answered previously, PCC1 would investigate case-by-case and provided compensation for those households that were indirectly affected by the mentioned event. Again, all of the sentiments within this engagement would be a commitment between local authorities, project owner, consultants and project financiers. If the project could not committed to resolve such actions, the project could possibly be delayed and might not be able to be backed by project financiers.

Regarding the land acquisition and clearance process, Fatherland Front Committee did by ourselves consulted and encouraged local people to abide with Vietnamese law and regulations on the land acquisition procedure. However, the process was not transparent and inconsistent. We did not involve in the process from detailed measurement survey to the production of inventory of loss records but the project’s officer who involved in this process arbitrary put our committee’s name in the records and asked me to sign it off. That behaviour was unacceptable and I strongly disagreed with it. PCC1’s response: Noted.

Mr. Nguyen Van Thanh – Cadastre of Tan Lap Commune These disclosures should be better if it was conducted before construction phase started. These were done well but the feedbacks came back to local authorities were not great. There were 15 to 17 grievances were logged due to errors of acquired land boundaries. The main reasons were the project changed their designs regularly. As mentioned above, there were no further comments on acquired land but regarding non-acquired land affected by the project activities, any grievances outside of the scope of land acquisition should be under responsibility of project with clear communication/commitment to solve these problems.

PCC1’s response: Noted.

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LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION AND ETHNIC MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

All five presented programmes were in needed for the development of Tan Lap Commune. It would be better if there were standards and/or criteria of which we could suggest specific programs that supported the livelihood of local people and were feasible for the project to implement.

1. Each village in Tan Lap Commune was under the agricultural program of Huong Hoa District where each village would receive 150 million VND per annum for the development of village. It could be spent on cattle and poultry farming as well as paperbark’s (Melaleuca) seedlings. 2. Cultivation was still unsustainable as there were yet main crops in the area. Depending on the selling price on that year, local people would clear their farm to grow new plants. 3. Crossbred cows and implementation of cattle housing (semi-intensive system) were preferred given the grazing area were going to be narrowed down. 4. Restoration of Van Kieu’s gong culture to prevent it fading into oblivion. 5. Mason, carpenter and security were suggested for the vocational training. 6. Reproductive health awareness program was encouraged to implement due to the high birth rate and lack of knowledge of local people on this subject. 7. Construction of front yard of Tan Thuan village’s community house. The total cost was 25 million VND and local people of the village had contributed 10 million VND. The land was belonged to Tan Thuan’s kindergarten; however, the land was not listed within the land acquisition area for the project. COMMITMENTS (IF ANY) / FOLLOW UP ACTIONS

1. Investigating in the dumping sites issue, addressing logged grievances and compensating for indirectly affected households accordingly. 2. Implementing the LREMDP’s programmes and grievance mechanism as a commitment between project developer, local authorities, consultants and project financiers. 3. Prioritising local recruitment and social welfare programs as part of PCC1’s policies.

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MINUTE OF MEETING IN SEPTEMBER 2020

Project 0552758 - PCC1 Lien Lap Wind Power Project

Subject Project Disclosure and Engagement with People’s Committee of Tan Lien Commune

Date 4th September 2020 – 08:30 to 10:30

Location Office of People’s Committee of Tan Lien Commune

Attendees  PCC1 representative (Ms. Nhu Lai)  People’s Committee of Tan Lien Commune  ERM (Mr. Hanh Nguyen, Mr. Phat Tran)

The Vice Chairman of People’s Committee (PC) of Tan Lien Commune opened the meeting with the purpose of this discussion, introduced the participants and the Project development progress.

PCC1 introduced the ERM and PCC1’s participants and presented the Project information and its role in the creation of an Environmental and Impact Assessment (ESIA) following international guidelines as well as briefed through the current status of ESIA.

The disclosure would be divided into two sections: Disclosure of the current status of ESIA report and engagement for the development of Livelihood Restoration and Ethnic Minority Development Plan (LREMDP). PROJECT DISCLOSURE

Mr. Phan Chau Tuan – Vice Chair of Tan Lien Communal People’s Committee (i) There were seventeen (17) households affected by the project’s land acquisition and received decisions of the acquirements. The project should have further supports for affected people to restore their livelihoods.

(ii) In regards to the loss of forest area for the project’s development, there would be, as seen from other projects, grievances toward project’s activities. With the high precipitation rate in the area, it was foreseeable that soil erosion could potentially occur and cover water bodies and arable areas. It might not happen now but could be possibly occurred in the next five or seven years. It was unfortunate that local people rarely submitted any grievances but rather raised them during meetings and requested local authorities’ immediate responses which were out of our capabilities.

(iii) It should be noted that 100% of households resided in Tan Lien Commune were Kinh people. Hence, the LREMDP should be served for both vulnerability group and affected households. PCC1’s response: If there were any complaints regarding construction activities and soil erosion, PCC1 would response to it immediately via communication channel as presented in this disclosure.

Mr. Lam Quang Sang – Chair of Fatherland Front Committee (i) It was highly appreciated of the project’s efforts to conduct this consultation and disclosure. With the disclosed information, we hoped that the Project would have a clear picture of what should be improved and proposed solutions for pending issues. There were complaints regarding dust, noise from vehicles and road degradation in Tan Hao village. Even though there were already communications with Unit No.

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384 (the project’s subcontractor) concerning about the arising problems but we expected the project also had close communication with the project’s subcontractors and managed these accordingly.

(ii) Regarding the project disclosure, it would be better to had deep analysis/discussions on each impact rather than just skimmed through the impacts magnitudes and its significances. For example, would there be any impacts to agricultural products or cultivated plants within the proximity of wind turbines? How far should the turbine be to avoid shadow flickering issues? How to further elaborate the positive impact from project on climate change?

(iii) It was mentioned that local recruitment would be prioritise. However, as reported, the subcontractors hired labourers mainly from outside of the communities where the project is located. PCC1’s response: It should be noted that most of the concerns from the project’s impacts had been mentioned and addressed in the Environmental Impact Assessment report which was approved by relevant authorities. For the recruiting process, the project had sent letters to local authorities for further supports with the process of local recruitment.

Mr. Le Quang Dai – Chair of Farmer Association The project should conduct the disclosure and consultation with local communities prior to the construction rather than disclosed when construction phase had started. It would be even better to perform these consultations with local people who affected by the project as they would like to understand further on the project’s developments. As Mr. Lam Quang Sang mentioned previously, the project should present more details on each impacts created by the project and avoid vaguely describe as shown in the presentation. It would let us understand thoroughly and know how to response to complaints.

PCC1’s response: Noted.

Mr. Le Duc Huu – Head of Tan Hop Village (i) There were a number of households had not received compensation due to the Project had yet completed the land clearance and acquisition processes. There were also arising problems regarding landfill started to fill up and created a slope for excavated soil to slide off especially during the rainy season and could potentially cover up local people’s arable area as well as rivers which caused people who lived near river’s downstream might not be able to access to water for daily activities. Who would be responsible for that?

PCC1’s response: As normal, if there are logged grievances, PCC1 would investigate case-by-case and provided compensation for those households that were indirectly affected by the mentioned event. It was worth to mention that most of landfill were currently located in Tan Lap commune and yet any in Tan Lien commune.

(ii) There were mitigative measures for the impacts on water resources within the project area. How about other areas where they also utilised the same water sources? Are there any supports for the development of local communities? PCC1’s response: Noted. Final report would be addressed and updated given these were based on the outcomes of this disclosure and consultation.

(iii) The project should ensure the controls and mitigative measures regarding impacts on noise, dust and vehicles payload during construction phase to minimise the effects on communities and local infrastructure. PCC1’s response: Noted. LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION AND ETHNIC MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

1. Support for the development of services (e.g. businesses, tourism)

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2. Carpenter and welding were suggested for the vocational training. However, it should be assured that local people after training would be able to utilise their skills. COMMITMENTS (IF ANY) / FOLLOW UP ACTIONS

1. Crossed-check if there were any letters that sent to local authorities for the local recruitment and prioritising local recruitment both skilled and unskilled labourers. 2. Implementing the LREMDP’s programmes and grievance mechanism as a commitment between project developer, local authorities, consultants and project financiers. 3. Implementing social welfare programs as part of PCC1’s policies (Tet holiday, Mid-Autumn Festival, scholarships, etc.).

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MINUTE OF MEETING IN SEPTEMBER 2020

Project 0552758 - PCC1 Lien Lap Wind Power Project

Subject Project Disclosure and Engagement with residents of Bu village, Tan Lap commune

Date 5th September 2020 – 08:00 to 10:00

Location Community house of Bu village, Tan Lap commune

Attendees  PCC1 representative (Ms. Nhu)  Residents of Bu village (35 attendees)  ERM (Mr. Hanh Nguyen, Mr. Phat Tran)

PCC1 opened the meeting with the purpose of this discussion and introduced the participants.

ERM presented the Project information and its role in the creation of an Environmental and Impact Assessment (ESIA) following international guidelines as well as briefed through the current status of ESIA.

The disclosure would be divided into two sections: Disclosure of the current status of ESIA report and engagement for the development of Livelihood Restoration and Ethnic Minority Development Plan (LREMDP). PROJECT DISCLOSURE

Mr. Ho Qua Khe Our land was acquired for the establishment of dumping site. The site was now too high and occupied nearby non-acquired land. I had prevented the subcontractor to continue their work last Sunday. They asked why and would come up with an agreement for additional compensation but still had yet received any reimbursements.

Additionally, our cultivation land was positioned in the other side of the hill. However, with the expansion and construction of project’s road, it had cut through our access road to the arable areas and created a stiff slope where our motorbikes could not access. Please either temporary fix the road for us to access or return our access road back to original condition.

Mr. Ho A Xun To travel over the hill, we often mobilised from the road no. 49. With the construction of project’s road plus the slope of the hill, small rocks and excavated soils were falling and covering up local people’s cassava fields.

Mr. Ho Kinh In the land acquisition dossier, it was stated that our land would be used for road expansion in compensation for 160 million VND. However, that land was used for turbine construction. If we knew about this, we would never agree on such compensation price above. Moreover, underneath was drainage pipe for a number of households. With the construction for turbine foundation, these pipelines were completely destroyed.

Mr. Ho A Miet

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Please either temporary fix the road for us to access our cultivation fields or return our access road back to original condition.

Mr. Ho Van Thong and Mr. Ho Xoang Our cultivation fields were covered up by excavated soil at the dumping sites even though we were not directly affected by the project.

Mr. Ho A Ly Our rice paddy field and cassava field were located near the worker accommodation camp at the end of Bu village. Our land would be acquired around 200 squared metre for the construction of project’s road for 3 million VND. However, we did not agreed on such compensation price but the project was still continue to expand and build the road which let the excavated soil slid down and covered part of our land. I had many times talked to the construction team (subcontractor) about the situation but they said it would be solved later.

Mr. Ho Mat The access road to our cultivation field should be re-opened for us to access. It would be difficult and too far for us to get around in order to access those arable area. Would there be any requests on wearing nametag to access project’s road? As mentioned by other people, the excavated soil at dumping sites had slid down to local people’s paddy field and affected their livelihoods. For example, the land that Mr. Hoang Dinh Quang legally owned who did not reside in Bu village and still received the compensation whilst our arable lands and one of the main river that supplying fresh water for Bu village’s residents to use were covered up by the excavated soil and did not get any compensations? Mr. Ho A Xung Please either temporary fix the road for us to access our cultivation fields or return our access road back to original condition.

Mr. Vuong Our land was used illegally as parking lot for project’s vehicles and equipment without any notifications to us.

Mr. Ho Ai Cum The project should conduct disclosure and consultation prior to any construction activities. There should be more stringent and detailed terms of lease agreement/contract between local people, project and local authorities. Now we had to go to our cultivation fields but could not because of project’s construction activities which significantly affected to our livelihoods. Local people of Bu village were extremely frustrated with the vaguely and not transparent explanations and mitigative measures of the project.

PCC1’s response: First of all, thank you for all of your feedbacks to the project. First of all, on behalf of project developer, there were a number of complaints that PCC1 heard for the first time. PCC1 would work closely with our EPC contractor to identify, assess and compensate for any issues related to the dumping sites. The access road for local people to access to your cultivation land would be fixed. Regarding wearing nametag to access the project’s road once the project in operation, aside from safety zone around the wind turbines, when the project started operating, these roads would be handed back to local authority to manage and local people allowed to use them without any obstructions.

For the land acquisition process, kindly noted that this process was under authority and managed of Vietnamese government. Project developer did not allow involving in the process. However, only the temporary leasing land for dumping sites would be negotiations between project developer and local people.

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LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION AND ETHNIC MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

1. Support the agricultural development such as providing seedlings, cattle and poultry for animal husbandry 2. Drilling wells (around two or three new wells) were preferred given there were yet any fresh and clean water system at the village. 3. Support on local children’s education either scholarships on free tuition fee or free meals at school. 4. Restoration of existing roads. COMMITMENTS (IF ANY) / FOLLOW UP ACTIONS

1. Investigating in the dumping sites issue, addressing logged grievances and compensating for indirectly affected households accordingly. 2. Implementing the LREMDP’s programmes and grievance mechanism as a commitment between project developer, local communities, consultants and project financiers.

3 PROJECT DISCLOSURE AND COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT

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www.erm.com Version: 1.0 Project No.: 0552758 Client: Power Construction No. 1 JSC 8 October 2020 PROJECT DISCLOSURE AND COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT

www.erm.com Version: 1.0 Project No.: 0552758 Client: Power Construction No. 1 JSC 8 October 2020 PROJECT DISCLOSURE AND COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT

www.erm.com Version: 1.0 Project No.: 0552758 Client: Power Construction No. 1 JSC 8 October 2020 PROJECT DISCLOSURE AND COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT

www.erm.com Version: 1.0 Project No.: 0552758 Client: Power Construction No. 1 JSC 8 October 2020 LIST OF KII RESPONDENTS ON NTFP ACTIVITIES IN NOVEMBER 2020

No. Full name Ethnic Village Commune District Interview Date

1 Hồ Văn Chung Van Kieu Bu Tan Lap Huong Hoa 08.11.2020 (village head) & Hồ Ai Mộc (vice head)

2 Đoàn Quang Soa Kinh Tan Thuan Tan Lap Huong Hoa 08.11.2020

3 Phạm Xuân Hùng Kinh Tan Tai Tan Lap Huong Hoa 09.11.2020

4 Lê Đức Hữu Kinh Tan Hao Tan Lien Huong Hoa 08.11.2020

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EXAMINATION REPORT

APPENDIX O GELEX HUONG PHUNG WIND POWER PROJECTS - BIODIVERSITY FIELD SURVEY (SECONDARY DATA)

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Field Survey Report

GELEX Huong Phung Wind Power Project, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam

16 November 2020 Project No.: 0552758

The business of sustainability

Document details

Document title Field Survey Report Document subtitle GELEX Huong Phung Wind Power Project, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam

Project No. 0552758 Date 16 November 2020 Version 1.0 Author ERM Vietnam Client Name Power Construction No.1 JSC.

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16 November 2020

Field Survey Report

GELEX Huong Phung Wind Power Project, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam

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www.erm.com Version: 1.0 16 November 2020 Project No.: 0552758 Client: Power Construction No.1 JSC. FIELD SURVEY REPORT CONTENTS GELEX Huong Phung Wind Power Project, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam

CONTENTS 1. FIELD SURVEY METHODS ...... 3 1.1 Birds ...... 5 1.1.1 Vantage Point Survey ...... 5 1.1.2 Line Transect Survey ...... 6 1.2 Flora ...... 9 1.3 Bats ...... 9 1.3.1 Acoustic Line Transect Survey...... 9 1.3.2 Acoustic Monitoring Stations ...... 9 1.3.3 Mist-net Sampling ...... 9 1.4 Other Terrestrial Fauna (Herpetofauna and Non-Volant Mammal) ...... 10 1.4.1 Line Transect Survey ...... 10 1.4.2 Acoustic Auditory Point Count Survey ...... 11 2. BIODIVERSITY FIELD SURVEY RESULTS ...... 13 2.1 Flora ...... 13 2.1.1 Vegetation Cover ...... 13 2.1.2 Rapid Field Survey ...... 13 2.2 Birds ...... 15 2.2.1 Vantage Point Survey ...... 15 2.2.2 Line Transect Survey ...... 16 2.2.3 Semi-structured Interview ...... 17 2.3 Bats ...... 17 2.3.1 Acoustic Line Transect Survey...... 17 2.3.2 Acoustic Monitoring Stations ...... 17 2.3.3 Mist-net Sampling ...... 17 2.4 Non-volant Mammals ...... 18 2.4.1 Line Transect Survey ...... 18 2.4.2 Acoustic Auditory Point Count Survey ...... 19 2.4.3 Semi-structured Interview ...... 19 2.5 Herpetofauna ...... 20 2.5.1 Line Transect Survey ...... 20

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List of Tables Table 1.1 Field Surveys undertaken within the Study Area ...... 3 Table 1.2 Summary of fauna transect surveys in January 2020 ...... 10 Table 1.3 Summary of primate-focused transect surveys in May 2020 ...... 10 Table 1.4 Area of each habitat/vegetation type within Project Area ...... 13 Table 1.5 Recorded plant species listed in IUCN Red List and Vietnam Red Data Book ...... 13 Table 1.6 Invasive plant species recorded in field survey ...... 14 Table 1.7 Bat species identified during field surveys ...... 18 Table 1.8 Herpetofauna species identified during field surveys ...... 20

List of Figures Figure 1.1 Locations of three vantage points used for avifauna survey ...... 6 Figure 1.2 Locations of terrestrial transects used for avifauna survey in January 2020 ...... 7 Figure 1.3 Locations of terrestrial transects used for avifauna survey in May 2020 ...... 8 Figure 1.4 Locations of primate-focused transects and gibbon listening posts in May 2020...... 12 Figure 1.5 Photograph of a carcass of Indochinese Chiromyscus Chiromyscus chiropus found along the transect ...... 19

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1. FIELD SURVEY METHODS

ERM contracted specialists to undertake biodiversity surveys of the Project Area and surrounds. Multidisciplinary field surveys were undertaken in the Project Area in January, February and May 2020. A summary of the survey activities undertaken is provided in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 Field Surveys undertaken within the Study Area

S/N Dates Target Survey Survey Methods Survey Effort Technique

1 3 January – 5 Avifauna Vantage Point See Section 1.1.1 1 surveyor at each of 3 January 2020 Survey vantage points, 12 (First survey) hours per day (6:00 – 18:00) for 3 days

2 13 May – 15 May 2020 (Second survey)

3 6 January Avifauna Line Transect See Section 1.1.2 1 line transect (12 km) 2020 (First Survey surveyed for 5 hours by survey) 2 surveyors

4 16 May 2020 2 line transects (8.6 km, (Second 4.8 km) surveyed for 10 survey) hours by 2 surveyors for each transect

5 14 February Flora Remote Vegetation cover within the - – 16 Sensing project footprint (including under February proposed transmission line) was 2020 assessed using remote sensing, specifically Landsat 8 satellite imagery and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).

Point Count See Section 1.2 9 points surveyed Survey across 3 days

6 Terrestrial Line Transect See Section 1.4 9 hours (7:00 – 16:00) Fauna Survey and 2.5 hours (18:30 – (Birds, 21:00) per day Amphibian, Reptiles and Non- volant Mammals)

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S/N Dates Target Survey Survey Methods Survey Effort Technique

7 Bat Acoustic Line See Section 1.3.1 3 different transects on Transect 3 days (3 hours per Survey day)

Acoustic See Section 1.3.2 3 stations deployed Monitoring over 3 days, 5 hours Station per day (17:30 – 22:30)

Mist-net See Section 1.3.3 3 mist-nets deployed Sampling over 3 days, 4 hours per day (18:00 – 22:00)

8 Terrestrial Semi Semi structured interviews were 2 interviewers Fauna Structured systematically conducted to gain conducted interviews (Primates, Interview an understanding of the local with 88 locals (90% Ungulates, biodiversity, especially species farmers) living near the Carnivores of conservation concerns such Project Area and Birds) as carnivores (Leopard cats, Civets, Martens), ungulates (Saola), primates (Red-shanked Douc Langur, Southern White- cheeked Gibbon), birds (Vietnam Pheasant) and pangolins. Locals were shown a photo catalogue and asked if they had encountered any of the above species. Information on time, location, situation of each encounter was recorded. Questions regarding potentially important habitats for taxa of conservation concern (e.g. feeding sites for Red-shanked Douc Langur) and any visible changes in the species’ populations (e.g. more common, less common compared to 5 years ago) were also asked.

9 13 May – 16 Terrestrial Acoustic See Section 1.4.2. 3 listening posts May 2020 Fauna Auditory Point surveyed for 3.5 hours (Gibbons) Count Survey per day for 4 days

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S/N Dates Target Survey Survey Methods Survey Effort Technique

10 Terrestrial Line Transect See Section 1.4.1 4 different transects of Fauna Survey lengths ranging from 4 (Primates) – 8 km surveyed by 2 surveyors for 9 hours each

1.1 Birds

1.1.1 Vantage Point Survey Vantage point survey was used to investigate overlap between avifauna’s movements and the Project Area (Scottish Natural Heritage, 2014) in both the first (January 2020) and second (May 2020) surveys. Three vantage points, namely VP1, VP2 and VP3 were located within the vicinity of the Project Area (Figure 1.1). At each point, one experienced bird observer equipped with 7x50 built-in-compass-and- reticle binoculars and high-magnification 20x80 binoculars was stationed and actively scanned the whole area for avifauna activity within a 2 km 1800 arc from the vantage point. Once a bird or group of birds were sighted, the observer would draw the flight path, relative to the ground as if looking down on the site from above, onto a pre-printed record sheet. For each sighting, information on species; number of birds in the flight; start time and end time of flight; height of the flight in 15 second intervals; type of flight (flapping, soaring, gliding) and notes on activity/behaviour were all recorded. Height of the flight was recorded in three height bands, namely: below rotor height (<35 m), at rotor height in the Rotor Swept Zone (RSZ) (35-150 m) and above rotor height (>150 m). Total flying time was calculated for all bands at each vantage point. All flying paths were digitalized into shape files (.shp) for further analysis in QGIS. A traffic density map (with a coverage grid of 250 m x 250 m cells) was generated in QGIS to visualise bird traffic in the Project Area.

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Figure 1.1 Locations of three vantage points used for avifauna survey

1.1.2 Line Transect Survey Besides vantage point surveys, line transect surveys for avifauna were also conducted in both the first (January 2020) and second (May 2020) surveys to assess distribution and abundance of birds in the vicinity of the Project Area. Data were collected using visual surveys following available roads and trails that make up the line transect. Attempts were made to ensure that the survey transect covered different habitats of the Project Area and its vicinity. During the survey, two surveyors recorded and identified any sightings of birds along the transects of approximately 12-13 km in length (Figure 1.2; Figure 1.3). Additionally, line transect survey was also conducted in February 2020 as part of another terrestrial fauna survey in both daytime (7:00 – 16:00) and night-time (18:30 – 21:00) (See Section 1.4 for more information). Sighted individuals were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. GPS locations, photographs (if possible), distance and compass bearing to the sighted birds were recorded for further analysis, such as the Maximum Entropy (MAXENT) model fitting (Phillips et al., 2004). Species habitat modelling with maximum entropy approach, or MAXENT modelling (Phillips et al. 2004) was used to predict the distribution of recorded avian fauna. To maximize the reliability of the MAXENT model, bird species were grouped into “orders”, a taxonomic group of birds that share similar ecology or evolutionary characteristics. Potential environmental drivers for bird distribution are vegetation cover

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(NDVI), water (Normalised Difference Water Index; NDWI), disturbance (Normalised Difference Built- up Index; NDBI) and elevation.

Figure 1.2 Locations of terrestrial transects used for avifauna survey in January 2020

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Figure 1.3 Locations of terrestrial transects used for avifauna survey in May 2020

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1.2 Flora Over the course of three days, plant diversity was assessed via a rapid field survey in types of vegetation and land closest to the proposed transmission line. A total of nine surveys points were chosen within the Project footprint. At each point, a circle plot of 10 m diameter was demarcated to rapidly assess plant diversity. Plants within the circle plot were recorded and identified immediately on field by a qualified botanist. Specimens of unknown identity were collected to be identified immediately after in Botany Lab of University of Science – VNU HCMC. To assess the species richness, three approaches were used: the number of observed taxa, interpolation by rarefaction curve and extrapolation by estimator Chao. The number of observed taxa is the number of taxa recorded during the survey. Rarefaction curve method is used to interpolate the number of species as a function of the number of survey points. Lastly, Chao gives an estimation of the minimum species richness (including undetected species) for the survey area. Chao, therefore, gives an insight of how many species are still present in the survey area that was not detected/ recorded/ collected during the survey. Estimator Chao was calculated as described in Magurran and McGill (2011).

1.3 Bats For bat field surveys, acoustic line transects, acoustic monitoring stations and mist-netting were conducted.

1.3.1 Acoustic Line Transect Survey Four line transects with a total length of 14.29 km were used to survey bat activities in the Project Area and its vicinity. All transects were determined using existing trails. Surveyors conducted acoustic surveys equipped with EchoMeter Pro (Wildlife Acoustics, USA) synchronized with smartphone GPS along the transects. This full spectrum recorder system records time-stamped and georeferenced echolocation signals of bats, which indicates level of bat activity in the area. Bats were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level using their echolocation signals with BatExplorer software (Elekon AG, Switzerland).

1.3.2 Acoustic Monitoring Stations To understand the spatiotemporal patterns of bat activities within the Project Area, three stationary acoustic monitoring stations were deployed in strategic points. At each station, a highly sensitive recording system BATLOGGER A: CHF 900 (Elekon AG, Switzerland) was deployed to record bat acoustic signals from sunset (approximately 17:30) to 23:00 each day. Limited deployment time was a result of challenge associated with assessing the area at night-time. Similar to the acoustic transect approach, raw data records of bat activity collected were processed using BatExplorer 2.0 (Elekon AG, Switzerland).

1.3.3 Mist-net Sampling A series of mist-nets (Avinet Research Supplies, USA) were set up at pre-determined strategic points within the Project Area to collect bat samples. After the deployment of nets, the mist-netting team checked for entangled bats every ten minutes for four hours during period of intensive bat activity (Kruskop, 2013). It should be noted that due to UXO concerns, the survey team had to set up nets at safe locations near roads and wide trails in open areas. Open-space areas are generally not optimized areas to capture bats.

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1.4 Other Terrestrial Fauna (Herpetofauna and Non-Volant Mammal)

1.4.1 Line Transect Survey For the first survey (January 2020), line transect surveys were conducted in both daytime (7:00 – 16:00) and night-time (18:30 – 21:00) to record both diurnal and nocturnal terrestrial fauna activity. Each of the survey teams were equipped with appropriate equipment (e.g. binocular and telephoto camera for daytime team, head lamps and handheld torches for the night-time team). For all surveys, surveyors followed the transects (mostly determined by existing paths and trails), sighted and identified all encountered wild animals. GPS locations, photographs (where possible), distance and compass bearing to the sighted animals were recorded for further analysis, such as fitting the MAXENT Model (Phillips et al., 2004). Sighted individuals were identified on-sight to the lowest possible taxonomic level. A summary of the survey time and effort is presented in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2 Summary of fauna transect surveys in January 2020

Transect Transect length Survey date Time of survey Survey effort (hours) (m)

T-HP1 26,071 14 Feb 2020 07:00 to 16:00 9

T-HP2 55,380 15 Feb 2020 07:00 to 16:00 9

T-HP3 67,482 16 Feb 2020 07:00 to 16:00 9

Tn-HP1 2,208 14 Feb 2020 18:30 to 21:00 2.5

Tn-HP2 1,082 15 Feb 2020 18:30 to 21:00 2.5

Tn-HP3 5,473 16 Feb 2020 18:30 to 21:00 2.5

Species habitat modelling with maximum entropy approach, or MAXENT modelling (Phillips et al. 2004) was used to predict the distribution of recorded fauna during the transect survey. To maximize the reliability of the MAXENT model, recorded fauna was divided into broad taxonomic groups. For this survey, mammals, reptiles and amphibians recorded in the survey were grouped by their systematic “orders”. In most cases, species belonging to the same order should share similar ecology or evolutionary characteristics which make them respond similarly to the environment. This grouping approach is mainly to increase the power of data and to make the best uses of information from a rapid survey. Whenever possible, MAXENT modelling at species level is performed if the data (number of records) allow. Potential environmental drivers for distribution of different faunal groups include vegetation cover (NDVI), water (Normalised Difference Water Index; NDWI), disturbance (Built-up Index; BU) and distance to the ocean (DistOcean). For the second survey (May 2020), a primate-focused transect survey was conducted. Similar to the transect survey for birds, available roads and trails were utilized as transects to survey primates’ distributions for Huong Phung area. During the survey, surveyors followed the transects, spotted and identified all encountered non-human primate species. A summary of the survey time and effort is presented in Table 1.3 and Figure 1.4.

Table 1.3 Summary of primate-focused transect surveys in May 2020

Transect Transect length (km) Survey date Time of survey Survey effort (hours)

HP-PT1 8.2 13 May 2020 9:00 to 15:00 6

HP-PT2 7.2 14 May 2020 9:00 to 15:00 6

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Transect Transect length (km) Survey date Time of survey Survey effort (hours)

HP-PT3 4.3 15 May 2020 9:00 to 15:00 6

HP-PT4 6.6 16 May 2020 9:00 to 15:00 6

1.4.2 Acoustic Auditory Point Count Survey Listening posts, also known as acoustic auditory point count (Brockelman & Srikosamatara 1993), is a common method used to conduct census for gibbon species. Gibbons, the small apes of the family Hylobatidae, are cryptic primates that are sensitive to human activities. Visual survey methods such as line-transect survey will not be effective in collecting data for gibbons (Brockelman & Srikosamatara 1993). In contrast, the gibbon’s charismatic songs can be used as cues to detect their occurrences. Gibbons have strong territorial behaviour. Each gibbon family, which usually consists of a pair of male- female gibbons and a juvenile, would routinely emit loud and long songs to declare their territory in the morning. Distance and compass bearing to the source of the song can be determined by trained surveyors. If a song can be heard by more than one surveyor who are stationed at least a couple hundred meters from each other (Brockelman & Srikosamatara 1993), the location of the gibbons can be triangulated. In this survey, three listening posts were established to study the presence of gibbons in the study area. Surveyors were stationed at each listening post for 3.5 hours in the morning (5:30 – 9:00) for 4 days. The locations of listening posts (HP-L1, HP-L2, HP-L3) are shown in Figure 1.4.

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Figure 1.4 Locations of primate-focused transects and gibbon listening posts in May 2020

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2. BIODIVERSITY FIELD SURVEY RESULTS

2.1 Flora

2.1.1 Vegetation Cover Vegetation cover analysis (NDVI) indicated relatively high vegetation quality in the Project Area. The proposed transmission line will mostly pass through areas with moderately dense vegetation cover, such as agricultural land and forest. Habitat along the transmission line and its surrounding areas was classified into five main categories based on flora survey data, namely agricultural land, water surface, forest, urban and built up area, and barren land. The total area of each habitat/vegetation type is summarised in Table 2.1 below.

Table 2.1 Area of each habitat/vegetation type within Project Area

S/N Habitat/Vegetation Type Project Area with 1000m T-line with 1000m Total Area (ha) buffer (ha) buffer (ha)

1 Agriculture land 1557.9 1422.63 2654.82

2 Water surface 0.09 370.98 371.07

3 Forest 888.57 1171.26 1737.81

4 Urban and Built Up 57.78 183.96 221.94

5 Barren 98.01 145.35 214.74

6 Total 2602.35 3294.18 5200.38

2.1.2 Rapid Field Survey The field survey recorded 109 plant taxa (95 species, 7 specimens at genus level and 7 specimens at family level). Out of the identified species, 28 species are listed in the IUCN Red List: 1 Endangered (Coffea arabica L.); 1 Near-Threatened NT (Pinus latteri Mason); and 26 species are Least Concern LC) (Table 2.2). Lithocarpus vestitus (Hickel & A.Camus). None of 95 plant species (excluding 14 unidentified species) are recorded in Vietnam Red Data Book. The Coffea arabica L. (IUCN EN) found within the Project Area were planted. There were also 2 endemic species recorded during this rapid survey: Alocasia decumbens Buchet and Semecarpus anacardiopsis Evrard & Tardieu. Additionally, a total of 10 plant species were also identified as invasive species (Table 2.3). Rarefaction curves generated indicated that were many more undetected plant species within the Project Area and under the transmission line. Calculated from the observed 109 taxa at 9 survey points, the estimator Chao for this study was rounded at 174 species with 95% confidence interval from 143 to 235 plant species. Besides the 109 observed taxa, results of Chao suggests that at least 65 (95% CI from 34 to 126) plant species are expected to be found within the Project Area and under the transmission line until each plant species is presented in at least 2 survey points. Reasons for this suggested large number of undetected plant species include the single-survey sampling and small number of sites in this rapid survey.

Table 2.2 Recorded plant species listed in IUCN Red List and Vietnam Red Data Book

S/N Vietnamese Name Scientific Name IUCN Red List

1 Cà phê arabica Coffea arabica L. EN

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S/N Vietnamese Name Scientific Name IUCN Red List

2 Thông hai lá Pinus latteri Mason NT

3 Bọ nét Alchornea rugosa (Lour.) Müll. Arg. LC

4 Mán đĩa Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I.C.Nielsen LC

5 Bích hợp Bischofia javanica Blume LC

6 Bồ cu vẻ Breynia fruticosa (L.) Müll. Arg. LC

7 Cù đề Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C.Fisch. LC

8 Dướng Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent. LC

9 Kha thụ ấn Castanopsis indica (Roxb. ex Lindl.) A.DC. LC

10 Rau má Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. LC

11 Lác đuôi chồn Cyperus cyperoides (L.) Kuntze LC

12 Thập tử mảnh Decaspermum gracilentum (Hance) Merr. & L.M.Perry LC

13 Ráng tây sơn ngay Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) Underw. LC

14 Ngái vàng Ficus fulva Reinw. ex Blume LC

15 Bạc đầu lá ngắn Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. LC

16 Sâu trắng Liquidambar formosana Hance LC

17 Bời lời nhớt Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob. LC

18 Mã rạng răng Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Müll.Arg. LC

19 Ba bét nam Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.) Müll.Arg. LC

20 Dấu dầu ba lá Melicope pteleifolia (Champ. ex Benth.) T.G. Hartley LC

21 Trinh nữ Mimosa pudica L. LC

22 San cặp Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius LC

23 Thông ba lá Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon LC

24 Sổ dả nepal Saurauia napaulensis DC. LC

25 Chò xót Schima crenata Korth. LC

26 Cương đất Scleria terrestris (L.) Fassett LC

27 Sòi tía Triadica cochinchinensis Lour. LC

28 Huân lang chùm tụ tán Wendlandia paniculata (Roxb.) DC. LC Note: LC – Least Concern NT – Near-Threatened EN – Endangered

Table 2.3 Invasive plant species recorded in field survey

S/N Vietnamese Name Scientific Name Family Invasive species

1 Cỏ hôi Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Compositae Invasive weed

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S/N Vietnamese Name Scientific Name Family Invasive species

2 Sậy khô nhỏ Neyraudia arundinacea (L.) Henrard Poaceae Invasive weed

3 Me đất nhỏ Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Invasive weed

4 Cứt lợn Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Compositae Weed

5 Quỷ châm, Xuyến chi Bidens pilosa L. Compositae Weed

6 Chân voi mềm Elephantopus mollis Kunth Compositae Weed

7 Trinh nữ Mimosa pudica L. Leguminosae Weed

8 Dụm Rubus moluccanus L. Rosaceae Weed

9 Cà pháo Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae Weed

10 Cỏ mỹ Pennisetum polystachion Schult. Poaceae Weed

2.2 Birds

2.2.1 Vantage Point Survey January 2020 For the first survey, thirty-one (31) bird species were identified. A total of fourteen (14), sixteen (16) and eighteen (18) species were recorded in VP1, VP2 and VP3 respectively. All species recorded have not been listed as species of conservation significance nationally or internationally. A total of 8,700 seconds of bird flying was observed from the three vantage points. Most observed flights (8,130 seconds) observed occurred in band 1 (<35 m), below the RSZ, while little flying time was observed to occur in band 2 (35-150 m) (570 seconds). No observed flights occurred in band 3 (>150 m). Busier avian traffic was observed at VP2 and VP3 as compared to VP1, and this was also reflected in the disparity between the numbers of species recorded at each vantage point. Flock sizes were generally larger at VP3, ranging from 3 to 7 individuals as compared to those at VP1 and VP2 which ranges from 1 to 2 individuals. This explains the heavier avian traffic observed at VP3. Overall, the Black Bulbul (IUCN LC) was the most active species at the three vantage points. Flying activity appeared to vary within a day. At all three vantage points, birds appeared to be more active in the afternoon from 15:00 – 16:00. For VP2 and VP3, flying activity also peaked in the morning, at approximately 7:00. Four (4) species flew in band 2, including the Little Egret (IUCN LC), Large-billed Crow (IUCN LC), Black Eagle (IUCN LC) and Crested Serpent Eagle (IUCN LC). Most of these flights occurred at VP1, with up to 60 seconds for each flight at different times of the day. May 2020 For the second survey, forty-six (46) species were identified. A total of twenty-six (26), fifteen (15), and thirty-two (32) species were recorded in VP1, VP2 and VP3 respectively. All species recorded have not been listed as species of conservation significance nationally or internationally. A total of 8,055 seconds of bird flying was observed from the three vantage points. Most observed flights observed occurred in band 1 (<35 m), below the RSZ, while little flying time was observed to occur in band 2 (35-150 m) and band 3 (>150 m). Busier avian traffic was observed at VP2 which could be explained by the larger flock sizes observed, although longer duration of flights were observed at VP1 and VP3. Bird activity appears to be highest in the morning (6:00 – 8:00) and there was another peak in the late afternoon/evening (17:00) for all three vantage points.

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