Installing Bsd Operating Systems on Ibm Netvista S40
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Hetfs: a Heterogeneous File System for Everyone
HetFS: A Heterogeneous File System for Everyone Georgios Koloventzos1, Ramon Nou∗1, Alberto Miranda∗1, and Toni Cortes1;2 1 Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) Barcelona, Spain 2 Universitat Polit`ecnicade Catalunya Barcelona, Spain georgios.koloventzos,ramon.nou,alberto.miranda,toni.cortes}@bsc.es Abstract Storage devices have been getting more and more diverse during the last decade. The advent of SSDs made it painfully clear that rotating devices, such as HDDs or magnetic tapes, were lacking in regards to response time. However, SSDs currently have a limited number of write cycles and a significantly larger price per capacity, which has prevented rotational technologies from begin abandoned. Additionally, Non-Volatile Memories (NVMs) have been lately gaining traction, offering devices that typically outperform NAND-based SSDs but exhibit a full new set of idiosyncrasies. Therefore, in order to appropriately support this diversity, intelligent mech- anisms will be needed in the near-future to balance the benefits and drawbacks of each storage technology available to a system. In this paper, we present a first step towards such a mechanism called HetFS, an extension to the ZFS file system that is capable of choosing the storage device a file should be kept in according to preprogrammed filters. We introduce the prototype and show some preliminary results of the effects obtained when placing specific files into different devices. 1 Introduction Storage devices have shown a significant evolution in the latest decade. As the improvements in the latencies of traditional hard disk drives (HDDs) have dimin- ished due to the mechanical limitations inherent to their design, other technolo- gies have been emerging to try and take their place. -
Flexible Lustre Management
Flexible Lustre management Making less work for Admins ORNL is managed by UT-Battelle for the US Department of Energy How do we know Lustre condition today • Polling proc / sysfs files – The knocking on the door model – Parse stats, rpc info, etc for performance deviations. • Constant collection of debug logs – Heavy parsing for common problems. • The death of a node – Have to examine kdumps and /or lustre dump Origins of a new approach • Requirements for Linux kernel integration. – No more proc usage – Migration to sysfs and debugfs – Used to configure your file system. – Started in lustre 2.9 and still on going. • Two ways to configure your file system. – On MGS server run lctl conf_param … • Directly accessed proc seq_files. – On MSG server run lctl set_param –P • Originally used an upcall to lctl for configuration • Introduced in Lustre 2.4 but was broken until lustre 2.12 (LU-7004) – Configuring file system works transparently before and after sysfs migration. Changes introduced with sysfs / debugfs migration • sysfs has a one item per file rule. • Complex proc files moved to debugfs • Moving to debugfs introduced permission problems – Only debugging files should be their. – Both debugfs and procfs have scaling issues. • Moving to sysfs introduced the ability to send uevents – Item of most interest from LUG 2018 Linux Lustre client talk. – Both lctl conf_param and lctl set_param –P use this approach • lctl conf_param can set sysfs attributes without uevents. See class_modify_config() – We get life cycle events for free – udev is now involved. What do we get by using udev ? • Under the hood – uevents are collect by systemd and then processed by udev rules – /etc/udev/rules.d/99-lustre.rules – SUBSYSTEM=="lustre", ACTION=="change", ENV{PARAM}=="?*", RUN+="/usr/sbin/lctl set_param '$env{PARAM}=$env{SETTING}’” • You can create your own udev rule – http://reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html – /lib/udev/rules.d/* for examples – Add udev_log="debug” to /etc/udev.conf if you have problems • Using systemd for long task. -
ECE 598 – Advanced Operating Systems Lecture 19
ECE 598 { Advanced Operating Systems Lecture 19 Vince Weaver http://web.eece.maine.edu/~vweaver [email protected] 7 April 2016 Announcements • Homework #7 was due • Homework #8 will be posted 1 Why use FAT over ext2? • FAT simpler, easy to code • FAT supported on all major OSes • ext2 faster, more robust filename and permissions 2 btrfs • B-tree fs (similar to a binary tree, but with pages full of leaves) • overwrite filesystem (overwite on modify) vs CoW • Copy on write. When write to a file, old data not overwritten. Since old data not over-written, crash recovery better Eventually old data garbage collected • Data in extents 3 • Copy-on-write • Forest of trees: { sub-volumes { extent-allocation { checksum tree { chunk device { reloc • On-line defragmentation • On-line volume growth 4 • Built-in RAID • Transparent compression • Snapshots • Checksums on data and meta-data • De-duplication • Cloning { can make an exact snapshot of file, copy-on- write different than link, different inodles but same blocks 5 Embedded • Designed to be small, simple, read-only? • romfs { 32 byte header (magic, size, checksum,name) { Repeating files (pointer to next [0 if none]), info, size, checksum, file name, file data • cramfs 6 ZFS Advanced OS from Sun/Oracle. Similar in idea to btrfs indirect still, not extent based? 7 ReFS Resilient FS, Microsoft's answer to brtfs and zfs 8 Networked File Systems • Allow a centralized file server to export a filesystem to multiple clients. • Provide file level access, not just raw blocks (NBD) • Clustered filesystems also exist, where multiple servers work in conjunction. -
[13주차] Sysfs and Procfs
1 7 Computer Core Practice1: Operating System Week13. sysfs and procfs Jhuyeong Jhin and Injung Hwang Embedded Software Lab. Embedded Software Lab. 2 sysfs 7 • A pseudo file system provided by the Linux kernel. • sysfs exports information about various kernel subsystems, HW devices, and associated device drivers to user space through virtual files. • The mount point of sysfs is usually /sys. • sysfs abstrains devices or kernel subsystems as a kobject. Embedded Software Lab. 3 How to create a file in /sys 7 1. Create and add kobject to the sysfs 2. Declare a variable and struct kobj_attribute – When you declare the kobj_attribute, you should implement the functions “show” and “store” for reading and writing from/to the variable. – One variable is one attribute 3. Create a directory in the sysfs – The directory have attributes as files • When the creation of the directory is completed, the directory and files(attributes) appear in /sys. • Reference: ${KERNEL_SRC_DIR}/include/linux/sysfs.h ${KERNEL_SRC_DIR}/fs/sysfs/* • Example : ${KERNEL_SRC_DIR}/kernel/ksysfs.c Embedded Software Lab. 4 procfs 7 • A special filesystem in Unix-like operating systems. • procfs presents information about processes and other system information in a hierarchical file-like structure. • Typically, it is mapped to a mount point named /proc at boot time. • procfs acts as an interface to internal data structures in the kernel. The process IDs of all processes in the system • Kernel provides a set of functions which are designed to make the operations for the file in /proc : “seq_file interface”. – We will create a file in procfs and print some data from data structure by using this interface. -
DMFS - a Data Migration File System for Netbsd
DMFS - A Data Migration File System for NetBSD William Studenmund Veridian MRJ Technology Solutions NASAAmes Research Center" Abstract It was designed to support the mass storage systems de- ployed here at NAS under the NAStore 2 system. That system supported a total of twenty StorageTek NearLine ! have recently developed DMFS, a Data Migration File tape silos at two locations, each with up to four tape System, for NetBSD[I]. This file system provides ker- drives each. Each silo contained upwards of 5000 tapes, nel support for the data migration system being devel- and had robotic pass-throughs to adjoining silos. oped by my research group at NASA/Ames. The file system utilizes an underlying file store to provide the file The volman system is designed using a client-server backing, and coordinates user and system access to the model, and consists of three main components: the vol- files. It stores its internal metadata in a flat file, which man master, possibly multiple volman servers, and vol- resides on a separate file system. This paper will first man clients. The volman servers connect to each tape describe our data migration system to provide a context silo, mount and unmount tapes at the direction of the for DMFS, then it will describe DMFS. It also will de- volman master, and provide tape services to clients. The scribe the changes to NetBSD needed to make DMFS volman master maintains a database of known tapes and work. Then it will give an overview of the file archival locations, and directs the tape servers to move and mount and restoration procedures, and describe how some typi- tapes to service client requests. -
Review Der Linux Kernel Sourcen Von 4.9 Auf 4.10
Review der Linux Kernel Sourcen von 4.9 auf 4.10 Reviewed by: Tested by: stecan stecan Period of Review: Period of Test: From: Thursday, 11 January 2018 07:26:18 o'clock +01: From: Thursday, 11 January 2018 07:26:18 o'clock +01: To: Thursday, 11 January 2018 07:44:27 o'clock +01: To: Thursday, 11 January 2018 07:44:27 o'clock +01: Report automatically generated with: LxrDifferenceTable, V0.9.2.548 Provided by: Certified by: Approved by: Account: stecan Name / Department: Date: Friday, 4 May 2018 13:43:07 o'clock CEST Signature: Review_4.10_0_to_1000.pdf Page 1 of 793 May 04, 2018 Review der Linux Kernel Sourcen von 4.9 auf 4.10 Line Link NR. Descriptions 1 .mailmap#0140 Repo: 9ebf73b275f0 Stephen Tue Jan 10 16:57:57 2017 -0800 Description: mailmap: add codeaurora.org names for nameless email commits ----------- Some codeaurora.org emails have crept in but the names don't exist for them. Add the names for the emails so git can match everyone up. Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected] 2 .mailmap#0154 3 .mailmap#0160 4 CREDITS#2481 Repo: 0c59d28121b9 Arnaldo Mon Feb 13 14:15:44 2017 -0300 Description: MAINTAINERS: Remove old e-mail address ----------- The ghostprotocols.net domain is not working, remove it from CREDITS and MAINTAINERS, and change the status to "Odd fixes", and since I haven't been maintaining those, remove my address from there. CREDITS: Remove outdated address information ----------- This address hasn't been accurate for several years now. -
Hwloc-V1.10.1-Letter.Pdf
Hardware Locality (hwloc) 1.10.1 Generated by Doxygen 1.8.8 Mon Jan 26 2015 10:38:04 Contents 1 Hardware Locality 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................. 1 1.2 Installation.................................................. 2 1.3 CLI Examples................................................ 3 1.4 Programming Interface ........................................... 8 1.4.1 Portability.............................................. 8 1.4.2 API Example ............................................12 1.5 Questions and Bugs.............................................15 1.6 History / Credits...............................................15 1.7 Further Reading...............................................15 2 Terms and Definitions 17 3 Command-Line Tools 21 3.1 lstopo and lstopo-no-graphics........................................21 3.2 hwloc-bind..................................................21 3.3 hwloc-calc..................................................21 3.4 hwloc-info..................................................22 3.5 hwloc-distrib.................................................22 3.6 hwloc-ps...................................................22 3.7 hwloc-gather-topology............................................22 3.8 hwloc-distances...............................................22 3.9 hwloc-annotate ...............................................22 3.10 hwloc-diff and hwloc-patch .........................................22 3.11 hwloc-compress-dir.............................................23 3.12 hwloc-assembler -
12. File-System Implementation
12.12. FiFilele--SystemSystem ImpImpllemeemenntattatiionon SungyoungLee College of Engineering KyungHeeUniversity ContentsContents n File System Structure n File System Implementation n Directory Implementation n Allocation Methods n Free-Space Management n Efficiency and Performance n Recovery n Log-Structured File Systems n NFS Operating System 1 OverviewOverview n User’s view on file systems: ü How files are named? ü What operations are allowed on them? ü What the directory tree looks like? n Implementor’sview on file systems: ü How files and directories are stored? ü How disk space is managed? ü How to make everything work efficiently and reliably? Operating System 2 FileFile--SySysstemtem StrStruucturecture n File structure ü Logical storage unit ü Collection of related information n File system resides on secondary storage (disks) n File system organized into layers n File control block ü storage structure consisting of information about a file Operating System 3 LayeLayerreded FFililee SystemSystem Operating System 4 AA TypicalTypical FFileile ControlControl BlockBlock Operating System 5 FileFile--SySysstemtem ImImpplementationlementation n On-disk structure ü Boot control block § Boot block(UFS) or Boot sector(NTFS) ü Partition control block § Super block(UFS) or Master file table(NTFS) ü Directory structure ü File control block (FCB) § I-node(UFS) or In master file table(NTFS) n In-memory structure ü In-memory partition table ü In-memory directory structure ü System-wide open file table ü Per-process open file table Operating -
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP4 System Analysis and Tuning Guide System Analysis and Tuning Guide SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP4 System Analysis and Tuning Guide System Analysis and Tuning Guide SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP4 An administrator's guide for problem detection, resolution and optimization. Find how to inspect and optimize your system by means of monitoring tools and how to eciently manage resources. Also contains an overview of common problems and solutions and of additional help and documentation resources. Publication Date: September 24, 2021 SUSE LLC 1800 South Novell Place Provo, UT 84606 USA https://documentation.suse.com Copyright © 2006– 2021 SUSE LLC and contributors. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or (at your option) version 1.3; with the Invariant Section being this copyright notice and license. A copy of the license version 1.2 is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. For SUSE trademarks, see https://www.suse.com/company/legal/ . All other third-party trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Trademark symbols (®, ™ etc.) denote trademarks of SUSE and its aliates. Asterisks (*) denote third-party trademarks. All information found in this book has been compiled with utmost attention to detail. However, this does not guarantee complete accuracy. Neither SUSE LLC, its aliates, the authors nor the translators shall be held liable for possible errors or the consequences thereof. Contents About This Guide xii 1 Available Documentation xiii -
CS615 - Aspects of System Administration Slide 1
CS615 - Aspects of System Administration Slide 1 CS615 - Aspects of System Administration Storage Models and Disks Department of Computer Science Stevens Institute of Technology Jan Schaumann [email protected] https://stevens.netmeister.org/615/ Lecture 02: Storage Models and Disks February 3, 2020 CS615 - Aspects of System Administration Slide 2 Team Missions try to get your link by Sunday night identify type of article (e.g., research paper, news, study, experience report, war story, ...) identify promotional vs. informational, independent vs. paid content, publication date make sure to relate the link to the topic and your mission avoid attachments in favor of links Lecture 02: Storage Models and Disks February 3, 2020 CS615 - Aspects of System Administration Slide 3 Current Events CVE-2019-18634: buffer overflow in sudo when pwfeedback is enabled https://www.sudo.ws/alerts/pwfeedback.html https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2020/01/30/6 https://www.sudo.ws/repos/sudo/rev/84640592b0ff Try to recreate, then try to exploit. Lecture 02: Storage Models and Disks February 3, 2020 CS615 - Aspects of System Administration Slide 4 Staying up to date https://www.devopsweekly.com/ https://sreweekly.com/ https://www.nanog.org/ https://puck.nether.net/mailman/listinfo/outages https://www.oreilly.com/webops-perf/newsletter.html @nixCraft https://is.gd/cKEpWc https://www.cronweekly.com/ Lecture 02: Storage Models and Disks February 3, 2020 CS615 - Aspects of System Administration Slide 5 Let’s review HW1 Running an instance: $ aws ec2 -
Operating Systems – Assignment 4 File Systems
OPERATING SYSTEMS – ASSIGNMENT 4 FILE SYSTEMS The xv6 file system provides Unix-like files, directories, and pathnames, and stores its data on an IDE disk for persistence. The file-system addresses several challenges: • The file system needs on-disk data structures to represent the tree of named directories and files, to record the identities of the blocks that hold each file’s content, and to record which areas of the disk are free. • Accessing a disk is orders of magnitude slower than accessing memory, so the file system must maintain an in-memory cache of popular blocks. • Different processes may operate on the file system at the same time, and must coordinate to maintain invariants. • The file system must support crash recovery. That is, if a crash (e.g., power failure) occurs, the file system must still work correctly after a restart. The risk is that a crash might interrupt a sequence of updates and leave inconsistent on-disk data structures (e.g., a block that is both used in a file and marked free). To do so, xv6 divides the disk into several sections, as shown in the Figure below. The file system does not use block 0 (it holds the boot sector). Block 1 is called the superblock, it contains metadata about the file system (the file system size in blocks, the number of data blocks, the number of inodes, and the number of blocks in the log). Blocks starting at 2 hold inodes. After those come bitmap blocks tracking which data blocks are in use. Most of the remaining blocks are data blocks. -
File-System Internals
CHAPTER File-System 15 Internals Practice Exercises 15.1 Explain how the VFS layer allows an operating system to support mul- tiple types of le systems easily. Answer: VFS introduces a layer of indirection in the le system implementation. In many ways, it is similar to object-oriented programming techniques. System calls can be made generically (independent of le system type). Each le system type provides its function calls and data structures to the VFS layer. A system call is translated into the proper specic functions for the target le system at the VFS layer. The calling program has no le-system-specic code, and the upper levels of the system call structures likewise are le system-independent. The translation at the VFS layer turns these generic calls into le-system-specic operations. 15.2 Why have more than one le system type on a given system? Answer: File systems can be designed and implemented with specic uses in mind, and optimized for those uses. Consider a virtual memory le system vs. a secondary storage le system. The memory-based one need not concern itself with fragmentation, or persistingdata structures in the face of power loss. There are also special-purpose le systems like the procfs le system, designed to give the convenient le system interface to system aspects like the process name space and process resource use. 15.3 On a Unix or Linux system that implements the procfs le system, determine how to use the procfs interface to explore the process name space. What aspects of processes can be viewed via this interface? How would the same information be gathered on a system lacking the procfs le system? Answer: 561 562 Chapter 15 File-System Internals On systems containing the procfs psuedo-lesystem, details vary but generally the le system is mounted at /proc, and exploring it with le system commands can reveal the following: • Each process is represented by its processID, so counting them reveals the number of processes in the system.