DOCSLIB.ORG

Pedal Force Effectiveness in Cycling: a Review of Constraints and Training Effects

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pedal Force Effectiveness in Cycling: a Review of Constraints and Training Effects View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Online @ ECU Edith Cowan University Research Online ECU Publications 2013 1-1-2013 Pedal force effectiveness in cycling: A review of constraints and training effects Rodrigo Bini Patria Hume James L. Croft Edith Cowan University, [email protected] Andrew Kilding Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks2013 Part of the Sports Sciences Commons Bini, R., Hume, P., Croft, J. L., & Kilding, A. (2013). Pedal force effectiveness in cycling: A review of constraints and training effects. Journal of Science and Cycling, 2(1), 11-24. Availablehere This Journal Article is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks2013/891 J Sci Cycling. Vol. 2(1), 11-24 REVIEW ARTICLE Open Access Pedal force effectiveness in Cycling: a review of constraints and training effects Rodrigo R Bini1, 2, Patria Hume1, James Croft3, Andrew Kilding1 Abstract Pedal force effectiveness in cycling is usually measured by the ratio of force perpendicular to the crank (effective force) and total force applied to the pedal (resultant force). Most studies measuring pedal forces have been restricted to one leg but a few studies have reported bilateral asymmetry in pedal forces. Pedal force effectiveness is increased at higher power output and reduced at higher pedaling cadences. Changes in saddle position resulted in unclear effects in pedal force effectiveness, while lowering the upper body reduced pedal force effectiveness. Cycling experience and fatigue had unclear effects on pedal force effectiveness. Augmented feedback of pedal forces can improve pedal force effectiveness within a training session and after multiple sessions for cyclists and non-cyclists. No differences in pedal force effectiveness were evident between summarized and instantaneous feedback. Conversely, economy/efficiency seems to be reduced when cyclists are instructed to improve pedal force effectiveness during acute intervention studies involving one session. Decoupled crank systems effectively improved pedal force effectiveness with conflicting effects on economy/efficiency and performance. Keywords: pedal forces, pedaling technique, cycling performance, workload, pedaling cadence, body position Contact email: [email protected] (RR. Bini) strategies may not be fully translated into better force effectiveness. However, cyclists can improve power 1 Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland output if they improve force effectiveness, but they University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand cannot improve power output exclusively by 2 Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Universidade Federal do Rio improvements in pedaling technique (Bini and Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil Diefenthaeler 2010). For a similar pedaling technique 3 School of Physical Education, Otago University, Dunedin, New (e.g. focus on pushing down forces applied at the Zealand downstroke phase) power output can be improved by __________________________________________________ increasing magnitude of force application (assuming Received: 19 November 2012. Accepted:18 April 2013. similar directions of the force). However, changing technique to a more circling action (i.e. greater force effectiveness for similar magnitude of forces) power Introduction output can be improved, but only because force During cycling, lower limb movement in the sagittal effectiveness is improved. In a mechanical perspective, plane is constrained to a circular path by the geometry applying pedal forces perfectly perpendicular to the of the bicycle (i.e. cranks and pedals). Within these crank in the direction of crank motion (force constraints the cyclist can vary pedaling technique by effectiveness equal to 100%) is only possible if a changing the kinematics of their lower limbs (thigh, perfect circling action is performed by the cyclist. shank and foot) and the activation of muscles. Existing evidence is conflicting regarding the Technique in cycling can be assessed through relationship between pedal force effectiveness and measurement of joint kinematics (Bini et al. 2010; performance in cycling. Most research suggests that Chapman et al. 2008b; Hasson et al. 2008) and muscle when the effectiveness of the force applied on the pedal activation patterns (Bini et al. 2008; Candotti et al. is optimized, the economy/efficiency (i.e. ratio between 2009; Dorel et al. 2009b). Alternatively, pedal force mechanical energy produced and physiological energy effectiveness (ratio of the force perpendicular to the demand) is reduced (Korff et al. 2007; Mornieux et al. crank and the total force applied to the pedal) has also 2008). No research has been conducted to quantify the been used as a gold standard measure of technique in relationship between symmetry in pedal forces and cycling (Dorel et al. 2009a; Dorel et al. 2009b; Rossato performance. We chose to review the use of pedal force et al. 2008). However, there has been criticism recently effectiveness during cycling as pedal force systems are regarding using pedal force effectiveness exclusively now commercially available to monitor cycling training for feedback as pedal force effectiveness may not and performance. Therefore, it is important to analyze provide a full representation of pedaling technique of what we know and what we still need to learn in terms cyclists (Bini and Diefenthaeler 2010). Pedaling of pedal force effectiveness to better advise cyclists and technique is probably too complex to be summarized coaches. by force effectiveness alone given that technique © 2013 Bini; licensee JSC. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. J Sci Cycling. Vol. 1(2), 11-24 Bini et al. The purpose of this review was to summarize current pedal force measurements. knowledge on pedal force effectiveness during cycling and how it is affected by task constraints such as Results workload, pedaling cadence, body position, fatigue and Most studies measuring pedal forces have been cycling ability. Limitations and benefits of measuring restricted to one leg but a few studies have reported and using pedal force effectiveness feedback bilateral asymmetry in pedal forces. Pedal force exclusively are discussed throughout the article. effectiveness is increased at higher workload level and Interventions to improve force effectiveness and reduced at higher pedaling cadences. Changes in saddle cycling performance are also considered to identify position resulted in unclear effects in pedal force interactions between technique training and effectiveness, while lowering the upper body reduced performance. pedal force effectiveness. Cycling experience and fatigue had unclear effects on pedal force effectiveness. Methods Augmented feedback of pedal forces can improve pedal Academic databases (MEDLINE, SCOPUS, ISI Web force effectiveness within a single training session and of Knowledge, EBSCO, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR) after multiple sessions for cyclists and non-cyclists. No were searched for peer-reviewed journals, books, differences in pedal force effectiveness were evident theses, and conference proceedings since 1960 with the between summarized and instantaneous feedback. keywords pedal force effectiveness, workload, pedaling Conversely, economy/efficiency seems to be reduced cadence, saddle position, cycling, fatigue, and when cyclists are instructed to improve pedal force symmetry. Articles were not included when they could effectiveness during acute intervention studies not be retrieved without at least an English abstract. involving one session (Korff et al. 2007; Mornieux et Journal articles (82), book chapters (4), and conference al. 2008). Decoupled crank systems effectively articles (10) were included in this review based on improved pedal force effectiveness with conflicting exclusion criteria of articles that were not related to effects on economy/efficiency and performance. Table 1. Scientific papers reporting different systems to measure the force applied on the pedals during cycling. Reference Sensor type Force components and moments Cleats type Application Guye (1896) PressureA Normal (Fz) No cleats UnknownB Sharp (1896) PressureA Normal (Fz) No cleats Laboratory Hoes et al. (1968) Strain gauge Normal (Fz) Toe clips Laboratory Sargeant & Davies (1977) Strain gauge Normal (Fz) Toe clips Laboratory Dal Monte et al. (1973) Strain gauge Normal (Fz) and anterior-posterior (Fx) Toe clips Laboratory Normal (Fz), anterior-posterior (Fx) and Hull & Davis, (1981) Strain gauge Toe clips Laboratory medio-lateral (Fy), and related moments Harman et al. (1987) Strain gauge Normal (Fz) and anterior-posterior (Fx) UnknownB Laboratory Newmiller et al. (1988) Strain gauge Normal (Fz) and anterior-posterior (Fx) Clip in Laboratory Normal (Fz), anterior-posterior (Fx) and Toe clips and Broker & Gregor (1990) Piezoelectric Laboratory medio-lateral (Fy), and related moments Clip in Álvarez & Vinyolas (1996) Strain gauge Normal (Fz) and anterior-posterior (Fx) Clip in Road Normal (Fz), anterior-posterior (Fx) and Boyd et al. (1996) Strain gauge Clip in Laboratory medio-lateral (Fy), and related moments Normal (Fz), anterior-posterior (Fx) and Nabinger et al. (2002) Strain gauge Clip in Laboratory medio-lateral (Fy), and related moments Reiser
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 26″ Hyper HBC Cruisers Manual
    The following manual is only a guide to assist you and is not a complete or comprehensive manual of all aspects of maintaining and repairing your bicycle. The bicycle you have purchased is a complex object. Hyper Bicycles recommends that you consult a bicycle specialist if you have doubts or concerns as to your experience or ability to properly assemble, repair, or maintain your bicycle. You will save time and the inconvenience of having to go back to the store if you choose to write or call us concerning missing parts, service questions, operating advice, and/or assembly questions. 177 Malaga Park Dr. Malaga, NJ 08328 Call Toll Free SERIAL NUMBER LOCATION 1-866-204-9737 Local 417-206-0563 Bottom View Fax: 775-248-5155 Monday-Friday 8:00AM to 5:00PM (CST) For product related questions email us at: [email protected] For customer service questions email us at: [email protected] IMPORTANT NOTICE WRITE YOUR SERIAL NUMBER HERE serial number Keep your serial number handy in case of damage, loss or theft. B I C Y C L E O W N E R ’ S M A N U A L Contents SAFETY Safety Equipment 2 Mechanical Safety Check 3 Riding Safety 5 IMPORTANT NOTE TO PARENTS 5 Rules of the Road 7 Rules of the Trail 9 Wet Weather Riding 10 Night Riding 10 Bicycling in Traffic 12 ASSEMBLY, MAINTENANCE May not be May not be AND ADJUSTMENT exactly as exactly as illustrated illustrated Fenders 30 NEW OWNER Warranty 36 Purchase Record 37 VISIT US ONLINE@ M A X W E I G H T : 2 7 5 l b s www.hyperbicycles.com This manual contains important safety, performance If you have a problem, do not return to the store, and maintenance information.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Bicycle Dynamic Model and Riding Environment for Evaluating Roadway Features for Safe Cycling
    TRC-2017-02 October 31, 2018 Development of a Bicycle Dynamic Model and Riding Environment for Evaluating Roadway Features for Safe Cycling FINAL REPORT Upul Attanayake, Ph.D., P.E. Mitchel Keil, Ph.D., P.E. Abul Fazal Mazumder, M.Sc. Transportation Research Center for Livable Communities Western Michigan University Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. TRCLC 2017-02 N/A N/A 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Development of a Bicycle Dynamic Model and Riding Environment October 31, 2018 for Evaluating Roadway Features for Safe Cycling 6. Performing Organization Code N/A 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Org. Report No. Upul Attanayake, Ph.D., P.E. N/A Mitchel Keil, Ph.D., P.E. Abul Fazal Mazumder, M.Sc. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Western Michigan University N/A 1903 West Michigan Avenue 11. Contract No. Kalamazoo, MI 49008 TRC 2017-02 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report & Period Transportation Research Center for Livable Communities Covered (TRCLC) Final Report 1903 W. Michigan Ave., 8/15/2017 - 10/31/2018 Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5316 14. Sponsoring Agency Code USA N/A 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract Cycling is a viable transportation option for almost everyone and enhances health, equity, and quality of life. Cycling contributes to the society by reducing fuel consumption, traffic congestion, and air and noise pollution. In recent days, cycling has been promoted as more emphasis is given to non-motorized mobility. To attract people towards cycling, safe and comfortable bikeways are needed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Custom Bicycle
    THE CUSTOM BICYCLE Michae J. Kolin and Denise M.de la Rosa BUYING. SETTING UP, AND RIDING THE QUALITY BICYCLE Copyright© 1979 by Michael J. Kolin and Denise M. de la Rosa All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher. Book Design by T. A. Lepley Printed in the United States of America on recycled paper, containing a high percentage of de-inked fiber. 468 10 9753 hardcover 8 10 9 7 paperback Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Kolin, Michael J The custom bicycle. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Bicycles and tricycles—Design and construction. 2. Cycling. I. De la Rosa, Denise M., joint author. II. Title. TL410.K64 629.22'72 79-1451 ISBN 0-87857-254-6 hardcover ISBN 0-87857-255-4 paperback THE CUSTOM BICYCLE BUYING, SETTING UP, AND RIDING i THE QUALITY BICYCLE by Michael J. Kolin and Denise M. de la Rosa Rodale Press Emmaus, Pa. ARD K 14 Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Part I Understanding the Bicycle Frame CHAPTER 1: The Bicycle Frame 1 CHAPTER 2: Bicycle Tubing 22 CHAPTER 3: Tools for Frame Building 3 5 Part II British Frame Builders CHAPTER 4: Condor Cycles 47 CHAPTER 5: JRJ Cycles, Limited 53 CHAPTER 6: Mercian Cycles, Limited BO CHAPTER 7: Harry Quinn Cycles, Limited 67 CHAPTER 8: Jack Taylor Cycles 75 CHAPTER 9: TI Raleigh, Limited 84 CHAPTER 10: Woodrup Cycles 95 Part III French Frame Builders CHAPTER 11: CNC Cycles 103 CHAPTER 12: Cycles Gitane 106 CHAPTER 13: Cycles Peugeot 109 THE CUSTOM BICYCLE Part IV Italian Frame Builders CHAPTER 14: Cinelli Cino & C.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Future Electrical Bicycle for the Ageing Population
    eZIN Development of a future electrical bicycle for the ageing population CHRISTOS SAPLACHIDIS EMIL YXHAGE Master of Science Thesis in the Master Degree Program, Industrial Design Engineering SUPERVISOR : DAVID LAMM, MIKAEL SUNDGREN EXAMINER: ULRIKE RAHE CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Product- and Production Development Gothenburg, Sweden 2015 Division of Design & Human Factors eZIN Development of a future electrical bicycle for the aging population Master of Science Thesis PPUX05 eZIN Master of Science Thesis in the Master Degree Program, Industrial Design Engineering © CHRISTOS SAPLACHIDIS, EMIL YXHAGE Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden Telephone +46(0) 31-772 1000 Cover photo: Computer generated image of final concept Print: Repro Service Chalmers CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Product- and Production Development Gothenburg, Sweden 2015 Division of Design & Human Factors Abstract A rather important trend for modern society is the fact that average life expectancy is increased with accelerated pace. Furthermore, the burden of lifetime illness is compressed into a shorter period before the time of a person's death, a statement known as compression of morbidity. As a result, people are capable of being more and more active for longer periods and older ages. Considering as well, the fact that most jobs currently, and most likely in the future, involve a lot of office work sitting still, the need for daily exercise becomes critical in many aspects, especially at older ages. Biking can bring these facts together since it can be easily integrated into everyday living as transportation mean. At older ages though, conventional bicycles can present usage requirements and side effects that will prevent people from using them.
    [Show full text]
  • A Constant Force Bicycle Transmission
    Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses 8-1-1983 A constant force bicycle transmission Thomas Chase Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Chase, Thomas, "A constant force bicycle transmission" (1983). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A CONSTANT FORCE BICYCLE TRANSMISSION by Thomas R. Chase A Thesis Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Mechanical Engineering Approved by: Prof. Richard Budynas Thesis Adviser Prof. Dr. Bhalchandra V. Karlekar Department Head Prof. '"egible Signature Prof. Ray C. Johnson DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROCHESTER, NHJ YORK August 1983 A CONSTANT FORCE BICYCLE TRANSMISSION ABSTRACT A prototype design for a human powered automatic transmission intended for use on an ordinary touring bicycle is presented. The transmission is intended to automatically adjust the gearing of the bicycle to maintain an optimum pedal force, regardless of the current riding conditions. Therefore, the transmission eliminates the need for the cyclist to manually adjust the bicycle gearing. The entire transmission is a self-contained unit designed to bolt onto the rear wheel of an otherwise unmodified 27-inch bicycle. The transmission combines a unique adaptation of a commercially popular continuously variable traction drive with a totally mechanical integral feedback controller. The features of the traction drive unique to its application to a bicycle are outlined in detail, along with an analysis of the important traction drive design parameters.
    [Show full text]
  • PEDAL POWERED.Indd
    Portable Pedal Power A proposal for AAA and Burt Rutan March 1, 2005 Submitted by CASL and the EDC Outline of Portable Pedal Power Proposal: Why we need it How our Proposal Meets the Proposal Requirements Multidisciplinary Collaboration: the Submitting Group Design Guidelines Design Sketches Initial Electrical Schematic Proposed Budget Additional Information from research: Basic Pedal Power Study Available Products Organizations Precedent Studies Glossary Portable Pedal Power Proposal Abstract: Living in America in the 21st Century is a luxury that is generally taken for granted. It wasnʼt long ago that people lived in small houses without flush toilets, running water, or electricity, and now people donʼt even recognize the great ingenuity that is required to bring electricity in to our lives. Our proposal seeks to raise hands on awareness of electricity production, while demonstrating alternatives to the current standard in an exciting and engaging way. It is important to visualize new ways to bring power to the people as population continues to grow and power shortages continue to occur. Much of the power that is provided to people today is done in very un-sus- tainable ways; new ideas are needed to transition in to a post cheap-petroleum era. Proposal: We propose to design and create a portable bicycle trailor that generates electricity for events and dem- onstrations. The trailor will be fully equipped with bicycle stands that fold out to handle 3-4 bicycles. Each stand would be connected to a small magnet motor generator that would transform the bicycle pedal rotations in to electrical energy. The energy then charges a small battery bank.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical and Environmental Viability of a Road Bicycle Pedal Part Made of a Fully Bio-Based Composite Material
    materials Article Technical and Environmental Viability of a Road Bicycle Pedal Part Made of a Fully Bio-Based Composite Material David Hernández-Díaz 1,* , Ricardo Villar-Ribera 2,*, Ferran Serra-Parareda 3 , Rafael Weyler-Pérez 4, Montserrat Sánchez-Romero 4, José Ignacio Rojas-Sola 5 and Fernando Julián 6 1 Serra Húnter Programme, Department of Engineering Graphics and Design, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08222 Terrassa, Spain 2 Department of Engineering Graphics and Design, Campus Manresa, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08242 Manresa, Spain 3 LEPAMAP Research Group, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; [email protected] 4 Department of Strenght Materials and Structural Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; [email protected] (R.W.-P.); [email protected] (M.S.-R.) 5 Department of Engineering Graphics, Design and Projects, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; [email protected] 6 Design, Development and Product Innovation, Department of Organization, Business, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.H.-D.); [email protected] (R.V.-R.) Abstract: Glass fibre is the most widely used material for reinforcing thermoplastic matrices presently and its use continues to grow. A significant disadvantage of glass fibre, however, is its impact on the environment, in particular, due to the fact that glass fibre-reinforced composite materials are difficult to recycle. Polyamide 6 is an engineering plastic frequently used as a matrix for high-mechanical Citation: Hernández-Díaz, D.; performance composites. Producing polyamide monomer requires the use of a large amount of Villar-Ribera, R.; Serra-Parareda, F.; energy and can also pose harmful environmental impacts.
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Material Study of Race Bike Crank Pl
    ISSN: 2277-9655 [Vairakanna* et al., 6(4): April, 2017] Impact Factor: 4.116 IC™ Value: 3.00 CODEN: IJESS7 IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY DESIGN AND MATERIAL STUDY OF RACE BIKE CRANK PL. Vairakanna*, M. Chandran * PG Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. MGR University, Chennai, India Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. MGR University, Chennai, India DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.496091 ABSTRACT In this study we are going to study on design and material optimization of a race bike crank. The objective is to compare the stresses and weight saving of alternate crank material with existing steel crank. Increasing strength while decreasing or maintaining weight of the products is getting to be highly important research issue in this modern world. On design study compare alternative designs of crank for effective weight reductions. The best optimized design and material will be suggested. The material will be selected with objective of increasing strength to weight ratio. KEYWORDS: Bicycle crank, Crank Material, Crank Design Profile. INTRODUCTION Cranks The two cranks, one on each side and usually mounted 180 degree apart, connect the bottom bracket axle to the pedals. Bicycle cranks can vary in length to accommodate different sized riders and different types of cycling. Crank length can be measured from the center of the pedal spindle to the center of the bottom bracket spindle or axle. The larger bicycle component manufacturers typically offers crank lengths for adult riders from 165mm to 180mm in 2.5mm increments, with 170mm cranks being the most common size. The factor affecting the selection of crank length is the rider’s cycling specialty and the type of cycling event.
    [Show full text]
  • 22Nd Annual Antique & Classic Bicycle
    CATALOG PRICE $4.00 Michael E. Fallon / Seth E. Fallon COPAKE AUCTION INC. 266 Rt. 7A - Box H, Copake, N.Y. 12516 PHONE (518) 329-1142 FAX (518) 329-3369 Email: [email protected] Website: www.copakeauction.com 22nd Annual Antique & Classic Bicycle Auction Pedaling History Bicycle Museum Collection Session II of III (plus select additions) ******************************************* Auction: Saturday April 20, 2013 @ 10:00 am Swap Meet: Friday April 19th (dawn ‘til dusk) Preview: Thur. April 18, 11-5 PM, Fri. April 19, 11-5 PM, Sat. April 20, 9-10 AM TERMS: Everything sold “as is”. No condition reports in descriptions. Bidder must look over every lot to determine condition and authenticity. Cash or Travelers Checks MasterCard, Visa and Discover Accepted First time buyers cannot pay by check without a bank letter of credit 15% Buyer’s Premium (no cash discounts, 18% for LiveAuctioneers online purchases) National Auctioneers Association - NYS Auctioneers Association CONDITIONS OF SALE 1. Some of the lots in this sale are offered subject to a reserve. This reserve is a confidential minimum price agreed upon by the consignor & COPAKE AUCTION below which the lot will not be sold. In any event when a lot is subject to a reserve, the auctioneer may reject any bid not adequate to the value of the lot. 2. All items are sold "as is" and neither the auctioneer nor the consignor makes any warranties or representations of any kind with respect to the items, and in no event shall they be responsible for the correctness of the catalogue or other description of the physical condition, size, quality, rarity, importance, medium, provenance, period, source, origin or historical relevance of the items and no statement anywhere, whether oral or written, shall be deemed such a warranty or representation.
    [Show full text]
  • 24Th Annual Antique & Classic Bicycle Auction
    CATALOG PRICE $4.00 Michael E. Fallon / Seth E. Fallon COPAKE AUCTION INC. 266 Rt. 7A - Box H, Copake, N.Y. 12516 PHONE (518) 329-1142 FAX (518) 329-3369 Email: [email protected] Website: www.copakeauction.com 24th Annual Antique & Classic Bicycle Auction Featuring the Howie Cohen Collection from Lafayette, Colorado, A Templeton, MA Collection, Select Additions from several European Museums, a Hollywood California collection of Bowden bicycles with memorabilia and over 200 bicycle lamps from the mid-west. ************************************************** Auction: Saturday April 18, 2015 @ 9:00 am Swap Meet: Friday April 17th (dawn ‘til dusk) Preview: Thur. – Fri. April 16-17: 11-5pm, Sat. April 18, 8-9am TERMS: Everything sold “as is”. No condition reports in descriptions. Bidder must look over every lot to determine condition and authenticity. Cash or Travelers Checks - MasterCard, Visa and Discover Accepted First time buyers cannot pay by check without a bank letter of credit 17% buyer's premium - 20% buyer's premium for LIVE AUCTIONEERS Accepting Quality Consignments for All Upcoming Sales National Auctioneers Association - NYS Auctioneers Association CONDITIONS OF SALE 1. Some of the lots in this sale are offered subject to a reserve. This reserve is a confidential minimum price agreed upon by the consignor & COPAKE AUCTION below which the lot will not be sold. In any event when a lot is subject to a reserve, the auctioneer may reject any bid not adequate to the value of the lot. 2. All items are sold "as is" and neither the auctioneer nor the consignor makes any warranties or representations of any kind with respect to the items, and in no event shall they be responsible for the correctness of the catalogue or other description of the physical condition, size, quality, rarity, importance, medium, provenance, period, source, origin or historical relevance of the items and no statement anywhere, whether oral or written, shall be deemed such a warranty or representation.
    [Show full text]
  • Bicycle Pedal
    ^ ^ H ^ I H ^ H ^ II ^ II ^ ^ ^ ^ HI H ^ ^ ^ ^ HI ^ ^ ^ ^ I ^ � European Patent Office Office europeen des brevets EP 0 753 453 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) |nt CI.6: B62M 3/08 15.01.1997 Bulletin 1997/03 (21) Application number: 96305140.4 (22) Date of filing: 12.07.1996 (84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventor: Ueda, Yutaka, c/o Shimano Inc. DE FR GB IT Sakai, Osaka 590 (JP) (30) Priority: 12.07.1995 JP 176304/95 (74) Representative: Pacitti, Pierpaolo A.M. E. et al Murgitroyd and Company (71) Applicant: SHIMANO INC. 373 Scotland Street Osaka 590 (JP) Glasgow G5 8QA (GB) (54) Bicycle pedal (57) A bicycle pedal (1) includes front and rear cleat beber (31 , 31 b). The wide tread surface (49) provides sta- engaging members (30, 30b, 31 , 31 b) for engaging cor- ble contact between the cycling shoe (21 ) and the cleat responding front and rear portions of a cleat (22) affixed (2i(22) when the pedal is disengaged from the cleat en- to a bicycle shoe (21). A tread cage (5) having a rela- gagaging members, and the movable tread cage (5) allows tively wide tread surface (49) is coupled to the pedal for the tread surface to move away from the cleat engaging movement relative to at least one of the front cleat en- memembers so as not to interfere when the cyclist is in the gaging member (30, 30b) or rear cleat engaging mem- preprocess of engaging the cleat (22) with the cleat engag- inginc members.
    [Show full text]
  • Senior Design Report Table of Contents
    EML 4551 Senior Design Project A B.S. THESIS PREPARED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING BICYCLE POWERED WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM 25% Senior Design Report Betzabe Gonzalez Sandra Alzate Justin Cromartie Kenneth Hernandez Advisor: Dr. Andres Tremante April 7, 2014 This B.S. thesis is written in partial fulfillment of the requirements in EML 4905. The contents represent the opinion of the authors and not the Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering. i | P a g e Ethics Statement and Signatures The work submitted in this B.S. thesis is solely prepared by a team consisting of Betzabe Gonzalez, Sandra Alzate, Justin Cromartie, and Kenneth Hernandez and it is original. Excerpts from others’ work have been clearly identified, their work acknowledged within the text and listed in the list of references. All of the engineering drawings, computer programs, formulations, design work, prototype development and testing reported in this document are also original and prepared by the same team of students. Betzabe Gonzalez Sandra Alzate Justin Cromartie Kenneth Hernandez Team Leader Team Member Team Member Team Member Dr. Andres Tremante Faculty Advisor ii | P a g e Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. v List of Tables ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]