VII. PROCESSIONAL ROLL OF A SCOTTISH ARMORIAL FUNERAL, STATE HAVO DT E BEE E OBSEQUIEN TH USE R DFO F SO GEORGE, IST MARQUES F HUNTLYSO , 1636THOMAY B . S INNE LEARNEYF SO , ALBANY , F.S.A.ScoT. (Read October 16, 1943.)

The Societ f Antiquarieyo s invitecontributo t ha s e dm descriptioa e n e lon od picturesquth f gan eearln a rol f yo l seventeenth century Scottish funeral , which came into possession of the Society of Antiquaries- throug celebratee hth d David Laing, whose industry save mano ds y Scottish historical fragments e Proceedingse rol th s referrei Th l n e i . th o t df o Society, 1874, p. 245, from which it appears that the procession was the subjec papea f o Lainty rb g -himself, June 1873 t unfortunatelthis bu ,swa y held over for printing in a volume of Archceologia. This never materialised, accordingle ar e w deprived w an yno thaf do t learned antiquary's knowledge concerning the provenance of this most interesting roll, a form of record very popular in the Middle Ages, of which there are still many examples PROCESSIONAL ROLL OF SCOTTISH ARMORIAL FUNERAL. 155

in England, but in , as in the case of other records, only too few have survived. According to the backing the procession is that of the funeral of George, 1st Marquis of Huntly, June 1636. George, 6th Earl and 1st Marquis of Huntly (PL XXII, 1) was a minor at the time of his father's death, which took place suddenly at Strathbogie—that is, Huntly Castle—20th October 1576, wher eare eth l toot playinfi ka g football circumstanca , e which gives u pleasansa t glimps greatese th f eo t magnat northerf eo n Scotland taking an active part in the local sports of the district. His son and successor, the future Marquis, was educated in France, but, returning soon after 1580 marriede h , , 21st July 1588, Lady Henrietta Stewart (PI. XXII, 2) , daughter of Esme, Duke of Lennox. Huntly became on friendly terms • with James VI., relations which, anywa n privateyi e seemh , o havt s e retained throughout his life, though, as a prominent and powerful Roman Catholic, he incurred the deadly enmity of the Reformed Kirk and its adherents. In 1592 he received the King's Commission to apprehend the Bonnie Ear ' Morayo l , whose "cruel slauchter" brough e Earth t l into trouble. Thoug t apparentlhno unwelcomn ya e occurrenc Kino et g James, the incident led Huntly into considerable trouble, aggravated by bis share e conspiracth n e i "Spanisth f yo h Blanks, r whicfo " e washh . attainted, 21st July 1593 excommunicated an , d by'the KirkKin e mors Th gwa .e or less oblige o proceet d d northwar d destroan d e Earl'th y s castlf o e Strathbogie, in 1594, where the great tower of the earlier stone castle, of whic e foundationth h s havbeew no ne disclose e courtyardth n i d s wa , apparently completely demolished. In the following year, however, on 3rd October 1595, the Earl defeated Argyll, the King's Lieutenant, at the battle of Glenliyet, and upon MacCailean's crestfallen return to Holyrood- house, King James is said to have remarked with a chuckle: "Fair fa' ye, Geordie Gordon, for sending him hame looking sae like a subject." Huntly personally acquitted himself with distinctio e battlth n ei n wher horss killes ehi ewa d unde indees rwa him d savean , re-horsed dan d by Innes of Innermarkie, •who, like his predecessor, had been virtually Hereditary Esquir e Ear th f Huntly o lyearo o t e Tw s . later, bote th h excommunication and the forfeiture were reduced, and the Earl was, on 13th December 1597, wit a hpubli d heraldian c c ceremony (referreo t d below), restored to his honours as 6th Earl of Huntly, and on 17th April 1599, on the occasion of the baptism of Princess Margaret, he was created Marquis of Huntly, Earl of Enzie, Lord Gordon and Badenoch, the Earl of Arran e sambeinth et g a tim e created Marqui f Hamiltono s accounn A . t inaugurae oth f l ceremonial, then containe recorde Lore th th n d i f d so Lyon, preserves wa r GeorgSi y db e Mackenzi Rosehaugh.f eo 1' It is interesting to notice that it was Lyon who—formally—"asked His 1 Works, ii. p. 535. 156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1942-43.

Majesty if His Majesty would be pleasit to promote these Noblemen to further honours, e cours e ceremonythad th th "an f n ti eo , whe Earle nth s d bee t dowha se n thein o n r knees befor e Kin th evelven o g t cushions, "Lyon mad harangun ea e both't Majests them.o t o Hi nexe d H an y"t too Earlse kth King.e th ' d oath. an homagf Lyod so Go n o hayinet g then e Marquessesth t go ' , delivered e Kingthesth o e,t from whoe mh • received them back, and it was then Lyon's duty to place them on their heads, saying "George, Marqui f Huntleyo s , Ear f Enzyo l , Lord Gordon ' and Badenoch"—which the. then, after a fanfare from the trumpeters, proclaimed out of the Palace windows. In the early years of the seventeenth century the Marquis distinguished himself by his magnificent of the palace-castle of Huntly, but his last years were rendered miserable by the feud with the Crichtons • which followed the disastrous "Burning of Frendraught." It was whilst detained in Edinburgh by the litigation arising out of this dispute that the Marquis, then 'over seventy, was struck by mortal illness, and, wishing to die at home, set northwards "in a bed within his chariot," towards Strathbogie.1 The journey proved too much for him, and the Marquis died 'at Dunde e hous th d taver n an ei e f Roberno t Murray, burgess, on 13th June 1636s remainHi . s were "lifted frae Dunde Strathbogieo et " on 25th June, and, after reposing in his ancestral castle, were taken to the kir f Bellieko , within whic f Gigho hg r Gordo o parist Bo e hnth Castls ewa situated,-on 26th August, "from convoyis whicwa t hi t with some friends morne onth t nicha , Elgin,30to n t to hd Augus"an t 163interres 6wa y db torchlight in Elgin Cathedral. A preliminary statement to this effect is a necessary preceden examination a o t t processionae th f no l roll whicf o , ha little of the commencement, including, perhaps, the "conductor of the saulies," might seem awanting, and which terminates abruptly just at the point where we should have expected to find the hearse and pall, which was "of black velvet embellished with two silver crosses," and which, along with the chief mourners, 'should have formed the concluding section of the roll, if it had been the record of that particular,funeral. Had it existed, this concluding section might have provided some furthe conclusivd an r e element identifying the roll with what it is stated to be—the funeral procession of this Marquis of Huntly. Apart from the long-standing statement, there is, unfortunately, and in spite of the wealth of heraldic display indicated by the artist, not a single emblem which can be relied on conclusively identifying this roll with the funeral procession of either this or any other Marquis or Earl of Huntly, or indeed with anybody t all,a a poin t which emphasise e historicath s l

1 In view of the statements usually made about the condition of Scottish highways even hi the early eighteenth century s worti t i , h while observing tha n 163i t a 6chario t could proceed from Edinburgh to Moray. PROCESSIONAL ROL F SCOTTISLO H ARMORIAL FUNERAL7 15 .

importance of , and the unfortunate results of neglecting to depict it with at least a reasonable attempt at accuracy. An artist like that of e presenth t roll, slurrin t govei r with loose suggestion which, even upon careful analysis, lead s nowhereu s , misse e scientifith s c purpose th f o e science. The salient feature of his heraldic draughtsmanship is that scutcheons which ought to have been the same' at different parts of the procession are not the same. Consequently, the whole basis of identification collapses, and so far as concerns the armorial delineature which, if properly drawn, would have conclusively settled the identity of the "subject" (if that is the proper term in which to refer to the defunct who, although lacking presenr ou n i t illustration cynosure th s i , sucf eo hceremony)a , this galaxy of heraldry identifie oneo sn . On a preliminary examination, and before being shown the second copy Rolle oth f , wit additionas hit l Notitiae, I was , though with some misgiving (since the costumes seemed to me at least two or three decades too early), going provisionall accepo yt Laine th t g descriptio presumd nan e Roleth l wa heraldicallsa y clumsy attemp delineato tt funerae eth t Marques1s l e ofth s of Huntly from observing: livery-coloure Th . 1 e scrollwore pincelth th d n o san swha n o ke ar t calle e "standardsdth Azure "ar d Or—whic ean h e indeeth e dar Gordon liveries. 2. That wha calles i t e "antiqudth e shield, firse "th t quarte Azurs i r e quarterd 3r thre d tincturee an s ar ed crescent 2n tha d de an tth , sOr in Or and Gules.. The crescents should have been boars' heads, and these boars' heads appear elsewher thin ei s processio s Argentna , three boars' heads Gules. 3. That ther repeatea s ei d quarterin Eraserf go t approximatela , e yth place where it should appear in the Huntly arms, i.e. in the quarter diagonally opposite the first blue quarter, where boars' heads and crescente th t no s should have appeared. The detail further appears in the tabard or coat of honour which is actually blazoned, 1st, Argen lioa t n rampant Gules (conceivably thimistaka s si e three foth r e lions' heads erase Lordshie th f do Badenochf po , which normally appear secone th n si d quarte Huntle th f ro y arms), 2nd, Azure crescent3 , s lattee Orth , r being probabl e tressureyth d crescents Gules which appro- priately belong to the 3rd quarter of the Huntly shield, whereas the first quarte properls i r y Azure boars3 , ' heads coupe andr e 3rddO th , , Azure, 3 cinquefoils Argent, which .ought properly to be the fourth quarter, but is here, at least so far, rightly placed above the blue and gold quarter which nots i t , Gordonbu , oughbe o t . 4th, Argent boars3 , ' heads couped Gules, which would seem a travesty of the Gordon quarter transferred from the 1st to the, 4th and tinctured wrong. 158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1942-43.

Similar,considerations may have weighed with Laing in his attribution, .shale butw ls ,a see , the negativee yar othey db r factors. The heraldry as it stands, in which Argent, a lion more or less rampant Gules, appears frequently, not invariably, as the premier coat, gives an heraldic inference that the funeral is that of a member of the house of Dundas, but no Dundas ever bore the other three quarters, and no Dundas was ever entitled to the particular peerage emblems displayed in other parts of the procession. Even if the lion has been misdrawn and it were possibl supposo et Ogilvin a e s thai et i t lion passant guardant othee th , r inapplicable sar Loro et d Ogilvie alsd Loro oan ,t d Banff, who, t create eventy no unti e s an di dn t wa i l, unti1683no d l, di 164 whicd 2an s hi costumee th lat o far to erfo s processione wor thir th fo n sni t facte Bu th ,. initial spoine A.Bth t ta . wher ciphere eth s shoul showe db eithen no r side e armoth f s e sauliesbornth y eb , might have indicated a- Lord Banff, t nonbu e existeappropriate th t da e time nond an ,e bor e quarteringeth s suggested r doeothey no ,s an r noble appear, wit witd initiae han th h a . A l nomen dignitatis with initia armapple o t th . so lB y t shown thereform a I . e brough conclusioe th o t t n tha slovenle th t y manne whicn i r heraldre hth y s beeha n depicte s completeldha y e informatiodepriveth f o s du n which,' even a reasonable observer and intelligent delineator would have provided, arid that from this great display of armory we can draw no more assistance than the three items above mentioned, which, grossly inaccurate as they a,re, might be very slightly suggestive that the attribution of the procession t Marqui1s e f Huntlth o s o t s correctyi , e whilstotheth n r o ,hand o n , alternative personag reasonabls ei y suggeste armoriae th y db l drawings. Since writin e foregoingth paragraphso tw g , whic I hhav e purposely retained for their comparative value, a second copy of the roll has been • brough noticDirectoy e th m Museume y o et th b f ro . This version, though in a more tattered condition, has considerably more writing upon it, but, beyond this and the fact that a few fragments are missing and others are pasted together somewha f theio t rroll o ou identicalplacese t tw ar s e th , . The writing, upon this secondary version, is, however, sufficient to satisfy thae heraldrye .m tth deliberatelys i indefinite, referenco n particulay s an ha o et r person, family or funeral, and that what we have before us are two rolls setting fort e conventionahth l orde f funerao r l processio a noblema r nfo n in Scotland r abouo e beginnint a th ,t e seventeentth f go h century. This explaincostumee th charactere y th f swh so s sugges perioa t t leasa f do a t couple of decades earlier than Lord Huntly's death in 1636. It is evident that these wer ee possessio th roll e Heraldsn i th s f o , n e or ,eithe on f o r perhaps, one of the deacon-painters who, under heraldic supervision, prepared trappinge th f thesreasoo o s n e e doubo nt ceremoniesse o d t I tha t tbu , there is this much truth in Laing's statement, viz. that.the principal roll was probably indeed that sent out and used for marshalling the obsequies of PROCESSIONAL ROLL OF SCOTTISH ARMORIAL FUNERAL. 159

the 1st Marquis of Huntly, whilst the more detailed one was evidently that" which d beeha ' n more frequentl yy rat r referenceusedan fo e t a , , and, incidentally, correction, accordin differeno gt t circumstances. I will now .proceed to a description of the procession, which, with certain exceptions, is quite upon the general lines of those of the Scottish nobilit e firs th e seventeent t th n yi hal f o f h century d sucan ,h officially conducted funeral e Marquis thosa th s f o e f Hamiltono s Septembed 2n , r 1625, the Earl of Buccleuch, 20th November 1633, and the Earl of Kinnoull, 19th August 1635, officially vouched by Lord Lyon Sir James Balfour of Denmiln.1 The .procession should have commenced with a Conductor of the Saulies, wit hblaca k batohands hi n ,i and thin ,o s occasion thin,I k that functionary, or two of them, appear back beside the trumpeters (PI. XVIII, 2), and I can only suppos emomene thath t a t t depicte artise th Conductoe y th td b f o r the Saulies stood thereabouts and had not yet taken his place at the front processione oth f . Nex thoode 8 follo1 e wth d twod sauliesan , o eactw , h carrying the arms of the defunct in buckram hatchments, and mounted upon a staff (PL XVIII, 1). The next item (PI. XVIII, 2) is eight square "brods" intitule Branchese dTh of the Defunct whicXVIId L an (P , e h ,1) th ough e b o t arms of his eight great-grandparents and which, according to the normal practice, ought not to have appeared at this part of the procession. They appear again later on (PL XVII, 2 and PL XIX, 5), upon banners, in approximately their proper place, and, strange to say, they there appear as somewhat different "achievements" from those here depicted I nee d dan , hardl thay ysa t eve mose nth t privileged individuals have no busineso t s aspire to more than eight great-grandparents, and, as already indicated, the artist' did not draw the heraldic details with any attempt at accuracy. The second Boll, however, more explicitly states: "His branches, four, eight or twelve, or more, as the desire can justlie (be conceded? . . . when . .-. . . . borne be saulies tua in rank and of gentle"?) men, if they like." Apparently this preliminary display of the branches might be either by saulies or .gentlemen, and the qualifications about numbers would alone mak t ecleaspecifii o n r r thafo cRole s funeral tth curiou s lwa i t I fin.o st d numbee th included2 1 r, alas truis o t to ,eI .tha t many people have "on sixteen branches" only 12 that can be proved; it is rather novel to find that' ther s provisioewa r displayinnfo g suc n "incompleteha " proof-of- noblesse. Nowadays many people might have thought thoscoulo wh ed t displano y 16 would have preferre mako dt edisplaa but, 8 f ,yo really , this provision shows a remarkable sense of the scientific value of preuves de noblesse, correspondina d an g absenc falsy an e f mattere prido th n ei . The two gesticulating men who come next (PL XVIII, 2) are (as above indicated) presumably the two Conductors of the Saulies. There were two 1 Balfour's Heraldic Tracts; Maidment ed., pp. 101-105. 160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE'SOCIETY, 1942-43. ' o °at Lord Kinnotdl's funeral, and, from their appearance here surmisee on , s tha e eighth t t men carryin branchee g th e defunc th f squarn o so t e brods were probably intende eventually walkma o d t d an , y have walked eithen o , r side of the pall. The artist may therefore actually have depicted the procession in the course -of formation, 'and before the Conductors of the Saulies had got the bearers of the branches out of a position they -would not eventually occupy—sav awaitinn i s ea palle gth . Next (PI. XVIII follo) 2 , w four trumpets, two and two, "the one two to relieve the other two," a thoughtful provision for maintaining constant musical accompaniment for the procession. Next comes "the first gentleman, bearing the funeral Gumphio f taffeta,no phrasa " e which mark e firssth t "gentleman thn "i e cortege 1 (PI . .The1) XVIII , PI d funeral.XX an 3 , gumphion glooma s wa y of black, depicting symbols of. dissolution, with the Memento Mori. Next comes a'rather interesting flag, the pincel en deuill (PL XX, 1), a black pennon with a black-and-white fringe, upon which is depicted a golden circlet emblazoned either with the title or motto and encircling a and , whilst-there is blue and gold foliage "of the liveries" (i.e. armorial livery colours) e "field,upo th e res f apparentld nth o t an " e yth motto on a scroll amongst it. Then follows the "standard in mourning," her show) 1 e blaca , (PIs na kXX . flag wit black-and-whit. ha e fringe, upon which is depicted the full , shield, , , coronet, crest d supporteran , e defunctth f d quito s an , ea differen t flag froe mth mediaeval standard, whic lona hs i g taperin gmors i flag t I e .properl y termed e Kinnoulth n i l funeral procession e GreatTh , Mourning Banner. Next (PI. XVIII follow) 3 , s "his hors mourninn ei g wit leader,s hhi morn i r "o e terse and gloomy language in KinnoulTs procession, "the dool horse." Next follows the tabard (PL XVIII, 3), borne aloft upon a pole and here describe s "thea d Coat f Armso n Colours."i Behind this come a sfla g whic) 2 , (PhI shoul LXX d describ bannera s fesser a pe sableargent.d an Buccleuce th Thn i t nameeKinnoult d artisno hbu an s , dit ha t l t appeari "s saa little banner defunct' e ofth s colours, Lorn i d d "Kinnoull'an s funera s "on pointa le th olance,a f colourse th house," e oth f eacn i thesf ho e case shorsebackn o bein n gma borna . y Nexb e t come e "pincelth s n i colours," whicsame th previoue s ehi th fla s ga s pinsel t wit backe bu , hth - groun motte colourn di th d o an ,runnin gpointee int th taie f oth o l d flag. In the second copy tne pinsel in colours definitely shows a phrase—apparently ORLUCAIDYIA SEVERA—on the chaplet, and another motto, ORDY GANDUN ADVO, on scroll running into the fly of the flag. These are evidently merely conventiona deducy l ma letteringse e on thae d th t an , pensel showed both the motto and the nomen dignitatis of its, owner.2 This e distinctio1Th n betwee e objectth n s born y "gentlemenb e othey b d r an "ranks carefuA . l examination shows tha "gentlemene th t indicatee "ar drawin e th n di theiy gb r swords. . "setCf 2 t up their names againe upon standards, e restorationth t a " , 13th Dece . th 159 f o 7 "Popish Earls" (Angus, Erroll Huntlyd an , s recordea ) e Historyth n di of King James Sext, . 668p .

PROCESSIONAL ROL F SCOTTISLO H ARMORIAL FUNERAL1 16 .

interesting flag seems a peculiarly Scottish one, and, as we shall see, is referred to by Lyndesay of the Mount. Next come e "standarth s n colours,i d " likewis a ebanner displaying e completth e achievement thin i sd casan , e wit e interestinhth g addition of a along the foot, bearing the motto: Obdurandium adversus (PI. XX, 2 and PL XVIII, 3). It is at least correct to distinguish such a flag from a "Banner/' because the latter should only display the shield- device. Lindesay, indeed, l threreferal o et s t apparentlbu , y they were at the front of the procession: "Foremos fronte th beio pinsen t y t,i rm wiche lan t campioun" (Squyer Meldrum) (line 95), then follow bana s noblesf do , "Thair capitane with my standart in his hand on bairdit hors" (line 104). Lyndesay t wili ,noticed e b l , treat e "standardsth flaa s g"a distinct from the "pinsel," but does not define whether he meant the long motto-banded standards used in the fifteenth century or the rectangular ones depicted in these rolls I fanc. meane yh lone th tg standard earliee th f so r heraldry. He is also clear about the banner, however: "Amang that band my baner sail be borne Of silver schene thrie otteris into sabill" (line 106).

Thia clea s i s r descriptio e correcth f no t heraldic banner, displayine gth shield-charges over its whole surface—what we see most to-day in the e Royath for f mo l quartered Ensign d tressurean , d lion rampant, flags, but, of course, also in the numerous house-flags flown over country houses d castles an e carrying-banneTh . r was, however f fixeo , d sizes.1 The next part of the procession is "His horse and lacquey in colours," namely chargea , attendand an r livern ti y colour "house"—e th f so a term whic have hw e seen pointedly use relation d i banne e liveriee th th o nf t o r s earlie processioe th n ri detai160)lacquey'. e e n(p th Th f .l o s dress (PI. XVII) ,3 is decidedly interesting s illustratina , e for gth f livery-clothe mo s issueo dt the retainers of sixteenth-seventeenth century Scottish noblemen.2 What is show unifora s ni m consisting o fskirtea d doublet with horizontal'' guards'' of the livery colours, much like the mid-sixteenth century dress of the Referenc n 164i e o "divert 4 s utheris pinselli se barronis th mai r fo d " (Spalding, Memorials f theo Trubles, p. 343) shows these flags related to the feudal baronage, cf. also Mackay's pinsel, of the Familiesd an o. f 2 Scotland, . n , 9 . p T. Innes of Learney, Scots Heraldry, p. 27.

21 In Scotland, as on the Continent, the liveried retainers bore their Lords' arms embroidered back and breast, a point which the profile drawing in this Boll cannot indicate. For example, in 1661 the Lord Lyon's official lacque describes yi s "richlida e clad with livera armed y an breis n so bak d tan " (J. Cameron Lees, St Giles, p. 233), and the Town Serjeants of Aberdeen likewise bore the City Arms on their ancient livery coats. VOL. LXXVII. . 11 162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1942-43.

Yeomen of the Guard; but -with peculiar wide hanging sleeves, from which the close undersleeve protrudes. The hose are of the contemporary slashed styl lond ean g gaiters, gartered elaborately belo e kneewth , complete eth dress. It should be compared with that of the retainer in armour "crying ,e th " besid armoriae eth l achievemen Eare th Gowrief f o l o t , depicted in the Foreman-Workman Armorial Register (Stoddart, Scottish Arms, pi. 29). In that case the heraldic design is preserved upon the skirt or '' basses'' worn belo belt-line w th uppe e th f ero armour. This horse seems the preliminary item of the "cors present" since he precedes the "harness," and, accordingly, this part of the procession seems that referre Lyndesay b o Mounde t th f thesyn o i t e lines: "Syne nex corspresenbiey y m m t r saim cu l t My bairdit hors, my harness and my speir With sumawiy m nf e o kynrent.grea n me t 1 Quhilk salbe ofered with garmenany ega t To Mars interrment.priests y ,hi m t a , " This phraseology is somewhat peculiar; the offering being apparently not to Holy Church, but to the god of War. Who represented this pagan deity a mediaeva t a l funeral poine Th ?t offer n interestina s g fielr furthefo d r investigation, and suggests the survival of some very primitive rites in the funerals of even the sixteenth century. The two "Riders" and the subject of the "corspresent" seem referred primitive th n i o t e code entitle "MacAlpine dth e Laws quoted "an d thus: '' Ever shaln buriee yma lb d accordinnoblemaa e b qualitys e hi h o gf t nI . that has done great actions for the commonwealth, he shall be buried after this manner horsemeo Tw . n shall paschurche th s firso e befort th ;tm ehi mounted upon.,a white horse, cloathe e defunct'th n di s best appareld an 2 Does not this word explain the term " Baren-Banrent" in the "ordinary ceremonies" of creation 1 of peers (A.P.S., . . 10315)p p kynrentr . . i ,fo ii , clearls i yfora f kindred,mo and, applying this form of ending to Banrent, one gets banrred, surely "bannered," viz. the "great barons," i.e. those who displayed square banner e field—oth n si f whic fine hw d example e printh f Carberr o tn si y Hill (Scot. Heraldry, pi. 29).p . viid . ian white ridee th e latef Th eo th r horsrn i heraldi , eis c for f funeralmo , clearl e "greayth t maf no my 2 awin kynrent f Lyndesay"o somo T .e extent t leasta , , "the prieste "th e alscomd b oha o et clergyman, and the custom is that which evidently led to the hanging up of certain of the defunct's armorial honours in the church, over his tomb—as instance the well-known example of the shield, helmet surcoatd an ,Blace th f k,o Prince Canterburn i , y Daviesx CathedraFo . C ,. Complete(A l Guide to Heraldry, fig. 271, p. 174). The practice of hanging a banner of the arms of the Representer of the Family over the Family Pew in the kirk is one of which examples still survive, e.g. that of Lord Linlithgow in the Kirk of Abercorn (G. Scott Moncrieff, Stones of Scotland, f. 69). It emphasises the relationship of the "organised family" to-the "organised religious institution,", a fact duly recognised in Law, as noticed by Erskine, and Bell, s.v. "Heirship Moveables," and the right to protect such armorial honours in the Kirk lay with the heir not the executor (J. Dallaway, Heraldic Inquiries, 215) because the heir represented the "house and bloud"—and we have seen the "colours of the house" appear in the procession, i.e* of the mansionata or organised family (Old Regime, p. 5). All of which emphasises, even in^the late Middle Age beyondd san mucw e Scottisho ,h th h religious organisation was relate "tho dt e family, indees "a d . CoultoProfG . G . n observe Scottishn si Abbeys Social'Life,d an outstandine Th . 16 . gp featur mannee th s ei whicn ri h religious , civil law, and domestic custom Scotlann i d combine emphasiso dt preservd ean e "the family vitaa s "a l human institution. PROCESSIONAL ROLL OF SCOTTISH ARMORIAL FUNERAL. 163 bearing his armour; the other shall be upon a black horse, in a mourning mourninn appareli s i whed interrede o b an e corps ;gn wh o th t e s i h e, apparel shall turn his back to the altar, and lamentably bewail the death s masterohi f thed an n; retur e samthay nth camee h ewa te othe th : r shall offe horss armouhi rd prieste ean th the d o rt an ,n inte corpse rth e with all the rites-and ceremonies of the Church." 1 Next follo armoriae wth l honour XIXL eac, s(P 4) , h born polea n eo , viz. the helmet (PI. XXI, 1) called the headpiece, with his (i.e. coronet), and in 1633 none below earls used coronets of rank as distinct from the little strawberry-leaved crest-coronets of the feudal baronage.2 Next come the gauntlets, and "his arming sword with his spurs," then comes a rather unusual emblem, "the corslet." e MiddlThisth n i ,e Ages, would have indicated the funeral of .the holder of a fief de hauberc or feudal barony. a funera t A l wher ea sufficien t numbe f heraldo r s weren i desire e b o dt attendance, these "armouries " were carried by them.3 I have an impression tha Officere th t Armf o s s conveniently deputise r '' Mars'dextene fo th o t 't •of taking ove e "cors-present,rth valuations it r "o . The bearing of these armouries of the defunct is duly described by Lyndesay also: "Next after the campioue man n honourabill Sail bear my basnet with my funeralls, Syne after .hi morden i r triumphall My arming sword, my glaives of plait and shield" (line 110). Next appears (PI. XIX, 4) what is described as "the antique shield with the haill arms s fro analysin mwa thereon,"a e ill-draw t i th f d o s an n charges upon this badly executed shield that (prio o beint r g show e seconnth d Roll) I inclined to the conclusion that the attribution of the-procession to t Marqui1s e th Huntlf so probabls ywa y correct. In the second copy, immediately after "His antique shield with the hail armes thereon" is inscribed Knye "Heran r t eentrefo tue asan Handidt sword drawgentleman.e bord an ny an n b " comments i t I s suc this ha s which disclose t record thaRolle no th e t sar s of any particular funeral, but guides for marshalling funerals according to the rank of the defunct. The nex tprocessio e iteth mn i n (PI. XIX "ryders i a ) arms,''n 4 ,i thid san ma armoun ni r also appears mora t ,a e advanced e processiopointth n i , n e Marquesoth f t f Hamiltonspecificallso no s i t bu ,y noticeabl n thosi e e of the Earls of Buccleuch and Kinnoull.

1 Wil. Guthrie, General History of Scotland, 1767 . 155p . ,i . 2 Nisbet, System of Heraldry, ii. part iv. p. 39. 8 RothesCfe th . Funeral Procession Phili r printsSi d p ,Sydney'an s funeral illustrates a , . DallawaJ dn i y Heraldic Inquiries, p. 259. 164 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , 1942^43.

The second copy of the Roll gives '' His hors of tourneyment or arms wt his ryder, in armes''; terminology which is suggestive of the status of "tournament nobility" which on the Continent was related to ownership of a crest, and which, as >an order, Fox Davies does not think existed in

England—thoug1 h I rather think he jumped to a wrong conclusion—but which we here duly find indicated in Scottish heraldry, with its closer association "with that of France. The horse and rider at this point is evidently related to Lyndesay's item at line 115 of Squyer Meldrum: '' Next after him ane man in armour bricht, . upo. speae . n an bea . o coat-armour.rt y rm "

f thaI t mean tabarde th t have w , e seen that garment (the armorial surcoat) already carrie gentlemaa y db footn no ,thf buto e p ,to the-more th s a o es spear here is wasted away, this rider may have carried a spear-bannerol displaying the Arms in a small size, much like the miniature spear-banner in the effigy of Sir .Simon de Felbrigge.2 nexe Th t four figures (Pis d .XXI XIXan ) represen4 2 ,, n unusuaa t • l feature whic t founothee no th hs n i dri record funeraf so l processions, namely, four forked flags each depictin n escutcheoquarterse f ga "o th e on f o n of the defunct's ." ' Following this conies (Pis. XIX, 5 and XXI, 2) "the horse of Parliament," draped, with footmantle, lacquey"s hi d an ——the tes legislativf o t ee ranth n ki kingdom e processioTh e Lor. th f do n High Commissione s to-dai r e yth survival of the ancient Riding.3 Next follow " the eight branches of the defunct" (-Pis. XVII, 2 and XIX, 5)', processioe th f i d nan had been indee t Marqui1s de thaf Huntlyth o sf to , branchese th ' ough havo t t e bee follows:—s na t Branch—paterna1s l great-grandfather—Lord Gordonheid f an o r n so , ' 3rd Earl of Huntly. 2nd-Branch—paternal great-grandmother—The Lady Margaret, daughter of AnnabellJamey b . sIV a Drummond. 3rd Branch—paternal (female line) great-grandfather—William, Lord Keith, son and heir of the Earl Marischal. Branch—paternah 4t l (female line) great-grandmother—Lady Elizabeth Douglas, daughter of 2nd Earl of Morton. 5th Branch—maternal (male line) great-grandfather—1st Earl of Arran.

6th Branch—maternal (male line) great-grandmother—Janet Beaton. Daviesx Fo . 0 , . HeraldryA 1 Explained, . 45p . z Giles, Romance of Heraldry, figt JohS . 133d n Hopean ; , Heraldry for Craftsmen, 235 . DallawayJ ; , Heraldic Inquiries, plat, 1091 t e.a ' , 3 Juridical Review, vol. xliv. (June 1932). 95 . p , PROCESSIONAL ROL F SCOTTISLO H ARMORIAL FUNERAL5 16 .

h Branch.—materna7t l (female line) great-grandfather—3rd Earlf o ' Morton. 8th Branch—maternal (female line) great-grandmotb.er—Lady Katharine, daughte Jamef ro s IV. The "branches" actually depicted 1 are not in the least like these, and the writing next to be mentioned and which occurs only on the second e Rolcopth lf yo indicate s furthe e truth re natur e rollthad th an sf t o e t purportheno o y d represen o t t Lord Huntly's -actual funeral. Accordingly, immediately after the "Horse of Parliament" and before the details of the "Branches" comes n copi , y second e followinth , g informative Notitice, which also mark the Rolls as guides and not Records:— perfyy (1therf I )on e te b achievement (and fourf mono v ) ythehe y yma all be borne her also. The allusion is probably to a "brod" displaying the later conventional '' hatchment'' surrounded by the arms of the four, eight or sixteen probative quarters, and, as the scribe truthfully observes, "Mony hev of four" who do not "hev" 8 or 16 probative-quarterings. Four (i.e. four armigerous grandparents), however, was apparently the normal Scottish preuve, at least noblessee th n i als s i prooe minor, ot th i "perfecf o d f an t noblesse Spainn "i . On the other hand, in baronial and peerage families, eight probative quarter- expectee th ings swa d preuve, requisitthis d san wa mosr efo t court purposes in France, AustriaNorte th d h an Europea, n states. (2) The first of his aught branches consisting of the four grandsirs 2 and four grand-dames on the mothers syde, the four on the mother's syd ensign. (3) the foir-guidsirs and the foir-guid-dames on the fathers side, the four on the fathers syd being in form of pinsell.

1 Those actually depicted are: (1) Argent, three escutcheons Gules (Hay). (2) Quarterly Sable4 d an , thre1 , e object , quarterly 3 Sables4 d Sable.d an an , 2 thre1 1, e objects Argent. 2 and 3 Argent, a band Gules (possibly for Livingstone). (3) Argent, a lion rampant Gules (Dundas). (4) Quarterly , Argent4 d an lio a , 1 ,n rampant Gules (Dundas) , Gules2 . , three crescent. or s 3, Argent, several black objects A . n over all, Argent, three objects Sable. (5)s>Argent, three escutcheons Gules (Hay). (6) Argent, a pile Sable (Erskiue). (7) Quarterly, 1, Argent, three piles Sable (possibly Douglas of Lochleven). 2 and 3, Or, a Azure , Argent4 . , three objects Gules. Over all inescutcheon ,a u Argent charged with an object Sable. (8) 1 and 4, Or, a chief Sable. 2 and 3, Argent, three objects Gules. (Looks like Graham of Montrose.) I have conclusioe comth o et n that thes entirele ear y haphazard. They differ eve themselven ni s from the objects depicted on the previous eight branches, e.g. in the coat charged with a pale, the pale

it sSable Azurno d . ean Scotd ol sn I terminolog a y guidsir grandfathers i grandsird an , great-grandfathers i . 166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1942-43.

The second Note refers to the arms of the four great-grandfathers and four great-grandmothers ; e maternathosth n o e l side being show squarn o n e shaped flags, those on .the father's sid pointen eo d flags. The third Note is explicated by the inscriptions on the First Roll: s branches hi e firs f e foir-grandschio Th tth f o , d foir-grandan r : dame" on the mothers side, square, The foir-grandschir and foir grand dame fathere onth s side pincil. This is the term for great-great-grandparents, and of course relates to the "branches" with which the display would commence on setting forth sixteen probative quarterings, whica noblessel one's al i h f so great- grandparents. This genealogical display commences with the most remote, the flags being carrie pairsn di , degreee andth s ,a s become neare defuncte rth e Th . description proceeds under the following description:— grandschie 4Th . granddamd ran mothere th n eo s side. 5. The grandschir-and grand dame on the fathers side. 0 These coursef great-grandparentse o , th e ar , . Gudschir.ane 6Th . d Gud dam thn eo e mother e Gudschith s sidd an e r father e damd th n Gu eo s d sidean . e grandparents—anThesth e ar e t i wildrecollectee b l d tha n ordinari t y course each of. thes fros ei m wha mighe w t t cal a "stepl " back alone gth female line, because (in ordinary course) the arms of the next male progenitor will "appear" in the more proximate couple until one comes to:— 7. -The mother. 8, The fathers coat of arms. These, of course, will give the maternal and paternal. lines respectively, unless any adjustment of succession by tailzie or' otherwise has varied the progression; and, naturally e schemth , e sets fort normae hth l progresf so suc'cession. In the Public Register' of Genealogies one finds different arrangements wher successioe eth devolves nha d otherwise. Nex mace-bearero t comtw e eth s (PI. XIXthesd an ) e,6 (applicable only funerale th o t certaif o s n High' Officer Statef o s ) would immediately precede e "Honours,th " viz e robcoroned .th ean peercasa n i tf e chivalrieo th , c orders f a Baronanyi , f an o o ,cushion p , ca and e th ,, accordin somo gt e instances e Crestth , , and, finallyhande e Heralth th f n i so ,d presidinr g(o in special cases of Lyon Depute or the Lord Lyon in person) the escutcheon of the defunct. ' .The "Honours, s alreada " y indicated t depicteno e ar ,d as having appeared. The Macers, who also occur in the procession of Lord 'Chancellor, e Ear th f Kinnoullo l , would (when appropriate reade )b waitingn yi d an , sinc e cleat i wouleb what n t i r no d . particular capacit e Marquiyth f o s Huntly would have been entitle theio dt r presenc 1636n ei inclusioe ,th n PROCESSIONAL ROLL OF SCOTTISH ARMORIAL FUNERAL. 167

o£ these officials in the two Rolls is further corroboration of this view that thigeneraa s si l '' form'' covering procession whicn si defunce hth t mighe b t entitle presence th o dt macersf eo nexe Th t .figur e (PI. XIX unnames i ) ,6 d eithen i r roll, but, fro positions mhi , and, indeed, fro adjoinine mth g para- graphs in the second roll, one has no difficulty in deducing that this person, holding wha r artist't ou escutcheon appear a f o e s b e versiono son t f no f so e familth y arms, ensigned wit ha coronet t helbu ,d upside down—a very extraordinary thing to depict—is none other than the herald presiding over the funeral procession. It is not unlikely that what the artist designed to draw was a tabard of the Royal Arms lying over the arm of the person depicted. That is even more probably the case, since what appears to be processioe depicteth t no s d motioni n processioe i th t bu , n befor t startedei , and in the course of being made up, and what appears to be shown at this point is the termination of a conversation between the herald and the person here describe e "Maste e th Ceremonies. th s a df o r I thin" e kth omissio o drant w eve e Royanth l Arms intelligibl s deliberateyi , sinct i e was presumably regarded as unseemly to depict the Ensigns of Public Authorit thein yi r correct fordocumena mn i t whicmera s eh wa schemr efo guidance, and not a record. Next follow larga s e square buckra terminologyd ol m e "brod,th e us ,o "t emblazoned with the full achievement, and which is evidently intended to come in place of the small hatchment-scutcheon carried by the in, for example, the Rothes funeral procession, and referred to in the Kinnoull processio s carrieLore na th dy e secondar db Lyonth n I . y roll, this "brod" is expressly entitled "the hatchment," and suggests that in the earlier period this was of a larger size and was carried immediately behind Lyoe th principar no l herald present consequentld an , y immediately before Defunct.e "th drawine Th " g concludes witpoleo htw s surmounted with brods emblazoned with the same gloomy emblems as the gumphion, one a Memento Mori and the other a winged hour-glass accompanied by the words flora Fugit. Certain—considerably defaced—writing just beyon e persodth n whom I have indicate s thea d - Heral r Lyoo d n Depute confirms thae rolth tl intended to denote that one or other of these Officers was here designated. It reads: "The Maister of Ceremonies, and in his absence ... in order . . . ilk nomepersoe gentilmee th th t f e heralo nrw th o nt d quha delyvers the same to the gentlemen appoynted yerto . . . also . . . man be descende defunct'e th f do s bloo . hous . honor.d d. san " Clearl e Mastee Ceremoniesth yth f o r ' functioo havt s e wa nread e th y list f person o spresente b o honourd t s displayede an ,b o t s d submian , t Heralde theth mo allowancr t fo , marshallingd ean Herald'e th d an ,s duty 8 16 PROCEEDING SE SOCIETYOTH F , 1942-43.

included giving t theiou , r respective dutie e persond placeth an s o t ss submitted, accordin o theit g r rank, relationship technicad an ; l heraldic considerations. Some of the posts, we see, might be given to anyone (the "friends" of a great feudal magnate), others had to be borne by those of his blood. We here perceive again the structure of the procession as representing essentially the mansionata or conventional feudo-tribal familia, and the distinction here drawn betwee e Gentrnth r blood-connecteyo d members e "indeterminate Houseth oth f d an , e cadets, e duthaig'n-daineth " f o the , and the "friends" in the sense of feudal neighbours not members mansionata.e oth f I hav s A e already indicated e "gentlementh , " above- mentioned will be noticed in the drawings, from their bearing swords. lookin whole th o get circumstances, e.g.e displaceth d positioe th f no first bearerso "conductors e branchestw th e f o ,th brods,n o d an " beside the trumpeters looking backwards, instead of being in front of the saulies; e attitud th Maste e e Ceremoniesth th f ef o o r f walkini s a , g away froe mth Herald Depute e factth ; s thae coroneth t parliamend an t t t no rob e ear processioe inth gumphion-brod o tw tha d e theif nan th to t r propeou e sar r position suggest that the roll was drawn to be a guide for the '' marshalling'' or assemblag e processionth f eo -beford an ,e parliament th e , robe, coronet d corpsan e came upo e scenenth , these being probably withi e castlnth e or kirk. This leads, naturally o consideratiot , e precisth f o ne datn o e which—assuming Laing' swel e notb lo et founded—th e Rols usen wa ldi marshallin processioe gth t Lorna d Huntly's funeral. The Marquis, as we learn from Spalding's Trubles, died 13th June 1636 in Murray's Change-hous Dundeen ei . Twelve days late remains hi r s were carried north to' Strathbogie. It is possible these preparations were made and that this elaborate procession set forth from the tavern for Strathbogie on-the 26th June. I hardly think this was the case, and, moreover, what is here depicted is certainly not the torchlight funeral from the Marquis's lodging in Elgin to the interment in the old Cathedral on the banks of the Lossie. Between 26th June, whe remains nhi s reached Huntly Castled an , the final progress on 26th August, two months elapsed—ample'time in whic preparo ht sore processiof eth o t n here indicated, wit s multiplicithit y of hoods, flags, guniphions scutcheonsd an , accordinglm a I . y disposeo dt consider that the procession indicated, and for guidance in marshalling which the two rolls were either sent out from Lyon Office or taken (or maybe forgotten somewher e Heralth y n chargeb i de ) bye officeth ' f o r arms concerned, is the general form in which we may conclude the Marquis's . remains were "convoyi ' Kire Gigho th Bellief g ko o t t Bo d fro e "an m th "from the Kirk'to Huntlys lodging in Elgin" on 27th August 1636. Those parts of the obsequies would, we may be sure, have been conducted wit l possiblhal e ceremony befittin e greatesgth t magnat e northth f n o ei PROCESSIONAL ROLL OF SCOTTISH ARMORIAL FUNERAL. 169

Scotland. Indeed, the terms used indicate a formal feudal progress, so appropriat case greaa f th eo n eti Scottish peer. addee b y d ma thae mourners t th I t , whic thosn i h e days included females, followed the defunct, and so do not appear in the formal procession of honours culminating in the corpse itself. What is equally noticeable absence iprovisioy sth an e processiof eo th n ne clergi th f r referencno yo e to such in Lyndesay's Order of Procession. I think we may assume that processioe th t thina s stag stils principln i lewa e primitiv tribald ed an an , that the clergy, down to the Reformation anyway, met the cortege at. e plac th f intermento e thers thad wa e t an ,i tonl y thae ecclesiasticath t l rites commenced. That would strictly accord with the evident antiquity of symbolis e processioth f mo n itself. Wha tbrino t remain e gm under fo s r your notice sociath s ei l implica- tions underlying these displays of funeral grandeur. Scotland s Joha , n Riddell observed a "marke d ha , d lov formf eo d an s ceremonies e emphasisesh d an " : "We appea o havt r e bee a nforma l people, and addicted—instead of the present loose and anomalous procedure in" (he is referring there to marriage) "to marked rites and ceremonials in contracts and engagements of all kinds." 1 The declension from this stateliness of manners was one which un- fortunately supervened durin e lategth r eighteent earld han y nineteenth century, though n funerai , l matters e conceptio th e migh y on , sa t f o n formalism survived where it was abandoned too much in other aspects of life. For this, however, there is an interesting explanation. These funeral ceremonies were not, as some people have imagined, meaningless vainglorioud an s display pompf o s . They e contrarywereth n o , formaa , l

and indeed spectacular representation of "the organised family" 2 at a 1 J. Eiddell, Peerage Laws, 482, 487. 2 Sir Henry Maine says: "The family in fact was a corporation and he (the chief) was the repre- sentativ mighe w , te or almos t say s publiit , c officer enjoyee H . d right e rightdutiesd th an st s bu , and duties wer. quit . mucs e. ea h e collectivthosth f eo s conside u eowns -bodt a hi r Le s .fo ya r moment the effect which would be produced at the death of such a representative. In the eye of the law, in the view of the civil magistrate . . . the person representing the collective body of the family and primarily responsible for its municipal jurisdiction would bear a different (fore-) name, and that would be all. The rights and obligations which attached to the deceased head of the house would attach without breach of continuity to his successor" (Ancient Law, 1930 ed., 205). Whe pause w n o considet e sucn i r a hligh t Erskine's definitio f "tho n e family sea f armso l " (Institutes, III. 8-18) and the heraldic term "Eepresenter of the Family," as identified with successor shielde th o t , banne e decease th coad f an ro t d Eepresenter perceive w , e tha e "Noblth t e Family" ordere "sten di branchesd man itsels "i verfa y highly organised community—as indicate Brentany db o —an "Honourse dth " (heraldi titulard c an sead realle )an lar communa e yth l machiner maintaininr yfo g and operating the family-group, as a corporate body, with its ""—and, indeed, "Family Council" —of whic hgooa d dea hears li sixteentn do seventeento ht h century documents. Accordingly, whena branch of the Civil Courts recently made a distinctly rash "Finding in Fact" of the somewhat un- proveable character (i.e. universal negative) that a certain organisation was "the only organised body of X .. ,s now in existence" (1914 S.C. 713—reference books show that other "X" Organisations exist overseas) Findine th , regardes gwa Lyon di n Offic overlookins a e face gth t that an. armigerous family. is as such, "organisedn a body," and soon afte e opportunitth r s takeywa n ina paten t creating arms (1943, Lyonofficiall) t fort64 se . ho Reg.,p t y , tha e Petitione 34 th s relativet hi d an rs withie nth ' 0 17 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , 1942-43.

particularly solemn momen e histore familth th n f i to y organisation— that at which the representation passed from the deceased chief to the new chief (noe remoterato on y ,t s fort an ea t t unti,a )no periods l wa t i , the funeral of the defunct peer or chief that his successor formally assumed the honours of the defunct, whilst the presence of the heralds or sennachie whose function fine w sd equate Gartey db r Dugdale wit e pre-heraldichth , indeed pre-Christian, bards * and in the inaugural or coronation .ceremonies •of the king and chiefs, with one branch of -what the mediaeval chroniclers referred to as "the druids," it becomes at once apparent that these great processionals were the survival in heraldic form, and under heraldic e closesth guidancen i t d associatioan , n wite characteristicallth h y "familial" church,2 of very ancient things indeed. We find, moreover, not only in the directions inscribed on the second roll, but also in the organisation of the other and officially recorded processions, marked distinction e officeth n i s allotte differeno dt t person e processionsth n i s . The eight branches, in particular, are always found, borne by "gentlemen e defunct'oth f s kindred," whils e standardth t , pennon d bannean , r are likewise carried either by "kinsmen" or bearers by right of office.3 We have here the distinction between what in the old Gaelic is termed the dunius.aile duthaig'n-daine.th d an e "familyth e secondarth n i " y sense, technically the "House" (a term -we have seen specifically used above in relation to the flag of the "liveries"), viz., the affiliated cadets and the general body of "the Name" or indeterminate relatives. What'is illus-

destiuatio patene th f nArmo f to s were being thereby "organised noblea s a family, stemn branchesi d an in terms provisionse oth f of 1672 cap. necessars i 47. t I " beao yt r thi understano t s e inar mine w f di the full import of the heraldic ceremonial—and church-seat ornament—in relation both to such a procession as here illustrated,.and to the tombstones and " family burial-ground," and the legal decisions regarding such referred to in my Law of Succession in Ensigns Armorial, pp. 32-44—a subject of very considerable interest bot Antiquarieo ht clergymed san n (see als supra,, . 1622 o p . n , an . 174dp , infra). alss i ot subjeca I whicn o t h some curious local disputes have come unde noticy m r reference n e(i s for Opinions), indicating that modern ideas on the "rights" in such burying-grounds are often a peculiar jumbl f ideaso e , whic e Lawhth f Armoryo s , thdecisiond eol e Courth f Sessiof o o st n about these grounds investigatione th d an , f antiquarieso s upo morr nfa e ancient things could with great advantage be co-related for public reference. dreI 1 w attentio grounde th o n t whic n s o Scottise hth h Kin Armf go Heraldd san satisfactorile sar y equated with survivance, bot robn hfunctionsi d ean , wit pre-heraldie hth c Sennachie Scottise th f so h Eoyal line Sourcesn i , Literatured an ow f ScotlandLa e oth f (Stair Society) y deduction . m 382p , d ,an s were duly, accepte y Ddb r John Camero Celticn ni Law, . 197p . -Since then, Wagner Portcullisn i , Heralds Heraldryd an (1939) , show3 . p , s tha celebratee th t d Garter r WilliaSi , m Dugdale, had aboun ,i t 1686, not only noticed the similarity of the principle and details of Visitations to the functions of the Bards, but expressly states that the Kings of Arms did, in matters of Genealogy, do what "the bards did heretofor latWalesf n ei o e d t stiltimean ,no l f i ,n those parts." Similarly Alexander Si . r Erskine, •Lord Lyon n 1698i , , expressly e officiastateth n i sl accoun s Authorithi f o t d Functionsyan s hi n i , Birthbrief preambles, tha e originath t l functio f Lyon'o n s offics genealogicalwa e d tha thio an t ,t s jurisdiction in Armory was added "as belonging to My sphere of duty" (Juridical Review, . 1940> p. 194, n. 1). ' . CoultonG . G , Scottish Abbeys Sociald an Life,. 16-17pp . 2 Good instances wil elaborate foune b lth n di e accoun funerale Marquesth e f th o tf o s Montrosf so e and3 of Sir .William Hay of Delgaty—marshalled and managed by Lord Lyon Sir Alexander Durham of LargoRestoratione th t a , recorded an , Jn di . Cameron Lees t Giles,S , . 233p . PROCESSIONAL ROL F SCOTTISO L H ARMORIAL FUNERAL1 17 .

trated is, then, the progress of a personage, of whom it has been aptly said tha tfeudal e ''th famille,chefa baroe d s thereford nwa an whole th e e group of his vassals and tenants was called in the documents of the time his Familia." x "The family did not remain limited to the father, mother, children, and servants. From the commencement of the tenth century it became enlarged. . Thi . . s enlarged family, which embrace e youngedth r sond theisan r children, their cousins servantse th , workmed an , n attache housee th o dt , too name kth e of mesnie, from the Latin mansionata or house. The mesnie comprised the family, the relations assembled round the head of the principal branch, the servants f thoso l eal livind an g around maintaine e service housth th d r f an eo fo ed membere Th supporte. .. f thi o s. sit enlargey b d d family were united likea corporation. They gave each other mutual assistance, they possessed their tribunal, the tribunal of the seigneur, that is, of the head of the family. They had their own customs, manners, and traditions, their standard and their battle- cry; the theid yha r banne s stafit n f ro wit h gilded point" (Ib.j. 5) In this lies the importance of the term Representative,2 for this feudal t familliechefe a onc d e "representatives th e wa - e sensre th f o n ei " embodimen e eponymusth f o t r foundero d alse representativan oth , f o e the communitas as an incorporation, and the analogy of a corporation is a very real one, as instanced by our great jurist Erskine's reference to "the family'seal of arms" descendable as an indivisible entity to "the heir"— representativee th family, e oth f whils grane th t armf o t virtualls si ypatena t incorporating the founder, as Nisbet says (with no sense of disrespect), "the first upstart" (he is not using the term offensively) and those called in remainder, into an "honourable family" officially "known" and cognisable as a communitas 3 in the Orders of the kingdom. This familia

F. Punk Brentano, The Old Regime in France, 75.

21 The term nobilis means "known," hence the import of the phrase "now known and recognised" Lyon'n i s Official Becognition f Chango s f Nameeo . Whe na famil s ennobledwa y r confirmeo , s a d persoe such th "a f n Representer,i n,o madd "an recorf eo tha.n di t name e alteratioy b an ,o t d nha e subjecth f "recognitiono t d entr an "Lyo n yi n Register. Hence nobiliary "Name a subjec s wa " t pertaining to the Law of Arms, and not within the scope of "ordinary courts" as Lord President Inglis laid down in 1880 (see Notes and Queries, 3/2/40, pp. 75, n. 3; 76,'u. 5; and of the tribal importance of Name see H. G. B. Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, pp. 110—111). 3 Since there is from time to time discussion as to just what the term communitas meant in thirteent fourteentd han h century Scottish State papers, when nothing likmodere eth n conceptiof no a "Parliament" existed, it is worth while referring to P. Fraser-Tytler's History of Scotland, Notes, . 372-74pp vol , i. . , theLitera Communitatis Scotiae namee runth f n "nousi so s Gardeyn Reaumeu d s , 'Prelats, Countes & Barones, avaundit, en nom de vous et de tout la Commune, le seel comun que nous nostre d m usonse no Dam n e , e avauntdyte" (The Mai f Norway)do . Takin e Barongth s capitanisa tribuum, an ascending tribal structure, identifying, in this case, the "Seel Commun" with "Margarete Eeyn Escossee ed , nostres tres chere Dame whosn "i e nam useds i perceivt e i w , ascendine eth g concept of "representation" endin triban gi l sovereignt t eaca d h yan stag e operated formally through "the seal"—which Balfour's Practicks d Erskin n an hereditara dow y s la e wa n y "heirship moveable." Indeed Muren i , . Agnew,v 1494 fine Coure ,w d th t holding tha tann wherdso heie eth r subscribeda deed with his father's seal it was "sufficient" and legally "his seal" (i.e. the heir's) under the Act requiring every Baron to have a proper "sele of his armys" (A.P.S., ii. 19; Hereditary Sheriffs of Galloway, p. 111). 172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1942-43.

is itself recognised as in the nature of an incorporeal heritable subject,1 thoug e feudahth l f thifamilyo sd Professoan , r Brentano says: "To speak more exactly, Feudalism, for in defining as accurately as possible the real meaning of this word and giving to it its historical sense, we should call developmente th t i extensioe th , familye th f no " is essentially founde a territoria n o d le Scottis baseth s a , h peerags wa e e mooth e n dominiumto th hil f o l * callee middls th wa n dt i "makini e e fief hea e s agesth a th ,f e do m th , ghi e patrimonth chie f o f y .. orden i . r that each family should continuo t e possess its central point, its pivot, its retirance." 2 e peculiaTh r interes f Scottiso t h organisations f whico , h these funeral processions of peers and chiefs formed an important feature, has been the survival into even modern times of the above-mentioned primitive' 3 tribe-feudalism, forming a key:point in the family organisation of the realm, and, as an Aberdeenshire laird observes in inviting his chieftain to a county funeral in 1863: "It is one redeeming point in these melancholy occasions that, while they sever our ties with those who are gone, they renew the links of kindness with the living." 4 .This was, no doubt, even more decidedl e seventeent e th cas yth n ei h century, whe e displanth f yo heraldry was buttressed with the '' funeral baked meats' * and accompanying liquid refreshment, -whils e displath t f armoriao y l colou d liveriean r s

1 Inne Learneyof fw so SuccessionLa e Th , Ensignsn i 47, 39 ; , JuridicalArmorial,35 , 25 . pp Review, Sept. 1940, p. 205, n. 1. ' *• • i d RegimeOl 2 • n France,i . 44 . p 3 At the time of writing Tartans of the Clans and Families of Scotland I had not seen Professor F. F. Brentano's Old Regime in France, 1927, trans. 1933; no more had Miss I. F. Grant when she wrote Social and Economic Development in Scotland. Brentano's observations on a system which J. Riddell d aptlha y pointed mann outi s y,wa way closelo s s y analagou o Scottist s h practice (Peerage Law, pp. 448,1052), are striking. Miss Grant indeed observed: "Feudalism had survived in Scotland when it becomd ha worn-ouea t institutio l neighbourinal n i g countries t woulI . interestine db knoo gt w who largely it did so, because in Scotland, more than elsewhere, into the purely feudal relationship had crept something .of the general warmth and fervour of the simpler and more ancient bond of union of e clanth " (Social Economicd an Development, d observationan , 52 y Tartans . Clanse m p d th n si f an o . alsFamilies,cf o ; Ear17 f Crawford. lo p , Lives Lindsays,e oth f . 117-119)pp . Brentano's analysi f Feudalisso m shows tha Feudae th t l Syste mScotlann i d remained essentially e tribo-feudalisth f nintm o twelftd an h h century France, whic s equallwa h y popular there alsd an o, show e systeth s y jusmwh t was, a-s Miss Grant observes (Social Economicd an Development, . 198)p , "a form of social organisation accorded very well" with the social organisation of Scotland (cf. Tartans Clanse Families,d oth f an . 15)p . Indee machinere th ds itwa ' y whereb earliee yth r tribalism was'put legan i l form saved an , d from "the disintegratio anarchd nan y which overwhelme tribae dth l organisa-, tio Ireland.'n ni 1 Perhap mattee th s f moso r t interes thas i t Scotlann i t d .we still find these things being operated under statutory authority applied r Courtan ou , Law—thesf y so db e heraldic displays l theial rd inherenan t implications being base e earlies somn th do f o e t feature f theo s ' Feudaw La l (including adoption fortho s d ) an which , though notice Camerony db presens a , t in Scottish Celtic Law, had fallen from our code of "ordinary law,'' but survived, as Lord Justice Clerk Aitchison observed on 27th Marc ofhw Arms.1941"e La antiquar e th n Th ,i " thuss y ha man n ,i y current matters, material available for observation, which may yet, when deduced backwards and analysed in conjunction with such mediaeval records as the Rolls here under examination, throw further light on still more primitive custom remainsd san . '* Letter amongst the Innes of Edingight Muniments. PROCESSIONAL ROL F SCOTTISO L H ARMORIAL FUNERAL3 17 .

counterbalanced the more modern sense of gloom and in the words of Sir David Lyndesa e Mountth f yo 1 "Into that band see no blak be sene, My lieferay sal be reid and blew and grene (line 130). My spreit I weit salbe with mirth and joy, Quhairfore with mirt l convoycorpy sa h m e sy " (line 145). The early conception of a chivalric and primitive ceremony, embodying pride and continuity, not gloom and woe, was evidently tending, by Lyndesay's time, to get infected with the "dule" concept2 which the heralds, wit htruea r e symbolissensth f o e botf mo h Christianite th d yan tribal funeral, were very properl t untiyno combattings l aftewa t i r d an , the Reformation that the vulgar concept of hired "mourners" and extrava- gant weeds began to replace the symbolical and livery-concept which so studiedly emphasised the family and its continuity, not dissolution and despair. What we have, accordingly, to examine and reconstruct from these ancient rolls is a ceremony embodying the ritual of a great re-union of "The Family," in the sense of a continuing social incorporation at the juncture of transfer of its representation from the defunct to his successor, accompanie e symbolisth l al f y heraldrm o b e dmachiner th s a y r fo y "organisation of the family" in its "stem and branches," by shield, tabard and seal—machinery still operating under the statutes of 1592, cap. 125, 1672, cap. 127, and 1867, cap. 17, and in which the King of Arms and Heralds remain the Government Department responsible for the organisa- tiod perpetuationnan y virtub , f powero e s derive d tribadol fro e l mth sennachies e greath f to , Family-organisation 3 whic s stilhi e foundatio th l n

of the Scottish character and the Scottish nation. Squire1 Meldrum, lines 130—145. Many of the more elaborate mourning customs used in Scotland, subsequent to the mid-sixteenth century2 attributee ar , partle th o dyt Frenc verd han y elaborately doleful funera Queef o l n Magdalene, first wife of James V. The circumstances of her death were exceptional, in that, after being the subject o'f a great romance, she died within a few weeks of her landing in Scotland, and it was the striking and sudden contrast which led to the unbridled " Deploration." Had Queen Magdalene died a year later, after the birth of "ane lusty bairn," and thus, in a sense, fulfilled her function, I fancy her funeral would have been equally ceremonious, but a good deal less doleful. The contrast between her obsequies and those of Squire Meldrum, at the close of a well-filled career, is what is the subject for comparison. onlt yNo Statesmen Churche th t agaie ,bu indee ,ar s n(a d alway timen si widespreaf so d cataclysm) re-emphasisin3 g "the Family" and its importance. It is, however, evident that in many cases the fall significanc tere th m f eo "Family, s structur "it t reall ambits it no d e y ear ,an understoo thosy o db ewh usine the o ar terme d gyth r realizno , immense eth e sociological power and influenc Famile th a f eo s ya formal institution. This we now see emphasised in such funeral rolls as those under consideration, but it may be pointed t tha ou somn ti familie d eol connectioe sth evidences ni another—any db d related—feature: thae tth Family Genealog impartes ye wa childre th o dt Sundan no y mornings before startin r churchgfo n I . Banffshire this commenced with the question "Who are you?" followed by others, concluding with a deductio stem-line th f no e fro eponymus.e m th Wese th n tI Highland genealoge sth takes ywa n back in Gaelic, precisely as the High Sennachie and Lord Lyon declaimed the Royal Pedigree at the Scottish