Effects of Early Environmental Conditions on the Development of Behaviour in a Jumping Spider

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Effects of Early Environmental Conditions on the Development of Behaviour in a Jumping Spider Effects of early environmental conditions on the development of behaviour in a jumping spider Dissertation Zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades an der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Jannis Liedtke Hamburg, 2015 Genehmigt vom Fachbereich Biologie der Fakultät für Mathematik, lnformatik und Naturwissenschaften an der Universität Hamburg auf Antrag von Frau Professor Dr. J. SCHNEIDER Weiterer Gutachter der Dissertation: Herr Professor Dr. J. GANZHORN Tag der Disputation: 1 1 . Dezember 2015 0 x^k Professor Dr. D. Hanelt Vorsitzender des Fach-Promotionsausschusses Biologie Faculty of Sustainability Institute of Ecology Animal Ecology Workgroup Scharnhorststr. 1 D-21335 Lüneburg Tamar Marcus Tel. 0049 (0)4131 677 2811 Building 13, Room 003 email [email protected] October 5th, 2015 Use of English in the thesis authored by Jannis Liedtke To whom it may concern, This is to affirm that I am a native speaker of English, and that the English used in the thesis entitled “Effects of early environmental conditions on the development of behaviour in a jumping spider" by Jannis Liedtke is clear, coherent, and of university level quality. Yours sincerely, Tamar Marcus Contents Zusammenfassung ...................................................................................................................... 3 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 5 General Introduction .................................................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER ONE Association and reversal learning abilities in a jumping spider ............................................... 13 CHAPTER TWO Social makes smart: Rearing conditions affect learning in jumping spiders ........................... 31 CHAPTER THREE Growing up with siblings enhances social skills in a jumping spider ...................................... 51 CHAPTER FOUR Early environmental conditions shape personality differences in a jumping spider ................ 67 General Discussion ................................................................................................................... 95 References for General Introduction and Discussion ............................................................. 101 Danksagung ............................................................................................................................ 107 Zusammenfassung Natürliche Selektion bevorzugt Lebewesen, die optimal an ihre Umwelt angepasst sind. Damit sich Tiere flexibel an Veränderungen ihrer Umwelt anpassen können, müssen sie Informationen aus ihrem Umfeld aufnehmen und verarbeiten. Das dafür benötigte neuronale System ist jedoch in seiner Entwicklung und durch seinen hohen Metabolismus sehr energieaufwendig. Man kann daher annehmen, dass nur so viel in ein Nervensystem investiert wird, wie unbedingt erforderlich ist, um mit der Komplexität der Umwelt umgehen zu können. Es wird seit langem darüber diskutiert, welche Umwelteinflüsse die Evolution und Ontogenese von vergrößerten bzw. kompetenteren Gehirnen vorantreibt. Dabei werden häufig die „sozialen“ und „physikalischen“ Umweltaspekte gegenüber gestellt. „Sozial“ bezieht sich in diesem Zusammenhang auf alle Interaktionen zwischen Artgenossen; dies beinhaltet daher auch antagonistische Auseinandersetzungen. Unter „physikalisch“ werden alle nicht-sozialen Komponenten der Umwelt zusammengefasst. Eine Möglichkeit, um die wichtigsten Faktoren für die Entwicklung von leistungsstärkeren Gehirnen zu bestimmen ist, die Umweltbedingungen während der Entwicklung eines Tieres experimentell zu manipulieren. In meiner Doktorarbeit habe ich daher Geschwister aus unterschiedlichen Familien einer Springspinnenart (Marpissa muscosa) unter verschiedenen Umweltbedingungen aufgezogen. Dabei wurden jeweils die Aspekte der „sozialen“ und die der „physikalischen“ Umwelt manipuliert. In einer Versuchsgruppe wurden Geschwister gemeinsam in einer ansonsten einfachen Umwelt aufgezogen. Dem gegenüber standen Versuchstiere, die zwar einzeln, aber dafür in einer physikalisch komplexen Umwelt aufwuchsen, die unter anderem mit Steinen, Rinde und Blättern angereichert wurde. Als Kontrolle gab es eine Versuchsgruppe, in der einzelne Tiere in einer einfachen Umwelt aufwuchsen, die weder sozial noch physikalisch angereichert war. Das Verhalten der Spinnen wurde daraufhin in unterschiedlichen Experimenten untersucht. In einem Versuch sollten die Spinnen in einem einfachen Labyrinth eine Futterbelohnung finden und es wurde geprüft, ob sie assoziativ lernen und das gelernte Muster umlernen können. In einem anderen Test wurden die Spinnen mit ihrem Spiegelbild konfrontiert, um so ihr Sozialverhalten zu studieren. Um ihr Explorationsverhalten zu untersuchen, wurden die Spinnen in eine neue, zunächst leere, später mit einem für die Spinnen unbekannten Objekt versehene Versuchsarena gesetzt und ihre Aktivität aufgezeichnet. Des Weiteren wurde untersucht, ob das Explorationsverhalten konsistent ist und die Tiere daher eine sogenannte „Persönlichkeit“ aufweisen. Dafür wurden die Spinnen ein zweites Mal in einem Abstand von einer Woche mit demselben Versuchsaufbau getestet. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Annahme, dass die Entwicklung des Verhaltens durch Umweltbedingungen stark beeinflusst wird. Bemerkenswerterweise zeigten dabei die in Gruppen aufgewachsenen Spinnen die höchsten Leistungen, sowohl in dem Lernversuch, als auch in ihrem Verhalten im sozialen Kontext. Dieses Ergebnis lässt vermuten, dass Investitionen in diese beiden Fähigkeiten, die zu unterschiedlichen Aspekten der Umwelt zu zählen sind, womöglich nicht in einem Trade-off zueinander stehen. Des Weiteren zeigten Individuen, die in einer physikalisch angereicherten Umwelt aufwuchsen, konsistent erhöhte Explorationstendenzen. Dieses Ergebnis zeigt, dass auch die Entwicklung einer „Persönlichkeit“ von den Umweltbedingungen beeinflusst werden kann. Ebenso wurde die 3 Zusammenfassung Annahme bestätigt, dass Spinnen, die ohne Anreicherung in ihrer Umwelt aufwuchsen, insgesamt die geringsten Leistungen in dem untersuchten Verhalten zeigten. Zusammengenommen lassen die Ergebnisse darauf schließen, dass die plastische Entwicklung verschiedener Verhaltensweisen, sowie möglicherweise auch der physiologischen Merkmale, ganzheitlich stattfindet und so zu einem integrativen Phänotyp führt, der bestmöglich an die individuellen Umweltbedingungen angepasst ist. 4 Summary Natural selection favours individuals that are well adapted to their environment and thereby increase their reproductive success. In order to respond plastically to changes and thus remain optimally adapted, animals must be able to perceive and process information from their environment. The underlying sensory and neuronal systems are metabolically and developmentally costly. Thus, we can expect that animals will invest just enough in these traits to handle the complexity of their surroundings. There has been an ongoing discussion which environmental aspects may be particularly cognitively demanding and thus drive the evolution and development of competent neuronal systems. Traditionally, two aspects of the environment are emphasised. On the one hand, the so called “social” aspect refers to all cognitively demanding processes caused by interactions between individuals. These also include antagonistic and potentially harmful interactions. On the other hand, the “physical” aspect refers to all other features of the environment, favouring, for example, foraging and navigation skills. One way to disentangle these driving forces is to experimentally manipulate the rearing conditions in which animals are raised. In my doctoral thesis, I used a split-brood design to investigate the impact of “social” and “physical” environmental conditions on the development of behaviour in the jumping spider Marpissa muscosa. I reared spiderlings in three different environments. In the “social” treatment, spiders were reared in groups and had contact with their siblings in an otherwise unenriched box. In the “physical” treatment, spiders were reared solitarily in a box enriched with physical objects, for example, a piece of bark, leaves and stones. As a control, I used solitarily reared spiders, which obtained no enrichment at all. In order to elucidate rearing effects on behaviour, spiders had to participate in different tasks. In one task, I aimed to investigate the spiders` ability of associative learning. For this purpose, I used a simple t-maze with a hidden food-reward on one side of the maze, which was relocated after four trials to induce reversal learning. In another task, I observed the social behaviour of spiders when being confronted with their own mirror image. Moreover, exploration tendencies were tested in an open-field and by presenting a novel-object to the spiders. Both exploration tests were repeated a week later in order to find out if the exploratory behaviour was consistent, meaning that these animals express so-called “personalities”. Results obtained from my thesis confirm that environmental conditions strongly affect the development of behaviour. Interestingly, socially reared spiders performed better in both the social and the learning task than spiders from the deprived treatment. This suggests that the two underlying skills, associated with different environmental domains, are not traded off against each other. The finding
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