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O VEXILOLOGIE 154 ISSN 1211-2615 ZPRAVODAJ ČESKÉ VEXILOLOGICKÉ SPOLE ČNOSTI SL Somaliland NL Northland GA Galmudug BL Bakool GE Gedoland JD St řední Juba MA Maakhir PL Puntland SO Somálsko BY Baay SH Dolní Shabele JH Horní Juba ISSN 1211-2615 154 ZPRAVODAJ ýESKÉ VEXILOLOGICKÉ SPOLE ýNOSTI VYSOKÉ MEZINÁRODNÍ OCEN ċNÍ ZAKLADATEL ģM ýVS Sedmnácté zasedání valného shromážd Ční Mezinárodní federace vexilologických spole þností (FIAV) v Yorku v roce 2001 p Ĝijalo rozhodnutí o z Ĝízení þestného titulu pĜíznivce FIAV (Fellow of the Federation), který má ozna þovat osoby, jež prokazují svou prací a þinností významné zásluhy o vexilologii obecn Č nebo p Ĝisp Čly významným zp Ĥsobem FIAV þi jejímu þlenu. Od uvedeného roku byla tato þest prokázána 31 p Ĝedním sv Čtovým vexilolog Ĥm, z nichž mnohým byl tento þestný titul FIAV ud Člen in memoriam. P Ĝi p Ĝíležitosti konání 23. mezinárodního vexilologického kongresu v Jokoham Č byl 17. þervence 2009 p Ĝiznán dalším deseti pĜedním vexilolog Ĥm z osmi zemí, poprvé také dv Čma vexilolog Ĥm z ýeské republiky. Do pomyslné Ĝady ocen Čných „ þestným þlenstvím“ FIAV se tak vedle všech bývalých prezident Ĥ FIAV L. Mühlemanna, O. Neubeckera, H. Boudina a W.G. Cramptona, generálních tajemník Ĥ W. Smithe, K. Sierksmy, E. Dreyera, R.G.C. Bartletta a B.B. Berryho, jakož i takových velikán Ĥ vexilologického hnutí, jakými jsou Ch.F. Pedersen, L. Philippe, A. Ziggioto þi A. Znamierowski, letos postavili i zakladatelé ýeské vexilologické spole þnosti doc. RNDr. Ludvík Mucha, CSc., a Ing. Aleš Brožek. Této památné události v historii þeské vexilologie bychom cht Čli alespo Ė zþásti v Čnovat obsah tohoto þísla našeho zpravodaje Vexilologie. První p Ĝedseda (1972-2003) a od r. 2004 þestný p Ĝedseda ýeské vexilologické spole þnosti doc. RNDr. Ludvík Mucha, CSc., (nar. 1927) byl FIAV ocen Čn zejména za sv Ĥj rozhodující pĜínos založení organiza þní základny þeskoslovenské vexilologie v r. 1972, kdy jako u þitel kartografie a matematického zem Čpisu na P Ĝírodov Čdecké fakult Č Univerzity Karlovy publikující první pravidelné vexilologické þlánky v populárn Č-nau þném m Čsí þníku Lidé a zem Č kolem sebe shromáždil první þeské a slovenské zájemce o vlajky a prapory. Spolu s nimi zorganizoval založení nejstarší vexilologické spole þnosti v bývalých socialistických zemích. Když pak navázal kontakty se zahrani þními vexilology mimo jiné i z Polska, bývalé NDR a bývalého SSSR, z nichž se Ĝada stala i þleny tehdejšího Vexilologického klubu, otev Ĝel þeské vexilologii okno do sv Čta. Jeho rozsáhlá publika þní þinnost, zam ČĜ ená na popularizaci státních znak Ĥ a vlajek, historii vzniku þeskoslovenské státní vlajky a m Čstskou vexilologii u nás p Ĝivedla k vexilologii Ĝadu þtená ĜĤ jeho knih, jakož i inspirovala mnohé þeskoslovenské vexilology, kte Ĝí m Čli možnost seznámit se s jeho bádáním na stránkách Vexilologie i dalších zahrani þních odborných þasopis Ĥ. Jeho nedocenitelné zásluhy o vznik, rozkv Čt a související prestiž ýeské vexilologické spole þnosti a významný osobní p Ĝínos k rozvoji þeskoslovenské vexilologie byly ocen Čny pĜi 10. výro þí existence tehdejšího 2987 Vexilologického klubu ýestným diplomem VK, jakož i Kongresovým ocen Čním 1. þeského národního vexilologického kongresu v Hradci Králové v r. 1996 a nejvyšším ocen Čním ýVS – þestným þlenstvím – v r. 2004. Spoluzakladatel ýeské vexilologické spole þnosti a jejího zpravodaje Vexilologie Ing. Aleš Brožek (nar. 1952) se jako dlouholetý tiskový referent (od r. 1973) a pozd Čji i redaktor (od r. 1983), resp. výkonný redaktor (od r. 2000) zpravodaje zasloužil podstatnou m Črou o to, že toto pojítko mezi þleny naší spole þnosti vycházelo pravideln Č, bez pĜerušení a ve stále vyšší obsahové i technické kvalit Č, þímž udržovalo raison d´étre i samotnou více než 37 let trvající existenci jedné z nejstarších vexilologických spole þností na sv ČtČ. Jako neoficiální vyslanec þeské vexilologie se již od konce 70. let minulého století zú þast Ėoval mezinárodních vexilologických kongres Ĥ, vstoupil do Ĝady zahrani þních vexilologických spole þností a navázal bohaté osobní i koresponden þní styky s mnoha vynikajícími sv Čtovými vexilology. Jako první þeský vexilolog byl v r. 1997 ocen Čn na 17. kongresu v Kapském M Čst Č cenou Vexillon , ud Človanou FIAV za mimo Ĝádný publika þní po þin v období od kongresu pĜedcházejícího. Jeho obsáhlá publika þní þinnost na stránkách Vexilologie i mimo n Č, jakož i zásluhy o úsp Čšnou þinnost a prezentaci ýVS doma i v zahrani þí a popularizaci vexilologie na ve Ĝejnosti byly ocen Čny již t Ĝemi diplomy ýestného uznání (1982, 2001 a 2008). Výbor ýeské vexilologické spole þnosti si jménem všech jejích þlen Ĥ dovoluje ob Čma svým ct Čným koleg Ĥm a p Ĝátel Ĥm up Ĝímn Č poblahop Ĝát k vysokému ocen Ční jejich dlouholeté, neúnavné a záslužné práce o rozvoj þeské i sv Čtové vexilologie, kterého se jim dostalo od vedení FIAV. P Ĝipojuje se k jeho rozhodnutí a ocen Čným p Ĝeje do dalšího života hodn Č zdraví, osobní spokojenosti a mnoho badatelských i publika þních úsp Čch Ĥ v hájemství vlajek a prapor Ĥ. Výbor ýVS On July 17, 2009 in Yokohama, the FIAV Board presented the Fellowship of the Federation also to two Czech leading vexillologists and co-founders of the Czech Vexillological Society – Ludvík Mucha and Aleš Brožek - for their significant contributions to vexillology. On behalf of Czech and Slovak vexillologists, the Board of CVS congratulates both our colleagues on that occasion and dedicates leading articles of this issue of Vexilologie in honour of them. Ludvík Mucha OROMSKÉ PRAPORY Oromsko þi Oromie ( Biyya-Oromo , tj. vlast Orom Ĥ) je rozsáhlá zem Č v dnešní Etiopii, usilující prost Ĝednictvím levicov Č orientované Oromské osvobozenecké fronty ( Adda bilisummaa Oromo, Oromo Liberation Front , OLF) o nezávislost. I když za sou þasné situace je tato idea zĜejm Č zcela iluzorní, není bez zajímavosti se o této zemi n Čco dov ČdČt. Oromsko, tak jak je dnes znázor Ėováno na mapách OLF, se rozkládá mezi 2° a 12° s.š. a 23°a 44° v.d. M ČĜ í asi 600 000 km 2 a jeho p Ĥvodními obyvateli jsou Oromové (dnes kolem 23 milion Ĥ lidí), nám znám Čjší pod „okupantským“ jménem Gallové þi Galla. Ti pat Ĝí k východokušitské jazykové skupin Č, která mluví jazykem oromo ( oromiffa ), p Ĝíbuzným jazyka konso . Je to vlastn Č lingua franca Etiopie s výjimkou její severní þásti. Oromské písmo vytvo Ĝil teprve v roce 1956 Usman Oda, od roku 1970 však oromo užívá latinku. Ovšem 95 % Orom Ĥ je analfabet Ĥ. P Ĥvodní vlastí Orom Ĥ je st Ĝed dnešního Oromska, chladná vyso þina krajin severní Baale a jižní Arsi. Až do kolonizace v poslední þtvrtin Č 19. století m Čli Oromové vlastní sociální, 2988 politický a právní systém. Byli ovšem v neustálých kmenových bojích mezi sebou i se svými sousedy, p Ĝedevším etiopskými Amhary, vedenými v 19. století známým n Čgušem Menelikem II. Ten obsadil hlavní oromské m Čsto Finfinnee, p Ĝejmenoval je na Addis Abebu („nová kv Čtina“) a roku 1889 z n Čho uþinil hlavní m Čsto své Ĝíše. V roce 1900 byli Oromové zcela podrobeni a zotro þeni. Vládnoucím etnikem Etiopie se stali Amha Ĝi, p Ĝesto, že Oromové tvo Ĝí 40 % a podle oromských údaj Ĥ dokonce 50 % obyvatelstva a jsou tedy nejv Čtší národností na etiopském území. Oromové byli v Etiopii potla þováni a dokonce vyhlazováni nejen za Menelika II., ale i za Haile Selassie II. – u nás velmi populárního etiopského císa Ĝe – i za jeho odp Ĥrce Mengistu Haile Mariama (1974-1991). Situace se však podle oromských informa þních zdroj Ĥ nezm Čnila ani po svržení Mengistova režimu, když se moci ujala Revoluþní demokratická fronta etiopského lidu (Ethiopian People´s Revolutionary Democratic Front , EPRDF), t Ĝebaže zprvu tyto organizace spolupracovaly. V Prozatímním národním shromážd Ční m Čla OLF 12 z 87 k Ĝesel (krom Č ní zastupovala Oromy i Oromská lidov Č demokratická organizace, OPDO) a vojensky kontrolovala jihovýchod Etiopie. Volby v roce 1992 však OLF neuspokojily, práv Č naopak: OLF vládu i parlament opustila a s EPRDF dokonce bojovala. Podle etiopské ústavy z 8.12.1994, která vstoupila v platnost 7.5.1995, je Etiopie federativní republikou devíti region Ĥ a hlavního m Čsta. Regiony, vytvo Ĝené na základ Č etnických hranic, mají právo z federace vystoupit, jestliže se pro to vysloví v Čtšina obyvatel v referendu. Region Oromsko zabírá vedle etiopského Somálska nejv Čtší þást zem Č a je pouze o n Čco menší než Oromie v pojetí OLF, jak ukazuje naše mapka ( obr. 1 ). Už v 16. století m Čli Oromové sv Ĥj prapor jako symbol identity. Spolu s ním se užívaly olivové ratolesti jako znamení úsp Čchu, bohatství a míru, zatímco v Čtve podocarpu p Ĝedstavovaly zele Ė Oromska. Z pozd Čjší doby je znám prapor Orom Ĥ, který byl uložen u oromského náboženského a rituálního ná þelníka zvaného qaallu , nejstaršího a nejuctívan Čjšího muže v rodu. Prapor má t Ĝi vodorovné pruhy v barvách turbanu qaallera , totiž þerný, þervený a bílý. Pruhy reprezentují ty þleny rodu, kte Ĝí do aktivního života mají teprve vstoupit, kte Ĝí v n Čm už p Ĥsobí a kte Ĝí jím už prošli ( obr. 2 ). N Čkdy se tento prapor považuje i za dnešní oromskou národní vlajku. Aktuálním vexilologickým symbolem Oromska je vlajka národn Č osvobozenecké organizace OLF. Tvo Ĝí ji t Ĝi vodorovné pruhy (8:11:8 nebo i 1:2:1) v barvách þervené, zelené a þervené. Uprost Ĝed je žluté slunce s 24 paprsky, které p Ĝesahuje do horního i dolního pruhu. Na slunce je položen symbol Oromska – zelený košatý strom, nad stromem je malá p Čticípá þervená hv Čzda ( obr. 3 ). OLF má podporu oromských student Ĥ žijících v Praze.
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