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ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Seed-Borne Fungi of Durum Wheat (Triticum Durum Desf) Cultivars Grown in Duhok Provin

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ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Seed-Borne Fungi of Durum Wheat (Triticum Durum Desf) Cultivars Grown in Duhok Provin ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences The official scientific journal of Salahaddin University-Erbil ZJPAS (2017), 29 (s4); 300-309 http://dx.doi.org/10.21271/ZJPAS.29.s4.34 Seed-borne fungi of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf) cultivars grown in Duhok province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq Samir K. Abdullah1* and Helben I. M. Atroshi2 1 Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Zakho 2 Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Duhok University, Iraq A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article History: The study was carried out to investigate the seed borne fungi associated with Received: 01/06/2017 different cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) grown in Duhok Accepted: 05/08/2017 province, Kurdistan region, Iraq. A total of 12 seed samples were surveyed for Published: 20/12/2017 the associated mycoflora using standard agar plate, blotter paper and freezing Keywords: methods. A total of 21 fungal species assigned to 14 genera were identified. Durum wheat, The most common genera in descending order of their isolation frequency were Seed-borne fungi, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Ulocladium, Arthrinium Iraq and Chaetomium. Alternaria alternata,Cladosporium herbarum,Aspergillus flavus, A.niger, and Arthrinium phaeospermum were the most frequent species. *Corresponding Author: Ascad cultivar showed the highest number of detected species (13 species), Samir K. Abdullah whereas the lowest number (7 species) were isolated from Sham 3 cultivar. [email protected] Ascad cultivar (sample 2). Sham 3 (sample 5) and Simeto (sample 7) showed the highest mean percentage contamination (71.0%, 68.5% and 57.0%) respectively. The results showed a variation in the fungal composition, number of detected species and percentage contamination according to detection method and cultivar type. 1. INTRODUCTION cultivated areas of wheat in Iraq are estimated Wheat is the most important cereal in the at 2.3 million hectares and the total production world and was one of the first crops that could is 3.4 million metric tonnes. and However, be easily cultivated on a large scale giving Iraqi wheat consumption is currently estimated about one third of total production followed by at 5.8 million tonnes a year (USDA,2016). rice (Wiese,1987). Durum wheat (Triticum Fungi associated with seeds prove to be durum Desf) has a high amount of proteins (12- hazardous causes several diseases, production 16%) which is good for pasta of poor quality grains, reduced yields and products/macaroni, spaghetti and other reduced grain germination (Neergard,1979). noodles(Beuerlein,2001). The actual planted Several pathogenic and saprophytic fungi have areas with wheat in Kurdistan region are been reported from durum wheat. Among them 600.000 hectares, yielded 912.000 metric is Fusarium spp.,causing head blight that tonnes in 2015 (Abdullah,2015) . The total reduces grain quality (Fernandez et al.2001; 301 Abdullah S. K. and Atroshi H. /ZJPAS: 2017, 29(s4): 300-309 Wright et al.2010; Fakhfakh et al.2011; Fields Crops, Duhok University(4 samples) and Alkadri et al.2013). Other important pathogens local Silos at Duhok Governorate(4 samples). A such as Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris working sample of each cultivar was obtained sorokiniana,Microdochium nivale and Tilletia according to the International Rules of Seed Testing (ISTA,2009). spp., were also regularly detected from wheat grains (Ioos et al.2004; Prescot et al.2006; 2.2. Detection of seed-borne Fungi Gargouri-Kammoun et al.2009; 2014; Hajihasani et al.2012; Majunder et al.2013; The seed-borne fungi were isolated using three Atroshi and Abdullah,2016). Seed-borne different detecting standard methods (agar plate, blotter paper and deep freezing techniques) saprophytic species in the genera Aspergillus according to International rules of seed Testing .Penicillium and Fusarium may also produce (ISTA,2009). A total of 200 seeds in four replicates several volatile metabolites including alcohol, were tested from each sample. Procedure details for ketone and aromatic compounds (Laddomada each isolation technique and media used were given et al.2014) and mycotoxins which may alter in (Abdullah and Atroshi,2016). The fungi growing grain composition or imposing high risk to from the grains were either identified directly from human or animals after consumption the plates or were sub cultured onto other (Christensen and Kaufman,1965;Abramson et appropriate media used for identification. al.1990;Gallo et al.2008; Al-Sagga et al.2015). The percentage frequency of occurrence (FO) Studies on the seed-borne fungi associated with of fungi in the seeds of each cultivar and durum wheat grains have been made by percentage contamination (PC) was calculated. researchers in different parts of the world Number of grains on which a (Flannigan,1970; Bokhary,1986; Clear et Fungal species was identified al.2005; Mavragani et al.2007; Plaskowska and FO%=_________________________×100 Chrzanowska-Drozdz,2009;Gargouri- Total number of tested grains Kammoun et al.2009,2014; Alkadri et al.2013; Belkacem-Hanfi et al.2013). However, in Iraq only few studies have been performed on the Number of infected grains from each subject (Sulaiman and Husain,1985; Juber and cultivar Al-Salahi,2006; Al-Taae and Al-Ameery,2010; PC%=------------------------------------------ x100 Hassan et al.2010; Atroshi and Abdullah,2016) . The purposes of this study was to identify the Total number of grains in each cultivar fungi associated with grain samples of durum wheat cultivars from Duhok province 2.3. Fungal Identification Kurdistan Region of Iraq using different detecting methods and to assess the percentage All species were identified according to the keys of seed contamination with fungi for each and descriptions provided byEllis,1971,1976; cultivar. Arx,Von, et al.1986; Samson et al.2000; Klich,2002; Watanabe,2002;Prescott et al.2006; 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Leslie and Summerell,2006; Guarro et al.2012). 2.1-Samples collection A total of 12 seed samples of durum wheat were obtained in an amount of 250-500 gm/sample during 2.4.Data Analysis the year 2012-2013 from Directorate of Agricultural A factorial experiment (12×4) t was conducted Research in Duhok (4 samples), the Department of by Completely Randomized Design and replicate 302 Abdullah S. K. and Atroshi H. /ZJPAS: 2017, 29(s4): 300-309 five times with 10 seeds for each replicate. The data 3.2. Frequency of fungal genera on durum has been analyzed by using computer through the wheat grains SAS program (SAS,2001) and the means comparison was done by Duncan’s Multiple Fourteen fungal genera have been detected Ranges Test under 5% which was claimed by from durum wheat grains,(Figure 1).The (SAS,2001). highest isolation frequency was displayed by the genus Cladosporium (100%) followed by Penicillium (91.665), Alternaria and 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Aspergillus(83.33% each), Ulocladium 3.1.Contamination of wheat grains by fungi (66.66%), Arth rinium (58.33%) and Chaetomium (41.66%). Other fungal genera The results of percentage contamination of showed low isolation frequency (8.33% each). durum wheat grains of different cultivars by Sulaiman and Husain (1985). also reported fungi as detected by different isolation methods higher incidence for the genera Aspergillus, are presented in Table 1.The degree of fungal Alternaria, Rhizopus, Penicillium and contamination for the 12 durum cultivars as Cladosporium in stored wheat grains in silos in detected by blotter method ranged from 0.0 to Iraq. Fungal analysis of 48 samples from 70%, by deep freeze from 0.0 to 42%.Detection Syrian wheat grains reported Alternaria and of fungal contamination by using agar plate Cladosporium as the most frequent genera, method was higher (2.0 to 100%) for each of followed by Penicillium and Aspergillus PDA and OTA media as compared to both (Alkadri et al.2013), whereas, Aspergillus blotter methods and deep freeze (0.0 to 70% followed by Fusarium,Penicillium and and 0.0 to 0.42%) respectively. Acremonium showed a high isolation rate in wheat grains from Turkey (Askun,2007). The cultivars Doar (1) and Acsad (1) showed the lowest fungal contamination (0.0 to 18.0% In Poland,Fusarium and Alternaria were the and 0.0 to 24.0%) respectively, whereas, the most common fungi colonizing winter durum highest fungal contamination was displayed by wheat, whereas, Aspergillus and Penicillium cultivars Acsad(2)(26.0 to 100%) and cultivar were present in low frequencies( Plaskowska Simeto(1)(24.0 to 100%).The mean value of and Chrzanowska-Drozdz,2009). The genera contamination percentage of each cultivar was Alternaria, Fusarium and Microdochium were significantly different using different isolation reported with high incidence on freshly method (Table 2). harvested durum wheat grains in the main production areas of Tunisia (Bensassi et The degree of percentage of fungal al.2009) whereas, the most predominant contamination varied among wheat cultivars. postharvest mould genera were Alternaria, Such variations may be attributed to the Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor and differences in geographical locality of Rhizipous ( Belkacem-Hanfi et al.2013). cultivations, storage conditions or to differences in physico-chemical nature of 3.3. Frequency of fungal species on durum different wheat genotypes and may be due to wheat grains. isolation techniques used in the present study. This is in line with results obtained by Twenty one species assigned to 14 genera (Christensen,1955; Singh et al.2011) . have been identified (Table 2). Ten species viz. Acremonium strictum, Aspergillus glucus, A. 303 Abdullah S. K. and Atroshi H. /ZJPAS: 2017, 29(s4): 300-309 rugulovalvus Bipolaris sorokinina were reported among the dominant post- ,Chaetomium globosum,Corynascella sp., harvest moulds isolated from durum wheat Curvalaria spicifera, Fusarium cultivated in Tunisia (Belkacem-Hanfi et graminearum,Nigrospora state of Khuskia al.2013).
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