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Pdf 754.09 K ﻫﺮﻗﻠﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران / ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪي از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪو ﻓﻴﺖ ...ﻣﻮ / رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ ، ﺟﻠﺪ )1(16 ، 1394 17 / 17 رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ Rostaniha 16(1): 17-35 (2015) (1394 ) 17 35- :( 16)1 ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪي از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪو ﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮ در اﻳﺮان درﻳﺎﻓﺖ : /01 /09 1393 / ﭘﺬﻳﺮش : /30 /01 1394 ﻧﺎ زدار ﻫﺮﻗﻠﻲ : داﻧﺸﺠﻮي ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، ﭘﺮدﻳﺲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان، ﻛﺮج ﻳﻮﺑﺮت ﻗﻮﺳﺘﺎ : اﺳ ﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اروﻣﻴﻪ ، اروﻣﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺟﻮان ﻧﻴﻜﺨﻮاه : اﺳﺘﺎد ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، ﭘﺮدﻳﺲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان، ﻛﺮج ( [email protected] ) ) آﻧﺪرﻳ ﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﺴﺎﻧﻮ و ﻣﻴﺸﺎﻳﻞ ﭘﺎﻧﭽﺮ : ﻣﺤﻘﻘ ﺎن ﮔﺮوه اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار، ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت و ﻧﻮآوري IASMA ، اﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﭼﻜﻴﺪه در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ، ﺗﻌﺪاد 655 ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ از ﻣﻮ (.Vitis vinifera L ) ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﺷﺪه و ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ . ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت رﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ و ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ITS از DNA رﻳﺒﻮزوﻣﻲ، 15 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ 10 ﺟﻨﺲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ : : A. sacchari ، Arthrinium phaeospermum ، A. atra ، A. malorum ، A. chlamydospora ، Alternaria brassicicola، Paecilomyces ، Geosmithia pallida ، Epicoccum nigrum ، Chaetomium elatum ، Beauveria bassiana ، A. wentii ، Aspergillus nidulans Cytospora punicae ، variotii و Verrucobotrys geranii ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ از ﻣﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . اﻧﮕﻮر ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻴ ﺰﺑﺎن ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪه در اﻳﺮان ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ، ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي B. bassiana ، A. phaeospermum و E. nigrum ، ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر در دﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ از ﻣﻮ ﮔﺰارش ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . ﭼﻬﺎر ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ : C. punicae ، A. sacchari، G. pallida و V. geranii ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر از اﻳﺮان ﮔﺰارش و ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : آراﻳﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ، .ان.دي اي رﻳﺒﻮزوﻣﻲ ، رﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، ﻗﺎرچ اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ New species of endophytic fungi from grapevine ( Vitis vinifera ) in Iran Received: 22.11.2014 / Accepted: 19.04.2015 Nazdar Hergholi: MSc Student, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Yobert Ghosta: Assistant Prof., Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran Mohammad Javan-Nikkhah : Prof., Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran ([email protected]) Andrea Campisano and Michael Pancher: Researchers, Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources Department, IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy Summary During the study on endophytic fungi of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), 655 fungal isolates were obtained and studied taxonomically. Based on morphological and ITS sequences data, 15 species belonging to 10 genera including Alternaria brassicicola , A. chlamydospora , A. malorum , A. atra , Arthrinium phaeospermum , A. sacchari , Aspergillus nidulans , A. wentii , Beauveria bassiana , Cheatomium elatum , Epicoccum nigrum , Geosmithia pallida , Paecillomyces variotii , Cytospora punicae , and Verrucobotrys geranii are introduced as endophytic fungi of grapevine. Grapevineis as matrix nova for all mentioned species in Iran. Also, all identified species except A. phaeospermum , B. bassiana , and E. nigrum are reported for the first time as endophytic fungi of grapevine worldwide. Four species viz . A. sacchari , C. punicae , G. pallid , and V. geranii are introduced and described for the first time from Iran. Keywords: Endophytic fungus, morphology, ribosomal DNA, taxonomy * ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه اول ﺑﻪ راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﻮان ﻧﻴﻜﺨﻮاه و دﻛﺘﺮ ﻳﻮﺑﺮت ﻗﻮﺳﺘﺎ اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان 18 / 18 ﻫﺮﻗﻠﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران / ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪي از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪو ﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮ ... / رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ ، ﺟﻠﺪ )1(16 ، 1394 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ اﻧﮕﻮر ﻳﻚ ﮔﻴﺎه ﺧﺰان دار، دوﻟﭙﻪ اي و ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻲ دو دﻫﻪ اﺧﻴﺮ ، ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻓﺰاﻳﻨﺪه اي ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ، ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻛﺸﺎورزي دﻧﻴﺎ دارد . اﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎه در اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﺎء و ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ آن ﻫﺎ ، اﺛﺮات ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻌﺘﺪل ﺟﻬﺎن ﻛﺸﺖ و ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد و اﻳﺮان ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن، ﻧﻘﺶ اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ در اﻛﻮﻟﻮژي و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﻮرداري از ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ، ﻳﻜﻲ از ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﭘﺮورش اﻧﮕﻮر در ﺟﻬﺎن ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه ﺗ ﻮﺳﻂ آن ﻫﺎ وﺟﻮد دارد . ﻃﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اي ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف Phomopsis viticola ( Zeinali 2011 ) . ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪ ه از ﺳﻮي ﺳﺎز ﻣﺎن ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ رﺷﺪ اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻗﺎرچ در ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮارﺑﺎر و ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ در ﺳﺎل 2013 ، اﻳﺮان از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻧﮕﻮر و ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ آن در ﻃﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ رﺷﺪي، 46 46 اﻧﮕﻮر، ﻣﻘﺎم دﻫﻢ را ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻛﺸﻮر ﻫﺎي ﭼﻴﻦ، اﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ، آراﻳﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎن، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻳﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤﺪه آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ، اﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ، ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ، ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ، ﺷﻴﻠﻲ، آرژاﻧﺘﻴﻦ و Alternaria alternata ( 40 %) و .Sphaeropsis sp ( 20 %) ﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص داده اﺳﺖ . ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس آﻣﺎرﻧﺎﻣﻪ وزارت ﺟﻬﺎد ﺑﻴ ﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ و P. viticola 3، % ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﻛﺸﺎورز ي در ﺳﺎل 1387 ، ﺳﻄﺢ زﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑﺎ دادﻧﺪ ( Mostert et al . 2000 ) . ﺗﻨﻮع زﻣﺎﻧﻲ و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﺣﺘﺴﺎب درﺧﺘﭽﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪه ﻣﻮ ﺣﺪود 302 ﻫﺰار ﻫﻜﺘﺎر اﺳﺖ . اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ و ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي اﻧﮕﻮر ﻃﻲ دو از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ زﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﺖ، اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس در ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻗﺮار دارد ﻓﺼﻞ رﺷﺪي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ . در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ، ﺣﺪود 60 60 و اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن رﺿﻮي، ﻗﺰوﻳﻦ، آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﻏﺮﺑﻲ، زﻧﺠﺎن، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ ( Silhánová & Novotny 2006 .) .) ﻫﻤﺪان و آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﺷﺮﻗﻲ در رﺗﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻌﺪي ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ .اﻧﺪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ، ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ارﻗﺎم ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ Vitis vinifera ﺗﻤﺎم ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن آوﻧﺪي و ﻏﻴﺮ آوﻧﺪي ﺧﺸﻜﻲ زي و درﻳﺎ زي ﻛﻪ .L ﻛﺸﺖ ﺷﺪه در ﺳﻮﻳ ﻴﺲ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ . از ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻮن ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ،اﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ 703 ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ، 66 آراﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ، ﻛﻠﻨﻴﺰه ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ ( Weber ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ و ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ رﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و 2009 ). ﻗﺎرچ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن از اﺻﻄﻼح اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗ ﺎﻳ ﻴﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺎ ، از ر وش ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن زﻧﺪه ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ITS اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ ( Casieri et al . 2009) . ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﻮده ، ﺑﺪون اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ آﺷﻜﺎر و ﻓﻮري ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮ (.Vitis vinifera L) در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺳﻮﺑﺎﻟﭙﻴﻦ در در ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎن ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ( Amal et al . 2011 ). ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﺷﻤﺎل اﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻧﮕﻮر از ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮوه ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﻨﻮع از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻮم ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ و ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﻣﻜﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ارﮔﺎﻧﻴﻚ و ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ آﻓﺎت از Chardonnay Merlot آراﻳﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﻮده و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ آن ﻫﺎ اﻋﻀﺎي ﺷﺎﺧﻪ Ascomycota و ارﻗﺎم ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ آن ﻫﺎ را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﺸﺖ ، ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ITS ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي Zygomycota senso lato ، Basidiomycota و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻫﺎي آﻣﺎري ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي Oomycota ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ( Khan 2007 ﺑﺮ). ﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮ، ﺑﺎغ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ارﮔﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن و اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﻨﻮع و ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪه ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ از ﺑﺎغ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در آن ﻫﺎ از ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻳﻚ راﺑﻄﻪ ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳ ﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد و ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه آﻓﺎت اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد، ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﻮد . ﻃﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، 40 آراﻳﻪ Pancher et al . 2012 ﻳﻚ زﻧﺠﻴﺮه ﮔﺴﺘﺮده از ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼت از ﻫﻤﻴﺎري ﺗﺎ اﻧﮕﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ ( .) ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ( Puri et al . 2005, Hu et al . 2005, Weber 2009 ). اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ و ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻣﻀﺮ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي آراﻳﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ . ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﺗﻨﻮع و ﻓﺮاواﻧ ﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﺎرچ زﻫﺮﻫﺎ، و ﻧﻴﺰ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه از رﺷﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﮔﺮﻫﺎي زﻳﺎد اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ در ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﭼﻮﺑﻲ، اﻳﻦ اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ و ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﻳ ﺰ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻫﺴ ﺘﻨﺪ و ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ اﺑﺰار دﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺶ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ . اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺟﺬب ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎرﻳﻚ ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ ( Weber 2009 ). ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ، اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺟﻮاﻧﻪ زﻧﻲ، ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻋﻠﻲ رﻏﻢ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت زﻳﺎدي ﻛﻪ روي اﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ در دﻧﻴﺎ ﻛﻢ آﺑﻲ، ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻀﻮر ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ و ﺷﻮري زﻳﺎد، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻃﻮ ﻻﻧﻲ ﻣﺪت ﻛﺸﺖ اﻧﮕﻮر در اﻳﺮان اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ رﺷﺪ و ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ رﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ در ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ روزاﻓﺰون ﻛﺸﺖ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎه در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﻳﮋه در ( Liu et al . 2009 ). اﺳﺘﺎن آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ، ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اي درﺑﺎره ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮﻗﻠﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران / ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪي از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪو ﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮ ... / رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ ، ﺟﻠﺪ 16(1)، 1394 19 / 19 اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮ در اﻳﺮان ﺻﻮرت ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﻫﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻃ ﻼﻋﻲ از در ﺣﺎل رﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﺣﻀﻮر ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ در دﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﻟﺬا، ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ وﺳﻂ ﺗﺸﺘﻚ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮي ﺣﺎوي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮع ﺣﺎ ﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮ در اﻳﺮان اﻧﺠﺎم ﺟﻨﺲ ﻗﺎرچ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪ . ﺗﺸﺘﻚ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮي در ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . اﻧﻜﻮﺑﺎﺗﻮر ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻧﻮري و دﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه در ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﺳﭙﺲ روش ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ و وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ و ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ - ﻧﻤﻮﻧ ﻪ ﺑﺮداري و ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻫ ﺎي ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮي ﻏﻴﺮﺟﻨﺴﻲ و ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ( در ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ) ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ 30 اﻧﺪام ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮ، ﺗﻌﺪاد 95 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻮري اﻟﻴﻤﭙﻴ ﻮس ( Olympus, Japan ) د و ﺳﺎﻟﻪ، ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ و ﺑﺮگﻫﺎ از 45 درﺧﺖ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ اﻧﮕﻮر ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪل BH2 ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻂ ﻛﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮو ﻣﺘﺮي اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﺪ .
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