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ﻫﺮﻗﻠﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران / ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪي از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪو ﻓﻴﺖ ...ﻣﻮ / رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ ، ﺟﻠﺪ )1(16 ، 1394 17 / 17 رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ Rostaniha 16(1): 17-35 (2015) (1394 ) 17 35- :( 16)1 ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪي از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪو ﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮ در اﻳﺮان درﻳﺎﻓﺖ : /01 /09 1393 / ﭘﺬﻳﺮش : /30 /01 1394 ﻧﺎ زدار ﻫﺮﻗﻠﻲ : داﻧﺸﺠﻮي ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، ﭘﺮدﻳﺲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان، ﻛﺮج ﻳﻮﺑﺮت ﻗﻮﺳﺘﺎ : اﺳ ﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اروﻣﻴﻪ ، اروﻣﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺟﻮان ﻧﻴﻜﺨﻮاه : اﺳﺘﺎد ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، ﭘﺮدﻳﺲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان، ﻛﺮج ( [email protected] ) ) آﻧﺪرﻳ ﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﺴﺎﻧﻮ و ﻣﻴﺸﺎﻳﻞ ﭘﺎﻧﭽﺮ : ﻣﺤﻘﻘ ﺎن ﮔﺮوه اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار، ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت و ﻧﻮآوري IASMA ، اﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﭼﻜﻴﺪه در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ، ﺗﻌﺪاد 655 ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ از ﻣﻮ (.Vitis vinifera L ) ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﺷﺪه و ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ . ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت رﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ و ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ITS از DNA رﻳﺒﻮزوﻣﻲ، 15 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ 10 ﺟﻨﺲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ : : A. sacchari ، Arthrinium phaeospermum ، A. atra ، A. malorum ، A. chlamydospora ، Alternaria brassicicola، Paecilomyces ، Geosmithia pallida ، Epicoccum nigrum ، Chaetomium elatum ، Beauveria bassiana ، A. wentii ، Aspergillus nidulans Cytospora punicae ، variotii و Verrucobotrys geranii ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ از ﻣﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . اﻧﮕﻮر ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻴ ﺰﺑﺎن ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪه در اﻳﺮان ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ، ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي B. bassiana ، A. phaeospermum و E. nigrum ، ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر در دﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ از ﻣﻮ ﮔﺰارش ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . ﭼﻬﺎر ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ : C. punicae ، A. sacchari، G. pallida و V. geranii ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر از اﻳﺮان ﮔﺰارش و ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : آراﻳﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ، .ان.دي اي رﻳﺒﻮزوﻣﻲ ، رﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، ﻗﺎرچ اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ New species of endophytic fungi from grapevine ( Vitis vinifera ) in Iran Received: 22.11.2014 / Accepted: 19.04.2015 Nazdar Hergholi: MSc Student, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Yobert Ghosta: Assistant Prof., Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran Mohammad Javan-Nikkhah : Prof., Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran ([email protected]) Andrea Campisano and Michael Pancher: Researchers, Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources Department, IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy Summary During the study on endophytic fungi of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), 655 fungal isolates were obtained and studied taxonomically. Based on morphological and ITS sequences data, 15 species belonging to 10 genera including Alternaria brassicicola , A. chlamydospora , A. malorum , A. atra , Arthrinium phaeospermum , A. sacchari , Aspergillus nidulans , A. wentii , Beauveria bassiana , Cheatomium elatum , Epicoccum nigrum , Geosmithia pallida , Paecillomyces variotii , Cytospora punicae , and Verrucobotrys geranii are introduced as endophytic fungi of grapevine. Grapevineis as matrix nova for all mentioned species in Iran. Also, all identified species except A. phaeospermum , B. bassiana , and E. nigrum are reported for the first time as endophytic fungi of grapevine worldwide. Four species viz . A. sacchari , C. punicae , G. pallid , and V. geranii are introduced and described for the first time from Iran. Keywords: Endophytic fungus, morphology, ribosomal DNA, taxonomy * ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه اول ﺑﻪ راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﻮان ﻧﻴﻜﺨﻮاه و دﻛﺘﺮ ﻳﻮﺑﺮت ﻗﻮﺳﺘﺎ اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان 18 / 18 ﻫﺮﻗﻠﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران / ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪي از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪو ﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮ ... / رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ ، ﺟﻠﺪ )1(16 ، 1394 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ اﻧﮕﻮر ﻳﻚ ﮔﻴﺎه ﺧﺰان دار، دوﻟﭙﻪ اي و ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻲ دو دﻫﻪ اﺧﻴﺮ ، ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻓﺰاﻳﻨﺪه اي ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ، ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻛﺸﺎورزي دﻧﻴﺎ دارد . اﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎه در اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﺎء و ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ آن ﻫﺎ ، اﺛﺮات ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻌﺘﺪل ﺟﻬﺎن ﻛﺸﺖ و ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد و اﻳﺮان ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن، ﻧﻘﺶ اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ در اﻛﻮﻟﻮژي و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﻮرداري از ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ، ﻳﻜﻲ از ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﭘﺮورش اﻧﮕﻮر در ﺟﻬﺎن ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه ﺗ ﻮﺳﻂ آن ﻫﺎ وﺟﻮد دارد . ﻃﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اي ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف Phomopsis viticola ( Zeinali 2011 ) . ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪ ه از ﺳﻮي ﺳﺎز ﻣﺎن ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ رﺷﺪ اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻗﺎرچ در ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮارﺑﺎر و ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ در ﺳﺎل 2013 ، اﻳﺮان از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻧﮕﻮر و ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ آن در ﻃﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ رﺷﺪي، 46 46 اﻧﮕﻮر، ﻣﻘﺎم دﻫﻢ را ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻛﺸﻮر ﻫﺎي ﭼﻴﻦ، اﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ، آراﻳﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎن، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻳﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤﺪه آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ، اﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ، ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ، ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ، ﺷﻴﻠﻲ، آرژاﻧﺘﻴﻦ و Alternaria alternata ( 40 %) و .Sphaeropsis sp ( 20 %) ﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص داده اﺳﺖ . ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس آﻣﺎرﻧﺎﻣﻪ وزارت ﺟﻬﺎد ﺑﻴ ﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ و P. viticola 3، % ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﻛﺸﺎورز ي در ﺳﺎل 1387 ، ﺳﻄﺢ زﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑﺎ دادﻧﺪ ( Mostert et al . 2000 ) . ﺗﻨﻮع زﻣﺎﻧﻲ و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﺣﺘﺴﺎب درﺧﺘﭽﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪه ﻣﻮ ﺣﺪود 302 ﻫﺰار ﻫﻜﺘﺎر اﺳﺖ . اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ و ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي اﻧﮕﻮر ﻃﻲ دو از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ زﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﺖ، اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس در ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻗﺮار دارد ﻓﺼﻞ رﺷﺪي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ . در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ، ﺣﺪود 60 60 و اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن رﺿﻮي، ﻗﺰوﻳﻦ، آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﻏﺮﺑﻲ، زﻧﺠﺎن، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ ( Silhánová & Novotny 2006 .) .) ﻫﻤﺪان و آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﺷﺮﻗﻲ در رﺗﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻌﺪي ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ .اﻧﺪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ، ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ارﻗﺎم ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ Vitis vinifera ﺗﻤﺎم ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن آوﻧﺪي و ﻏﻴﺮ آوﻧﺪي ﺧﺸﻜﻲ زي و درﻳﺎ زي ﻛﻪ .L ﻛﺸﺖ ﺷﺪه در ﺳﻮﻳ ﻴﺲ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ . از ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻮن ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ،اﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ 703 ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ، 66 آراﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ، ﻛﻠﻨﻴﺰه ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ ( Weber ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ و ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ رﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و 2009 ). ﻗﺎرچ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن از اﺻﻄﻼح اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗ ﺎﻳ ﻴﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺎ ، از ر وش ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن زﻧﺪه ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ITS اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ ( Casieri et al . 2009) . ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﻮده ، ﺑﺪون اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ آﺷﻜﺎر و ﻓﻮري ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮ (.Vitis vinifera L) در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺳﻮﺑﺎﻟﭙﻴﻦ در در ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎن ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ( Amal et al . 2011 ). ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﺷﻤﺎل اﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻧﮕﻮر از ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮوه ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﻨﻮع از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻮم ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ و ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﻣﻜﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ارﮔﺎﻧﻴﻚ و ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ آﻓﺎت از Chardonnay Merlot آراﻳﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﻮده و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ آن ﻫﺎ اﻋﻀﺎي ﺷﺎﺧﻪ Ascomycota و ارﻗﺎم ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ آن ﻫﺎ را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﺸﺖ ، ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ITS ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي Zygomycota senso lato ، Basidiomycota و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻫﺎي آﻣﺎري ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي Oomycota ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ( Khan 2007 ﺑﺮ). ﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮ، ﺑﺎغ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ارﮔﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن و اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﻨﻮع و ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪه ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ از ﺑﺎغ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در آن ﻫﺎ از ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻳﻚ راﺑﻄﻪ ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳ ﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد و ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه آﻓﺎت اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد، ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﻮد . ﻃﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، 40 آراﻳﻪ Pancher et al . 2012 ﻳﻚ زﻧﺠﻴﺮه ﮔﺴﺘﺮده از ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼت از ﻫﻤﻴﺎري ﺗﺎ اﻧﮕﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ ( .) ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ( Puri et al . 2005, Hu et al . 2005, Weber 2009 ). اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ و ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻣﻀﺮ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي آراﻳﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ . ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﺗﻨﻮع و ﻓﺮاواﻧ ﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﺎرچ زﻫﺮﻫﺎ، و ﻧﻴﺰ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه از رﺷﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﮔﺮﻫﺎي زﻳﺎد اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ در ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﭼﻮﺑﻲ، اﻳﻦ اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ و ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﻳ ﺰ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻫﺴ ﺘﻨﺪ و ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ اﺑﺰار دﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺶ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ . اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺟﺬب ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎرﻳﻚ ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ ( Weber 2009 ). ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ، اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺟﻮاﻧﻪ زﻧﻲ، ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻋﻠﻲ رﻏﻢ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت زﻳﺎدي ﻛﻪ روي اﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ در دﻧﻴﺎ ﻛﻢ آﺑﻲ، ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻀﻮر ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ و ﺷﻮري زﻳﺎد، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻃﻮ ﻻﻧﻲ ﻣﺪت ﻛﺸﺖ اﻧﮕﻮر در اﻳﺮان اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ رﺷﺪ و ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ رﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ در ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ روزاﻓﺰون ﻛﺸﺖ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎه در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﻳﮋه در ( Liu et al . 2009 ). اﺳﺘﺎن آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ، ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اي درﺑﺎره ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮﻗﻠﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران / ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪي از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪو ﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮ ... / رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ ، ﺟﻠﺪ 16(1)، 1394 19 / 19 اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮ در اﻳﺮان ﺻﻮرت ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﻫﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻃ ﻼﻋﻲ از در ﺣﺎل رﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﺣﻀﻮر ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ در دﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﻟﺬا، ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ وﺳﻂ ﺗﺸﺘﻚ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮي ﺣﺎوي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮع ﺣﺎ ﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮ در اﻳﺮان اﻧﺠﺎم ﺟﻨﺲ ﻗﺎرچ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪ . ﺗﺸﺘﻚ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮي در ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . اﻧﻜﻮﺑﺎﺗﻮر ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻧﻮري و دﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه در ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﺳﭙﺲ روش ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ و وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ و ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ - ﻧﻤﻮﻧ ﻪ ﺑﺮداري و ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻫ ﺎي ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮي ﻏﻴﺮﺟﻨﺴﻲ و ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ( در ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ) ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪوﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ 30 اﻧﺪام ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮ، ﺗﻌﺪاد 95 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻮري اﻟﻴﻤﭙﻴ ﻮس ( Olympus, Japan ) د و ﺳﺎﻟﻪ، ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ و ﺑﺮگﻫﺎ از 45 درﺧﺖ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ اﻧﮕﻮر ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪل BH2 ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻂ ﻛﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮو ﻣﺘﺮي اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﺪ .
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  • Morinagadepsin, a Depsipeptide from the Fungus Morinagamyces Vermicularis Gen. Et Comb. Nov

    Morinagadepsin, a Depsipeptide from the Fungus Morinagamyces Vermicularis Gen. Et Comb. Nov

    microorganisms Article Morinagadepsin, a Depsipeptide from the Fungus Morinagamyces vermicularis gen. et comb. nov. Karen Harms 1,2 , Frank Surup 1,2,* , Marc Stadler 1,2 , Alberto Miguel Stchigel 3 and Yasmina Marin-Felix 1,* 1 Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; [email protected] (K.H.); [email protected] (M.S.) 2 Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany 3 Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.S.); [email protected] (Y.M.-F.) Abstract: The new genus Morinagamyces is introduced herein to accommodate the fungus Apiosordaria vermicularis as inferred from a phylogenetic study based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the nuclear rDNA large subunit (LSU), and partial fragments of ribosomal polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2) and β-tubulin (tub2) genes. Morinagamyces vermicularis was analyzed for the production of secondary metabolites, resulting in the isolation of a new depsipeptide named morinagadepsin (1), and the already known chaetone B (3). While the planar structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR analysis and high-resolution mass spectrometry, the absolute configuration of the building blocks Ala, Val, and Leu was determined as -L by Marfey’s method. The configuration of the 3-hydroxy-2-methyldecanyl unit was assigned as 22R,23R by Citation: Harms, K.; Surup, F.; Stadler, M.; Stchigel, A.M.; J-based configuration analysis and Mosher’s method after partial hydrolysis of the morinagadepsin Marin-Felix, Y.
  • Oxylipin Distribution in Eremothecium

    Oxylipin Distribution in Eremothecium

    1 Oxylipin distribution in Eremothecium by Ntsoaki Joyce Leeuw Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree Magister Scientiae in the Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa Supervisor: Prof J.L.F. Kock Co- supervisors: Dr C.H. Pohl Prof P.W.J. Van Wyk November 2006 2 This dissertation is dedicated to the following people: My mother (Nkotseng Leeuw) My brother (Kabelo Leeuw) My cousins (Bafokeng, Lebohang, Mami, Thabang and Rorisang) Mr. Eugean Malebo 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank and acknowledge the following: ) God, to You be the glory for the things You have done in my life. ) My family (especially my mom) – for always being there for me when I’m in need. ) Prof. J.L.F Kock for his patience, constructive criticisms and guidance during the course of this study. ) Dr. C.H. Pohl for her encouragement and assistance in the writing up of this dissertation. ) Mr. P.J. Botes for assistance with the GC-MS. ) Prof. P.W.J. Van Wyk and Miss B. Janecke for assistance with the CLSM and SEM. ) My fellow colleagues (especially Chantel and Desmond) for their assistance, support and encouragement. ) Mr. Eugean Malebo for always being there when I needed you. 4 CONTENTS Page Title page I Acknowledgements II Contents III CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 2 1.2 Definition and classification of yeasts 3 1.3 Classification of Eremothecium and related genera 5 1.4 Pathogenicity 12 1.5 Oxylipins 13 1.5.1 Definition
  • A Review on Chaetomium Globosum Is Versatile Weapons for Various Plant

    A Review on Chaetomium Globosum Is Versatile Weapons for Various Plant

    Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2019; 8(2): 946-949 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 JPP 2019; 8(2): 946-949 A review on Chaetomium globosum is versatile Received: 03-01-2018 Accepted: 06-02-2018 weapons for various plant pathogens C Ashwini Horticulture Polytechnic College, C Ashwini Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Abstract Telangana, India Chaetomium globosum is a potential bio control agent against various seed and soil borne pathogens. Plant pathogens are the main threat for profitable agricultural productivity. Currently, Chemical fungicides are highly effective and convenient to use but they are a potential threat for the environment. Therefore the use of biocontrol agents for the management of plant pathogens is considered as a safer and sustainable strategy for safe and profitable agricultural productivity. Many experiments and studies revealed by various researchers C. globosum used as plant growth promoter and resulted into high yield of crops in field conditions. C. globosum produces pectinolytic enzymes polygalacturonate trans- eliminase (PGTE), pectin trans-eliminase (PTE), viz., polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methyl esterase (PME), protopectinase (PP), xylanase and cellulolytic (C and C ) 1 xenzymes and various biologically active substances, such as chaetoglobosin A, Chaetomium B, C, D, Q, R, T, chaetomin, chaetocin, chaetochalasin A, chaetoviridins A and C. The present aim of this article we have discussed the various aspects of biocontrol potential of Chaetomium globosum. Keywords: Biological control, Chaetomium globosum, plant pathogens Introduction Chaetomium globosum is so far commonest and most cosmopolitan fungi especially on plant remains, seeds, compost paper and other cellulosic substrates. (Domsch et al.
  • The Phylogeny of Plant and Animal Pathogens in the Ascomycota

    The Phylogeny of Plant and Animal Pathogens in the Ascomycota

    Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology (2001) 59, 165±187 doi:10.1006/pmpp.2001.0355, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on MINI-REVIEW The phylogeny of plant and animal pathogens in the Ascomycota MARY L. BERBEE* Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada (Accepted for publication August 2001) What makes a fungus pathogenic? In this review, phylogenetic inference is used to speculate on the evolution of plant and animal pathogens in the fungal Phylum Ascomycota. A phylogeny is presented using 297 18S ribosomal DNA sequences from GenBank and it is shown that most known plant pathogens are concentrated in four classes in the Ascomycota. Animal pathogens are also concentrated, but in two ascomycete classes that contain few, if any, plant pathogens. Rather than appearing as a constant character of a class, the ability to cause disease in plants and animals was gained and lost repeatedly. The genes that code for some traits involved in pathogenicity or virulence have been cloned and characterized, and so the evolutionary relationships of a few of the genes for enzymes and toxins known to play roles in diseases were explored. In general, these genes are too narrowly distributed and too recent in origin to explain the broad patterns of origin of pathogens. Co-evolution could potentially be part of an explanation for phylogenetic patterns of pathogenesis. Robust phylogenies not only of the fungi, but also of host plants and animals are becoming available, allowing for critical analysis of the nature of co-evolutionary warfare. Host animals, particularly human hosts have had little obvious eect on fungal evolution and most cases of fungal disease in humans appear to represent an evolutionary dead end for the fungus.
  • Coprophilous Fungal Community of Wild Rabbit in a Park of a Hospital (Chile): a Taxonomic Approach

    Coprophilous Fungal Community of Wild Rabbit in a Park of a Hospital (Chile): a Taxonomic Approach

    Boletín Micológico Vol. 21 : 1 - 17 2006 COPROPHILOUS FUNGAL COMMUNITY OF WILD RABBIT IN A PARK OF A HOSPITAL (CHILE): A TAXONOMIC APPROACH (Comunidades fúngicas coprófilas de conejos silvestres en un parque de un Hospital (Chile): un enfoque taxonómico) Eduardo Piontelli, L, Rodrigo Cruz, C & M. Alicia Toro .S.M. Universidad de Valparaíso, Escuela de Medicina Cátedra de micología, Casilla 92 V Valparaíso, Chile. e-mail <eduardo.piontelli@ uv.cl > Key words: Coprophilous microfungi,wild rabbit, hospital zone, Chile. Palabras clave: Microhongos coprófilos, conejos silvestres, zona de hospital, Chile ABSTRACT RESUMEN During year 2005-through 2006 a study on copro- Durante los años 2005-2006 se efectuó un estudio philous fungal communities present in wild rabbit dung de las comunidades fúngicas coprófilos en excementos de was carried out in the park of a regional hospital (V conejos silvestres en un parque de un hospital regional Region, Chile), 21 samples in seven months under two (V Región, Chile), colectándose 21 muestras en 7 meses seasonable periods (cold and warm) being collected. en 2 períodos estacionales (fríos y cálidos). Un total de Sixty species and 44 genera as a total were recorded in 60 especies y 44 géneros fueron detectados en el período the sampling period, 46 species in warm periods and 39 de muestreo, 46 especies en los períodos cálidos y 39 en in the cold ones. Major groups were arranged as follows: los fríos. La distribución de los grandes grupos fue: Zygomycota (11,6 %), Ascomycota (50 %), associated Zygomycota(11,6 %), Ascomycota (50 %), géneros mitos- mitosporic genera (36,8 %) and Basidiomycota (1,6 %).
  • Culture Inventory

    Culture Inventory

    For queries, contact the SFA leader: John Dunbar - [email protected] Fungal collection Putative ID Count Ascomycota Incertae sedis 4 Ascomycota Incertae sedis 3 Pseudogymnoascus 1 Basidiomycota Incertae sedis 1 Basidiomycota Incertae sedis 1 Capnodiales 29 Cladosporium 27 Mycosphaerella 1 Penidiella 1 Chaetothyriales 2 Exophiala 2 Coniochaetales 75 Coniochaeta 56 Lecythophora 19 Diaporthales 1 Prosthecium sp 1 Dothideales 16 Aureobasidium 16 Dothideomycetes incertae sedis 3 Dothideomycetes incertae sedis 3 Entylomatales 1 Entyloma 1 Eurotiales 393 Arthrinium 2 Aspergillus 172 Eladia 2 Emericella 5 Eurotiales 2 Neosartorya 1 Paecilomyces 13 Penicillium 176 Talaromyces 16 Thermomyces 4 Exobasidiomycetes incertae sedis 7 Tilletiopsis 7 Filobasidiales 53 Cryptococcus 53 Fungi incertae sedis 13 Fungi incertae sedis 12 Veroneae 1 Glomerellales 1 Glomerella 1 Helotiales 34 Geomyces 32 Helotiales 1 Phialocephala 1 Hypocreales 338 Acremonium 20 Bionectria 15 Cosmospora 1 Cylindrocarpon 2 Fusarium 45 Gibberella 1 Hypocrea 12 Ilyonectria 13 Lecanicillium 5 Myrothecium 9 Nectria 1 Pochonia 29 Purpureocillium 3 Sporothrix 1 Stachybotrys 3 Stanjemonium 2 Tolypocladium 1 Tolypocladium 2 Trichocladium 2 Trichoderma 171 Incertae sedis 20 Oidiodendron 20 Mortierellales 97 Massarineae 2 Mortierella 92 Mortierellales 3 Mortiererallales 2 Mortierella 2 Mucorales 109 Absidia 4 Backusella 1 Gongronella 1 Mucor 25 RhiZopus 13 Umbelopsis 60 Zygorhynchus 5 Myrmecridium 2 Myrmecridium 2 Onygenales 4 Auxarthron 3 Myceliophthora 1 Pezizales 2 PeZiZales 1 TerfeZia 1