Al K 1'1 4 k. /Ai Behavior Genetics Association

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING

Program and Abstracts Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana May 23-26, 1984 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1983-1984 1984-1985

President David W. Fulker Steven G. Vandenberg President-Elect Steven G. Vandenberg Sandra Scarr Past President John C. DeFries David W. Fulker Secretary Robert Plomin Robert Plomin Treasurer Joseph Horn Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr. Member-at-Large Laura A. Baker Laura A. Baker Member-at-Large Peter A. Parsons Hans van Abeelen Member-at-Large Richard J. Rose Richard J. Rose

Previous Presidents

Th. Dobzhansky, 1972-1973 John L. Fuller, 1973-1974 Gerald E. McClearn, 1974-1975 J. P. Scott, 1975-1976 Irving I. Gottesman, 1976-1977 W. R. Thompson, 1977-1978 Lee Ehrman, 1978-1979 V. Elving Anderson, 1979-1980 John C. Loehlin, 1980-1981 Norman D. Henderson, 1981-1982 John C. DeFries, 1982-1983 M M W H O W V 55Ww w P W C 0 7 7 V H O HWO 0 7 V H HI g g ((i] g 5 5 O 7 7 0, M 0 r N.) G G 5 0 (D C I-1- 0 H. 7' 0- fa, 0, (D P 0, 0 W 0 0 r\ ( 1 1 (D 0 ht , ( D 4 a, E 1-' r 5 CD N W 7' V 5 0 w o r a wro H,H 0 0 cl, ID P 0, 5 M HM H5 0 w HI 7 1-1 H H u, o H 0 m 0 7 fD O 1-1 7 P. ,C1 LI, 4 0 (D rt 0 CD H 0 la, 11) (D O H W 4 7 1 cl- V V 7 0 V cl- P. CD M 0 M rarn .0 M 0 C D V H a 0 0 m r- rt P, H X r W 0 1 O V 0 11 ---1 M 7 11, 7 .1 7 0 7 r1 - 5 W 7 N ----1 MI 0 XI -c V th Z rt 0 C ,C1 P fD roro a 0 wr m00000 0 NJ s 7 X' 1-1 I-, 1 r E ct --I 0 M H 0 1 ' 8 O 0-rot 0, m m 0 0 V V r- m r 0 H rt 0 o a & 0 vm P M H V M 7 0 7 H 0- 7 P 1 0- 4 5 r m r 4 O HID ,C m H MI rt (D o 0, r- a r- O HOH O C 5 HP0 (D 500 Hr1-0 CO V M M M 7 B H '1,7 (D 1 7 I-1 CO 5 1-1 'C P, 0 0- (D ID 7 M MPM 11 A, 1-1 (D 0 7 LO P 0 P- V 5 ,C 1 11 O 5 P 7' 0 0 rt (I) 0 0 rt fa, 0 (D 0 5 0 0 H P Vm0p moo- H, O 0 r M W H 4 5 (D g 8 J -4 1()-, Pb H 7 P (D 1-11 (D V tr Iv ,c, w 5 X4 0- P-4 5m5v C) mop OVOOHN W P 0 4 H NHco (D (D (D ID 5 '0 7 o o x m x M V 7mm 0 V 5 m 5 w Pb °m 0- M rt 0 rt 1-1 r-H X. V V -N.--C mrEIP 1 5 7 H 11 1, Ill ID 0 0 7 w , v r 5 M H H B H0m0m ,c 5 5 mm. 0 r- rt 5 H- 11 H 0- 5 fD 0 (I) -- CD rt 0 c) n w 5 mvnia, O 0 P.M m m o r m 0 m m to O- m r 1 5 H x M 5 1 5 r (1- H ri-mm 00 omr, Is.) m m - W 0 H rt- 5 m E r m H . & P 0 4 HO) amomm r 1-1 5 (DOP 51 OP, rip, 0 I-1 7 H0 - H rt a r o m 4 rt w o 0 r m a n ul m w 0 m 0 H w Cl rt rt t ,c V 0 V H. f'D 0 H rt a H V O 5 0 P 0 ( D 0 H '---C rt 0 7 a H w m m r-5 a P, 7 fD 0 V rt M 0www H M M H7 5 H. r- rt- - B n E'0 0 m o m rt r 'C 7 7 Pc. V M 4 m S O w m x5D o N ct 7 7 4 0 V 5 'G 00 M 1 q 2, F8- H 0 M M 0 W 0 W 11- P V HI (D VWS 00S rt H rt rt M 7 0 H 00 111 N fD rt 0 ii, 1-,,C c 0- V 0, w a 0 O vmH H cr,mvm V - E m rt m to m r r O 1-, a VI 0- CD (D V (D 1 1-- 7 H m m m H N Pb 11, 5 m 5 o rt H m x r rt- 0 H 0 P .0 5 H 5 0 E I-1 0 P- CI {I, H 5 cl, 0 O V N 5 1-,- 0 HI H 1 -, - p 0 5 (D ' - -C r- O 0. r a H. 1-1 B O m v V £ P coma H rt C r ,-0 m ti- n) (D 1-' 7 W Z' 0 1 '- W V C P cr) r w r W tr 5 M D, 0 P. (D tr X cn 0 r- 0 V r O W M P 4 P O 0 0 (D P 0, 0 0 m rt N, 1 7 4 V > 0 0 r rt 0 O 0 0 m 5 w m a P m v v £ a m E M a w r H E O (1- 5 1-.- 1 5 fD P 1-- P. H 0 X C O H 5 H H H H- (D 0, 0, 0 H (D r 0 £ r r r- m co MN H O M 0 O art- H H H 7 11 7 H IN' 0 O 7 CA H m rt C M n P 5 0 DI P, 0 v r:. ty 2 & 7, '4 ,) . 0 0- V P 0 H m- m. it 0 . . , pi ri- MOMM 7 7 w , P V 7 ID C/ '-< 5 W II 0 0 rt 0 th rt (D 7' 4 (D V M 0 H (D w 0 V m 0 ,C1 0 CO i- MID P . 7 tl n (D 0 11, I--, W H- 1-. rr P P 7 rt r O P. V O V I-, 1--, 7' 7 0, £ 5 7 0 0 a M 0 H- - I< V H 0 D, 0 rt w m 5 7 1 C V 0 ,.c £ £ o r rt H O w 0 H mart '-cl M 7 0 t.ttg'm W O V H a a N n H W 1 1- rt- m at at Ert.10 g -00X P. 7 0 m' a 1-10-3 tr a 0" V 0 H 0 P fa. CD 0 (1 ) ' - C- 'C M 0 ,Q 7 O ro m U/ fD ,11 7 H O 7 N 11 0 0, rt

1

PROGRAM

Wednesday Afternoon and Evening, May 23

1:00 Registration. East Lounge (Mezzanine, Room 28).

4:00 Informal Meeting of Associate Members. Women's Faculty Club (Second Floor, Room 27).

5:00 Executive Committee Meeting. Charter Room (Mezzanine, Room 31).

7:00 Symposium. Sassafras Room (Mezzanine, Room Symposium. Frangipani Room (Mezzanine, Room 39). Ethical Issues in Human Genetics. 25). Behavioral Genetic Studies at the Uni- CHAIR: Douglas Wahlsten, Department of versity of Colorado Alcohol Research Center. Psychology, University of Waterloo, CHAIR: James R. Wilson, Department of Psy- Waterloo, Ontario. chology and Institute for Behavioral Genetics (IBG), University of Colorado, Boulder. PARTICIPANTS: PARTICIPANTS:

Lawson Crowe, Department of Philosophy, Uni- V. Gene Erwin, School of Pharmacy and IBG, versity of Colorado, Boulder. "Prenatal University of Colorado, Boulder. "Animal screening for genetic diseases: Ethical models for aspects of human responses to issues." alcohol."

Barry Mehler, Department of History, Univer- William F. Gabrielli, Jr., Department of Psy- sity of Illinois, Urbana. "The eugenics chiatry, University of Kansas School of movement in America." Medicine, Kansas City. "Reported drinking behavior in the Colorado adoptee and twin sample."

Douglas Wahlsten, Department of Psychology, Robert Plomin, Department of Psychology and University of Waterloo. "Can there be IBG, University of Colorado, Boulder. effective screening for a multifactorial "Behavioral variability in sensitivity and disorder?" tolerance to ethyl alcohol."

James R. Wilson, Department of Psychology and IBG, University of Colorado. "Direct and correlated responses to 10 generations of selection in mice for severity of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome."

9:00 Informal Reception. University Club (First Floor, Room 27). Thursday Morning, May 24

Paper Session (Dogwood Room, Mezzanine, Paper Session (Sassafras Room, Mezzanine, Room 38). Mouse Development. CHAIR: Room 39). Educational Attainment. CHAIR: R. L. Collins. R. E. Stafford. 8:30 Differences between NZB and CBA/H on inter- male aggression: Maternal effect and/or Y chromosome effect? P. Roubertoux & M. Carlier.

8:45 Strain x early androgen exposure interaction on aggressive behavior in female mice. C. Michard.

9:00 Genotype and postnatal maternal effects on Assortative mating by educational level in early development in two inbred strains of the Norwegian Twin Register. K. Berg, A. C. mice. M. Carlier & P. Roubertoux. Heath, L. A. Corey et al.

9:15 Early postnatal behavior and morphology of Educational policy and the heritability of Shaker short-tail mutant mice. J. P. Lyons educational attainment in Norway. A. C. & D. Wahlsten. Heath, K. Berg, L. J. Eaves et al. 9:30 Embryo transfer, cross fostering and Influences on the educational and occupational maternal effects in weanling mice. G. Le attainments of offspring of Hawaii Family Pape & J. M. Lassalle. Study of Cognition families. R. C. Johnson, C. T. Nagoshi, S. H. L. Yuen & F. M. Ahern. 9:45 The genetics of catch-up growth: A pre- liminary report. H. L. Ross & T. T. Foch.

10:00-10:30 COFFEE BREAK (Conference Lounge, Mezzanine, Room 33)

Paper Session (Dogwood Room, Mezzanine, Paper Session (Sassafras Room, Mezzanine, Room 38). Drosophila Evolution. CHAIR: Room 39). Cognition and Reading. CHAIR: R. C. Richmond. R. S. Wilson 10:30 Analysis of courtship behavior in Drosophila Mice selectively bred for the degree of melanogaster using a competition diallel. lateralization and the Geschwind hypothesis. M. F. Collins & J. K. Hewitt. R. L. Collins.

Thursday Morning, May 24 (continued)

10:45 A mathematical model of mating kinetics. Longitudinal stability of reading per- H. Dowse, J. Ringo & K. Barton. formance and symbol processing speed in the Colorado Family Reading Study. M. LaBuda & J. C. DeFries.

11:00 The effect of Esterase 6 on the early re- Bivariate path analysis of reading per- mating of Drosophila melanogaster females. formance and symbol-processing speed in D. G. Scott & R. C. Richmond. nuclear families. G. P. Vogler & J. C. DeFries. 11:15 Habitat selection: A phenotypic approach Identifying the "spatial gene": Linkage based upon resource utilization in analysis of a Gestalt completion task. Drosophila melanogaster. A. A. Hoffmann, S. L. Smalley, A. L. Thompson, K. Neis- P. A. Parsons & K. M. Nielsen. wanger & M. A. Spence.

11:30 A genetic study of pupation height in Evidence for a hereditary component in an Drosophila melanogaster. S. J. Bauer & observational task obtained from a twin M. B. Sokolowski. study. R. E. Stafford & W. F. Browne.

11:45 Microhabitat variation in natural pupation Family resemblance in attentional process- sites of Drosophila melanogaster. M. B. ing. B. A. Cornblatt & L. Erlenmeyer-Kimling. Sokolowski, S. J. Bauer & V. Wai-Ping.

12:00-1:00 LUNCH BREAK (Cafeteria, Mezzanine, Room 22)

Thursday Afternoon, May 24

1:00-3:00 Symposium. Whittenberger Auditorium (First Floor, Room 49). Quantitative Methods for Detecting Major Locus Effects. CHAIR: C. R. Cloninger, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. PARTICIPANTS: Lindon Eaves, Department of Human Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond. "Scaling of continuous traits." Nancy Cox, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. "Specification of ascertainment."

Theodore Reich, Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. "Mixed model for semi-continuous traits." Thursday Afternoon, May 24 (continued)

3:00-3:30 COFFEE BREAK (Conference Lounge, Mezzanine, Room 33)

Paper Session (Dogwood Room, Mezzanine, Paper Session (Sassafras Room, Mezzanine, Room 38). Drosophila Basic Processes. Room 39). Personality. CHAIR: T. J. CHAIR: P. A. Parsons. Bouchard, Jr. 3:30 Genetic analyses of lines selected for Differential experiences of adoptive and central excitation in Drosophila melano- biological siblings. D. Daniels & R. Plomin. gaster. M. Vargo & J. Hirsch.

3:45 Divergent selection for geotaxis spanning Genetic factors are more important than 550 generations and genetic analysis in family environment in variation in Conserva- Drosophila melanogaster. J. Ricker & J. tism. N. G. Martin & R. Jardine. Hirsch.

4:00 A psychopharmacogenetic approach in Differences in genetic architecture of per- Drosophila melanogaster. G. Vaysse, J. G. sonality traits. R. Jardine & N. G. Martin. Sanz, M. J. Marenco, M. Galissie & A. Antoniou.

4:15-4:45 Address. Whittenberger Auditorium (First Floor, Room 49). David B. Gray, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda. "Behavior genetic research supported by the Human Learning and Behavior Branch of the NICHD."

Paper Session (Dogwood Room, Mezzanine, Paper Session (Sassafras Room, Mezzanine, Room 38). Learning and Maturation in Mice. Room 39). Personality. CHAIR: T. J. CHAIR: K. Schlesinger. Bouchard, Jr.

4:45 Conditioned taste aversion sensitivities, Temperament in young twins: Models of pheno- ethanol preference and alcohol dehydrogenase typic interaction, genetic and environmental .(ADH 3) in A/J, C57B1/6J and recombinant effects. M. C. Neale. inbred strains of mice. C. H. Davis & M. N. Nesbitt.

5:00 Influence of pre- and post-natal maternal When a child dies: Differential within effects on learning performance in C57BL/6 family grief intensity. C. H. Littlefield. adult mice. J. M. Lassalle & G. Le Pape.

5:15 "Popcorn bthge" differences in selectively Do "r" and "K" apply to individual differ- bred short-sleep and long-sleep mice. ences in humans? J. P. Rushton. D. G. McClearn & H. P. Alpern.

Thursday Evening, May 24

6:30 Buses leave IMU for reception and dinner at Shawnee Bluffs on Lake Monroe.

8:00 Invited Plenary Address. Shawnee Bluffs Auditorium. P. Michael Conneally, Professor of Medical Genetics and Neurology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis. "Huntington's disease: Genetics and ethics." Introduction by Richard J. Rose.

Friday Morning, May 25

Paper Session (Dogwood Room, Mezzanine, Paper Session (Sassafras Room, Mezzanine, Room 38). Behavioral Pharmacogenetics. Room 39). Cognition and Development. CHAIR: CHAIR: J. R. Wilson. J. Horn.

8:30 Oral narcotic intake as a reinforcer: Geno- An adoption study of infant Bayley factors type x environment interaction. F. R. George and adult cognitive abilities. L. A. Thomp- & R. A. Meisch. son & R. Plomin. 8:45 Replicated within-family selection for etha- Infant precursors of adult cognitive abilities. nol withdrawal severity in mice: A progress T. Rice. report after 11 selected generations. J. C. Crabbe, J. D. McSwigan, A. Kosobud, E. R. Young & B. R. Tam. 9:00 Indomethacin antagonism of ethanol-induced Bivariate path analysis of verbal and non- sleep time: Sex and genotypic factors. verbal abilities in the Colorado Adoption M. C. Ritz & F. R. George. Project (CAP). L. A. Baker. 9:15 Indomethacin antagonism of ethanol-induced A new model for the quantitative genetic narcosis at high but not low ethanol con- analysis of behavioral development. L. J. centrations. D. M. Gilliam & A. C. Collins. Eaves. 9:30 Genetic analyses of the biphasic nature of Structural equation modeling applied to the the ethanol dose response curve. T. J. twin design: Comparative multivariate models Phillips & B. C. Dudek. of the WAIS. J. J. McArdle & H. H. Goldsmith.

9:45 Idiosyncratic behavior in response to d- Resemblance of related and unrelated persons amphetamine in mice selectively bred to living in the same household. R. D. Bock & differ in open-field activity. P. L. Peck Y. M. Thum. & K. Schlesinger.

10:00-10:30 COFFEE BREAK (Conference Lounge, Mezzanine, Room 33) Friday Morning, May 25 (continued)

10:30-12:30 Symposium. Whittenberger Auditorium (First Floor, Room 49). The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. CHAIR: T. J. Bouchard, Jr., Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

PARTICIPANTS: T. J. Bouchard, Jr., Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. "Parental social class and education as causes of IQ differences in monozygotic twins reared apart" (co-authors: D. T. Lykken, A. Tellegen, L. L. Heston, E. Eckert & I. I. Gottesman).

A. Tellegen, Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. "Herit- ability of personality: An analysis using twins reared apart and together" (co- authors: D. T. Lykken, T. J. Bouchard, Jr. & S. Rich).

N. S. Segal; Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. "An analysis of self-reported fears in monozygotic and dizygotic twins reared apart" (co-authors: T. J. Bouchard, Jr., K. Wilcox, L. L. Heston & E. Eckert).

K. Wilcox, Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. "Do dif ferences in ratings of facial similarity and physical attractiveness correspond to differences in IQ and personality as measured in twins reared apart?" (co-authorst T. J. Bouchard, Jr., N. Segal & E. Berscheid). C)r'

I. I. Gottesman, Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University el-- School of Medicine, St. Louis. "MMPI findings in the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart" (co-authors: T. J. Bouchard, Jr. & G. Carey).

12:30-1:30 LUNCH BREAK (Cafeteria, Mezzanine, Room 22)

Friday Afternoon, May 25 ---"

Paper Session (Dogwood Room, Mezzanine, Paper Session (Sassafras Room, Mezzanine-A Room 38). Evolution and Behavior. CHAIR: Room 39). Alcohol-Related and Abnormal C,C) J. Hirsch. Behaviors. CHAIR: R. Plomin. 1:30 Evolution of social and behavioral systems. Infantile autism: A dermatoglyphic analysis. J. P. Scott. M. K. Fleming & S. M. Singer.

1:45 Influence of the Microphthalmic White gene Marker-X, a new cause of mental retardation: on dominance behavior in mice. D. J. Nash A review. S. G. Vandenberg. & L. J. Draski.

Friday Afternoon, May 25 (continued)

2:00 A multiple-measure analysis of the behav- A twin study of cardiac reactivity and parental ioral effects of drift in a population of hypertension. J. K. Hewitt, D. Carroll, wild Mus musculus. R. H. Smith. K. A. Last, J. R. Turner & J. Sims.

2:15 Clinal variation in thermoregulatory traits Sex and ethnic differences in alcohol consump- in Mus domesticus. C. B. Lynch. tion and the single-distribution theory. T.T. Foch, J. R. Harris, G. E. McClearn & J. R. Wilson.

2:30 Reproductive energetics and the evolution Spouse resemblance for alcohol -related behav- of mammalian photoperiodism. F. A. Mar- iors. F. M. Ahern, R. C. Johnson, H. L. Ross, steller & C. B. Lynch. E. H. Ahern, J. H. Harris, G. E. McClearn & J. R. Wilson.

2:45 Courtship behavior in male guppies Poecilia Neurobehavioral characteristics of neonates reticulata peters (Pisces poeciilida): exposed to ethanol during gestation. C. D. Genetic and environmental correlates. Coles, I. E. Smith, P. M. Fernhoff & A. Falek. P. Roubertoux.

3:00 Genotypic and memory effects on social in- vestigation in male inbred mice. T. F. Sawyer, A. Hengehold, W. Perez & J. Schlauq.

3:00-3:30 COFFEE BREAK (Conference Lounge, Mezzanine, Room 33)

3:30 Business Meeting. Whittenberger Auditorium (First Floor, Room 49).

Friday Evening, May 25

7:00 No Host Cocktail Hour. Dining Room, Poplars Research and Conference Center.

8:00 Annual Banquet. Dining Room, Poplars Research and Conference Center.

Dobzhansky and Thompson Memorial Awards. Presented by J. C. DeFries. Shields Memorial Award. Presented by I. I. Gottesman.

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

Behaviors GenaLcz: One mane meat . . . David W. Fulker, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder Saturday Morning, May 26

Paper Session (Dogwood Room, Mezzanine, Room 38). Rodent Neurogenetics. CHAIR: P. Roubertoux. 8:30 Classical conditioning, Fuller brain-weight mice, and low-level neonatal lead exposure. L. J. Draski, C. A. Richer, P. J. Donovick & R. G. Burright.

8:45 Adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in Roman high- (RHA/Verh) and Roman low- (RLA/Verh) avoidance rats. P. Driscoll, B. Zivkovic & J. R. Martin.

9:00 Genetic differences in hippocampal behavior in mice. C. G. Pick & J. Yanai.

9:15 Mouse exploratory behavior and induced anosmia: A quantitative-genetic analysis. W. E. Crusio & J. H. F. van Abeelen.

9:00 Executive Committee Meeting. Charter Room (Mezzanine, Room 31).

9:30-10:00 COFFEE BREAK (Conference Lounge, Mezzanine, Room 33)

10:00-12:00 Symposium. Sassafras Room (Mezzanine, Room Symposium. Whittenberger Auditorium (First 39). Drosophila Reproductive Behavior. Floor, Room 49). The Danish Adoption Study CHAIR: Rollin C. Richmond, Department of of Criminality. CHAIR: William F. Gabrielli, Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington. Jr., Department of Psychiatry, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City. PARTICIPANTS: PARTICIPANTS:

Jean-Marc Jallon, Centre National de la Vicki E. Pollock, Department of Psychology, Recherche Scientifique, Gif-Sur-Yvette, University of Southern California. "Genetics France. "Pheromone polymorphism in and crime: A historical perspective." Drosophilids? New facts."

Mark H. Gromko, Department of Biological Sarnoff A. Mednick, Social Science Research Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Institute and Department of Psychology, Uni- Bowling Green, Ohio. "Behavior genetics versity of Southern California; and Psykolo- of female remating and sperm competition gisk Institut, Copenhagen. "Genetics and in Drosophila." crime: Evidence from the adoption cohort."

Donald A. Gailey, Department of Biology, Katherine Van Dusen, Social Science Research Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts. Institute and Department of Sociology, Univer- "Conditioned courtship in Drosophila." sity of Southern California. "Social class and crime: Genetic and environmental aspects."

Saturday Morning, May 26 (continued)

Therese A. Markow and Paul Ankey, Department Terrie E. Moffitt, Social Science Research of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe. Institute and Department of Psychology, Uni- "Determinants and correlates of male court- versity of Southern California. "Influence ship success." of mental illness in biological parents on adopted child criminal behavior."

R. C. Richmond, Department of Biology, Laura A. Baker, Department of Psychology, Indiana University; and Lee Ehrman, Division University of Southern California. "Genetic of Natural Science, State University of New and environmental influences on recidivistic York, Purchase. General discussion. criminal behavior: Threshold analyses."

12:00 Meeting Adjourns. ABSTRACTS LAURA A. BAKER Bivariate path analysis of verbal and nonverbal abilities in the Colorado Adoption Project (CAP).

A path analytic model is formulated for the analysis of behavior observed in a full adoption design, where multivariate data are available on biological and adoptive parents. The model is sufficiently general to provide simultan- eous estimates of genetic and environmental variances and covariances between characters, as well as tests of significance of genotype-environment correla- tions, maternal and paternal transmissible environmental influences, assorta- 1 2 1 1 tive mating and cross-assortative mating, and selective placement parameters. F. M. R. L. ROSS, E. H. AHERN, J. H. A9RN, C. JOHNSON.. H. HARRIS, G. E. The model is applied to measures of verbal and nonverbal cognitive McCLEARN, and J. R. WILSON. Spouse resemblance for alcohol-related behaviors. performance in families of 182 adopted and 165 non-adopted children who were studied in the CAP at both one and two years of age. The relationships among A sub-sample of 417 spouse pairs was identified from the larger (N = these measures are analyzed in a model-fitting routine, which provides maximum- 3,717) (HAS). Data are Hawaii Alcohol Survey available on a 391 item ques- likelihood parameter estimates as well as tests of goodness-of-fit. Significant tionnaire covering a broad range of alcohol-related behaviors and selected genetic factors are present for both verbal and nonverbal performance and the personality scales related to adult drinking. This study reports spouse importance of these factors appears to increase between the ages of one and two. correlations and measures of concordance for items and scales having to do Furthermore, the genetic correlation between these two abilities was estimated with attitudes toward alcohol, use of alcohol (quantity, frequency, occasions, as unity at one year of age, but was found to decrease somewhat by age two. etc.), reasons for drinking or abstaining, problems related to drinking and Thus, as genetic influences for verbal and nonverbal performance become in- symptomatic effects of drinking (e.g., flushing, headaches, dizziness, etc.). creasingly important with age, these factors are seen to become more differ- In general, the results indicate significant low to moderate positive corre- entiated. Environmental transmission from parental phenotypes to the lations for most alcohol-related behaviors, e.g., quantity-frequency scale, offspring's environment was negligible at each age, although other environmental r = 0.13, P < 0.001; Iowa scale, r = 0.41, P < 0.001; solitary drinking factors important to each ability appear to be moderately correlated. scale, r = < 0.20, P 0.001; problem drinking scale, r = 0.13, P < 0.001. The 1. Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, LA, CA 90089. median spouse correlation for items related to reasons that lead to the onset 2. Supported by NICHD Grant HD-10333 and NIMH Training Grant MH-16880. of drinking was 0.24. For items related to reason for abstaining from all use of alcohol, the median correlation was 0.44. The median correlation for attitudinal items was 0.32. Variations in degree of spouse resemblance will be reported according to age, ethnicity and personality (locus of control, sensation seeking, anomie, etc.). 1. Institute for the Study of Human Development, The Pennsylvania State Uni- A genetic study of pupation height versity, University Park, PA 16802. SHARON J. BAUER1 and MARLA B. SOKOLOWSKI1. 2. Behavioral Biology Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, in Drosophila melanogaster. HI 96822. melanogaster were established from a natural 3. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Isofemale linQ;of Drosophila distance a larva pupated 80309. population and were tested for pupation height (the from the surface of the medium). Significant between line variability was found for pupation height. A full set of crosses were done, using extreme lines, to determine the genetic architecture of pupation height. The relationship between pupation height and pupation site choice by Drosophila in the wild will also be discussed. 1. Department of Biology, York University, Downsview, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3. 2. Supported by an NSERC University Research Fellowship to M. B. S. 1 1 K. BERG, ANDREW C. HEATH, 1 1 L. A. COREY et al. Assortative mating by educa- MICHELE CARLIER, P. ROUBERTOUX. Genotype and postnatal maternal effects on tional level in the Norwegian Twin Register. early development in two inbred strains of mice.

Years of education completed has been determined by questionnaire for Pups of inbred strains XLII and C57BL/6 were cross-fostered 24 h. after Norwegian twins and their spouses and parents and parents-in-law. These data birth. Several developmental measures were studied: motor reflex responses permit a most powerful resolution of alternative models of assortative mating, (cross-extensor, bar holding, rooting response), age at eye opening, weight and are capable of detecting secular changes in the mechanism or intensity of at 10 and 20 days. Results show that pup strain and mother strain effects assortative mating. Despite major changes in the Norwegian educational sys- appear on 5 out of 6 variables. Pup strain x mother strain interactions was tem, and consequent changes in the familial transmission of educational attain- evidenced in 3 variables out of 6. ment, correlations between twins and their spouses are virtually unchanged for 1. Groupe Genetique et Comportements, Universite de Paris V, 45 rue des twins born 1925-1960. Higher marital correlations are found for the parents Saints Peres, 75270 Paris Cedex 06 France. and parents-in-law of the twins, but this apparent generation difference is 2. Supported by Grants from the CNRS (ERA 79), the EPHE (Laboratoire de largely a consequence of biased recall of parental educational level: the Psychologie Differentielle), the CNAM, the Universite de Paris V, and better educated member of a twin pair gave a higher estimate of his parents' the Universite de Paris X. educational levels than his cotwin. Fitting models to all possible correla- tions between MZ and DZ twins and their spouses and parents and parents-in- law allows us to reject the hypotheses of pure phenotypic homogamy and pure social homogamy. Both phenotype and social background have important influ- ences on choice of spouse. The relative importance of these factors does not

1 2 1 change for twins born throughout the period 1915-1960. 1 Claire D. Coles, Iris E. Smith, Paul M. Fernhoff, and Arthur Falek, 1. Department of Human Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, PO Box 33, Neurobehavioral Characteristics of Neonates Exposed to Ethanol During Gestation. Richmond, VA 23298. 2. Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo, Norway. Recently, alcohol has been shown to be a teratogen, producing dysmorphic 3. Supported by NIH grants GM30250, HL28922, and HD10291. features, growth retardation, and central nervous system damage in exposed infants. It is often assumed that teratogenic action occurs in the first trimester, during organogenesis, however, the central nervous system is also vulnerable in the second trimester when brain differentiation and cell migration occur and in the third, when glial cells, myelin and neuronal conections are 1 in formation. Since controlled human studies are difficult, the timing and R. DARRELL BOCK and YEOW MENG THUM. Resemblance of related and unrelated specific nature of ethanol's neurobehavioral effects are unclear. The effect persons living in the same household. of the timing of alcohol exposure during gestation was examined by comparing the behavior of 104 three day old infants whose mothers: (1) never drank, (2)stopped

' In the summer of 1980, National Opinion Research Center administered the in the second trimester, or (3) drank throughout pregnancy. Three matched Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery to 12,000 young people surveyed in groups of low SES women were recruited from those applying for prenatal care a national probability sample of households. Because the scope of the survey at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA. The two groups of alcohol using women was limited to 16 to 23 year olds, the sample contained an appreciable number did not differ significantly on other factors and consumed an average of 14 of siblings as well as unrelated persons, mostly spouses, living in the same ounces of absolute alcohol per week. On the third day of life, all infants households. Examination of interpair correlations on each of the ASVAB tests were asssesed using Brazelton's and Prechtl's neonatal examinations by an for these classes of respondents suggests the following generalizations for examiner unaware of the mother's drinking status. Although none of the infants the arithmetic and verbal tests in the battery: 1) Spouses and unrelated was independently diagnosed as having the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, those whose persons in the same households correlate at about the same level, or approxi- mothers continued to drink throughout pregnancy could be distinguished from mately 0.30. 2) Siblings in the same household show correlations around 0.55 both other groups by their abnormal motor performance and autonomic regulation regardless of sex. Plausible bounds on the population-wide heritability of as well as by alterations in individual reflex items, indicating that neonatal these measures can be obtained given various assumptions about the effects of neurobehaviopl alterations are correlated with alcohol use in the third assortment, dominance and common environment during development. yimester. Georgia Mental Health Institute & Department of Psychiatry, 1. Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Chicago, 5848 S. Uni- `Emory University, Dept. of Pediatrics, Emory Univ. School of Med. Atlanta,GA. versity Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637. 1 2 Family resemblances in MIKE F. COLLINS ' and JOHN K. HEWITT. Analysis of courtship behavior in Dro- BARBARA A. CORNBLATT1 and L. ERLENMEYER-KIMLING1 sophila melanogaster using a competition diallel. attentional processing.

processing, from A competition diallel analysis of the time-sampled courtship sequence of Attention is critical to all levels of information functioning. four inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster was performed. This consists of basic perceptual processing through complex intellectual construct rather than measuring the courtship of all sixteen genotypic combinations of male and fe- Recent research views attention as a multidimensional family resemblances male genotypes. Of the number of ways the resulting data set may be analysed, a single unitary process. The current study investigates sustain attention two will be illustrated. Firstly, these fifteen degrees of freedom may be in several domains of attention, including: 1) ability to verbal stimuli (i.e., numbers) split into three components: variation between male genotypes (3 df), varia- over time; 2) differences in attention to named shapes); 3) rate of commission tion between female genotypes (3 df) and nine degrees of freedom for the inter- vs. unnameable spatial stimuli (i.e., nonsense types of stimuli; 4) suscepti- action of male and female genotypes. These tests indicate which sex is more errors (i.e., impulsive responding) to both 5) ability to attend important in controlling the variation in the courtship sequence. The data bility to various types of background distractions; and may also be subjected to the Hayman analysis of variance of a conventional under conditions of information overload. Performance Test genetic diallel. The components of the Hayman analysis will have to be rein- This report focuses on a computer generated Continuous to 30 terpreted for the competition design; notably the bl item compares courtship (CPT), one of three multilevel measures of attention administered teenage children were tested within and between inbred line combinations and the c item tests for any nega- families. In each family, both parents and two apart. The CPT results tive correlations between the courtship of male and female genotypes. The on two separate occasions approximately two years and results will be presented and their implications discussed. demonstrate marked changes in performance with age for both children (with boys performing signi- 1. Department of Psychology, University of Birmingham, P.O. Box 363, Birming- adults as well as rather substantial sex effects ham, B15 2TT, England. ficantly more poorly than girls of the same ages through their late teens and suggest that 2. This work was funded by a SERC postdoctoral fellowship. well into their early twenties). Preliminary correlations family resemblances are significant only for spatial stimuli and not for the number sequences. 1. Department of Medical Genetics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032.

1 ROBERT L. COLLINS . Mice selectively bred for the degree of lateralization and the Geschwind hypothesis.

Geschwind (1982) offered a hypothesis which states in part JOHN C. CRABBE1-3, JOHN D. MC SWIGAN1'3, ANN KOSOBUD1'3, EMMETT R. that embryonal and postnatal testosterone affects neural YOUNG3, and BRENDA R. TAM.3 Replicated within-family selection for migration and influences the development of brain asymmetries of ethanol withdrawal severity in mice: A progress report after 11 selected structure and function. Eleven generations of directional generations. selection for the degree of lateralization has yielded two stocks of mice that differ markedly (Collins, 1979)._ If testosterone- In order to develop a genetic animal model for susceptibility to physical related mechanisms underlie these differences, we should expect dependence on ethanol, we have selectively bred two lines of mice prone (WSP) the selected lines to differ predictably in characteristics to display marked ethanol withdrawal seizures and two lines resistant (WSR) related to sexual dimorphism. Thus far, evidence suggests they to such seizures, elicited by handling after 72 hr of exposure to ethanol do. The lines differ in reproductive success. LO line mice vapor. Two non-selected control (WSC) lines have also been derived from the harbor more nonproductive pairs, have smaller litters, and yield HS/Ibg foundation stock. Response to selection is bidirectional in both relatively more females. Male LO line mice are hypogonadal and sexes in both replications. WSP lines also show more severe withdrawal than sexing misclassifications are more frequent. Levels of WSR lines on other indices of ethanol physical dependence (e.g. tremor), and circulating testosterone in HI line adult males appear higher in barbiturate withdrawal. WSP and WSR lines do not differ in sensitivity to than those for LO line males. Morphometric analyses of a number of convulsant agents: thus, their seizure severity difference is to orbitofrontal cortex and hippocampal formation indicates HI line some degree specific to ethanol withdrawal. WSR mice are more sensitive than females exhibit greater absolute asymmetries than LO line females WSP mice to the anticonvulsant effects of ethanol against diffusely-acting (Lipp & Collins, 1984). The forebrains of male rats are more convulsants (electroconvulsive shock, flurothyl, strychnine) but the lines asymmetrical than those for females (Diamond et al., 1983). In are not different in this respect for the GABA antagonists pentylenetetrazol, addition, female HI line mice exhibit higher levels of agonistic picrotoxin and bicuculline. behavior than LO line females using Scott's intruder paradigm. 1. Department of Medical Psychology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health This pattern suggests that HI line females are more masculinized Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201. and LO line males more feminized. (Supported by GM 23618). 2. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences 1. Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609 University, Portland, OR 97201. 3. VA Medical Center, Portland, OR 97201 4. Supported by grants from the Veterans Administration and the Medical Research Foundation of Oregon. E. Mouse exploratory behavior and 2 WIM CRUSIO1 and J.H.F. VAN ABEELEN1. CRAIG H. DAVIS', and M. N. NESBITT . Conditioned taste aversion sensiti- induced anosmia: A quantitative-genetic analysis. vities, ethanol preference and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH 3) in A/J, C57B1/6J and Recombinant inbred strains of mice.3 Adult male mice from four highly inbred strains (C5713L/6, DBA/2, C3H/St, and CPB-K) and from many crosses between them were anosmized by intranasal The degree of conditioned taste aversion was determined for dilute flushing with a 5% ZnSO4 solution. Saline-irrigated mice served as controls. ethanol using apomorphine as a poison and for vanilla using ethanol as The animals were placed into an open-field and observed directly and the poison. These aversions were compared to the unconditioned preference continuously in two sessions of 20 min: one prior to and the other after for 10% ethanol and the type of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH 3) present. The treatment. The mating designs employed were a classical Mendelian cross two parental strains, A/J and C57B1/6J, as well as 17 recombinant inbred between strains C57BL/6 and DBA/2 and a full 4x4 diallel cross, replicated strains were examined. The strongest correlation observed was between the five times, involving all four strains. aversion to 2% ethanol induced by apomorphine and the unconditioned pre- Relative to controls, decreases in exploration were expected in anosmic ference for 10% ethanol. However, none of the correlations were significant. mice because obstructing the collection of olfactory information will impede the detection of novelty. The more efficient the animals' information- 1. Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182. processing system is, the larger these decreases will be, leading to a 2. Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA hypothesis of directional dominance for decrease. Decreases were actually 92093 found for several exploratory behaviors, but directional dominance for 3. Supported by PHS Grant #GM29340 decrease was not. In fact, no genetic variation at all was observed for behavioral change after anosmization. On the basis of this genetic architecture, it must be concluded that directional selection for an efficient information-processing system has operated in the evolutionary past. This selection has been extremely strong and, as a result, all genetic variation has been exhausted. HAROLD DOWSE1, JOHN RINGO1, and KAREN BARTON1. A mathematical model of of Zoology, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, 6525 ED 'Department mating kinetics. Nijmegen, The Netherlands. is practice In mating experiments utilizing Drosophila, it standard interval as to employ the cumulative number of matings after some fixed the curves the basic datum. Recently, some workers have been reporting showing the kinetics of cumulative matings, which seems to us valuable one step further, we inasmuch as more information is conveyed. Taking this of mating in "no have devised a simple model to describe the kinetics PLOMIN1 Differential DENISE DANIELS' and ROBERT experiences of adoptive and choice" experiments. Initially, we used the differential equation, siblings. of animals that have biological dM/dT = K(A-M)(B-M), where M = cumulative percent percent males. The data mated, A = initial percent females, B = initial behavior and particularly form of In many areas of in the area of personality, from the later stages of mating experiments fit the integrated influences operate within families, from the lag environmental making siblings in a family this equation quite well, but this was not true of data similar. The purpose of the present by different rather than study was to phase. We hypothesized that the initial lag phase was dominated whether differentiAl experience within the family movement or examine systematically pre- activity not leading to copulation, for example, random differences in personality. We searching at dicts sibling developed a questionnaire, the searching; accordingly we assumed that exp(-LT) animals were Inventory of Differential Experience (SIDE), intial numbers of males Sibling which assesses siblings' time T. Thus, for the simplest case, where the perceptions of common and differential experience in the areas of parental We found that and females are equal, M = (1-exp(-LT))(A2KT/(1+AKT)). interaction, and peer group influences. affect K treatment, sibling This questionnaire varying the relative number of males and females did not a personality questionnaire were administered of and to 105 adoptive sibling appreciably. The model is useful in analyzing mating kinetics pairs and 65 biological sibling pairs between sex to mate. the ages of 12 and 28 years in genotypes differing markedly in their propensity of either the Denver area. In general, the siblings report that their experiences have in "no choice" In its present form, the model can be used only been quite different. Three of the 11 SIDE scales influence copulation exceeds suggest genetic experiments, and with species in which the duration of in that differences are greater for adoptive sibling pairs than for biological the duration of the experiment. siblings. Our results also indicate that the SIDE scales of differential Orono, ME 04469. I. Department of Zoology, University of Maine, experience are systematically related to sibling differences in personality. The study of biological as well as adoptive siblings allows us to determine the extent to which differential experiences of siblings reflect or affect sibling differences in personality. 1. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309. 1 1 LINDON J. EAVES1 A new model for the Laura J. Draski, C. A. Richer, P. J. Donovick1, and R. G. Burright1. Classical, quantitative genetic analysis of behav- conditioning, Fuller brain-weight mice, and low-level neonatal lead exposure.' ioral development.

Selection for brain weights is known to influence the rate of neural We present a new model which allows for the continuous and cumulative development and the animals' early interactions with its environment. The effects of genes and environment on development. A small number of parameters Fuller Brain Weight (BWS) lines, and the Binghamton Heterogeneous Stock (HET) can capture the main aspects of developmental change and serve as a basis for from which they were derived, respond differentially to low-level lead expo- discriminating between alternative hypotheses of behavioral development. Dif- sure in studies of agonistic behavior and seizure susceptibility. Of primary ferent constraints upon the parameters of the general model predict different interest to the present investigation is whether this sensitivity to lead continuous changes in heritability and family resemblance as a function of could be generalized and reflected in a learning paradigm. Prior reports have age. Simulated examples are given to illustrate the predictions of different suggested that BWS mice also differ in details of learning processes. Male developmental models for statistics commonly derived in genetic studies of mice from high, mid, and low BWS lines and HET mice were administered lead family resemblance. The model may be employed with cross-sectional and longi- from birth and throughout testing. At 18 days of age, mice were randomly tudinal family data and maximum-likelihood methods may be used to estimate the assigned to:(1) contingent odor-shock pairing; (2) a non-contingent; or (3) a parameters of the continuous model, including the age at which sets of genetic no exposure group. Administration of lead significantly reduced body and and environmental effects are first expressed. The method is applied to longi- brain weights in all genotypes, though the HET mice were the least suppressed tudinal and cross-sectional twin and family data relating to behavior and in this measure. Odor preference scores based on extinction trials occurring stature. 0, 24, and 48 hours following training indicate subtle differences in odor association as measured by the increased amount of time spent on the previous- 1. Department of Human Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. ly aversive odor. Complex lead effects were observed in this learning para- 23298, USA. digm. That is, genotype interacted with lead exposure as reflected in the 2. Supported by NIH Grants GM-30250, HL-28922, and HD-15838. We thank our rate of extinction, supporting the hypothesis that BWS mice are differentially colleagues N. G. Martin, Linda A. Corey, and W. E. Nance for criticism sensitive to environmental insult which may further be influenced by periods and access to illustrative data. of neural development, lead administration, and behavioral testing. 1. Department of Psychology and Center for Neurobehavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13901. 2. Supported in part by NSF (DAR7911233)

M. K. FLEMING and SANDRA M. SINGER. Infantile Autism: A Dermatoglyphic

1 2 3 Analysis. P. DRISCOLL, B. ZIVKOVIC, and J.R. MARTIN. Adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in Roman high- (RHA/Verh) and Roman low- (RLA/Verh) avoidance rats. Abnormal finger and palm prints have been associated with such phenomena as chromosomal defects, prenatal exposure to rubella, and several forms of RLA/Verh rats are considered to be more emotional than RHA/Verh rats on mental retardation. Other behavior disorders for which dermatoglyphic aber- the basis of many physiological and behavioral parameters. The present expe- rations have been tentatively identified include schizophrenia and infantile riments measured TH activity (method: Zivkovic et al, Molec. Pharmacol. 10, autism. The few studies which have analyzed the dermatoglyphics of infantile 727, 1974) in the paired adrenals of both rat lines, as a) TH activity has autism suggest that there are several characteristics of finger and palm for RHA rats been found to be higher than for RLA rats from another colony prints which seem to be associated with this severe disorder of early (Coyle et al, Psychopharmacologia 31, 25, 1973), and b) TH activity in non- childhood. stressed rats from a less emotional strain was significantly higher than that from a more emotional strain (McCarty et al, Life Sci. 25, 747, 1979). We Finger and palm prints were.taken of ten autistic children located confirmed both findings in three separate experiments with male rats. Aver- through the Evansville Psychiatric Children's Center. Only clearly-defined aged together, the (remarkably consistent) results were RHA/Verh: 73.8±3.3 cases of autism were included. A control group of non-autistic children was nmol CO /h vs RLA/Verh: 62.3±2.6 nmol CO /h (Ns = 25, p4(.05). One of the included in this study for comparison purposes. All prints were independently experiments, conducted together with a 's tudy which investigated central analyzed by the two authors. In accordance with earlier studies, an associa- and neurochemical changes after shock stress avoidance learning (Driscoll et tion was found between the dermatoglyphic abnormality of palmar ridge al, Life Sci. 33, 1719, 1983), also showed that adrenal TH activity was dissociation and infantile autism. Preliminary analyses also suggested a markedly reduced in both situations, as well as in shuttle box-exploration larger-than-anticipated proportion of complex patterns (i.e. whorls and loops) controls, as compared to cage controls. This effect was seen in both lines of on the palm prints of certain autistic children. Photographs documenting in RLA/Verh rats and was more pronounced rats than in RHA/Verh rats. These these findings will be presented. Evidence for a genetic/teratogenic factor preliminary, and seemingly paradoxical, results must be considered in the in infantile autism will be discussed. light of the characteristic physiological responses to stress which occur in RHA/Verh and RLA/Verh rats, and in other groups of rats which differ in 1. Department of Psychology, Indiana State University Evansville, Evansville, emotionality (Stone and McCarty, Neurosci. Biobehay. Rev. 7, 29, 1983). Indiana 47712. 1. University of Lausanne, Institute of Anatomy, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland. 2. Synthelabo, Pharmacological Biochemistry Division, 92220 Bagneux, France. 3. Institute of Behavioral Science, ETHZ, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. 2 1 3 T.1T. FOCH, J. R. HARRIS, G. E. McCLEARN, and J. R. WILSON. Sex and ethnic DAVID M. GILLIAM1 AND A. C. COLLINS2 . Indomethacin antagonism of differences in alcohol consumption and the single-distribution theory. ethanol-induced narcosis at high but not low ethanol concentrations.

Significant differences among men and women in six different ethnic The administration of anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin or groups were obtained in analyses of self-reported consumption of beverage indomethacin, which are known to inhibit the formation of prostaglandins, alcohol. In general, women reported drinking smaller amounts than men, and antagonize several behavioral and physiological effects of acute ethanol respondents of Hawaiian or European ancestry were heavier drinkers than mem- administration. Ethanol-induced narcosis is one behavior antagonized by bers of other ethnic groups. In each group, the distributions of consumption pretreatment with indomethacin. Recently a concentration-dependent response scores were approximately log-normal suggesting that the underlying causal curve has been described for ethanol-induced narcosis in mice. In order to factors act in a multiplicative fashion. Large differences among groups were investigate if indomethacin antagonized ethanol-induced narcosis, regardless also obtained for the percentage of heavy drinkers which was defined as a of ethanol concentration, the following experiment was performed. daily intake in excess of 80 grams. Because variances among groups were Separate groups of male DBA/2JIBG and C57B1/6JIBG mice were injected homogeneous despite their very different average consumption levels, the re- with 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg indomethacin 15 minutes prior to an IP lationship between mean consumption and prevalence of heavy drinking was ap- injection of 3.9 g/kg ethanol delivered in an injection concentration of 20% proximately exponential but with less curvature than reported in other popu- or 40% W/V. Ethanol-induced narcosis and blood ethanol concentrations were lation surveys. These data reveal that subcultural influences which may be measured on all subjects. For both the C57 and DBA mice the 1.25 mg/kg dose both biological and sociological have important influences upon individual of indomethacin antagonized sleep time at the 40% concentration. Waking difference in the consumption of beverage alcohol. blood ethanol concentrations were significantly increased over control levels 1. Institute for the Study of Human Development, The Pennsylvania State Uni- suggesting a decreased sensitivity to ethanol's effects. However, versity, University Park, PA 16802. indomethacin was totally ineffective at any dosage level in reducing sleep 2. Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, time at the 20% concentration. These results suggest that pretreatment with University Park, PA 16802. indomethacin may antagonize a nonspecific peripheral effect of high ethanol 3. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO concentrations rather than having a direct effect on CNS sensitivity. 80309. 1. Department of Psychology, SUNY Albany, Albany, NY 12222. 2. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309. 3. Supported by NIAAA Grant AA-03527.

FRANK R. GEORGE (1) and RICHARD A. MEISCH (2). Oral narcotic intake as a reinforcer: Genotype x Environment interactions (3).

Studies indicate that C57 mice show a higher morphine preference than 1 DAVID B. GRAY and G. W. CARTER. Behavior Genetic Research Supported by the but this work has not incorporated the well documented effects of DBA mice, Human Learning and Behavior Branch of the NICHD. food deprivation on drug intake. In this study, 32 male mice from each of two strains, the C57BL/6J and DBA/2J, were evenly divided into four groups: The program of the Human Learning and Behavior Branch (HLB) of the National Etonitazine (ETZ)/Food Satiated (FS), ETZ/Food Deprived-(FD), Water (W)/FS, Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) supports basic C57 mice consumed much higher quantities of ETZ per unit body weight W/FD. research and research training on behavioral development from the perinatal did DBA mice. Since food deprivation typically results in an increase than period to the beginning of adulthood. The primary focus of the Branch is to consumption, we examined this possibility in the ETZ accepting (C57) in drug determine how the interaction of biological, psychological, and socio- (DBA) strains. Food deprivation markedly enhanced ETZ and non-accepting environmental factors result in normative behavioral development and to body weight in C57 mice. In DBAs, most intake per gram ETZ concentrations identify those factors which interfetewith such development. The current a decrease in liquid intake, and food deprivation enhanced this produced level of support for such programs is approximately $14.9 million. Regular aversion. The initial ETZ aversion within DBA mice is not unusual since ETZ research grants (116), program projects (8) and training grants (18) are it was thought has a bitter taste, but food deprivation might overcome this funded by the HLB Branch. A variety of behavior genetics research studies are intake. Thus, effect and increase ETZ it was hoped that food deprivation included in this total: aggression in mice, color preference in quail, mate might be the appropriate environmental condition which would make ETZ come selection in fish, normal development in children, and the development of to serve as a reinforcer in DBAs. The results suggest, however, that food' language in children. deprivation serves to enhance the effect of an interaction between a geneti- cally defined organism and a reinforcer, whether that reinforcer is positive The record of research grant applications in the field of behavior genetics or punishing. Thus, genotype is important in determining whether or not a made to the NICHD during the past ten years is reviewed. The rates of as a reinforcer, regardless j drug can come to serve of the environment which approval and disapproval, priority score distributions, mechanisms of funding, accompanies introduction of the drug to the animal. and study section assignment are discussed. The five year plan for the HLB Branch is highlighted. Finally, the role of the program staff in assisting 1. Genetics and Cell Biology, Dight Institute, University of Minnesota applicants is described. 2. Psychiatry Department, Medical School, University of Minnesota 1 3. Supported by 1T1MH10679 (FRG), DA00944 (RAM) and DA00007 (RAM). National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20205 ANDREW C. HEATH1, K. BERG2, L. J. EAVES1 et al. I I 2 Educational . A.A. HOFFMANN , P.A. PARSONS , and K.M. NIELSEN Habitat selection: a and policy the heritability of educational attainment in Norway. phenotypic approach based upon resource utilization in Drosophila melanogaster. Norwegian twins born 1915-1960 have reported the years of The potential importance of habitat selection within natural populations education completed by themselves and by their parents. The is being increasingly considered, however most studies primarily consider gene decline in parent-offspring resemblance is especially marked when (in particular electrophoretic) and chromosome polymorphisms. Interpretations twins born immediately before and after 1940 are compared. MZ tend to be controversial, since it is difficult to relate genotypic twin correlations remain virtually constant, but there is a assessments to the field. The direct study of ecobehavioural traits important marked drop in the male DZ twin correlation. Liberalization of in determining distribution and abundance is an alternative but more rarely the educational system in Norway in the 1940s has reduced the considered approach. importance of environmental transmission of educational advantage Accordingly, we studied attraction of flies at the phenotypic level in a but rendered innate ability more important, especially in males. wind tunnel to resources (apples, peaches, plums) found in nature. After two Model-fitting analyses, which correct for biased reporting of generations of laboratory culture, a consistent trend was found whereby flies their parents' education by the twins, are consistent with this were attracted to the odours of fruit types from which they originated, interpretation. An enivronmental transmission model gives an indicating genetic differences in the attraction of D. melanogaster to excellent fit for twins born 1915-1939, though allowing also for resources. additive gene action gives a better fit. Non-genetic models are This demonstrates the usefulness of a phenotypic approach to habitat rejected, and substantial estimates of additive gene action and selection. It emphasizes the role of quantitative genetics in habitat in males) (especially dominance are obtained for twins born after selection studies compared with the genotypic approach based upon population 1940. An important effect of the family environment on genetics. educational attainment is still found for females born after 1. Department of Genetics and Human Variation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, 1940, suggesting that attempts to provide equal educational Victoria 3083, Australia. opportunities have been less successful for females than males. 2. Department of Genetics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3064, 1. Department of Human Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, PO Australia. Box 33, Richmond, VA 23298. 2 Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo, Norway. 3. Supported by NIH grants GM30250, HL28922 and HD10291.

of R. JARDINE1 and N. G. MARTIN2. Differences in genetic architecture personality traits.

1 1 1 completed the Eysenck J. K. HEWITT, D. CARROLL, K. A. LAST, J. R. TURNER1 and J. SIMS. A twin study 3,810 pairs of MZ and DZ twins aged 18-88 years of cardiac reactivity and parental hypertension. Personality Questionnaire and a scale of Anxiety and Depression. No E2 effects for any of the personality scales were detected. 50% of total varia- Resemblance among young male twins' cardiac reactivity during psychologi- tion in Extraversion is heritable and this was previously thought to be cal stress, as afforded by a video game, could not be accounted for by environ- entirely due to additive genetic effects. We find that it is largely due to strong stabilizing mental factors. In addition; reactions were significantly greater for subjects dominant gene effects and this may suggest a history of whose parents both had relatively high blood pressure. These data suggest selection acting on this trait. The trait Neuroticism has a heritability of Depression, have that cardiac reactivity during stress is a heritable component of a behavioral approximately 50% and the two symptom states, Anxiety and are intercorrelated predisposition to developing hypertension. The implications of this and addi- lower heritabilities of about 0.35. The three variables tional psychometric data for the etiology of hypertension will be discussed. about 0.7 but we show that this is due to genetic intercorrelations of about about 0.4. There 1. Departments of Psychology and Genetics, University of Birmingham, P.O. Box 0.8 more than to environmental factors which intercorrelate 363, Birmingham, 815 2TT, England. is genetic variation specific to Neuroticism which is not expressed as either differences in the herit- 2. This work was supported by grant G8207495N and a studentship (JRT) from the of the symptoms Anxiety or Depression. We find sex British Medical Research Council. ability of Psychoticism and the Lie (social desirability) scale: for P about 36% of variation in females is genetic and about 50% in males, but these pro- portions are reversed for L. The repeatable portion of variation is the same that "true" El (about 20%) for both traits in both sexes which suggests effects have different importance depending upon the trait and the sex.

of 1. Department of Population Biology, Research School Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Virginia, Richmond, Va. 2. Department of Human Genetics, Medical College of 23298, USA. Ronald 1 C. Johnson', Craig T. Nagoshil, Sylvia H. L. Yuen2, and Frank M. JEAN MICHEL LASSALLE and G. LE PAPE1. Influence of pre and post-natal Ahern3. Influences on the educational and occupational attainments of off- maternal effects on learning performance in C57BL/6 adult mice. spring of Hawaii Family Study of Cognition families. The objective of this study was to investigate the lines of the contribu- We report the correlations of family background, own cognitive abilities, tion of maternal environment to the achievement of the behavioral phenotype and own personality factor scores with the educational and occupational at- in adult mice. In order to assess the respective influences of pre and post- tainments of 348 HFSC offspring aged 25 years or older. Data are reported natal maternal effects and to test for the absence of adoption effect per se, for the sample as a whole and for males and for females of Caucasian and a crossfostering plus embryo transfer design was performed. -C57BL Japanese ancestries separately. Family background generally had a trivial /6 mice were either infostered, unfostered to a C57BL/6 dam, or cross- fostered association, verbal ability (but not other factor scores) and first prin- to a Fl hybrid dam (from a BALB/C x C57BL/6 cross). cipal component scores a substantial association, and personality factor -057BL/6 embryos were transferred to the uteri of Fl hybrid females, then scores (for some groups) a considerable association with achievement. Ed- reared by them, from parturition until weaning. ucational attainment (except for Japanese females) was substantially When adult, (90 to 110 days of age), mice were submitted to four trials in a associated with occupational attainment. water-escape learning task. Results confirm the absence of adoption effect 1. Behavioral per se. They also reveal the existence Biology Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822. of two distinct maternal effects. A 2. Dept pre-natal one which is of Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822. responsible for an improvement in learning performance 3. and a post-natal maternal effect Center for the Study of Human Development, The Pennsylvania State Uni- which only affects the behavior of mice du- versity, University Park, PA 16802. ring the first trial in a novel experimental environment. Pre and post-natal maternal environments produce long lasting effects largely sensitive in adult mice. Pre-natal maternal effects are quite important as far as they are able to entirely compensate for genotypic differences between Fl hybrids and C57BL/6 mice. 1. Laboratoire d'Ethologie et de Psychophysiologie. Universite Francois 1 Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 TOURS, FRANCE. MICHELE C. LaBUDA and J. C. DeFRIES. Longitudinal stability of reading performance and symbol-processing speed in the Colorado Family Reading Study. Fifty-one matched pairs of reading-disabled and control children who participated in the Colorado Family Reading Study were administered a retest approximately 5 years later. In order to test the 1 1 hypothesis that the GILLES LE PAPE and J. M. LASSALLE . Embryo transfer, cross fostering accuracy of predicting later performance can be improved by incorporating and maternal effects in weanling mice. parental data into a prediction equation, composite measures of reading per- formance and symbol-processing speed of reading-disabled and control children When post-natal maternal effects are easily approached by the adoption me- were subjected to hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The regression thod, there are many more difficulties in isolating intra-uterine maternal model expressed the child's expected score at retest as a function of initial effects. Stress, radiations or pharmacological treatments of the mother test score, sex (coded 0 or 1), group (reading disabled versus control), either before mating or during pregnancy are the most frequently used me- mother's score, father's score, and all possible two-way interactions. Main thods. On the contrary, the method of embryo transfer associated with the me- effects due to initial test score, child's sex, and group are significant thod of adoption allows to evaluate the norm of reaction of a genotype submit- (P < 0.05) for both reading performance [F(1,96) = 150.18, 5.04, and 4.09, ted to various maternal environments ascribable to a normal range of variation. respectively] and symbol-processing speed [F(1,96) = 45.45, 10.78, and 8.88]. In order to differentiate between uterine and post-natal maternal effects, we As hypothesized, there is a significant increase in the multiple R2 when p6rformed a comparison between inbred C57BL /6 mice. Mice were either infoste- parental data are added to the regression equation for reading performance red, unfostered to a female of their own strain, crossfostered to a Fl hybrid [mother's score, F(1,96) = 7.72; father's score, F(1,96) = 6.94], but not for female, or transferred at an early developmental stage (blastocyst) into the symbol-processing speed. The two-way interaction between group and initial uterus of such a hybrid female and then nursed by it until weaning. At 21 test score also is significant for the reading measure only [F(1,86) = 7.27] days of age, mice were weaned, examined for body weight, then isolated in a and is due to the lower longitudinal stability (correlation between initial semi-natural device where they found a nest box, food and water ad lib.. Loco- and follow-up test scores) of reading performance by reading-disabled childrert. motor activity was recorded hourly during 48 hours. Young mice are heavier 1. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO when reared by a hybrid dam than when reared by a dam of their own strain. 80309. When the embryos develop in the uterus of a hybrid female, weanling mice are 2. Supported by the Spencer Foundation, NICHD Grant HD-11681, and NIMH also heavier than those only reared by a hybrid female. The amount of locomo- Training Grant MH-16880. tor activity is affected in the same way by maternal care and intra-uterine environment. It is quite noticeable that intra-uterine and post-natal effects act in the same way, in additive fashion and with similar intensities. 1. Laboratoire d'Ethologie et de Psychophysiologie, Universite Francois Rabelais, 37200 TOURS, FRANCE 1 CHRISTINE H. LITTLEFIELD. When a child dies: Differential within JILL P. LYONS and DOUGLAS WAHLSTEN1. Early postnatal behavior and morphology family grief intensity. of Shaker short-tail mutant mice.

According to sociobiological theorizing, genetic replication is the The shaker short-tail (sst) gene is an autosomal recessive mutation primary motivation of behavior. If this is so, then the death of a child discovered at the University of Waterloo in 1980 (see J. Heredity, 1983, 74,: is the ultimate loss. The grief intensity of bereaved parents and their 421-425) which produces severe defects of motor coordination and cerebellum in Immediate families was estimated from ratings made by 263 bereaved parents. homozygous mice. Affected animals can be recognized at birth by either a Predictions were derived from the following tenets of sociobiological theory: short or blunted tail, one or more blood blebs at the dorsal surface of the relative to males, females (a) are reproductively more limited, (b) invest skull, or both. The present study was conducted in order to characterize the more energy in each offspring, and (c) are more certain of their parenthood. disorder and measure its phenotypic variability. Consequently, it was found that (1) mothers grieved more than fathers, (2) Twenty-four mutant and 75 normal hybrid mice were produced by mating mothers' siblings grieved more than fathers' siblings, (3) maternal grand- confirmed carriers of the mutation. At birth each pup was weighed, and at 6, mothers grieved more than either maternal grandfathers or paternal grand- 8 and 10 days each mouse also received a battery of reflex tests. After mothers, who in turn grieved more than paternal grandfathers, and (4) testing at day 10, all mutants and littermate controls were perfused with male children were grieved for more than female children. In addition, formalin and their body weights, tail lengths, brain weights and volumes of 'healthy children were grieved for more than chronically ill or disabled cerebellum were measured. children, a finding also predicted from the theory of parental investment. It was found that the reflex scores of mutant mice were significantly 1. Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, lower than normal at all three ages tested. The body weights of mutant mice M3J 1P3. were lower than normal at birth, and body weight, tail length, brain weight and volume of cerebellum were significantly lower than normal at day 10. The righting reflex, tail length and volume of cerebellum completely dichotomized the two groups at day 10; no mutant scored within the normal range on any of these measures. Moreover, tail length and volume of cerebellum were significantly more variable among mutant mice than among normal littermates. 1 CAROL B. LYNCH Clinal variation in thermoregulatory traits in Mus This result indicates variable expressivity of the mutation. 2 domesticus. --- 1. Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1. Traits contributing to thermoregulation, including aspects of morphology, 2. Supported in part by grant A0398 from the Natural Sciences and Engineering behavior, and physiology, were measured on mice from 5 geographic populations Research Council of Canada. (ME, CT, VA, GA, FL) representing a north-south cline along the east coast of the U.S. Results of extensive prior studies of laboratory mice led to

predictions that morphology and behavior would be most easily modified by 1 2 FREDERICK A. MARSTELLER and CAROL B. LYNCH . Reproductive energetics and the selection acting through differences in ambient temperature, while evolution of mammalian photoperiodism.3 physiological traits, the least heritable, would be least likely to change. All measurements were made on 1st generation lab-reared Most seasonally-breeding temperate-zone mammals utilize photoperiodic mice. Preliminary results agree with predictions and indicate that body cues to regulate seasonal changes in breeding condition. Recent evidence weight and nesting have been adaptively modified (heavier bodies and nests in indicates that the frequency of individuals reproductively sensitive to more northern populations),. although one population (CT) was lower than photoperiod varies clinally in several species, and that within one species expected on both traits. Parallel studies of restriction digests of responds rapidly to artificial selection. Our studies provide an energetic mitochondrial DNA from these populations will be used to determine the pattern approach to associating individual physiology with environmental variation in of genetic relationship among the 5 populations. temperature and food availablity, and hence, the selective forces acting upon 1. Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457. photoperiodism. 2. Supported by NSF Grant No. ASR -8214739 and NIH Grant No. GM-21993. When both temperature and food availability are varied, the reproductive performance of house mice declines increasingly with food restriction as temperature is reduced. In our laboratory studies, this statistical interaction is due to the energetic costs of basal metabolism and thermoregulation. In the wild, locomotory and thermoregulatory costs of increased foraging when food is scarce would serve to magnify the synergistic depression of reproduction by declining temperature and food availabity. This energetic approach has the potential of leading to the evaluation of the environmental conditions under which reproduction is thermodynamically possible, the covariance of photoperiod with the potential for successful reproduction, and finally, to the measurement of the natural selection acting upon photoperiodism. 1. Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712. 2. Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457. 3. Supported by NIH grant No. GM21993. N. G. MARTINI and R. JARDINE2. Genetic factors are more important than DUANE G. McCLEARN1 and HERBERT P. ALPERN1 "Popcorn stage" differences in family environment in variation in Conservatism. selectively bred short-sleep and long-sleep mice.

A genetical analysis of Conservatism scores in 3,808 pairs of twins is "Popcorn" ("jumpy" or "hoppy") behavior is a potentially important index reported. The test-retest reliability of Conservatism in 96 individuals who of brain maturation. Mice of the short-sleep (SS) and long-sleep (LS) lines completed the C-Scale twice at an average interval of 3 months was 0.86 in were tested for the degree to which they demonstrated this behavior, a trait females and 0.92 in males. In both sexes, individual differences in Conser- typically observable for a brief period (several days) in pre-weanling rodents. vatism could be explained by the additive action of genes, individual environ- It was hypothesized that SS mice, insofar as they are hyperactive in other mental experiences, and between-families cultural differences, although the situations, would display heightened "popcorn" activity when compared to LS effect of environmental differences was greater in males than in females. mice. Starting at 15 days of age, animals were individually taken from their After allowing for the effects of assortative mating, heritabilities were 38% home cage and placed in a small metal open-field apparatus. After a 5-second in males and 49% in females but cultural influences accounted for only 21% and period, air blasts were delivered from a syringe at the rate of 1/second for 14% of the total variation in males and females respectively. The fact that 2 minutes or until the subject left the open field, whichever came first. total variances, after correction for regression on age, were the same in MZ All air blasts were directed at the subject's body. For each line, four mice and DZ twins argues against differential treatment as an explanation for the were taken from each of eight litters and tested in this manner daily until large genetic components estimated. they reached 25 days of age. Latency to exit the apparatus was the measure of "popcorn" behavior, with low values (short latencies) representing high "pop- 1. Department of Human Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. corn" activity. To decrease problems associated with the litter effect, means 23298, USA. of each set of four litter mates were used for statistical analysis. t-Tests 2. Department of Population Biology, Research School of Biological Sciences, between the two lines were performed for days 15, 20, and 25. Significant Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. differences existed for day 15 (t = 3.253, df = 14, P < 0.005 for a one-tailed test) and for day 20 (t = 1.887, df = 14, P < 0.05 for a one-tailed test), but not for day 25. Thus, SS mice show more "popcorn" behavior in the early part of the testing period, but the two lines are indistinguishable in this regard by the age of weaning (25 days). The pertinence of these results lies in the fact that SS mice are shown to exhibit delayed maturation for this behavior. J. Jack McArdle (1,3) and H. Hill Goldsmith (2). Structural Equation Modeling 1. Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309. Applied to the Twin Design: Comparative Multivariate Models of the WAIS.

Prior work by McArdle, Connell & Goldsmith (1980) and McArdle. Goldsmith & Horn (1981) have shown how the Reticular Action Model (RAM; see McArdle & McDonald, 1983; Horn & McArdle) may be simply and directly used with the CHRISTINE MICHARD1 Strain x early androgen exposure interaction on aggressive popular LISREL algorithms (Joreskog & Sorbom, 1979) to provide a broad class behavior in female mice. of models for the traditional biometric twin design. In this paper we take a more detailed look at alternative multivariate models for this design, Intraspecific aggression in mice is one of the behavior forms for which including: (a) the traditional multivariate approach (e.gi, Loehlin & sexual dimorphism is highly apparent. Early exposure of female mice to andro- Vandenberg, 1968; Crawford & DeFries, 1978), (b) the genetical covariance gen reduces this dimorphism in different proportions according to genotype. structure approach (e.g., Martin & Eaves, 1977; Fulker, 1978), and (c) the Notably, females of inbred strains BALE /cBy and C57BL/6By which were injected latent variable path model approach (e.g., McArdle, et al, 1980, 1981; Jaspars with propionate of testosterone (1 mg TP in .02 ml oil) at the age of 72 ± 8 h & de Leeuw, 1980). Using WAIS data on MZ and DZ twins from Vandenberg (1968), manifest aggressive behavior towards a standard male at adulthood (respectively we detail: (1) fundamental differences in model specification, (2) 90% and 46% of the total population).. A genetic analysis of this difference alternative algorithms for least squares and maximum likelihood estimation, of sensitivity to testosterone was conducted through the use of recombinant (3) formal procedures for metric and statistical comparison, and (4) the inbred strains of BALB/cBy and C57BL/6By. The results suggest that this sen- decomposition of alternative structure. These comparisons show how RAM may sitivity may be attributed to a polygenic correlate since new phenotypes dif- simply and flexibly provide a foundation for both traditional and novel ferent from both the BALB/cBy and the C57BL/6By appear. Our results differ modeling features. But, in a more general sense, we show that each from those obtained by Vale et al. (1972) with regard to their proportion of alternative multivariate methodology has useful features, and we suggest how aggressive females C57BL/6By (20%). The fact that in the present experiment mixtures of each approach may be appropriate in actual applications. the female mice were injected approximately 18 hours later than in Vale et al. justify the hypothesis of different sensitivity periods for these two (1) Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901. may strains. (2) Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712. 1. Group et Comportements, Laboratoire de Psychologie Differen- (3) This research is supported by NIA Grant ROI-AGO-04704. We thank Steven Genetigue tielle, Universite de Paris V, 45 rue des Saints Peres, 75270 Paris Cedex G. Vandenberg and David R. Saunders for making these data available to us. 06, France. 2. Supported by grants from the CNRS (ERA 79), the EPHE (Laboratoire de Psychologie Differentielle), the CNAM, the University de Paris V. interac- Terrie E. Moffittl and Sarnoff A. Mednick Genetic influence of parental MICHAEL C. NEALE. Temperament in young twins: Models of phenotypic psychiatric illness on violent and recidivistic criminal behavior. tion, genetic and environmental effects. pairs of twins Two groups of individuals of great concern among criminologists and the pub- A study of temperament involving 132 MZ pairs and 170 DZ Institute of Psychiatry. lic alike are chronically recidivistic criminal offenders and violent offend- aged between 3 and 7 years old was conducted at the from ers. It is not unreasonable to expect that some heritable biological predis- The mothers of the twins completed the Behavioral Style Questionnaire factors) were extracted position toward antisocial behavior may characterize these most serious of- which 9 factors and 2 scales (linear combinations of fenders. However, in two studies which have used the adoption method to in- for analysis. Path models involving combinations of parameters representing vestigate the role of genetics in criminal behavior (Bohman, 1978; Mednick, additive genetic, phenotypic interaction, common and specific environmental the Gabrielli, and Hutchings, 1983) criminal behavior in the biological parents effects were fitted to variance-covariance matrices. Results suggest effects did not predict to violence in the adoptee probands. Also, although parental presence of sex differences and competitive phenotypic interaction models, sexes, criminal behavior did predict to chronic offending in the adoptees, there re- for a number of variables. Heritability estimates vary across While mained a majority of chronically offending subjects whose biological parents and variables but generally approximate to 50% of phenotypic variance. of had not engaged in criminal behavior. In view of the facts that family stud- a model involving phenotypic interaction provides a plausible explanation fit of the ies have shown familial psychiatric illness to be related to criminal behav- differences in total variance associated with zygosity, a good ior, and that some psychiatric to other illnesses have been shown to have heritable model by no means excludes other explanations. Attention is drawn components, this study examined the contribution of psychiatric illness in causal mechanisms that may be operating in young twin populations. adoptees' Park, biological backgrounds to their chronic and violent offending in 1. Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Adoption the context of the Danish Project used by Mednick et al. (1983). Re- Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England. sults show that parental psychiaric illness does contribute to offspring's criminal behavior, independently of parental criminal behavior. Very high rates of offending, especially violent offending, were found for offspring of biological parents cross-assortatively mated for criminal behavior and mental illness. Parental diagnosis of personality disorder and substance abuse con- tributed most strongly to adoptee criminal outcome. in PATRICIA L. PECK1 and K. SCHLESINGER1 Idiosyncratic behavior 1. Social Science Research Institute, U. of Southern Angeles, CA. in CA, Los response to d-amphetamine in mice selectively bred to differ 2. This work supported by N.I.J. Graduate Research Fellowship 83-IJ-CX-0030. open-field activity.

Locomotor and stereotypic behaviors were studied in mice bred Equal to differ in open-field activity (Behay. Genet. 8:3, 1978). used. Two numbers of male and female mice, 56±3 days of age, were 10- measures of open-field behavior were obtained, a 3-min and a and groom- DONALD J. NASH! and LAURA JEAN DRASKI Influence of the Microphthalmic White min measure of activity. Rearing, defecation, licking 5, or 10 gene on dominance behavior in mice. ing (stereotypy) were also measured. Mice received 0, 1, mg/kg of d-amphetamine (AMP), 15 min prior to testing. The AMP did not in- Microphthalmic White gene (Miwh) gene in mice produces a number of In animals bred for high activity, H1 & H2, and loco- abnormalities including severe inner ear defects and extreme eye anomalies crease locomotion. At high doses stereotypies increased low activity, Ll including microphthalmia and cataracts. This study examined effects of these motion decreased significantly. In mice bred for sensory deprivations on dominance while also increasing behavior. A congenic inbred strain (ENA) & L2, AMP increased activity at high doses, not increase provided mice that were identical in genetic background except for single- stereotypy. In unselected controls, Cl & C2, AMP did AMP, gene substitutions at the microphthalmic locus. The three genotypes tested locomotion; high doses increased stereotypy. With increasing in Ll & L2 were Miwh /Miwh, and +/+. Pairs of mice were tested for dominance rearings were decreased in H1 & H2 mice, and increased doses of behavior in either a neutral area or in a dominance tube. In comparison with animals. In Cl mice, rearings decreased with increasing de- most other strains, the ENA strain exhibited a low level of isolation-induced AMP; in C2 mice AMP did not change this behavior. Defecation drug. fighting behavior. Presence of the Miwh gene had no significant effect on creased in all lines with increasing doses of the of AMP on nearly aggression in the neutral arena. Results of testing in the dominance tube These experiments demonstrate that the effects of the indicated differences among the genotypes with the homozygous mutant mice all measures of locomotor behavior vary as a function showing more social dominance than the other two genotypes. genotype of the animals being tested. 1. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort 1. Department of Psychology and Institute for Behavioral Collins, CO 80523 Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309. 2. Department of Psychology, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13901. TAMARA J. PHILLIPS' and BRUCE C. DUDEK'. Genetic analyses of the biphasic TREVA RICE Infant precursors of adult cognitive abilities. nature of the ethanol dose response curve. Data from the Colorado Adoption Project suggest that individual differen- Genotype-dependent activating effects of low ethanol (ETOH) doses, as ces in total Bayley Mental Developmental Index (MDI) scores in infancy are re- well as depressant effects at higher doses, have been reported in mice. A lated to adult cognitive abilities. The present report explores this issue of variety of lines of evidence suggest these activating effects as a model for infant precursors of adult cognitive abilities at the level of the Bayley the reward properties of ETOH. Locomotor responses of Long-Sleep (LS) and items rather than the total MDI score. The Bayley test was administered to Short-Sleep (SS) mice to a range of ETOH doses have previously been assessed 182 adopted and 165 nonadopted (control) infants at both 12 and 24 months of and these findings were replicated in the current study for a dose range up age; the biological, adoptive, and control parents of these infants completed to 2.75g/kg. The ETOH- sensitive LS mice were depressed at most doses and the tests which assess general and specific cognitive abilities. Bayley items ETCH-insensitive SS mice were activated at all doses. that yielded significant correlations between the control infants and the We also examined the biphasic dose response function in a diallel cross average cognitive ability scores of their parents were selected. Replications of Au/SsAbg (Au), C57BL/6Abg (B6), DBA/2Abg (D2) and Mus musculus molossinus of these correlations in biological parent/adopted infant or in adoptive par- (MOLD), and in two additional strains, the BALB/cAbg (C) and BALB/cByAbg ent/adopted infant comparisons suggest, respectively, genetic and environmen- (CBy), their reciprocal hybrids and the C by B6 crosses. A 15-minute loco- tal links between aspects of infant mental functioning and adult cognitive motor activity test assessed six doses of ETOH up to 2.75g/kg. Wide differ- abilities. At both 12 and 24 months, the results suggest that some Bayley ences were found among the inbreds with the B6 at one extreme exhibiting only items are related genetically to adult general cognitive ability but not to depression and the MOLD at the other extreme showing large activation at all adult specific cognitive abilities. Language items at 24 months yield signi- doses except 2.5 & 2.75g/kg. The F1 hybrids displayed primarily intermediate ficant adoptive parent/adopted be specific inheritance although child correlations and may in fact some ambidirectional dominance was present. Females to parents' were more activated verbal ability, suggesting the importance of family environment in most genotypes, but there was no evidence for effects of maternal the development of language. We interpret these infant precursors of or sex linkage. A comparison of the 4 inbred strains used in the adult cognitive abilities as different facets of infant functioning with dif- diallel cross with a segregating 4-way cross of these strains suggests a ferent etiologies that happen to be related to adult 1. primarily additive architecture. Interestingly, C mice were more activated 1. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder CO than were the closely related CBy mice suggesting that these strains may be 80309 an appropriate place to look for a major gene effect. 2. Supported in part by NICHD Grant HD-10333. 1. Dept. of Psychology, State Univ of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12222.

CHAIM G. PICK1, and JOSEPH YANAIl. Genetic differences in hippocampal behavior JEFFRY 1 1 2 in mice. RICKER and JERRY HIRSCH ' . Divergent selection for geotaxis spanning 550 generations and genetic analysis in Drosophila melanogaster. The outbred strains HS/Ibg (HS) and SABRA/Huc (S),and the inbred C57BL(C) CBA/Lac (A) and BALB/c .(B) were used Geotaxis, the orientation and movement of individuals with respect to to investigate strain differences in "hippocampal" behaviors. Hippocampal gravity, is measured in Drosophila melanogaster with the mass-classification tests included spontaneous alternation (SA) and eight arm maze performance maze. Intermittent though frequent selection over 550 generations (26 (EAM). Intact male mice were tested on age 41-42 for SA years) has experience days, and for EAM on age 50 to produced two extreme lines which, contrary to all 54 days under conditions of water prior deprivation that commenced on day 43. to 1978, now remain stable upon relaxed selection, but which still In SA test, HS score - which was the highest - received the index 1.00. respond to reverse selection. Genetic analyses have been performed which The comparative scores of the rest of the strains were, S involve hybrid crosses between lines and the fixing of individual chromo- .93, C .86, A .79 and B .73. In EAM test HS had the highest somes (1.00) score for the number of trials needed from the selected lines on an unselected isogenic background to to enter all arms. The rest of assess the strains had the scores of, A their effects. .87, C .76, S .72 and B .58. Thus the correlation across strains 1. Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. between SA and EAM was only r=.335. Further evaluation, using more elaborate 2. Department of Ecology, Ethology, and Evolution, University of Illinois statistical analysis is now being conducted in order to elucidate at Urbana-Champaign. the interrelationship between these two supposedly hippocampal behaviors. Although the number of strains used were small, one may tentatively suggest that outbred strains were not necessarily superior to inbred strains in performance in hippocampal behaviors (EAM). The present data may be used for evaluation of the relationship between different hippocampal behaviors, and in concert with data published in literature and future studies for the evaluation of the relationship between hippocampal behaviors and hippocampal morphology and biochemistry. 1. Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, 91010 Jerusalem, Israel. MARY C. RITZ (1), FRANK R. GEORGE (2). Indomethacin antagonism of ethanol- PIERRE ROUBERTOUX1 Courtship behavior in male guppies Poecilia reticulata induced sleep time: Sex and genotypic factors (3). peters (Pisces poeciilida): Genetic and environmental correlates.

Previous studies have shown that pretreatment with prostaglandin synthe- Two sets of variables describing courtship behavior in male guppies were tase inhibitors (PGSI) significantly decreases the CNS effects of ethanol defined. The first set deals with gonopodial swinging; the second with sig- across the entire ethanol dose-response curve. PGSIs do not affect ethanol moid display. The genetic analysis of the components of variation demonstrates metabolism. These effects have been shown in HS/Ibg, LS/Ibg and SS/Ibg males an additive genetic component for sigmoid display variables. A selection ex- and females; mice which are useful in alcohol research but not widely avail- periment with replicated lines confirms this result: Occurrence of sigmoid able. The present study examined the possibility of similar effects in display responds to bidirectional artificial selections. On the contrary, C57BL/6 and C3H/2 mice of both sexes. PGSI pretreatment significantly gonopodial swinging variables do not have an additive genetic component and as reduced ethanol sleep time across both sexes and genotypes in a dose-depen- expected, do not respond to selection. The two different analyses of pheno- dent manner. Females of both strains required twice the amount of PGSI to typic correlations demonstrate: 1) the set of variables describing gonopodial antagonize ethanol's actions relative to males, a finding which replicates swinging has no common genetic additive variance; 2) the set of variables des- the sex differences seen in our previous studies using the HS, LS and SS cribing sigmoid display has a common additive genetic variance; 3) the two genotypes. Within sex, mice with greater sensitivity to ethanol required sets of variables are genetically independent. Although they have genetic more PGSI to optimally reduce sleep time than less sensitive mice. These correlates, sigmoid display variables also have environmental correlates. Iso- results extend our previous findings to include readily obtained inbred lation decreases the frequency of courtship behavior and particularly of sig- strains of mice. The data support our hypothesis that one of ethanol's pri- moid displays. Gonopodial swinging is also correlated with the same environ- mary mechanisms of action in the CNS is to increase the synthesis of prosta- mental variables. gland ins. 1. Groupe Genetique et Comportements, Universite de Paris V, 45 rue des Saints Peres, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France. 1. Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Dight Institute for Human 2. Supported by Grants from the CNRS (ERA 79), the EPHE (Laboratoire de Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455. Psychologie Differentielle), the CNAM, and the Universit6 de Paris V. 2. Department of Psychiatry and Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Dight Institute for Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455. 3. Supported by NIMH grant 1T1MH10679 (FRG, MCR) and NIAAA grant AA-06104 to Frank R. George.

1 1 PIERRE ROUBERTOUX, M. CARLIER. Differences between NZB and CBA/H on intermale aggression: maternal effect and/ or Y chromosome effect? 1 H. L. ROSS and T. T. FOCH1,2 The genetics of catch-up growth: A preliminary NZB (N) males display a higher frequency of attacking behavior than report. CBA/H-T6 (H) male mice in a dyadic test where the standard opponent is an A/jax male. The reciprocal Fl differs (HNF1 attacks more than NHF1). The results of Concepts about the control and regulation of individual development such cross-fostering experiment led us to reject the hypothesis of a post-natal as canalization or homeorhesis are enjoying new popularity in developmental maternal effect. The two remainning hypotheses: prenatal maternal effect and Y psychology, but little is known empirically about such dynamic control pro- chromosome effect were tested by classical mendelian crosses performed on nor- cesses. Catch-up growth, the return to a normal or nearly normal developmen- mal females, and on Fl female mice having received N and H ovary transplants. tal trajectory following severe growth restriction early in life, promises 1. Groupe Genetique et Comportements, Universite de Paris V, 45 rue des to be an interesting model for studying the genetic basis of developmental ' Saints Peres, 75270 Paris Cedex 06 France. processes. Using a within-litter control design, we are currently studying 2. Supported by Grants from the CNRS (ERA 79), the EPHE (Laboratoire de catch-up growth in DEA/2 and C57BL/6 mice, their hybrid Fl and F2 genera- Psychologie Differentielle), the CNAM, the Universite de Paris V, and tions and backcrosses. After weaning at 20 days of age, restricted mice are the Universite de Paris X. allowed only two days of ad libitum feeding before caloric intake is sharply curtailed to maintain weights within 1.0 and 2.0 grams of their weaning weights for a period of 19 days. Early results reveal substantial heterosis in that hybrids manifest dramatically accelerated growth during the first few days of recovery and reach control levels within 15 days. Inbred mice re- cover and eventually reach control weights but do not exhibit markedly accel- erated rates of growth during the recovery period. Data from backcross gen- erations should be available soon and will permit a complete biometrical analysis of the growth curves and of the catch-up phenomenon. 1. Intercollegiate Genetics Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802. 2. Individual and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, Univer- sity Park, PA 16802. J. PHILIPPE RUSHTON. Do "r" and "K" apply to individual differences in DAVID G. SCOTT and R. C. RICHMOND1 The effect of Esterase 6 on humans? the early remating of Drosophila melanogaster females.

An hypothetical continuum exists between two extreme reproductive Recent experiments have indicated that Esterase 6 (EST 6) may strategies. At one end is the "r" strategy where many eggs are produced but reduce the attractiveness of mated D. melanogaster females at little investment of energy is made in any one. Oysters, producing 500 million about 6 h post-mating. However, this effect does not always eggs a year, exemplify this extreme. At the other end is the "K" strategy, occur. In subsequent experiments, using EST 6 strains that were where few eggs are produced but a large investment of energy is made in each. more completely isogenic than those used in the first The great apes, producing only one infant every 5 or 6 years, exemplify this experiments, we mated females to EST 6s and EST 6 males and extreme. The r/K continuum organizes disparate data on several correlated tested the ability of the females to elicit courtship at 2, 4, 6, characteristics pertaining to between-species differences, including: number 8 and 10 h post-mating. These experiments were repeated using of offspring produced, degree of parental care, rate of development, reproduc- females of two different genotypes. No EST 6 effect was found tive precocity, life-span, and body size. It is proposed that the r/K for mated females of either of the two genotypes. During the continuum also applies to within-species differences. Among humans, experiments, one of the female types remated within the 10 minute individual differences on a variety of personality traits which have been courtship trials at a frequency of about 10%. By mating these shown to be heritable (e.g. activity-level, aggression, altruism, extraversion, females to males of different EST 6 genotypes, we were able to intelligence, and strength of sex drive) may relate to individual differences resolve a significant EST 6 effect on the frequency of remating in r and K. at 6 h post-mating. By 18 h after mating, only a residual EST 6 1. Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, effect remained. The effect did not appear at 6 h for females Canada, N6A 5C2. mated to sterile males, indicating an interaction between sperm and EST 6. 1. Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington IN 47405. 2.This research was supported by an NIH Genetics Training Grant DGS and NIH and NSF research grants to RCR. 1 1 1 1 THOMAS F. SAWYER , ANNE HENGEHOLD , WILLIAM PEREZ , and JULIE SCHLAUG . Genotypic and memory effects on social investigation in male inbred mice.

C57BL/6J, CBA/J, and DBA/2J adult male mice were tested for their social investigatory behavior directed toward juvenile BALB/cByJ males. systems. Ten minutes before each behavioral test a five minute exposure to one of J. P. SCOTT. Evolution of social and behavioral the following conditions occurred, with subjects repeated across all of of social behavior in a counterbalanced fashion: (1) exposure to the same Any comprehensive theory of the evolution the conditions theories: BALB juvenile the subject was to be tested with, (2) exposure to a BALB and organization must be consistent with 2 interlocking I have discussed different from the one the subject was to be tested with, (3) exposure genetic theory of evolution and systems theory. the principal to an A/J juvenile, or (4) exposure to a control co4dition in which the the consequences of the former elsewhere; and the field was unoccupied. The results indicated a significant effect of the consequences of systems theory relate to feedback of organization. In F(3,99) = 28.48, p < .001. Further analyses revealed inter- relatedness of phenomena at all levels pretest condition, processes that after exposure to condition one subjects engaged in substantially a species with a high degree of social organization, from 3 less investigation of the juvenile than following the other conditions, producing differential survival (selection) proceed systems including while neither condition two nor three differed from the control. While general sources: its own social system, biotic The principal this pattern was consistent for all three strains, there was an effect an overall ecosystem, and physical systems. is to protect its = 29.81, p < .001, as DBA males showed much higher evolutionary function of a social system of genotype, F(2,33) from the CBA or C57BL males for all conditions. The constituent entities (indviduals bearing genotypes) levels of investigation than its own of investigation when the subjects later two (often by modifying them), but also to protect finding of reduced persistance only Thus there with the same juvenile to which they were previously exposed, existence through modification of social behavior. were tested processes on all of a memory for the particular individual. Factqrs are reciprocal relationships among evolutionary suggests the presence Genetics are which may be mediating this social memory, such as olfactory cues, will be levels. The principal consequences for Behavior a framework for discussed, as will the social and evolutionary implications of the results. enhancing intra-species variation and providing analyzing the genetics of social behavior. 1. Psychology Department, North Central College, Naperville, IL 60566. SUSAN L, SMALLEY1, 2 1,3 AoLo THOMPSON , Ko NEISWANGER 3 , and MoAo SPENCE MARLA B. SOKOLOWSKI1, SHARON J. BAUER1 and VIRGINIA WAI- PING1. Microhabitat Identifying the 'spatial gene': Linkage analysis of a Gestalt completion task. variation in natural pupation sites of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetic influences on cognitive abilities, particularly spatial ability, Drosophila melanogaster pupae were collected from the following four have been the focus of numerous studies in recent years. We measured a large microhabitats in a pear orchard: 1) on the upper surface of the fruit, on the pedigree of 78 individuals on several psychometric variables and a battery of skin, 2) on the lower surface of the fruit, on the skin, 3) under the fruit, genetic markers, including PTC tasting ability, Using a single measure of on the ground and, 4) under the fruit, in the ground. In order to determine spatial ability, the Gestalt completion task, we examined the pedigree for the relationship between natural pupation sites and laboratory measures of an association of the spatial task with PTC tasting ability. In contrast to prepupal behaviour, 'pupation height' (the distance a larva pupated from the a recent study which reported a significant association of PTC tasting ability surface of were measured on the and two spatial the medium) and larval foraging path length tasks, we found no association of PTC tasting ability and progeny spatial ability derived from each of these collections. A simple relationship as measured by the Gestalt completion task. We next examined between genetic the behavior of pupae found in these four microhabitats and laboratory influences on spatial ability as measured by the Gestalt completion measures of larval and prepupal behavior was evident. Both pupal height and task. Several lines of investigation have indicated that genetic variation path length in spatial ability is due, significantly increased from microhabitats one to four. The in part, to a major gene effect. Findings are selective equivocal as to whether advantage of microhabitat variation for pupation sites will be the major gene lies on the X chromosome or an auto- discussed somal chromosome. in the light of pupal parasitoids. We examined the mode of inheritance of the Gestalt 1. Department of Biology, York University, Downsview, Ontario, Canada M3J completion task in the pedigree using a pedigree analysis program, GENPED. 1P3. Following the pedigree analysis, we attempted to identify the chromosome 2. location of the 'spatial Supported by an NSERC University Research Fellowship to M. B. S. gene" using a linkage analysis program, LIPED, and 30 genetic markers in the pedigree. Results from these analyses will be discussed, 1. Department of Anthropology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, 20 Brain Works, 464 W, Broadway, N.Y., N.Y. 10012, Retardation 3, Mental Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, RICHARD E. STAFFORD' and WILLIAM F. BROWNE2 Evidence for a hereditary component in an observational task obtained from a twin study.

Spatial visualization has been found to have a gender difference with males averaging higher than females, and while perceptual speed also appears Roy H. Smith]: A multiple-measure to have a gender difference, here females have been found to aver- analysis of the behavioral effects of drift in a population of wild Mus musculus. age higher than males. Both of these aptitudes have been shown to have hereditary components. What about the ability to observe material pre- sented Three "randomly bred" non-selected populations on a screen? Thirty-one male twin pairs (15 DZ, 16 MZ), and thirty of wild mice originating six female from a single founding population were given twin pairs (17 DZ, 19 MZ) were tested with detailed material a battery of nineteen measures flashed to test for differences among the populations on a screen for 15 seconds. Each slide consisted of two halves due to drift. Two major popu- of lations, separated for fifteen generations, identical combinations of letters with one exception, one letter on were maintained in the laboratory one at an effective breeding side was missing, the job being to spot the missing letter. level of twenty-four pairs. One of these was further divided for the last ten Females averaged significantly higher than males in their ability generations into two sublines, each with an effective breeding level of to identify the missing letter within the given time limit. An F test of twelve pairs. Thus the effects of differing population were size the DZ/MZ significant, indi- compared with effects of different times ratio of the within pair variances was also of separation. Twelve of the cating measures showed differences between there is evidence that this ability has a hereditary component. at least two of the populations. The two smaller populations separated Comparisons with the aptitudes for spatial visualization and perceptual for ten generations showed as many differences as did the speed are discussed along with some implications for education. larger populations separated for fifteen generations.

1. Department 1. Department of Psychology, Bridgewater State College, Bridgewater MA 02324 of Psychology, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401. 2. Department of Education, Indiana University East, Richmond IN 47374 2. Full sib matings were specifically excluded. 1 MARK 2 3 lines selected for LEE ANNE THOMPSON and ROBERT PLOMIN1 An adoption study of infant Bayley VARGO' and JERRY HIRSCH ' . Genetic analyses of factors and adult cognitive abilities. central excitation in Drosophila melanogaster.

Previous publications emanating from the Colorado Adoption Project have Central excitatory state (CES), the increased probability of a proboscis reported significant resemblance between parental IQ and Bayley MDI scores of extension reflex to a water stimulus following sucrose stimulation compared their infant offspring. The present study compared rotated factor scores to one preceding sucrose, has been demonstrated in D. melanogaster. CES proboscis based on MDI items--Means-End, Imitation and Verbal Skill factors at 12 months, has been shown to be correlated with classical conditioning of the and Lexical, Spatial, Verbal and Imitation factors at 24 months--for 182 extension reflex in both the blow fly, Phormia regina, and D. melanogaster. CES adopted infants and 164 nonadopted infants to their biological, adoptive and Hybrid and chromosome analyses of lines of D. melanogaster selected for nonadoptive parents' IQ and specific cognitive abilities. Only minimal revealed that (1) the dominance component for CES shifted across generations resemblance was observed between 12-month infant scores and parental cognitive of selection from low expression being partially dominant to high expression abilities. At 24 months, the Spatial and Lexical scores of the infants were being partially dominant, (2) at least two chromosomes, Numbers II and III, related to parents' IQ, but not to their specific cognitive abilities. Sig- are correlated with CES expression, and (3) for the low line, Numbers II and nificant correlations between infants' Spatial scores at 24 months and III are both necessary for low expression, suggesting an epistatic interaction. parental IQ were observed for both the nonadoptive parents and the biological 1. Department of Genetics and Development, University of Illinois at parents, which suggests that individual differences in spatial ability at Urbana-Champaign. 24 months of age are genetically related to individual differences in adult 2. Department of Ecology, Ethology, and Evolution, University of Illinois IQ. at Urbana-Champaign. 1. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 3. Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 80309. 2. Supported by NICHD Grant HD-10333, NSF Grant BNS-8200310, and NIMH Train- ing Grant MH-16880.

VAYSSE, G.; SANZ, J.G.; MARENCO, M.J.; GALISSIE, M.; ANTONIOU, A. A psychophar- macogenetic approach in Drosophila melanogaster. It has been shown in insects that behaviour is affected by the level of chimical STEVEN G. VANDENBERG. Marker-X, a new cause of mental retardation: A review. mediator synthetization. According to this approach: - courtship behaviour components are observed within virgin couples, the male having A non-staining region near the end of the long arm of chromosome X is been previously paired -or not- with a non receptive female. Beyong this probable associated with moderate to severe mental retardation in males, as well as en- learning in a natural situation, the learning process is studied through larged testes (macro-orchidism) in many of these males. In heterozygous fe- conditionning of the tarsal reflex inhibition; males, selective inactivation of the normal X, leaving the abnormal X active, - the effect of different treatments affecting the synthetization of serotonin can produce moderate retardation. For that reason it is unclear whether the (5-HT), as well as other neurotransmitters is considered; pattern of inheritance should be called recessive or.dominant, or perhaps part- - moreover, a comparison between an European and an African strains is perfor- dominant. med. 1. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO The results support the hypothesis of a differential action of 5-HT on various 80309. mechanisms underlying the behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster ( a stronger effect in the conventionnal conditionning situation than in making up sexual experience). Interactions between genotype and environmental treatments are disclosed

Laboratoire de Psychophysiologie, Universite P. Sabatier, Toulouse, 31062, FRANCE. 7

GEORGE P. VOGLER1 and J. C. DeFRIES. Bivariate path analysis of reading per- .ire/e, formance and symbol-processing speed in nuclear families. Ldi A bivariate path model which incorporates measures of phenotypic assorta- tive mating and cross-assortative mating is formulated for the analysis of fa- Cu milial resemblance for two characters in nuclear families (parents and at least 'eeide2c one child). The phenotypic correlation (rp) between two characters is parti- tioned into components due to transmissible familial (genetic and/or between- family environmental) influences and specific, nontransmissible (within-family) //c z_ environmental influences--i.e., rp = fxfyrF + exeyrE, where f is the square root of familiality, e is the square root of within-family environmentality, and rF and rE are familial and within-family environmental correlations, re- spectively. The model is applied to the joint transmission of reading perfor- r,4e1-e-1 mance and symbol-processing speed in 121 families with a reading-disabled 4et child (RD) and in 122 control families (C) with children of normal reading cS 04-4 ability. Maximum likelihood estimates of f for reading performance are 0.67 ± 0.06 (RD families) and 0.54 ± 0.08 (C families). For symbol-processing speed, f = 0.58 ± 0.07 (RD) and 0.60 ± 0.07 (C). = 0.64 ± 0.16 (RD) and 0.74 ± Cc 4aA 0.18 (C), whereas rE = 0.33 ± 0.10 (RD) and 0.24 ± 0.10 (C). Thus, more than half of the phenotypic correlation between reading performance and symbol- processing speed is due to familial influences. The adequate fit of the model to data from control families (x2 = 55.4, df = 44, p = 0.12) but not to data from families of reading-disabled children (x2 = 90.5, df = 42, p< 0.001) suggests that reading disability may be etiologically heterogeneous. 1. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309. 2. Supported by grants from the Spencer Foundation and NICHD (HD-11681). ti/r/6-t,

5(ai) 6713S-23 (-ti) 71 9336 (11)