CICAS: Toward a Critical Framework of Information Literacy in Addiction Science

Please do not remove this page

CICAS: Toward a critical framework of information literacy in Addiction Science

Bejarano, William; Ward, Judit Hajnal https://scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/discovery/delivery/01RUT_INST:ResearchRepository/12643430900004646?l#13643522700004646

Bejarano, W., & Ward, J. H. (2016). CICAS: Toward a critical framework of information literacy in Addiction Science. In Substance Abuse Library and Information Studies (Vol. 3, Issue 1, pp. 33–41). Rutgers University. https://doi.org/10.7282/T37M0B9N

This work is protected by copyright. You are free to use this resource, with proper attribution, for research and educational purposes. Other uses, such as reproduction or publication, may require the permission of the copyright holder. Downloaded On 2021/09/30 13:31:45 -0400 Substance Abuse Library and Information Studies: Proceedings of the 38th Annual SALIS / AMHL Conference

CICAS: Toward a critical framework of information literacy in Addiction Science William Bejarano Center of Alcohol Studies Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Judit H. Ward Center of Alcohol Studies Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

Abstract

This paper is an attempt to suggest a critical framework for addiction information literacy. Since the ACRL information literacy standards were updated in 2015, our field is in need of guidelines about how to translate its general principles to meet the special needs of our diverse audiences. The authors wish to identify the unique application of the ACRL standards to the field of addiction science. An applied and transdisciplinary science requires a particular emphasis on evaluating sources and a special regard for the sensitive nature of the information sought. The authors' exploratory information literacy sessions have been presented in various settings with researchers ranging from post-docs to distinguished professors; counselors at the bachelors, masters, and continuing education levels; undergraduate and graduate students; and the general public. This presentation draws upon these sessions and calls for the collective effort of substance abuse librarians to provide both a general overview and specific customized training programs for our distinctive field.

Keywords Information literacy, Addiction Science, Infrastructure

competencies it had first developed in 2000. Introduction ACRL defines this framework as a “set of In 2015, the Association of College & frames, or lenses, through which to view Research Libraries (ACRL) updated its information literacy, each of which includes a definition of the information literacy (IL) concept central to information literacy,

Substance Abuse Library and Information Studies: Proceedings of the 38th Annual SALIS / AMHL Conference

knowledge practices, and dispositions” Abuse Librarians and Information Specialists (Association of College and Research (SALIS), devoted to information professionals Libraries, n.d.). Contrasting the 2015 in the field. Similarly, and on a larger scale, definition with that from 2000, the NAADAC is a professional organization that association has moved beyond the basic allows for the communication of essential “need—search—find—use” understanding of information to alcohol counselors and others information, and instead places a greater who aim to translate knowledge into practice. emphasis on its creation, its value, and the INCASE, the International Coalition for ethical standards surrounding it. It is Addiction Studies Education, deals with essential for those in the information educational standards in the field. The profession, particularly in the heart of the International Society of Addiction Journal information age, to carefully articulate a Editors (ISAJE) meets annually to discuss the general set of competencies for themselves trends, challenges, and opportunities of the and their constituencies. This new framework publishing arm of the field. The Research serves as a petition to develop this Society on Alcoholism (RSA) and the Society understanding and customize it for the for the Study of Addiction (SSA) are just two various academic and professional settings in of the many international organizations which it may be useful. comprising the field’s top researchers. And The Addiction Science field is in a prime one of the most promising organizations is historical and logistical position to rapidly the emergent International Confederation of adopt a set of IL guidelines, should they be ATOD Research Associations, or ICARA, which properly developed. In terms of history, the aims to serve as the umbrella organization or field has had a strong affiliation with the meta-society to which the rest of the field can information profession since its modern adhere. Such a highly organized set of inception in the late 1930s and early 1940s. societies offers an opportunity to quickly and The Center of Alcohol Studies, the first efficiently disseminate protocols and interdisciplinary research center devoted to standards, as evidenced by instances like the alcohol and its problems, owes its existence 1997 Farmington Consensus, which in no small part to a project funded by the established some shared procedural and Carnegie Corporation to the Research Council ethical “ground rules” for addiction journals on Problems of Alcohol, designed to review, (Edwards, Holder, West, & Babor, 1997). abstract, and organize the alcohol literature With this opportunity ahead of us, let us to date (Jellinek, 1941). Because the field now turn to a brief explanation of each of the emerged from the academic dark ages of the six ACRL IL frames, and how they are post-prohibition era, it was essential that the currently applied and might be further alcohol question not be resolved simply by developed in the various addiction appealing to moral arguments, but that professions. What follows is merely a enough information should be made available thumbnail sketch of each frame, and is by no to take reasonable, fully informed action on means comprehensive or exhaustive. The aim the matter. Thus, its early founders Norman of this article is to serve as a beginning point, Joliffe, Howard Haggard, E. M. Jellinek, and a discussion starter, with some ideas and a Mark Keller placed a strong emphasis on a few concrete examples of how we might systematic, organized, and sustainable redefine our roles in a rapidly changing documentation process, one that was wholly profession within a rapidly growing field. original and unique to this nascent field. Second, addiction science is well- Frame 1: Authority is organized along professional lines, which constructed and contextual even a cursory look at the landscape makes Because addiction science is a evident. Readers of this publication are likely multidisciplinary—oftentimes familiar with the association of Substance

Substance Abuse Library and Information Studies: Proceedings of the 38th Annual SALIS / AMHL Conference

trans disciplinary—field of science, experts claim to the person making it, and by spanning the academic spectrum often extension to that person’s educational attempt to work in harmony to address the background, experience in the field, previous public health issue of alcohol and drug use work on the topic at hand, organization from several perspectives (Fuqua, Stokols, represented, etc. And with an understanding Gress, Phillips, & Harvey, 2004). Inherent in a about the various venues to which one’s field made up of several disciplines is the online presence is established, particularly in question of who can speak with authority on academia, these bona fides can typically be the broad topic of addiction. The various compiled and evaluated in a fairly disciplines that make up the field lead to a comprehensive way. Consider the rapidly multitude of perspectives, equally emerging venues for researcher profiles, authoritative, and arguments from one which have had major implications on discipline may very well conflict with, if not scholarly communication and how outright contradict, those from another. researchers are perceived outside of their When addiction is understood through a fairly stagnant and cautiously curated CVs psychological or sociological lens, the focus is (Ward, Bejarano, & Dudas, 2015). A working often on cultural or individual motivations to knowledge of this landscape can lead to a use substances. Simultaneously, addiction better understanding of the more popular research is taking place in the natural scholarly social media tools and their unique sciences, applying the principles of biology, uses, such as ResearchGate, ORCID, chemistry, or genetics to the issue. Further, Academia.edu, Mendeley, and MyNCBI, to law and policy play an enormous role in name but a few. shaping the culture and structure that may This of course raises the question of why lead to addictions, so understanding the you should be listening to the authors of this socioeconomic and legal frameworks are piece. By what or whose authority can we important. Other disciplines can easily be support our claim that online profiles are an added into this mix—an expert philosopher, important and useful way to verify one’s anthropologist, historian, or even information authority, and thus worth paying attention scientist all see the problem through their to? A cursory look at our online presence unique lenses. What is ultimately essential to might lead one to our profiles from LinkedIn, anyone working in the field in any capacity is ResearchGate, or PubMed. Advanced degrees to know what discipline any individual in linguistics and in labor and employment argument is grounded in, and understand that relations appear, which may give pause, as the idea of authority in this field is a these are seemingly irrelevant to this topic! constantly shifting concept, ultimately But a little further investigating will show dependent on who is speaking, on that library and information science degrees, person’s educational and experiential which perhaps lends some credibility. What background, and in what context that person should also emerge is a consistent pattern of is speaking. As an example, nothing precludes documented experience working intimately a psychologist from making a claim about the with addiction research faculty, instructors, role of information in addiction, but that counselors, journal editors, and other person’s authority on the subject is likely to information professionals to assess and meet be eclipsed by someone more heavily specific information needs. At the risk of invested in that particular aspect of the field, singing our own praises, we could venture to and vice versa. say that these credentials should serve to at As a way of applying this principle to least meet the minimal requirements of practice, an understanding of the concept of authority on this narrow topic. online presence is important. When someone makes a claim, be it in a scholarly or popular forum, it behooves the reader to attach that

Substance Abuse Library and Information Studies: Proceedings of the 38th Annual SALIS / AMHL Conference

Frame 2: Information creation as exploding in form and function, it is always of a process the utmost importance to know how the information being provided was created. With our credentials established, we A peer-reviewed journal, because of its move on to the second frame, which may be inherent conservative and deliberate the most relevant to librarians and methods of creating and distributing information professionals—namely, information, is considered the gold standard understanding and articulating the processes in terms of credibility. An article found in a involved in information creation. Librarians’ magazine, while not peer-reviewed, likely had unique skill set allows for the evaluation of to at least go through some editorial process. the infrastructure of the knowledge base. Of Things like social media accounts or personal particular interest in the era of the Social Web blogs are often directly posted with no is that most everyone is now both a consumer intermediaries. By stressing the process of and contributor of content, and information information in each of these cases, it becomes no longer travels primarily in a single clearer what is behind the final product, and direction. Information is now more than ever how much trust one can put in its claims. an iterative, self-perpetuating cycle, building Confusing the matter more, expert upon itself, including in the health sciences, researchers are often represented on popular which includes the study of addiction health blogs, providing their opinion on (Thackeray, Neiger, Hanson, & McKensie, addiction-related topics. A keen eye is 2008). The evaluation of the innumerable necessary to distinguish between the degree knowledge creators (harkening back to of authority of different types of texts, which Frame 1), and understanding the use of can often come from the same author. different voices in the scholarly and popular Further complicating matters are the conversation (foreshadowing Frame 5) is levels of credibility established within each of paramount. Particularly in a field as sensitive these admittedly overly broad categories. For and widespread as addiction science, it is example, what exactly constitutes a peer- crucial to be able to detect, tease out, and reviewed journal? There is no one definition evaluate each step of the information creation of peer review. Some journals demand peer process, in all of its forms. review be blinded, while others advocate for This frame is a useful one, because reviewers to be transparent (Van Rooyen, information products can be distinguished Godlee, Evans, Black, & Smith, 1999). and organized by the ways they are created. Arguments arise over the definition of a One of the first lessons that CAS provides to “peer,” over its effectiveness, and whether it undergraduates is the ability to distinguish is reaching its ultimate aims (Smith, 2006). between popular and scholarly materials. This is to say nothing of so-called “predatory Even though a scholarly journal may publishers” who may shirk peer review physically look like a magazine, the processes altogether. And there has of late been a focus generating them vary by leaps and bounds, on some of the issues in academic publishing which ultimately determines how each that in years past were considered to have should be evaluated. To an established been minor at best in the perceived self- researcher, of course, this fact should be correcting world of science, including obvious. But the addiction science field does plagiarism and fabricated data. This has led to not begin and end with scholarly research. some resources devoted solely to the process Counselors, educators, and everyday citizens of scholarly knowledge creation and its are not usually getting their health issues, such as the Society for Scholarly information directly from scholarly research, Publishing ( sspnet.org/ ), its subsequent blog but instead through popular media formats The Scholarly Kitchen like the daily news, magazines, or curated (scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/ ), and the more websites. And because these venues are narrowly-focused but incredibly useful

Substance Abuse Library and Information Studies: Proceedings of the 38th Annual SALIS / AMHL Conference

academic watchdog site Retraction Watch called “Big Deals,” which package journals (retractionwatch.com ). together and charge a flat fee. These packages These are but a few examples of a much often include journals that a library might broader concept, but the important takeaway otherwise not subscribe to, and is a shift that is that by focusing on the process of has been criticized on many grounds, information creation, one can potentially spot including potential antitrust violations (Edlin potential systemic issues at their root cause, & Rubinfeld, 2004). This animosity has in no which can lead to more sustainable processes small way contributed to the emergence of in the future. the Open Access movement. But the OA model also treats information Frame 3: Information has value as a commodity. The theory is of course that The explosion of information via the the products of often publicly-funded internet has created myriad ways to use research initiatives ought to be available to information. Information is valuable the public, free of charge. Presumably there inasmuch as it is a commodity, in its is a vetting process and editorial board and educational and influential value, or in the all the other accoutrements of subscription general enlightenment and understanding it journals, but the money to fund this process can provide. For the sake of brevity, we will often comes from the authors (via their discuss only the first of these values— grants or directly from their pockets) or the information being used to generate revenue, institutions paying for the privilege of being and a few of the ways it impacts academic seen and shared. The value in this model is research. that, unfettered by pay walls, proliferation and dissemination of information is fast. The Information as a commodity danger in this model is the potential conflict Perhaps the most obvious example of of interest that arises when it becomes more information being used as a commodity is in profitable to publish a higher quantity of the subscription model of academic journals articles. The emergence of “predatory and databases. To fully understand this use, publishers,” those who publish with very low we must ask why these institutions charge a standards, presumably with a profit motive, fee for information that is so often publicly has been an unfortunate consequence of this funded. Part of the answer can be determined model, and the addiction field is not immune by building off of Frame 2, looking again at (Babor & Ward, in press). the process of disseminating high quality, For a more general information-as- well-organized information for maximum commodity example, there is of course discoverability. Editing, copy-editing, peer- Google’s model. Put simply and admittedly review, vetting, indexing, typesetting, file superficially, this model is funded by format conversion, and all of the rigorous advertiser dollars. The more clicking and (perhaps tedious) work necessary in moving around on the web, the more money producing a top-quality product comes at a is generated. Quality is sacrificed for cost, with some estimates ranging around efficiency, which encourages a very $3,500-4,000 per article (Van Noorden, superficial interaction with information (Carr, 2013). The cost involved is not always 2008). monetary (some of the work is technically Copyright law and policies are important free, e.g., peer review), but a not insignificant to understand in this context. While time commitment is also required to produce sometimes Google and Open Access journals a worthwhile product. are presented as a panacea, some of the very Some publishing companies may take best information available is still found in advantage of the leverage they have, leading journals and books that require a to skyrocketing subscription rates and so- subscription or appear only in physical form. A major part of information literacy is in the

Substance Abuse Library and Information Studies: Proceedings of the 38th Annual SALIS / AMHL Conference

understanding of what value libraries and established. Advanced training can be even information centers can add to the research provided for lesser known items, such as grey process, not only as intermediaries to match literature. the best information to the user’s needs, but Once the resources have been identified, also as subject experts on how information it is equally important to learn how to best can be accessed, used, and displayed within use them. A primer on basic principles of the legal limits. Copyright is a complex law, searching ought to be given, including setting attempting to foster creativity and search strategies (see Frame 6), an productivity through policies that give understanding of taxonomies and controlled incentive to knowledge and information vocabularies, how best to balance between creators, while ensuring the maximum access precision and recall of search results, and possible without infringing on their rights. when to use more advanced techniques like footnote chasing. Perhaps most important in Frame 4: Research as inquiry this process is the understanding that Just as information creation is a process research is an iterative process, in which the (Frame 2), so is information seeking. Anyone information gained from preliminary involved in the addiction field ought to be searches should be productive, and lead to familiar with this process. Perhaps the best more refined and targeted searches as the way to articulate this peculiar phrasing of process evolves. Further, the knowledge that “research as inquiry” is to distinguish a single concept can be represented by a between searching and researching . In multitude of search terms, or conversely, a librarian parlance, the former is usually single search term represented by a presented as “ready reference” questions— multitude of concepts, is essential. And the that is, searching for known items. The latter, method of organizing these concepts and however, can be understood as the backbone their corresponding terms is as multitudinous of this entire endeavor to support a common as the indexes available. sense set of Addiction Information Literacy Finally, the evaluation and organization of competencies. these results should be approached in a First, those in the field should be aware of systematic manner. The evaluation of an the best group of resources for the topic of article, website, or other research product is addiction, how to access them, and where to partly tied to Frame 1 (authority), but that is find more. For example, when training best just the first “A” in the oft-used library research practices at the Center of Alcohol teaching tool, the CRAAP test, an acronym Studies, it is imperative that our students which also covers the assessment of said walk away with a solid understanding of product’s currency, relevance, accuracy, and particular databases that address addiction purpose (Wichowski & Kohl, 2012). And once and to which Rutgers University has access these items have been vetted, the next step is (in our case, we use PsycINFO, Academic how to properly store and organize them for Search Premier, and MEDLINE). Additionally, use. We strongly advocate the use of a there are numerous open access and reference management tool, be it RefWorks, governmental resources that those in the field Zotero, EndNote, or Mendeley, to name but a should be familiar with, including the few. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Training in this area cannot realistically Administration (SAMHSA) along with its Data be more than a crash course in this frame, as Archive (SAMHDA), MEDLINE Plus, and the the bulk of the information profession is PubMed and PubMed Central databases. A dedicated to it. We can provide a general primer on the benefits (free!) and drawbacks overview of how information is organized, (often poorly organized or curated) of using particularly in databases but also on the web free databases like these should be and in print material, and how to go about accessing these information sources, and we

Substance Abuse Library and Information Studies: Proceedings of the 38th Annual SALIS / AMHL Conference

can customize training sessions according to science, but can also be translated into a lay our audience, but ultimately, a successful summary for these audiences. The session focusing on this frame should result information division, ideally, would be in an understanding that the information entrusted to assess the needs of each of the profession exists for a reason, and at best will populations being served, and provide serve to point out that the recipient often customized services to further optimize does not know what he or she does not know. performance. The latter would potentially have the luxury of being able to take a “big Frame 5: Scholarship as picture” view and analysis of the field, as it is conversation not beholden to any one specific part of it. Our specialty as information professionals Scholarship can be thought of as an lies in not having a specialty , and we should ongoing and endless conversation, as it is use this unique position to determine the built on the past, and its products of inquiry field’s direction, gaps, needs, and future are developed alongside peers. Information directions. and knowledge are not produced in a vacuum, but rely upon the input of those who have come before and those simultaneously Frame 6: Searching as strategic pursuing similar topics, while being designed exploration for future generations to further build upon. The final frame can be seen as the This frame correlates strongly with the fulfillment of Frame 4 (Research as Inquiry). concept of translational science, in which The strategy of a search ultimately depends research is used in future research, in clinical on the type of investigation taking place. Once practice, in everyday life, or in setting policy. an inquiry is articulated, its scope, direction, Because research is disseminated to so and type must be defined. Selecting the many diverse populations, this “conversation” database or sources of information and takes place in a variety of venues. A core developing search terms, understanding the competency of this frame is the ability to field’s typical terminology and potential understand one’s audience before, during, synonyms depending on the database used, and after designing a research agenda. For and more knowledge practices and example, if the subject at hand is oriented to dispositions should come to the researcher peers (e.g., this article directed to fellow over time. substance abuse librarians) then an assumed As mentioned at the top of this article, the base level of knowledge on the topic can be addiction field comprises several disciplines, assumed, and one can delve a bit deeper into so in order to adequately run a systematic a topic, using insider terminology and field- review within the current landscape of specific jargon. resources available, one must comb through But a piece of scholarship is only fully multiple domain-specific databases. Beyond understood when placed into the context of the three core databases mentioned earlier the larger whole. The Center of Alcohol (PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Academic Search Studies, for example, is organized by division, Premier), a comprehensive search might also with research working as a separate entity require a user to explore Biometical from education & training, which itself is Reference Collection, SCOPUS, ScienceDirect, separate from the information services Web of Science, Westlaw, LexisNexis, and division and its publication arm. Researchers even open resources such as Google Scholar often speak to other researchers. Education & and the aforementioned government-run training attempts to translate research for websites. Due to the differing coverages of practicing addiction professionals, including these databases, there is unfortunately not a counselors and clinicians. Publication of lot of overlap in their respective results. scholarly material is meant to advance While there is no one true signal for when a

Substance Abuse Library and Information Studies: Proceedings of the 38th Annual SALIS / AMHL Conference

search has been exhausted, a good sign is science. In order to conceptualize each frame when redundancies begin to appear even (Authority Is Constructed and Contextual; when using different search terms and Information Creation as a Process; searching within different databases. Because Information Has Value; Research as Inquiry; these redundancies tend to be few among Scholarship as Conversation, and Searching these databases, one can never be certain that as Strategic Exploration), the IL Standards all of the most relevant literature has been were interpreted and evaluated in terms of found on a particular topic. their prospective application in addiction The full realization of this frame in the science and demonstrated by multiple addiction field would ideally be a one-stop examples from the field. database for the information needs of an Translating the frames into addiction addiction researcher. While no database can science indicates a strong potential if adopted claim to be entirely exhaustive, such a tool as guidelines in the research process. A group could go a long way toward making research uniquely positioned to facilitate adding value in the field more efficient, and simplifying the to research by promoting addiction exploratory process that embodies this frame. information literacy consists of information Some previous attempts have been made to specialists and librarians, who possess the provide a tool of this nature, most skills and abilities to understand the prominently the ETOH database, which implications of the framework in researching concentrated on alcohol literature, and was addiction science and to educate addiction canceled in 2003. In retrospect, the decision researchers. The development and adoption to cease the database instead of build upon it of guidelines customized for addiction science has proven to be shortsighted, as its absence would greatly enhance the research is still felt in the addiction field over a decade experience and research output. In the later. To quote alcohol historian William process of understanding IL Standards, White in reaction to closures like this one, “it researchers could benefit tremendously from feels like the field has died and its most learning to appreciate information, gaining a valuable possessions are being auctioned” better understanding of how information is (White, 2013). To properly execute an ideal organized, updating their essential searching database of this type goes far beyond the skills, respecting the implications of scope of this paper, but the idea serves as an processes over end results, and exploring the exemplar of how the addiction information latest venues in scholarly communication, profession can add value to a field by including their hazards and benefits. assessing the strategic exploration process, Information specialists have always determining areas in which that process may placed a strong emphasis on the development be lacking, and formulating innovative and dissemination of information. Promoting solutions to fill those gaps. addiction science information literacy by structured instruction, including best Conclusion practices for the translation of research findings, could be another area of expertise to This paper explored the potentials of the augment research. 2015 updates of the Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education for the transdisciplinary field of addiction

References Association of College and Research Libraries. http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframe (n.d.). Framework for information literacy workapps appendices. Retrieved from

Substance Abuse Library and Information Studies: Proceedings of the 38 th Annual SALIS Conference

Babor, T. F., & Ward, J. H. (in press). Caveat Ward, J., Bejarano, W., & Dudás, A. (2015). Emptor: Predatory publishers, rogue Scholarly social media profiles and libraries: journals, and the potential corruption of A review. LIBER Quarterly , 24 (4). Retrieved addiction science. Journal of Studies on from Alcohol and Drugs. https://www.liberquarterly.eu/articles/10.1 Carr, N. (2008, July/August). Is Google making us 8352/lq.9958/ stupid? The Atlantic. Retrieved from White, W. L. (2013). Further reflections on the loss http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archi of addiction libraries and databases. ve/2008/07/is-google-making-us- Addiction, 108, 435-436. doi: stupid/306868/ 10.1111/add.12030 Edlin, A. S., & Rubinfeld, D. L. (2004). Exclusive or Wichowski, D. E., & Kohl, L. E. (2012). Establishing efficient pricing? The Big Deal bundling of Credibility in the Information Jungle: Blogs, academic journals. Antitrust Law Journal , Microblogs, and the CRAAP Test. Online 72 (1). Credibility and Digital Ethos: Evaluating Edwards, G., Holder, S., West, R., & Babor, T. F. Computer-Mediated Communication , 229-251. (1997). Addiction journals: amazing happenings, landmark meeting, historic consensus, evolving process. Addiction , 92 (12), 1613-1616. Fuqua, J., Stokols, D., Gress, J., Phillips, K., & Harvey, R. (2004). Transdisciplinary collaboration as a basis for enhancing the science and prevention of substance use and “abuse”. Substance Use & Misuse, 39 (10-12), 1457-1514. ICARA. (n.d.) ICARA - International Confederation of ATOD Research Associations: Mission. Retrieved from http://icara.uconn.edu/mission/ Jellinek, E. M. (1941). The Abstract Archive of the Contact the authors Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol [CAAAL 153]. Quarterly Journal of Studies on William Bejarano, MLIS, MLER Alcohol, 2 (1), 216-222. Senior Information Specialist, Smith, R. (2006). Peer review: a flawed process at Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies the heart of science and journals. Journal of 607 Allison Rd. the Royal Society of Medicine , 99 (4), 178-182. Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA Thackeray, R., Neiger, B. L., Hanson, C. L., & Phone: 848-445-4442 McKenzie, J. F. (2008). Enhancing [email protected] promotional strategies within social marketing programs: use of Web 2.0 social Judit H. Ward media. Health Promotion Practice , 9(4), 338- Director of Information Services, 343. Center of Alcohol Studies, Van Noorden, R. (2013). The true cost of science Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey publishing. Nature , 495 (7442), 426-429. 607 Allison Road Van Rooyen, S., Godlee, F., Evans, S., Black, N., & Piscataway, NJ 08854-8001 USA Smith, R. (1999). Effect of open peer review Phone: 848-445-4442 on quality of reviews and on reviewers' [email protected] recommendations: A randomised trial. BMJ , 318 (7175), 23-27.